CN102869775A - 通过调节自噬抑制基因产物调节自噬的方法 - Google Patents
通过调节自噬抑制基因产物调节自噬的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请涉及自噬的调节方法以及自噬相关疾病的治疗方法,所述疾病包括癌症、神经退行性疾病和胰腺炎。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2009年9月30日提交的美国临时申请61/247,251,以及2009年9月30提交的美国临时申请61/247,309的优先权。其全部内容在此参考并入。
政府资助
本发明是在美国政府支持下完成的,美国国家卫生研究院授予的研究基金号为AG012859和AG027916的。政府对本发明享有一定的权利。
背景技术
自噬是一种以溶酶体依赖性的方式介导细胞内组分更新的分解代谢过程(Levineand Klionsky,(2004)Dev Cell 6,463-377)。自噬由隔离膜的形成而启动,其扩展吞没部分细胞质从而形成双层囊泡,该双层囊泡被称为自噬体。然后自噬体与溶酶体融合形成自溶酶体,在自溶酶体中,捕获的物质与内膜被溶酶体水解酶降解。因此,自噬对于清除大蛋白复合物和有缺陷的细胞器是至关重要的,并且在细胞生长、存活和体内稳态中起着重要作用。
已有的自噬研究主要在单细胞真核生物中,已知单细胞真核生物对于在饥饿状态下存活是至关重要的。在营养缺乏的条件下培养单细胞真核生物时,细胞可以使用自噬降解的产物,例如氨基酸、脂肪酸和核苷酸作为结构组分和能量来源(Levine andKlionsky,(2004)Dev Cell 6,463-377;Levine and Kroemer,(2008),Cell 132,27-42)。
复杂的多细胞真核生物(例如哺乳动物)的细胞在正常的生理条件下很少有营养缺乏。但是,当这些细胞发生营养缺乏或细胞应激时,自噬通常被正调节,这会提高细胞存活性。由于癌细胞的快速生长和遗传不稳定性,它们的存活和生长比未转化的细胞更依赖于自噬(Ding et al.,(2009),Mol.Cancer Ther.,8(7),2036-2045)。另外,自噬在癌细胞中被频繁激活作为存活机制,以响应由化学治疗剂引起的细胞应激。因此,自噬抑制剂可以单独或与其他癌症治疗相结合作为抗癌治疗药物(Maiuri et al.,(2007)Nat.Rev.Cell Biol.8,741-752;Amaravadi et al.,(2007)J.Clin.Invest.117,326-336)。
也有研究认为自噬在轴突变性中起作用。例如,外伤性脊髓损伤导致轴突内钙水平快速增加,这又导致神经元自噬和细胞死亡增加(Knoferle et al.,(2009),PNAS,1076064-6069)。
自噬除了在响应细胞应激方面有作用外,其还是重要的维持细胞稳态的细胞内机制,所述的细胞稳态是通过功能失常的、老化的或损坏的蛋白质和细胞器的更新维持的(Levine and Kroemer,(2008),Cell 132,27-42)。因此,自噬水平的降低通过增加折叠错误的蛋白质的累积促成了神经退行性病变(Hara et al.,(2006),Nature,441,885-889;Komatsu et al.,(2006),ature,441,880-884)。已经证明自噬上调能降低累积蛋白质的水平并减轻神经退行性疾病的症状(Rubinsztein et al.,(2007),Nat.Rev.Drug Discov.6,304-312)。因此,增强细胞自噬的试剂可以作为治疗和预防神经退行性疾病的药物。
除了癌症和神经退行性疾病之外,自噬调节也是多种其他疾病和紊乱的治疗策略。例如,与折叠错误的蛋白质累积有关的多种肝病、心脏病和肌肉疾病。在所述疾病中,增加细胞自噬的试剂可以增强由疾病引起的聚集物的清除性,从而有助于治疗和减轻疾病的严重程度(Levine and Kroemer,(2008),Cell,132,27-42)。另外,也已经在胰腺疾病中观察到了自噬水平的升高,并且已经证明,自噬水平升高是急性胰腺炎进程中的早期事件(Fortunato and Kroemer,(2009),Autophagy,5(6))。因此,自噬抑制剂可以作为胰腺炎治疗中的治疗药物。
因此,有大量的证据证明自噬调节是治疗大范围疾病和紊乱的有用方法。但是,因为对哺乳动物自噬调节基因和通路还知之甚少,所以经证实可以作为开发所述疾病治疗新药物和治疗方法的靶点的自噬调控剂还较少。相应地,迫切需要自噬调节和自噬相关疾病治疗的新方法。
发明概述
本发明提供了调节自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病的新方法,所述疾病包括癌症、神经退行性疾病、肝病、肌肉疾病和胰腺炎。为了确定本发明的方法,使用了人类siRNA文库的高通量的,基于图像的全基因组筛选来确定236个自噬相关基因。联合使用高通量检测、低通量检测和生物信息学分析对这些基因进行广泛地表征。根据这些研究的结果,确定了可用于调节这些基因及其基因产物的生物试剂和药物,并开发了调节自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病的新方法。
在某些实施例中,本发明涉及诱导细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与抑制本发明中自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂接触。在某些实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因选自表1、表3、表5、表7、图14、图15、图39、图44、和/或图55所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因是TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IRAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU 、FCER1A、CD300C、TNFRSF19L CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF。在本发明的某些方面,所述试剂是抗体、siRNA分子、shRNA分子和/或反义RNA分子。在其他方面,所述试剂是TK1258、PF 04494700、PMX53、坦洛新、多沙唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸阿夫唑嗪、乌洛滕生II、盐酸美卡拉明、ISIS 3521、吉西他滨、LY900003、MK-5108、U73122或D609。
本发明的某些实施例涉及抑制细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与抑制本发明自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂接触。在一些实施例中,所述自噬增强基因选自表
2、表4和/或表6。在其他实施例中,所述自噬增强基因是TPR、GPR18、RelA或NFκB。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体、siRNA分子、shRNA分子和/或反义RNA分子。
在某些方面,本发明涉及抑制细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与增强本发明自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂接触。在一些实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因选自表1、表3、表5、表7、图14、图15、图39、图44和/或图55所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因是TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IRAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C、TNFRSF19L CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是FGF-1、酸性FGF-1、XRP0038、RhaFGF、GW501516、伊布莫仑敏使朗、KP-102LN、EP1572、TRH、S-0373、聚ICR、CQ-07001或隐丹参酮。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是生长因子。在其他实施例中,所述生长因子是CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF1。
本发明的某些实施例涉及诱导细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与增强本发明中自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂接触。在某些实施例中,所述自噬增强基因选自表2、表4和/或表6所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬增强基因是TPR、GPR18、RelA或NFκB。在一些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体。
在某些实施例中,本发明涉及治疗主体神经退行性疾病和/或蛋白质病的方法,所述方法包括给予所述主体一种抑制本发明自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂。在一些实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因选自表1、表3、表5、表7、图14、图15、图39、图44和/或图55所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因是TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IRAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C、TNFRSF19L CLCF1、SDF1、LIF、FGF2或IGF。在一些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体、siRNA分子、shRNA分子和/或反义RNA分子。在其他实施例中,所述试剂是TK1258、PF 04494700、PMX53、坦洛新、多沙唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸阿夫唑嗪、乌洛滕生II、盐酸美卡拉明、ISIS 3521、吉西他滨、LY900003、MK-5108、U73122或D609。
本发明的某些实施例涉及治疗主体神经退行性疾病和/或蛋白质病的方法,所述方法包括给予所述主体一种增强本发明中自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂。在某些实施例中,所述自噬增强基因选自表2、表4和/或表6所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬增强基因是TPR、GPR18、RelA或NFκB。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体。
在某些实施例中,所述神经退行性疾病是肾上腺脑白质营养不良症、酒精中毒、亚历山大氏病、阿耳珀病、阿尔茨海默氏病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、运动失调性毛细血管扩张症、贝敦氏症、牛海绵状脑病、卡纳万病、大脑性麻痹、科克因综合症、皮质基底核退化症、克雅氏病、家族性致命性失眠、额颞叶退化、亨廷顿病、人类免疫缺陷病毒伴发性痴呆、肯尼迪氏疾病、球形细胞脑白质营养不良、路易体痴呆、神经莱姆病、马-约病、多系统萎缩、多发性硬化、发作性睡病、尼曼匹克症、帕金森病、佩-梅二氏病、皮克氏病、原发性侧索硬化症、朊病毒病、进行性核上麻痹、植烷酸贮积症、山德霍夫氏病、谢耳德病、恶性贫血继发性亚急性脊髓混合变性、斯皮尔梅伊尔-沃格特-肖格伦-巴滕病、脊髓小脑性共济失调、脊髓性肌萎缩、进行性核上性麻痹、脊髓痨、中毒性脑病以及这些疾病的组合。在某些实施例中,所述蛋白质病是α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、散发性包涵体肌炎、2B型角膜缘带肌营养不良和三好氏肌肉病变、阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森病、路易体痴呆、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)、亨廷顿病、脊髓小脑共济失调、脊髓延髓肌萎缩以及这些疾病的组合。
本发明的一些实施例涉及治疗主体癌症或胰腺炎的方法,所述方法包括给予所述主体一种抑制本发明自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂。在某些实施例中,所述自噬增强基因选自表2、表4和/或表6所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬增强基因是TPR、GPR18、RelA或NFκB。在一些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体、siRNA分子、shRNA分子和/或反义RNA分子。
在一些方面,本发明涉及治疗主体中癌症或胰腺炎的方法,所述方法包含给予所述主体一种增强本发明中自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂。在某些实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因选自表1、表3、表5、表7、图14、图15、图39、图44和/或图55所列基因。在其他实施例中,所述自噬抑制基因是TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IRAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C、TNFRSF19L CLCF1、SDF1、LIF、FGF2或IGF。在一些实施例中,所述试剂是抗体。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是FGF-1、酸性FGF-1、XRP0038、RhaFGF、GW501516、伊布莫仑敏使朗、KP-102LN、EP1572、TRH、S-0373、聚ICR、CQ-07001或隐丹参酮。在某些实施例中,所述试剂是生长因子。在更具体的实施例中,所述生长因子是CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF1。
在某些实施例中,治疗癌症的方法进一步包括已知的癌症治疗疗法,例如给予化学治疗剂和/或放射治疗。在某些实施例中,所述化学治疗剂是六甲蜜胺、天冬酰胺酶、卡介苗(BCG)、硫酸博来霉素、白消安、喜树碱、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、2-氯脱氧腺苷、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、咪唑羧酰胺、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地塞米松、阿霉素、依托泊苷、氟尿苷、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、氟达拉滨、戈舍瑞林、羟基脲、盐酸伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、干扰素α、干扰素α2a、干扰素α2b、干扰素αn3、伊立替康、亚叶酸钙、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、洛莫司汀、甲地孕酮、美法仑、左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥、盐酸美法仑、美司钠、氮芥、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、巯嘌呤、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、泼尼松、丙卡巴肼、链佐星、他莫昔芬、6-硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、托泊替康、长春碱、长春新碱或酒石酸长春瑞滨。
本发明的其他实施例涉及确定试剂是否是自噬抑制剂的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与试剂接触的步骤,其中所述细胞表达本发明的异源性自噬增强基因,借以细胞中的自噬降低表明试剂是自噬抑制剂。在一些方面,所述试剂是小分子、抗体或抑制性RNA分子。
本发明的某些实施例涉及确定试剂是否是自噬抑制剂的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与试剂接触的步骤,其中本发明中自噬抑制基因的表达在所述细胞中被抑制,借以细胞中的自噬降低表明试剂是自噬抑制剂。在一些方面,所述试剂是小分子、抗体或抑制性RNA分子。在某些实施例中,所述细胞包括自噬相关基因的突变。在其他实施例中,所述自噬相关基因被抑制性RNA或小分子抑制。
附图简述
图1A为荧光显微镜图片,其描述了H4细胞中GFP表达的位置,所述H4细胞稳定地表达LC3-GFP并用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR或Atg5的siRNA转染。图1B显示了使用抗LC3抗体或抗微管蛋白抗体和H4细胞溶解产物进行的免疫印迹试验结果,所述H4细胞用非靶向性对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR或Atg5的siRNA转染。
图2显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关GFP的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定地表达LC3-GFP并用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR或Atg5的siRNA转染。星号表示指定水平和被ntRNA转染细胞水平之间的差异具有统计学意义。
图3显示了本发明自噬调节基因的基因符号、基因编号、Genbank登记号和名称。
图4显示的示意图描述了用于鉴定和表征本发明中自噬调节基因的筛选和表征的检测的选择。
图5显示了测量mTORC1活性的原位细胞免疫印迹测定系列的定量结果。星号表示指定样品和ntRNA对照样品之间的差异具有统计学意义。
图6显示了基因的基因符号、基因编号、Genbank登记号以及基因名称,抑制所述基因产物导致mTORC表达减少。
图7显示了基因的基因符号、基因编号、基因的名称,抑制所述基因产物导致mTORC表达减少和在有雷帕霉素存在情况下自噬下调。
图8A显示的荧光显微镜图片描述了在H4细胞中RFP表达的位置,所述H4细胞稳定表达Lamp1-RFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR的siRNA转染。图8B显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关RFP的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或者针对mTOR或Atg5的siRNA转染。星号表示指定水平和ntRNA转染细胞的水平间具有显著性差异。
图9显示了基因符号、基因编号、Genbank的登记号以及基因名称。所述基因产物的抑制会引起Lamp1-RFP表达细胞中自噬相关的Lamp1-RFP水平发生显著改变。
图10A显示的荧光显微镜图片描绘了在H4细胞中dsRed表达的位置,所述H4细胞稳定表达FYVE-dsRed并且用针对Vprs34或mTOR的siRNA转染。图10B显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关dsRed的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达FYVE-dsRed并用针对Vprs34或mTOR的siRNA转染。星号表示指定水平和ntRNA转染细胞的水平间具有显著性差异。图10C显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关dsRed的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达FYVE-dsRed并用针对Raptor或mTOR的siRNA转染。
图11显示了基因符号、基因编号、Genbank的登记号以及基因名称。抑制所述基因产物会引起PtdIns3P水平发生显著改变。
图12显示的文氏图描绘了基因的细分,抑制这些基因的产物会诱导自噬体成为功能类型(functional categories),所述功能类型是基于其对III型PI3激酶活力、溶酶体的功能和mTORCl的活性的依赖性。
图13显示自噬体相关基因靶向的siRNAs(H4)转染的野生型H4细胞相对于自噬体相关基因靶向的siRNAs(H4+Bcl-2)转染的表达Bcl-2的H4细胞的相对平均存活率。星号表示具有统计学显著性。
图14显示了相对存活率、基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称。抑制所述基因的产物会增强Bcl-2表达细胞的自噬。
图15显示了相对存活率、基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称。抑制所述基因的产物会增强野生型细胞的自噬而不增强Bcl-2表达细胞的自噬。
图16显示了细胞免疫印迹检测定量结果,其证明衣霉素处理后的H4细胞中GRP78和GRP94水平增加。星号表明具有统计学显著性。
图17显示了基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称。抑制所述基因的产物会增强自噬并改变内质网应激水平。
图18显示的免疫印迹描述了pBabe-Bcl-2逆转录病毒感染和嘌呤霉素选择后,H4LC3-GFP细胞和H4FYVE-dsRed细胞中Bcl-2的表达。
图19A显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关的GFP定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP和Bcl-2并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR的siRNA转染。星号表示指定水平和ntRNA转染细胞水平间的差异具有统计学显著性。图19B显示H4细胞中自噬体相关dsRed的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达FYVE-dsRed和Bcl-2并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或针对mTOR的siRNA转染。星号表示指定水平和ntRNA转染细胞水平间的差异具有统计学显著性。图19C显示了H4细胞中自噬体相关的dsRed定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达FYVE-dsRed并且用针对自噬相关基因产物的siRNA转染,所述自噬相关基因产物不表达Bcl-2(H4),或者表达Bcl-2(H4+Bcl-2)。星号表示指定水平间的差异具有统计学显著性。
图20显示自噬相关基因的细分,对所述自噬相关基因的敲除能诱导自噬体在低PtdIns3p条件下成为功能类型,所述功能类型式是基于自噬体上调III型PI3激酶活性的能力或改变溶酶体功能的能力。
图21A显示本发明选定的自噬相关基因产物如何与特定蛋白复合物相关。图21B显示本发明选定的自噬相关基因产物如何与转录因子和染色体修饰酶的网络相关。
图22显示本发明选定的自噬相关基因产物如何与核心自噬装置(machinery)相互作用。
图23显示本发明选定的自噬相关基因产物如何在轴突导向调节通路中相互作用。
图24显示发明选定的自噬相关基因产物如何在肌动蛋白-细胞骨架调节通路中相互作用。
图25A显示本发明的自噬相关基因根据分子功能类别的细分。图25B显示根据图25A分类为受体的本发明的自噬相关基因的进一步受体细分。
图26显示了本发明的自噬相关基因的分子功能类别、基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称。
图27A显示本发明的自噬相关基因根据生物过程类别的细分。图27B显示根据图27A分类为信号转导介质的本发明的自噬相关基因的进一步信号转导细分。
图28显示指定生长因子(IGFl、FGF2、LIF、CLCFl和SDFl)存在条件下生长的H4LC3-GFP细胞中自噬体相关GFP的定量水平。星号表明显示的水平和未处理细胞水平间具有显著性差异。
图29显示的荧光显微镜图片描述了H4细胞中GFP表达的位置,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且H4细胞或者在营养不足条件下不经处理(未处理),或者在正常生长条件下不经处理(血清),或者在营养不足条件下经CLCFl、LIF、FGF2或IGF处理(分别为CLCFl、LIF、FGF2和IGF)。
图30显示在雷帕霉素存在或不存在的条件下,细胞因子能抑制自噬。H4细胞培养于无血清培养基中,之后加入Att Docket编号HV-195.26的100ng/mL IGF1(A)、50ng/mL FGF2(B)、50ng/mL LIF(C)或50ng/mL CLCFl(D)和10g/mL E64d(E)。需要指出的是,在加入细胞因子1小时前,细胞先经50nM雷帕霉素预处理。通过使用抗LC3抗体的免疫印迹测定自噬水平;用抗磷酸化-S6(235/236位丝氨酸,P-S6)和抗磷酸化-S6激酶(389位苏氨酸,P-S6K)的抗体测定mTORC1的活性。LC3II/微管蛋白比值的定量测定如图所示。
图31A显示了在有5、20、100或200ng/ml的TNFa或雷帕霉素的条件下生长的H4LC3-GFP细胞中自噬体相关GFP的定量结果。星号表示显示的水平和未处理细胞水平间的差异具有统计学意义。图31B显示的免疫印迹描述了H4细胞中p62的水平,所述H4细胞或者在营养不足条件下不经处理(-),或者在正常生长条件下不经处理(血清),或者经雷帕霉素处理(Rap),或者在营养不足条件下经5ng/ml TNFa处理。
图32显示的荧光显微镜图片描述了H4细胞中GFP表达的位置,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的四种不同的siRNA转染。
图33显示H4细胞中自噬体相关GFP水平的定量结果,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的四种不同的siRNA转染。星号表示显示的水平和ntRNA转染细胞水平间具有显著性差异。
图34A显示检测H4细胞中Re1A mRNA水平的RT-PCR半定量结果,H4细胞用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的四种不同的siRNA中的一种转染。图34B显示H4细胞中p65水平的免疫印迹测定结果,所述H4细胞用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的四种不同的siRNA中的一种或对Re1A具有特异性的siRNA组合转染。
图35A显示的免疫印迹描述了RelA和LC3在野生型H4细胞中的水平(野生型)以及RelA-/-和NF B-/-双敲除H4细胞中的水平(双敲除)。图35B显示的免疫印迹描述了RelA、p62和LC3在H4细胞中的水平,所述H4细胞用对Re1A具有特异性的siRNA、非靶向性的siRNA(nt)、mTor或Atg5转染。
图36A显示的流式细胞仪(FACS)柱状图描述了在正常生长条件下(模型)和营养不足条件下(饥饿)活性氧在野生型H4细胞以及RelA-/-和NFKLB-/-双敲除(双敲除)的H4细胞中的水平。图36B显示了图36A中描述的定量数据。图36C显示了活性氧在处于正常条件下(+血清)或饥饿状态下(HBSS)H4细胞中的定量水平,所述H4细胞用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的siRNA转染。
图37显示在营养不足的条件下以及在抗氧化剂(N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸,NAC)存在或不存在条件下H4细胞中自噬体相关GFP的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对Re1A具有特异性的siRNA转染。
图38显示了本发明的自噬相关基因的基因符号、基因编号以及预测基础,所述基因产物预测定位于线粒体上。
图39显示了本发明的自噬相关基因的基因符号、基因编号以及名称,所述自噬相关基因已知与氧化损伤或活性氧的调节有关。
图40A显示的免疫印迹描述了H4细胞中SOD1、p62和LC3的水平,所述H4细胞用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对SOD1具有特异性的siRNA转染。图40B显示的荧光显微镜图片描述了用非靶向性对照siRNA(nt)或对SOD1具有特异性的siRNA转染过或经100mM叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)处理过的细胞中的活性氧水平。图40C显示了用非靶向性对照siRNA(nt)或对SOD1具有特异性的siRNA转染的细胞中活性氧的定量水平。星号表示显示的水平和ntRNA转染细胞的水平间的差异具有统计学意义。
图41显示了在抗氧化剂存在(NAC)或不存在(-)的条件下,H4细胞中自噬体相关GFP的定量水平,所述H4细胞稳定表达LC3-GFP并且用非靶向性的对照siRNA(ntRNA)或对mTOR或SODl具有特异性的siRNA转染。星号表示显示的水平和ntRNA转染细胞水平间具有显著性差异。
图42显示了基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称,所述基因产物的抑制在抗氧化剂不存在条件下会引起自噬增强,而抗氧化剂存在下不会引起自噬增强。
图43显示了在抑制本发明的自噬相关基因产物后III型PI3激酶平均活性的定量结果,所述自噬相关基因在抗氧化剂存在(NAC)条件下能(诱导)或不能(不诱导)诱导自噬。
图44显示了基因符号、基因编号以及基因名称,所述基因产物的抑制在抗氧化剂存在条件下会引起自噬增强。
图45显示了相对于筛选中所有检测的基因,命中基因(hit genes)中的正则通路(canonical pathways)(MSigDB)的富集分析。P值<0.05(超几何分布)即认为具有显著性差异。仅显示了有至少五个基因的类别。
图46显示加入MEK抑制剂U0126能阻碍50ng/mL FGF2引起的自噬下调。H4细胞在无血清培养基中生长,用抗LC3抗体评估10μg/mLE64d存在下自噬的水平,用磷酸化-ERK1/2、磷酸化-RSK和磷酸化-S6(235/236位点丝氨酸)评估MEK抑制。LC3II/微管蛋白比值的定量测定如图所示。
图47显示了用基于基序基因进行的顺式调控元件/转录因子(TF)在命中基因启动子中结合位点的富集分析,所述基于基序基因是根据TRANSPFAC数据库定义的MSigDB和转录因子结合位点设定。突出了SRF位点。
图48显示的免疫印迹描述了50ng/mL CLCF1处理后Stat3的磷酸化。
图49显示了50ng/mL LIF引起的自噬下调能被siRNA介导的Stat3敲除所阻碍。H4细胞用指定的siRNA转染72小时,然后用图46描述的方法处理细胞。Stat3的蛋白水平和磷酸化如图所示。
图50显示了100ng/mL IGF1引起的自噬抑制能被Akt抑制剂VIII所阻碍。细胞处理方法如图46所述。用抗磷酸化-Foxo3a和抗磷酸化-rpS6的抗体测定Akt的活性。
图51显示了选定的自噬命中基因在年轻人脑样品(<40岁)和年老人脑样品(>70岁)中mRNA表达水平的聚类分析。
图52显示了如图45所示数据的相关矩阵。
图53显示了选定的自噬命中基因在年轻人脑样品(<40岁)和年老人脑样品(>70岁)中mRNA表达水平的聚类分析(dChip)。
图54显示了本发明中自噬相关基因的相关矩阵,所述自噬相关基因具有最显著年龄依赖性调节作用。
图55显示了本发明中自噬相关基因的基因符号、基因编号、倍数变化以及p值,所述自噬相关基因在老化过程中,在人脑内被差异性调节。
图56显示了本发明的自噬相关基因在老化过程中表达水平。
图57显示了差异基因表达导致阿尔兹海默氏病中的自噬上调。如图显示了筛选命中基因(screen hit gene)的归一化富集分数(NES)弗雷斯特图以及评价的标准偏差。图57A显示了所有筛选命中基因在AD脑部不同区域表达的GSEA分析结果,以年龄匹配未受影响组作为对照。图57B和图57C显示了命中基因GSEA分析结果,所述命中基因证实为自噬通量负调节剂(B)或正调节剂(C)。方块面积与各自的标准偏差成反比。
图58显示了经5μΜΑβ处理过H4细胞中LC3-II累积水平的比较,所述H4细胞中存在或不存在10μΜE64d。
图59显示了Αβ诱导PtdIns3P累积的结果。如图58中所述方法处理FYVE-dsRed细胞,固定并成像。图上标明的3MA是III型PI3激酶抑制剂,于固定前8小时加入(10mM)。
图60显示了Aβ诱导的III型PI3激酶活性可被抗氧化剂所抑制。细胞的处理方法如图59所述,并使用抗氧化剂NAC或者不使用抗氧化剂NAC处理。
图61显示了Aβ诱导的自噬依赖于III型PI3激酶活性。H4GFP-LC3cells的处理方法和成像如图59所述。
图62显示了Aβ诱导的自噬依赖于III型PI3激酶活性。用抗III型PI3激酶亚基Vps34的siRNA或非靶向性对照siRNA转染H4细胞,并用图59所述方法处理细胞。分别用抗LC3和抗Lamp2的抗体测定自噬和溶酶体的变化。
图63显示了本发明中选定的调控自噬相关基因小分子试剂的化学结构。
图64显示了本发明的自噬相关基因的Genbank登记号、名称、基因符号和mRNA序列。
发明详述
自噬是一种介导细胞内组分更新,保护多细胞真核生物抵抗众多疾病的溶酶体依赖性分解代谢过程。为了研发新方法来调节自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病,利用人类siRNA文库的,高通量的,基于图像的全基因组筛选来识别参与自噬调控和调节的基因。该筛选得到的236个自噬相关基因,如果将其敲除,则会导致正常营养水平条件下自噬水平的增加或降低。本发明的自噬相关基因列表如图3所示,所述基因通过高通量检测、低通量检测和生物信息检测的组合方法来进行广泛的表征。根据上述结果,确定了调控上述基因及其产物的有效生物学和药学试剂并确定了用于调控自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病的新方法。因此本发明提供了调控自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病的新方法,所述疾病包括癌症、神经退行性疾病、脊髓损伤、周围神经损伤、肝病、肌肉疾病和胰腺炎。
定义
下文及本发明中所定义的一些术语和短语是为了使本发明更易于理解。
本申请中使用的冠词“一”和“一个”是指一个或多于一个(例如,指至少一)符合文章语法的对象。举例说明如,“一成份”指的是一种成份或多于一种成份。
本申请中使用的术语“给予”是指向主体提供药学试剂或组分,并包括但不限于,由医学专业人员给予和自我给予。
本申请中使用的术语“试剂”指的是在主体或细胞上能产生预期生物学效应的实体。本技术领域已有许多治疗试剂并可以通过它们的效果识别出来。源于生物的治疗试剂例如包括生长因子、激素和细胞因子。本技术领域已有许多治疗试剂并可以通过它们的效果识别出来。例子包括小分子(例如药物)、抗体、多肽、蛋白(例如细胞因子、激素、可溶性受体和非特异性蛋白)、寡核苷酸(例如编码多肽的DNA和RNA、双链RNA和反义RNA)以及拟肽。
本申请中使用的术语“抗体”包括全长抗体和任意抗原结合片段(即抗原结合部分)或其单链。述语“抗体“包括但不限于,包括二硫链互联的至少两条重链(H)和两条轻链(L)的糖蛋白,或者是其抗原结合部分。抗体可以是多克隆抗体或单克隆抗体;可以是异源的、同源的或合成的;可以是其修饰形式(例如拟人化、嵌合的)。
本申请中使用的短语抗体的“抗原结合部分”指的是一个或多个保留了抗原结合能力的抗体片段。抗体的抗原结合功能可以通过一个全长抗体中的片段实现。术语“抗原结合部分”包含了结合片段,所述结合片段的例子包括(i)Fab片段、单价片段,其由VH、VL、CL和CH1功能域组成;(ii)F(ab')2片段、双价片段,其包括铰链区由二硫键连接的两段Fab片段;(iii)由VH和CH1功能域组成的Fd片段;(iv)Fv片段,其由抗体单臂的VH和VL功能域组成;(v)由VH功能域组成的dAb片段(Ward et al.,(1989)Nature 341:544546);以及(vi)分离的互补决定区(CDR)或(vii)由两个或多个分离的互补决定区组成的组合,所述互补决定区可选地通过一合成的连接物连接。此外,尽管Fv片段的两个功能域VH和VL由不同的基因编码,但它们可以通过重组方法相连接,所述重组方法通过合成的连接物使两个功能域相连接成为一个单独蛋白链,其中VH和VL功能域配对形成单价分子(称作单链抗体(scFv);参见例如Bird et al.(1988)Science 242:423426;and Huston et al.(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85:58795883)。这些单链抗体同样也包括在抗体的术语“抗原结合部分”中。这些抗体片段可通过使用本领域技术人员熟知的传统技术得到,并且通过与完整的抗体相同的筛选方式筛选这些片段的用途。
本申请中使用的术语“癌症”包括但不限于,实体瘤和血源性肿瘤。术语癌症包括皮肤的、组织的、器官的、骨骼的、软骨的、血液和血管的病变。术语“癌症”还包含原发癌和转移癌。
本申请中使用的短语“基因产物”和“基因的产物”指的是由基因编码并可以直接或间接通过基因转录产生的物质。短语“基因产物”和“基因的产物”包括RNA基因产物(例如mRNA)、DNA基因产物(例如cDNA)和多肽基因产物(例如蛋白)。
本申请中使用的短语基因产物的“活性增强”指的是与基因产物相关的特定活性的增加。活性增强的例子包括但不限于,mRNA翻译增加、通过多肽或蛋白的信号转导增强以及通过酶的催化增强。活性增强的发生可以通过,例如单个基因产物活性量的增强、产生活性的基因产物的数量的增加,或是通过两者的任意组合。如果基因产物增强了生物学过程(例如自噬),那么这种基因产物的“活性增强”通常会增强该过程。相反地,如果基因产物起到抑制生物学过程的作用,那么这种基因产物的“活性增强”通常会抑制该过程。
本申请中使用的短语基因产物的“活性抑制”指的是与基因产物相关的特定活性的降低。活性抑制的例子包括但不限于,mRNA翻译减弱、通过多肽或蛋白的信号转导减弱以及通过酶的催化减弱。活性减弱的发生可以通过,例如单个基因产物活性量的减少、产生活性的基因产物的数量的减少,或是通过两者的任意组合。如果基因产物增强了生物学过程(例如自噬),那么这种基因产物的“活性抑制”通常会抑制该过程。相反地,如果基因产物起到抑制生物学过程的作用,那么这种基因产物的“活性抑制”通常会增强该过程。
本申请中使用的术语“分离的”指的是实体(如多肽或聚核苷酸)游离的状态,或实质上游离于与其自然相关的物质,例如其它多肽或聚核苷酸。其共同存在于自然环境中或制备环境中(例如细胞培养)。多肽或聚核苷酸可与稀释剂或佐剂一起配制并仍可认为是“分离的”,例如,多肽或聚核苷酸可与可药用的载体或稀释剂相混合用于诊断或治疗。
本申请中使用的术语“调控”指的是生物学活性的上调(例如活化或激活),下调(例如抑制或阻止),或上述两种情况的组合或分离。
本申请中使用的短语“神经退行性障碍”和“神经退行性疾病”指的是许多不同的疾病和/或中枢和外周神经系统疾病,如神经病理学,以及包括但不限于,帕金森病、阿尔兹海默氏病(AD)、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、神经性萎缩、耳硬化症、中风、痴呆、多发性硬化症、亨廷顿氏病、获得性免疫缺陷病(AIDS)相关脑病以及其他与神经细胞毒性与细胞死亡相关的疾病。
本申请中使用的短语“可药用的”指那些符合明智的医疗判断、适合于与人类或动物组织接触使用而没有过度毒性、刺激性、过敏反应或其他问题或并发症、具有合理的获益/风险比的试剂、化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂型。
本申请中使用的短语“可药用的载体”指的是药学上可接受的材料、组合物或赋形剂,例如液体或固体的充填剂、稀释液、赋形剂或者是溶剂封装材料,其参与运送或运输试剂从一器官或身体的一部分至另一器官或身体的另一部分。每一种载体都必须“可接受”,即能与制剂的其他组分相容并且不会对病人有害。可用作可药用载体的材料的例子包括:(1)糖类,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;(2)淀粉类,例如玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉;(3)纤维素及其衍生物,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;(4)粉末状黄芪胶;(5)麦芽;(6)明胶;(7)滑石粉;(8)赋形剂,例如可可脂和栓剂蜡;(9)油类,例如花生油、棉籽油、蓖麻油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;(10)二醇类,例如丙二醇;(11)多元醇类,例如丙三醇、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;(12)酯类,例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;(13)琼脂;(14)缓冲试剂,例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;(15)海藻酸;(16)无热原水;(17)等渗盐水;(18)林格式溶液;(19)乙醇;(20)pH缓冲溶液;(21)聚酯类、聚糖酸酯和/或聚酸酐;以及(22)其他药学制剂中应用的无毒生物相容的物质。
本申请中使用的短语“可药用的盐”指的是相对无毒的化合物的有机盐和无机盐。
本申请中使用的术语“主体”指的是选定用于处理或治疗的人类或非人类动物。
本申请中使用的短语“疑似患有.....的主体”指的是表现出一项或多项疾病或状态的临床症状的主体。在一些实施例中,所述疾病或状态是癌症、神经退行性疾病或胰腺炎。
本申请中使用的短语“需要它的主体”指的是确定为需要本发明的治疗或处理的主体。
本申请中使用的短语“治疗效果”指定是由一种试剂引起的动物,特别是哺乳动物,更特别的是人类的局部或系统效果。短语“治疗有效量”和“有效量”指的是在至少一个细胞亚群中试剂产生一定预期效果的量。治疗有效量包括试剂产生一定预期局部或系统效果的量,所述效果应具有可应用于任何治疗的合理的获益/风险比。例如,本发明的方法中使用的一些试剂可以给予足够的量来产生可应用于这些治疗的合理的获益/风险比。
本申请中使用的术语“治疗”主体的疾病或“治疗”患有或疑似患有疾病的主体指的是向主体给予药学处理,例如,给予试剂从而使至少疾病的一种症状得到减少或阻止症状的恶化。
自噬相关基因
本发明的自噬相关基因可以分为其产物抑制自噬的基因(或自噬抑制基因,如表1所示)和其产物增强自噬的基因(或自噬增强基因,如表2所示)。
调控自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂在自噬相关疾病治疗中很有用。抑制自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂可以引起自噬水平提高并因此可以用于增强自噬的方法中和对自噬水平提高有响应的自噬相关疾病的治疗中,所述疾病例如神经退行性疾病和蛋白质病。另一方面,增强自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂可以引起自噬水平降低并因此可以用于抑制自噬的方法中和对自噬抑制响应的自噬相关疾病的治疗中,所述疾病例如癌症和胰腺炎。
表1.自噬抑制基因。
调控自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂同样对自噬相关疾病治疗有用。例如,抑制自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂可以引起自噬水平降低并因此可以应用于抑制自噬的方法中以及对自噬抑制响应的自噬相关疾病的治疗中,所述疾病例如癌症和胰腺炎。增强自噬增强基因产物活性的试剂可以引起自噬水平提高并因此可以应用于自噬增强的方法中和对自噬水平提高响应的自噬相关疾病的治疗中,所述疾病例如神经退行性疾病和蛋白质病。
表2.自噬增强基因。
因此,本发明的某些实施例涉及通过抑制表1所列自噬抑制基因产物活性或者增强表2所列自噬增强基因产物活性,来增强自噬和/或治疗神经退行性疾病和/或蛋白质病的方法。本发明的其他实施例涉及通过增强表1所列自噬抑制基因产物活性或者抑制表2所列自噬增强基因产物活性,来抑制自噬和/或治疗癌症或胰腺炎的方法。
本发明的其他实施例涉及通过抑制表3所列自噬抑制基因产物活性或者增强表4所列自噬增强基因产物活性,来增强自噬和/或治疗神经退行性疾病和/或蛋白质病的方法。本发明的其他实施例涉及通过增强表3所列自噬抑制基因产物活性或者抑制表4所列自噬增强基因产物活性,来抑制自噬和/或治疗癌症或胰腺炎的方法
表3.自噬抑制基因。
表4.自噬增强基因。
本发明的自噬相关基因产物可分为多种非对立的独立分类。例如,本发明的一些基因产物可以分为例如氧化还原酶、受体、蛋白酶、连接酶、激酶、合酶、合成酶、分子伴侣、水解酶、膜转运蛋白、钙结合蛋白和/或调节分子。表5列出了选定自噬抑制基因产物的分类,表6列出了选定的自噬增强基因产物分类。由于某些试剂更适合于调控一类特定基因产物的活性,因此本发明的一些实施例涉及调控一种或多种自噬相关基因产物。
表5.一些自噬抑制基因产物分类。
表6.某些自噬增强基因产物分类。
自噬相关基因产物调控剂
本发明的某些实施例涉及调控自噬或治疗自噬相关疾病(例如神经退行性疾病、肝病、肌肉疾病、癌症、胰腺炎)的方法。这些方法涉及给予试剂用于调节一种或多种本发明自噬相关基因产物的活性。在某些实施例中,本发明的方法包括通过向主体给予能降低一种或多种表1-4所列基因产物活性的试剂以治疗自噬相关疾病。在其他实施例中,本发明的方法包括通过向主体给予能增加一种或多种表1-4所列基因产物活性的试剂来治疗自噬相关疾病。能用于调节表1-4所列基因产物活性以及因此而能用于治疗或预防自噬相关疾病的试剂包括抗体(例如结合抗体)、蛋白、多肽、小分子、RNA干扰试剂例如siRNA分子、核酶以及反义寡核苷酸。
任何能调节本发明自噬相关基因产物活性的试剂都能被用于实施本发明中的某些方法。这些试剂可以是本申请所描述的、本技术领域所熟知的或者是那些通过常规筛选方法(例如本发明中描述的筛选方法)识别得到的。
在一些实施例中,用于确定对本发明方法有用的试剂的分析方法包括自噬相关基因产物和一种或多种分析组分的反应。其他组分可以是一种测试化合物(例如候选的试剂),或者是测试化合物和自噬相关基因产物的天然结合物的组合。通过这些分析方法,例如本发明中描述的方法,确定得到的试剂可用于例如调节自噬和治疗自噬相关疾病。
本发明方法中有用的试剂可以通过任何现有的资源获得,包括天然和/或合成化合物的系统文库。试剂也可以从本领域熟知的许多组合文库中通过多种方法中的任何一种获得,所述组合文库包括:生物学文库;类肽文库(具有多肽功能分子的文库,类肽是一种新型具有多肽骨架,抗酶降解同时保留生物活性的物质;参见,例如Zuckermann etal.,1994,J.Med.Chem.37:2678-85);空间可寻址的固相或液相文库;需要反褶积的合成文库方法;“一珠一物”文库方法;以及利用亲合色谱选择的合成文库方法。其中生物学文库和类肽文库受限于多肽文库,而其他四种方法适用于多肽、非肽低聚体或化合物的小分子文库(Lam,1997,Anticancer Drug Des.12:145)。
分子文库合成方法的例子可以在本技术领域找到,例如DeWitt et al.(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.90:6909;Erb et al.(1994)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:11422;Zuckermann et al.(1994).J.Med.Chem.37:2678;Cho et al.(1993)Science 261:1303;Carrell et al.(1994)Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.33:2059;Carell et al.(1994)Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.33:2061;and in Gallop et al.(1994)J.Med.Chem.37:1233。
试剂文库的呈现方式可以是溶液(例如,Houghten,1992,Biotechniques 13:412-421)、携带于珠上(Lam,1991,Nature 354:82-84)、芯片(Fodor,1993,Nature364:555-556)、细菌和/或孢子(Ladner,USP 5,223,409)、质粒(Cull et al,1992,ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 89:1865-1869)或噬菌体上(Scott and Smith,1990,Science 249:386-390;Devlin,1990,Science 249:404-406;Cwirla et al,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.87:6378-6382;Felici,1991,J.Mol.Biol.222:301-310;Ladner,supra.)。
本发明方法中有用的试剂可以通过例如筛选候选化合物或测试化合物的方法来确定,所述候选化合物或测试化合物是本发明中自噬相关基因产物的底物或其生物活性部分。在另一个实施例中,本发明方法中有用的试剂可以通过筛选候选化合物或测试化合物的方法来确定,所述候选化合物或测试化合物可与本发明的自噬相关基因产物的底物或其生物活性部分结合。测试化合物与自噬相关基因产物直接结合的能力可以通过例如将化合物与放射性同位素或酶标记物耦合完成,这样自噬相关基因产物与化合物的结合可以通过检测复合物中标记化合物来测定。例如,可以用125I、35S、14C或3H直接或间接标记化合物,并且可以通过直接放射性计数或闪烁计数检测放射性同位素。或者组分检测可以与例如辣根过氧化物酶、碱性磷酸酶或荧光素酶进行酶标记并且通过测定适当底物向产物的转化测定酶标记。
本发明方法中有用的试剂也可以通过例如确定能调节(例如正调节或负调节)自噬相关基因产物和其底物和/或结合对象相互作用的化合物来确定。这些化合物包括,但不限于,分子例如抗体、多肽、激素、寡核苷酸类、核酸类及其类似物。这些化合物可以通过任何现有的资源获得,所述途径包括天然和/或合成化合物的系统文库。
用于确定能调节自噬相关基因产物和其结合对象相互作用的化合物的检测系统的基本原则包括在一定条件下准备包含自噬相关基因产物和其结合对象的反应混合物,并给予足够时间以允许两种物质相互作用和结合从而形成复合物。为了测试试剂抑制活性,在加入或不加入测试化合物两种条件下制备反应混合物。测试化合物可以起初就加入反应混合物,或者可以在加入自噬相关基因产物及其结合对象一定时间后再加入。对照反应混合物中不加入测试化合物或加入空白安慰剂。接着检测自噬相关基因产物及其结合对象形成的所有复合物。对照反应中复合物形成,而含测试化合物的反应混合物中复合物不形成或形成减少,表明化合物能干扰自噬相关基因产物及其结合对象的相互作用。相反地,加入化合物后复合物形成比对照反应中增加则说明化合物可以增加自噬相关基因产物其及结合对象的相互作用。
对能调节自噬相关基因产物与其结合对象相互作用的化合物的检测可以是异相或同相的形式。异相检测包括将自噬相关基因产物或其结合对象固定于一固相上,在反应结束时检测留在固相上的复合物。在同相检测中,整个反应是在液相中完成。这两种方法中反应物加入顺序可以不同以得到关于测试化合物的不同信息。例如,干扰自噬相关基因产物及其结合对象相互作用的化合物(例如,通过竞争)可以在测试底物存在时确定,即在加入自噬相关基因产物及其相互作用的结合对象之前或同时将测试底物加入反应混合物中。或者,干扰已形成的复合物的化合物,例如具有更高结合常数能替换复合物之一的化合物,可以通过在反应混合物中复合物已经形成后再加入测试化合物来检测。不同形式的检测如下简述。
在异相检测系统中,自噬相关基因产物或其结合对象是固定于一固相表面或骨架上,而其他相关非固定组分可以被直接或间接地标记。在实践中,微量滴定板常用于此种方法中。有许多用于固定的方法,可以是本技术领域中所熟知的非共价或共价的方法。非共价结合通常通过用自噬相关基因产物或其结合对象的溶液涂布在固相表面并干燥来简单实现。或者,对该检测组分特异性的固定抗体也可以固定用于相关检测。
在相关检测中,可以使用融合蛋白,所述融合蛋白增加功能域后可以使蛋白组分之一或蛋白组分的两部分都固定于骨架上。例如,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶/标记物融合蛋白或谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶/结合对象可以吸附在谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠(Sigma Chemical,St.Louis,MO)上或谷胱甘肽衍生微滴定板上,既而可与测试化合物或测试化合物和/或者非吸附自噬相关基因产物或其结合对象相结合,混合物在一定条件下(例如,生理条件下)培养以形成复合物。培养后,清洗珠或微滴定板以除去非结合的测试组分,直接或间接评定固定的复合物,例如,如前所述。或者,可以用标准技术将复合物从骨架上分离,并且测定自噬相关基因产物的结合率或活性水平。
同相检测可用于确定自噬相关基因产物的调控物。其通常与上面提到的方法类似,在加入或不加入测试化合物的液相中进行。形成的复合物继而从未反应组分中分离并测定形成复合物的量。对于同相检测系统,反应物加入液相的顺序可以产生关于测试化合物调节复合物形成和干扰复合物形成的信息。
在同相检测中,反应产物可以通过许多标准技术从未反应检测化合物中分离,所述标准技术包括,但不限于:差速离心、色谱法、电泳和免疫沉淀法。差速离心中,复合物分子可以通过一系列离心步骤与未复合分子分离,因为复合物大小和密度不同导致不同的沉降平衡(参见例如,Rivas,G.,andMinton,A.P.,Trends Biochem Sci 1993Aug;18(8):284-7)。标准色谱技术可用于分离复合物分子与未复合分子。例如,凝胶排阻色谱根据分子的大小并应用凝胶排阻色谱树脂柱分离分子,例如,相对大的复合物可以与相对小的复合物相分离。类似地,与未复合分子相比,具有相对不同电荷的复合物可以与残留的反应物区分开,例如通过离子交换色谱柱。这些柱子和色谱技术都是本领域技术人员所熟知的(参见,例如Heegaard,1998,J Mol.Recognit.11:141-148;Hage and Tweed,1997,J.Chromatogr.B.Biomed.Sci.Appl.,699:499-525)。凝胶电泳可以用于分离复合物分子和未结合的分子(参见,例如Ausubel et al(eds.),In:CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology,J.Wiley & Sons,New York.1999)。例如这项技术可根据蛋白或核酸复合物的大小或电荷进行分离。为了保持电泳过程中的结合作用,无还原剂的非变性凝胶通常是优选的,特殊的适当作用条件是本领域技术人员所熟知的。免疫沉淀是另一种常用于蛋白-蛋白复合物从溶液中分离的技术。(参见,例如Ausubel et al(eds.),In:Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,J.Wiley & Sons,New York.1999)。在这项技术中,对结合分子之一具有特异性的抗体的所有结合蛋白可通过将抗体与聚合物珠的结合来使其从溶液中沉淀,所述聚合物珠可通过离心快速收集。结合检测组分可从珠上释放(通过特异蛋白酶解或其他本领域已知的技术,所述方法应不干扰复合物中蛋白-蛋白相互作用),接着进行第二次免疫沉淀,这次使用对相应不同相互作用检测组分具有特异性的抗体。通过这种方式,只有形成的复合物才能与珠保持结合。可以比较加入或不加入检测化合物,复合物形成的变化,并因此得到关于化合物调节自噬相关基因产物和其结合对象间相互作用能力的信息。
自噬相关基因产物表达的调控剂可以通过,例如将细胞与候选化合物接触,测定细胞中相应的自噬相关基因mRNA或蛋白的表达来确定。比较加入或不加入候选化合物后mRNA或蛋白的表达。根据比较可确定候选化合物是否为自噬相关基因产物表达的调控剂。例如,加入候选化合物后自噬相关基因产物表达比不加入候选化合物时增加,那么候选化合物可认定为是标记物mRNA或蛋白表达的刺激剂。相反的,当加入候选化合物后自噬相关基因产物表达比不加入候选化合物少,那么候选化合物可认定为是标记物mRNA或蛋白表达的抑制剂。细胞中自噬相关基因产物表达水平可以通过本发明中描述的用于检测标记物mRNA或蛋白的方法来测定。
能抑制自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂可用于,例如增强自噬以及神经退行性疾病治疗中。这样的自噬抑制基因产物抑制剂的例子如表7和图63所示。
表7.抑制自噬抑制基因产物的试剂。
可选的,增强自噬抑制基因产物活性的试剂可用于,例如,自噬抑制以及癌症和胰腺炎的治疗中。这些自噬抑制基因产物增强剂的例子如表8和图63所示。
表8.增强自噬抑制基因产物的试剂。
调节表1-4所列调节自噬相关基因产物的其它试剂可以参见,例如美国专利号:7,348,140;6,982,265;6,723,694;6,617,311;6,372,250;6,334,998;6,319,905;6,312,949;6,297,238;6,228,835;6,214,334;6,096,778;5,990,083;5,834,457;5,783,683;5,681,747;5,556,837;5,464,614。上述各专利全部内容在此参考并入。表1-4所列调节自噬相关基因产物试剂的例子可以参见,例如美国专利申请号:US2009/0137572;US2009/0136475;US2009/0105149;US2009/0088401;US2009/0087454;US2009/0087410;US2009/0075900;US2009/0074774;US2009/0074711;US2009/0074676;US2009/0069245;US2009/0068194;US2009/0068168;US2009/0060898;US2009/0047240;US2009/0042803;US2009/0029992;US2009/0011994;US2009/0005431;US2009/0005309;US2009/0004194;US2008/0319026;US2008/0312247;US2008/0300316;US2008/0300180;US2008/0299138;US2008/0280991;US2008/0280886;US2008/0268071;US2008/0262086;US2008/0255200;US2008/0255084;US2008/0255036;US2008/0242687;US2008/0241289;US2008/0234284;US2008/0234257;US2008/0221132;US2008/0194672;US2008/0194555;US2008/0187490;US2008/0171769;US2008/0167312;US2008/0146573;US2008/0132555;US2008/0125386;US2008/0124379;US2008/0103189;US2008/0051465;US2008/0051383;US2008/0045588;US2008/0045561;US2008/0045558;US2008/0039473;US2008/0033056;US2008/0021036;US2008/0021029;US2008/0004300;US2007/0293525;US2007/0293494;US2007/0287734;US2007/0286853;US2007/0281965;US2007/0281894;US2007/0280886;US2007/0274981;US2007/0259891;US2007/0259827;US2007/0254877;US2007/0249519;US2007/0248605;US2007/0219235;US2007/0219114;US2007/0203064;US2007/0173440;US2007/0155820;US2007/0149622;US2007/0149580;US2007/0134273;US2007/0129389;US2007/0112031;US2007/0099964;US2007/0099952;US2007/0098716;US2007/0093480;US2007/0082929;US2007/0004765;US2007/0004654;US2006/0286102;US2006/0276381;US2006/0265767;US2006/0263368;US2006/0257867;US2006/0223742;US2006/0211752;US2006/0199796;US2006/0194821;US2006/0166871;US2006/0147456;US2006/0134128;US2006/0115475;US2006/0110746;US2006/0058255;US2006/0025566;US2006/0009454;US2006/0009452;US2006/0002866;US2005/0288316;US2005/0288243;US2005/0250719;US2005/0249751;US2005/0246794;US2005/0227921;US2005/0222171;US2005/0197341;US2005/0187237;US2005/0182006;US2005/0175581;US2005/0171182;US2005/0164298;US2005/0153955;US2005/0153878;US2005/0148511;US2005/0143381;US2005/0119273;US2005/0106142;US2005/0096363;US2005/0070493;US2005/0043233;US2005/0043221;US2005/0038049;US2005/0015263;US2005/0009870;US2004/0266777;US2004/0261190;US2004/0248965;US2004/0248884;US2004/0242559;US2004/0241797;US2004/0229250;US2004/0220270;US2004/0204368;US2004/0192629;US2004/0186157;US2004/0132648;US2004/0091919;US2004/0072836;US2004/0063708;US2004/0063707;US2004/0057950;US2003/0225098;US2003/0220246;US2003/0211967;US2003/0199525;US2003/0187001;US2003/0186844;US2003/0166574;US2003/0166573;US2003/0166001;US2003/0153752;US2003/0077298;US2003/0069430;US2003/0059455;US2003/0040612;US2009/0099069;US2008/0312413;US2008/0280845;US2008/0248462;US2008/0248462;US2008/0213250;US2008/0145313;US2008/0021080;US2008/0021036;US2008/0004309;US2007/0298124;US2007/0298104;US2007/0281986;US2007/0264195;US2007/0232556;US2007/0190149;US2007/0111934;US2007/0071675;US2007/0021360;US2007/0010658;US2006/0235034;US2006/0233799;US2006/0160737;US2006/0128696;US2006/0121042;US2006/0039904;US2006/0019882;US2005/0272655;US2005/0197293;US2004/0247592;US2004/0204356;US2004/0132023;US2004/0116669;US2004/0072836;US2004/0048895;US2004/0022765;US2003/0165485;US2003/0162964;US2003/0153503;US2003/0125276;US2003/0114657;US2003/0091569;US2003/0078199;US2002/0137095;US2001/0006793;US2001/0002393;US2002/0183319;以及US2002/0156081,上述各专利在此全文参考并入。
自噬相关基因产物的寡聚核苷酸抑制剂
本发明的某些实施例中,自噬相关RNA基因产物的寡聚核苷酸抑制剂可用于调节自噬以及用于治疗自噬相关疾病。寡聚核苷酸抑制剂包括,但不限于,反义分子、siRNA分子、shRNA分子、核糖酶和三聚体分子。这些分子都是本领域所熟知的并且本领域技术人员可以通过常规方法生成本发明中任意自噬相关基因的寡聚核苷酸抑制剂。
反义分子、siRNA或shRNA分子、核糖酶或三聚体分子可以与细胞相接触或给予于生物体。或者,编码这些分子的构建子可以与细胞或生物体相接触或引入细胞或生物体。反义结构、反义寡聚核苷酸、RNA干扰构造或siRNA双螺旋RNA分子可以用于干扰目标蛋白的表达,例如,本发明中的一种自噬相关基因。通常,至少mRNA的互补序列的15、17、19或21核苷酸足以作为反义分子。通常,至少目标序列的15、19、21、22或23核苷酸足以作为RNA干扰分子。在一些实施例中,RNA干扰分子将有2个核苷3’突出。如果RNA干扰分子在细胞中从一构造中表达出来,例如从发夹分子或从目标自噬相关基因的反向重复序列中,那么细胞内源装置将产生突出。siRNA分子可以通过化学合成、体外转录或长dsRNA经RnaseIII或Dicer消化来制备。这可以通过转染、电穿孔、胞内感染或其他本领域已知的方法来引导入细胞。参见,例如:Hannon,GJ,2002,RNA Interference,Nature 418:244-251;Bernstein E et al.,2002,The rest is silence.RNA 7:1509-1521;Hutvagner G et al.,RNAi:Nature abhors a double-strand.Cur.Open.Genetics & Development 12:225-232;Brummelkamp,2002,A system forstable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells.Science 296:550-553;LeeNS,Dohjima T,Bauer G,Li H,Li M-J,Ehsani A,Salvaterra P,and Rossi J.(2002).Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-1rev transcripts in human cells.Nature Biotechnol.20:500-505;Miyagishi M,and Taira K.(2002).U6-promoter-drivensiRNAs with four uridine 3'overhangs efficiently suppress targeted gene expression inmammalian cells.Nature Biotechnol.20:497-500;Paddison PJ,Caudy AA,BernsteinE,Hannon GJ,and Conklin DS.(2002).Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs)induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells.Genes & Dev.16:948-958;Paul CP,Good PD,WinerI,and Engelke DR.(2002).Effective expression of small interfering RNA in human cells.Nature Biotechnol.20:505-508;Sui G,Soohoo C,Affar E-B,Gay F,Shi Y,Forrester WC,and Shi Y.(2002).A DNA vector-based RNAi technology to suppress gene expression inmammalian cells.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 99(6):5515-5520;Yu J-Y,DeRuiter SL,andTurner DL.(2002).RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpinRNAs in mammalian cells.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 99(9):6047-6052,PCT publicationsWO2006/066048and WO2009/029688,美国公开申请US2009/0123426,上述参考文献在此整体参考并入。
反义或RNA干扰分子可以在体外或体内向细胞递送,例如,递送至哺乳动物的肿瘤或病灶组织。可以使用本领域通常所知的方法。例如,通过肿瘤内注射来实现向肿瘤递送。其他的递送模式包括,并不限于:静脉注射、肌肉注射、腹膜内注射、动脉内注射、手术中局部递送、内窥镜、皮下注射以及口服。载体可根据特殊应用的特定性质来挑选。载体可以是病毒、细菌或质粒。根据上述方面腺病毒载体比较有用。组织特异性、细胞类型特异性或者可调控的启动子可以用于控制抑制性多核苷酸分子的转录。同样还可以使用非病毒载体例如脂质体或纳米球。
在目前方法中,RNA干扰分子或编码寡核苷酸的RNA干扰分子可以向主体给予,例如,裸RNA、裸RNA和递送试剂的组合物和/或包括表达siRNA或shRNA分子序列的核苷酸。在一些实施例中,核苷酸包含在载体例如质粒、病毒和细菌载体中递送,所述核苷酸包括表达siRNA或shRNA分子的序列。任何本领域已知的核苷酸递送方法都可以用于本发明。适当的递送试剂包括,但不限于,例如奇异螺属传输TKO脂质试剂;阳离子脂质体(lipofectin)、阳离子脂质体(lipofectamine);cellfectin;多聚阳离子(例如聚赖氨酸)、端胶原、纳米复合物和脂质体。
端胶原作为递送载体递送核苷酸分子的描述可参见Minakuchi et al.Nucleic AcidsRes.,32(13):e109(2004);Hanai et al.Ann NY Acad Sci.,1082:9-17(2006);and Kawata etal.Mol Cancer Ther.,7(9):2904-12(2008);上述参考文献通过全文并入本发明以作参考。
本发明的一些实施例中,脂质体用于向一主体递送抑制性寡核苷酸。适用于本发明的脂质体可以从标准泡囊形成脂类来制备,所述泡囊形成脂类通常包括中性或负电荷的磷酸类和固醇例如胆固醇。脂类的挑选可以通常是根据考虑因素的指导,所述考虑因素例如所需脂质体大小和脂质体在血流中的半衰期。制备脂质体的方法有许多,参见例如Szoka et al.(1980),Ann.Rev.Biophys.Bioeng.9:467;and U.S.Pat.Nos.4,235,871,4,501,728,4,837,028,and 5,019,369。上述参考文献在此参考并入。
本方法中使用的脂质体可以包括配体分子,所述配体分子可以使脂质体靶向于癌细胞、胰细胞或神经元。可结合癌细胞、胰细胞或神经元中常见受体的配体,例如优选能与特定的细胞型抗原结合的单克隆抗体。
本方法中使用的脂质体同样也可以修饰以避免被单核巨噬细胞系统(“MMS”)和网状内皮系统(“RES”)清除。这些脂体的表面或脂质体结构中整合有调理素抑制基团。在一个实施例中,本发明的脂质体包括调理素抑制基团和配体。
用于制备本发明脂质体的调理素抑制部分通常是结合于脂质体膜上的大分子亲水聚合物。本申请中使用的调整素抑制基团“结合”于脂质体膜上指的是通过化学或物理方式结合于膜上,例如通过脂溶性的锚与脂质体膜相互作用,或通过直接与膜脂质活性基团直接结合。这些调理素抑制性亲水聚合物形成的表面保护层可以显著降低MMS和RES对脂质体的摄取;例如,参见美国专利号4,920,016,上述文献在此参考并入。
适于修饰脂质体的调理素抑制部分优选为水溶性的聚合物,其数均分子量应在约500到约40,000Da之间,并且更优选为约2,000到约20,000Da之间。这些聚合物包括聚乙二醇(PEG)或聚丙二醇(PPG)衍生物;例如甲氧基PEG或PPG,和PEG或PPG的硬脂酸盐;合成聚合物例如聚丙烯酰胺或聚N-乙烯基吡咯酮;线形、分枝状或树枝状聚乙二胺;聚丙烯酸;多元醇,例如聚乙烯醇和化学连接了羧基或氨基的聚木糖醇,以及神经节苷脂类,例如神经节苷脂GM1。PEG、甲氧基PEG或甲氧基PPG或它们的衍生物的共聚物也是适用的。此外,调理素抑制聚合物也可以是PEG和聚氨基酸,或多糖,或聚乙二胺,或聚乙撑胺,或多核苷酸的嵌段共聚物。调理素抑制聚合物也可以是含有氨基酸或羧酸例如半乳糖醛酸、葡糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、透明质酸、果胶酸、神经氨酸、海藻酸、角叉菜胶的天然多糖类;胺化多糖或寡糖(线形或分枝状);或羧化多糖或寡糖,例如与末端连接羧基的羧酸衍生物反应的。优选的,调理素抑制基团是PEG、PPG或它们的衍生物。PEG或PEG衍生物修饰的脂质体有时会被称为“PEG化的脂质体”。
调理素抑制基团可以通过多种已知技术的任何一种与脂质体膜结合。例如,PEG的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯可以与磷脂酰乙醇胺的脂溶性锚相结合,从而与膜结合。类似的,葡萄糖聚合物与十八醇胺脂溶性锚通过Na(CN)BH3和溶剂混合物例如四氢呋喃和水以30:12比例60℃的还原氨化衍生。
调理素抑制部分修饰的脂质体比未修饰的脂质体在循环系统中可以保留更久。因此,这些脂质体有时被称作“隐形”脂质体。隐形脂质体已知可在富含多孔或“易漏”的微脉管系统的组织中累积。因此,具有这种微脉管系统缺陷的组织例如实体瘤能有效的累积这些脂质体;参见Gabizon,et al.(1988),Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,USA,18:6949-53。此外,RES摄取减少可以显著阻止脂质体在肝脏和脾脏的累积,从而能降低隐形脂质体的毒性。
自噬相关基因产物的特异性抗体
因为具有对特定靶点高特异性结合能力,自噬相关基因产物的特异抗体可以抑制或增强这些基因产物的活性并因此可以抑制或增强自噬。例如,在一些实施例中,受体的特异抗体能通过阻断其与激活配体的相互作用来抑制受体的活性。同样的,可溶性配体(例如细胞因子或生长因子)或膜结合配体的特异抗体能通过抑制配体与受体的结合来抑制配体结合受体的活性。在其他实施例中,受体的特异抗体可以用于交联并进而激活受体。尽管抗体对抑制或增强胞外蛋白(例如受体和/或配体)活性非常有效,用细胞内抗体来抑制细胞内蛋白功能的应用同样为本领域所熟知(参见例如,Carlson,J.R.(1988)Mol.Cell.Biol.8:2638-2646;Biocca,S.et al.(1990)EMBO J.9:101-108;Werge,T.M.et al.(1990)FEBS Lett.274:193-198;Carlson,J.R.(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:7427-7428;Marasco,W.A.et al.(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA90:7889-7893;Biocca,S.et al.(1994)Biotechnology (NY)12:396-399;Chen,S-Y.et al.(1994)Hum.Gene Ther.5:595-601;Duan,L et al.(1994)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA91:5075-5079;Chen,S-Y.et al.(1994)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA91:5932-5936;Beerli,R.R.et al.(1994)J.Biol.Chem.269:23931-23936;Beerli,R.R.et al.(1994)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.204:666-672;Mhashilkar,A.M.et al.(1995)EMBO J.14:1542-1551;Richardson,J.H.et al.(1995)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92:3137-3141;PCT公开号:WO94/02610by Marasco et al.;以及PCT公开号:WO 95/03832by Duan et al.)因此,自噬相关基因的多肽产物的特异性抗体可用作本发明方法中的生物学试剂。
能特异性结合自噬相关基因的多肽产物的特异抗体可以通过许多已知的方法生成,例如标准的体细胞杂交技术,参见Kohler and Milstein,Nature 256:495(1975)。此外,也可以使用本技术领域内其它用于生产单克隆抗体的技术,例如B淋巴细胞的病毒或致癌性转化,使用人类抗体基因文库的噬菌体展示技术。
多克隆抗体可以通过用多肽免疫原免疫适当的对象来制备。可以通过标准技术来监测免疫对象的多肽抗体随时间的滴度,例如用固定的多肽和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。如果需要的话,抗抗原的抗体可以从哺乳动物中分离(例如从血中)以及通过已知技术来纯化,例如蛋白A色谱法可以获得IgG成分。免疫一定时间后,例如当抗体滴度达到最高时,产生抗体的细胞可以从对象中获得并用于制备单克隆抗体。
许多用于融合淋巴细胞和永生化细胞株的已知方法中的任何一种都可以用来产生抗自噬相关基因产物的单克隆抗体(参见,例如,Galfre,G.et al.(1977)Nature266:55052;Gefter et al.(1977)supra;Lerner(1981)supra;Kenneth(1980)supra)。此外,本领域普通技术人员懂得该方法有许多同样有用的变化。典型的,永生化细胞株(例如,骨髓瘤细胞株)是从与淋巴细胞同样的哺乳动物种类中得到。例如,鼠杂交瘤可以用淋巴细胞与永生化鼠细胞株来制备,所述淋巴细胞是通过本发明所述免疫原性制备方法免疫的鼠中得到。鼠细胞株的一个适当例子是对含次黄嘌呤、氨基蝶呤和胸苷培养基(“HAP”培养基)敏感的小鼠骨髓瘤细胞株。许多骨髓瘤细胞株中的任何一种依照标准技术都可以用于作为融合部分,例如,P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1,P3-x63-Ag8.653or Sp2/O-Ag14骨髓瘤细胞株。这些骨髓瘤细胞株都可以从美国标准培养收集所(ATCC)、洛克维尔、马里兰获得。典型的是,HAT敏感型小鼠骨髓瘤细胞通过聚乙二醇(“PEG”)与小鼠脾细胞融合。融合得到的杂交瘤细胞从而可以用HAT培养基挑选,所述HAT培养基可杀灭未融合的和无产出的融合骨髓瘤细胞(未融合的脾细胞由于未转化会于数天后死亡)。可以通过筛查杂交瘤培养上清中的抗体与指定多肽的结合来检测产生本发明中一种单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,例如,用标准的ELISA检测方法。
作为制备单克隆抗体分泌型杂交瘤细胞的替代,可以使用适当的自噬相关基因产物筛选重组体组合免疫球蛋白文库(例如,抗体噬菌体或酵母文库)来确定和分离特异于上述自噬相关基因产物中一种的单克隆抗体,进而分离与自噬相关基因产物相结合的免疫球蛋白文库成员。本领域中技术人员都熟知市售的用于生产和筛选噬菌体展示文库的试剂盒(例如,Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System,Catalog No.27-9400-01;以及Stratagene SurfZAPTM Phage Display Kit,Catalog No.240612)和筛选噬菌体和酶母文库的方法。特别用于产生和筛选抗体展示文库的方法和试剂的例子可参见,例如,Ladner et al.美国专利号5,223,409;Kang et al.国际公开号WO 92/18619;Doweret al.国际公开号WO 91/17271;Winter et al.国际公开号92/20791;Markland et al.国际公开号WO 92/15679;Breitling et al.国际公开号93/01288;McCafferty et al.国际公开号WO 92/01047;Garrard et al.国际公开号WO 92/09690;Ladner et al.国际公开号WO 90/02809;Fuchs et al.(1991)Biotechnology (NY)9:1369-1372;Hay et al.(1992)Hum.Antibod.Hybridomas 3:81-85;Huse et al.(1989)Science 246:1275-1281;Griffiths et al.(1993)EMBO J.12:725-734;Hawkins et al.(1992)J.Mol.Biol.226:889-896;Clarkson et al.(1991)Nature 352:624-628;Gram et al.(1992)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 89:3576-3580;Garrard et al.(1991)Biotechnology (NY)9:1373-1377;Hoogenboom et al.(1991)NucleicAcids Res.19:4133-4137;Barbas et al.(1991)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88:7978-7982;andMcCafferty et al.(1990)Nature 348:552-554。
此外,抗自噬相关基因产物的嵌合抗体和人化抗体可以依照标准方案制备,例如美国专利号5,565,332公开的方案。在另一个实施例中,可以用本领域中熟知的技术通过一种载体与另一载体间的重组来制备抗体链或特异性结合对成员,例如美国专利号5,565,332、5,871,907或5,733,743所描述的技术。所述一种载体包括编码特异性结合对成员和可重现的普通展示包组分的核酸分。所述另一种载体包括编码单个结合对成员的第二肽链的核酸分子。
在另一个实施例中,抗自噬相关基因产物的人单克隆抗体可以通过携带部分人免疫系统而不是鼠免疫系统的转基因或转染色体的小鼠来产生。在一个实施例中,转基因小鼠,即本发明中的“人化小鼠”指的是包含一编码非重排的人重链和轻链可变区免疫球蛋白序列的人类免疫球蛋白基因微卫星基因座和可使μ和κ链基因座失活或删除的定向变异(Lonberg,N.et al.(1994)Nature 368(6474):856859)。小鼠也可以包含人类重链恒定区免疫球蛋白序列。相应地,少量或不表达小鼠IgM或κ的小鼠以及在免疫反应中引进的人类重链和轻链可变区转基因都要经过类别转换和体细胞突变以产生高亲和力的人可变区抗体(Lonberg,N.et al.(1994),supra;reviewed in Lonberg,N.(1994)Handbook ofExperimental Pharmacology 113:49101;Lonberg,N.and Huszar,D.(1995)Intern.Rev.Immunol.Vol.13:6593,and Harding,F.and Lonberg,N.(1995)Ann.N.Y Acad.Sci 764:536546)。这些小鼠可以通过上述技术或本领域已知的其他任何技术来用于产生全人类单克隆抗体。人化小鼠的制备可参见Taylor,L.et al.(1992)NucleicAcids Research 20:62876295;Chen,J.et al.(1993)International Immunology 5:647656;Tuaillon et al.(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA 90:37203724;Choi et al.(1993)NatureGenetics 4:117123;Chen,J.et al.(1993)EMBO J.12:821830;Tuaillon et al.(1994)J.Immunol.152:29122920;Lonberg et al.,(1994)Nature 368(6474):856859;Lonberg,N.(1994)Handbook ofExperimental Pharmacology 113:49101;Taylor,L.et al.(1994)International Immunology 6:579591;Lonberg,N.and Huszar,D.(1995)Intern.Rev.Immunol.Vol.13:6593;Harding,F.and Lonberg,N.(1995)Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci 764:536546;Fishwild,D.et al.(1996)Nature Biotechnology 14:845851.更多可参见美国专利号5,545,806;5,569,825;5,625,126;5,633,425;5,789,650;5,877,397;5,661,016;5,814,318;5,874,299;以及5,770,429;all to Lonberg and Kay,and GenPharm International;美国专利号5,545,807to Surani et al。
药物组合物
本发明提供了包括自噬相关基因产物调控剂的药物组合物。在一方面,本发明提供了可药用的组合物,所述组合物包括上述一种或多种试剂的有效治疗量与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体(添加物)和/或稀释剂配方。在另一方面,本方面的试剂可以通过上述方式给予或与可药用载体的混合物一起给予,并可以与其他试剂联合给予。联合治疗包含连续的、同时的和分开或共同给予一种或多种本发明的试剂,其中第一次给予的疗效在随后化合物给予前并不消失。
如下详述,本发明的药物组合物可以特定配制以固体或液体形式给予,包括:(1)口服给药,例如,灌服剂(水或非水溶液或混悬剂)、片剂例如那些舌用的靶向用于含服、舌下和系统吸收的丸剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、糊剂;(2)非消化道给药,例如,皮下给药、肌肉注射、静脉注射或硬膜外注射例如灭菌溶液或混悬剂、或控释制剂;(3)局部涂药,例如皮肤用乳剂、软膏或控释贴片或喷雾剂;(4)阴道内或直肠内给药,例如,阴道环、乳剂或泡沫;(5)舌下给药;(6)眼部给药(7)经皮给药;(8)鼻腔给药。
如上所述,在一些实施例中,本发明的试剂可以是包含基本功能团例如氨基或烷氨基的的化合物,以及因此与药学上可接受的酸形成的药学上可接受的盐。这些盐可以在给药载体的原位产生或在药物剂型生产过程中制备,或可以通过本发明的纯化化合物以其游离碱形式与合适的有机或无机酸分别反应,并在随后的纯化过程中分离形成的盐。代表性的盐包括氢溴化盐、盐酸盐、硫酸盐、重硫酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、醋酸盐、戊酸盐、油酸盐、棕榈酸盐、硬脂酸盐、月桂酸盐、苯甲酸盐、乳酸盐、磷酸盐业、甲苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、马来酸盐、延胡索酸盐、丁二酸盐、酒石酸盐、萘酚酸盐、去铁胺、葡庚糖酸盐、乳糖酸盐和十二烷基磺酸盐等(参见,例如Berge etal.(1977)"Pharmaceutical Salts",J.Pharm.Sci.66:1-19)。
主题化合物药学上可接受的盐包括常用的无毒的盐或化合物的季铵盐,例如与无毒的有机酸或无机酸形成的盐。例如,这些常用的无毒的盐包括那些从无机酸如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、氨基磺酸、磷酸、硝酸等衍生的盐;以及从有机酸如醋酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、乙醇酸、硬脂酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、棕榈酸、马来酸、草酰乙酸、苯乙酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、硫酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、反丁烯二酸、甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙烷二磺酸、草酸、异硫羰酸等得到的盐。
在其他情况下,本发明的试剂可以是包含一个或多个酸性功能基并且可以此与药学上可接受的碱基形成药学上可接受的盐的化合物。这些盐类同样可以在给药载体原位产生或在药物剂型生产过程中原位制备,或者通过分别用纯化化合物的自由酸形式与合适的碱基相反应来制备,例如药学上可接受的金属阳离子的氢氧化物、碳酸盐或重碳酸盐与铵反应,或者与药学上可接受的有机伯、仲、叔胺反应。典型的碱或碱土盐包括锂、钠、钾、钙、镁、和铝盐等。代表性的可用于形成碱式盐的有机胺包括乙胺、二乙胺、乙二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、哌嗪等(参见,例如Berge et al.,supra)。
组合物中同样也可以含有润湿剂、乳化剂和润滑剂如十二烷基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁,以及着色剂、脱膜剂、包衣衣料、脱臭剂、调味剂和芳香剂、防腐剂和抗氧化剂。
药学上可接受的抗氧化剂的例子包括:(1)水溶性抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸、盐酸半胱氨酸、硫酸氢钠、偏亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸钠等;(2)油溶性抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、丁羟茴醚(BHA)、丁羟甲苯(BHT)、卵磷脂、没食子酸丙酯、维生素E等,以及(3)金属鳌合剂,如柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、山梨醇、酒石酸、磷酸等。
本发明试剂的剂型可以是单元剂量的形式,并且可以通过药学领域已知的技术来制备。活性成分的量会根据治疗主体及具体的给药途径而不同,所述活性成分可以与载体材料组合来产生单独的药物剂型。活性成分的量通常为能产生治疗效果的试剂的量,所述活性成分可以与载体材料组合来产生独立的药物剂型。
在某些实施例中,本发明的制剂包括赋形剂,所述赋形剂包括,但不限于:环糊精类、脂质体、胶束成形试剂如胆酸和多聚载体如聚酯类和聚酐。在一些实施例中,前面提到的配方可以提高本发明中试剂的口服生物利用度。
这些配方或组合物的制备方法可以包括使本发明的一种试剂与载体以及可选地与一种或多种辅料相关联的步骤。
用于口服给药的本发明化合物的液体制剂形式包括药学上可接受的乳剂、微乳、溶液、混悬剂、糖浆剂和酏剂。除了活性成分外,液体制剂还可以包含本技术领域中广泛使用的惰性稀释剂,举例如,水或其他溶剂、增溶剂和乳化剂如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油类(特别是棉子油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油和蓖麻油)、甘油、四氢呋喃甲醇、聚乙二醇和山梨聚糖脂肪酸酯,或它们的混合物。
除了稀释剂、口服组合物还可以包括佐剂如润湿剂、乳化和助悬剂、甜化剂、调味剂、着色剂、芳香剂和防腐剂。
除了活性化合物外,混悬剂还可以包含助悬剂如环氧乙烷异硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇和山梨醇酯、微晶纤维素、间羟基铝、皂粘土、琼脂和黄耆胶,和它们的混合物。
本发明用于口服给药的剂型可以是胶囊、扁胶囊、丸剂、片剂、锭剂(使用芳香基底,通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄耆胶)、粉剂、颗粒剂或水或非水液体的溶液或混悬剂、或者是水包油或油包水的液体乳、或者是酏剂或糖浆剂、或者是锭剂(用惰性基底如明胶和甘油,或者是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶)和/或口洗剂等,每一种都包含一定量的本发明的活性成分化合物。本发明的化合物也可以用大丸、药糖剂或糊剂给药。
用于口服给药的本发明固体药物剂型中(胶囊、片剂、丸剂、锭剂、粉剂、颗粒剂等),活性成分是与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体相混合,所述药学上可接受的载体如枸橼酸钠或磷酸二钙,和/或以下任何一种:(1)填充剂或增充剂,如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇和/或硅酸;(2)粘合剂,如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和/或阿拉伯胶;(3)润湿剂,如甘油;(4)崩解剂,如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、海藻酸、某些硅酸盐类以及碳酸钠;(5)溶液阻滞剂,如石蜡油;(6)吸收促进剂,如季铵化合物;(7)润湿剂,如十六醇、单硬脂酸甘油酯以及非离子型表面活性剂;(8)吸收剂,如高岭土和膨润土;(9)润滑剂,如滑石粉、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙烯二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠以及它们的混合物,以及(10)着色剂。在胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂中,药物组合物还可以包含缓冲剂。类似的固体组合物可以在软壳和硬壳明胶胶囊中用作填充剂,所述固体组合物辅料如乳糖或牛乳糖,以及高分子量聚乙二醇等。
片剂可以可选地与一种或多种辅料通过挤压或模压来制备。普通挤压片剂可以通过粘合剂(例如,明胶或羟丙甲基纤维素)、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、防腐剂、崩解剂(例如,羧甲基淀粉钠或交联羧甲基纤维素钠)、表面活性剂或分散剂来制备。模压片剂可以通过适当的机器模压已用惰性液体稀释剂润湿的粉末状化合物的混合物来制备。
本发明药物组合物的片剂和其他固体剂型,如锭剂、胶囊、丸剂和颗粒剂可以压痕或包衣和包壳,如肠溶衣和其他药物制剂领域中已知的包衣。所述片剂和其他固体剂型同样也可以配方使所给予活性成分达到缓释或控释,例如,不同分了量的羟丙甲基纤维素可以提供不同的释放速度,其他聚合物基质、脂质体和/或微球体。本发明的组合物可以配方以供速释,如冷冻干燥。它们可以通过例如过除菌膜或通过在无菌固体组合物中加入灭菌剂来灭菌,所述无菌固体组合物中使用前即溶于无菌水或其他无菌注射用介质。这些组合物可选地还包含遮光剂并且可以是能释放活性组分的组合物,所述活性组分只在或更多的是在胃肠道的某一特定部位释放,起到缓释的作用。可用的包埋组合物的例子包括聚合物质和蜡类。活性成分也可以制成微囊形式,可以适当的与一种或多种上述组分一同制剂。
本发明的药物组合物用于直肠或阴道给药的制剂可以是栓剂,所述栓剂可以通过将一种或多种本发明的化合物与一种或多种适当的惰性辅料或载体例如可可脂、聚乙二醇、栓剂蜡或水杨酸酯相混合来制备,所述栓剂蜡或水杨酸酯室温下为固体但体温下为液体,因此可以在直肠内或阴道内融化并释放活性化合物。
本发明中适用于阴道给药的剂型同样还包括含有本技术领域内适当药物载体的阴道环、棉塞、乳膏剂、凝胶剂、糊剂、泡沫或喷雾剂。
本发明化合物用于局部或透皮给药的剂型包括粉剂、喷雾剂、软膏、糊剂、乳剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、溶液剂、贴剂和吸入剂。活性化合物以无菌条件下与药学上可接受的载体相混合,任何防腐剂、缓冲剂或抛射剂可以根据需要相混合。
除包含本发明的一种活性化合物外,软膏剂、糊剂、乳剂和凝胶剂还可包含辅料,如动物和植物脂肪、油类、蜡类、石蜡、淀粉、黄蓍胶、纤维素衍生物、聚乙二醇、聚硅酮类、皂粘土、硅酸、滑石粉和氧化锌或它们的混合物。
除包含本发明的化合物外,粉末剂和喷雾剂还可包含辅料,如乳糖、滑石粉、硅酸、氢氧化铝、硅酸钙和聚酰胺粉末或这些物质的混合物。此外喷雾剂还可包含常用的抛射剂,如氯代氟代烃类和挥发性未取代烃类例如丁烷和丙烷。
透皮贴剂具有使本发明的化合物定向递释至身体的优点。这种药物剂型可以通过使化合物溶解或分散在适当的介质中来制备。吸收促进剂同样也可以用于增加化合物穿过皮肤的量。透皮的速度可以通过添加一层控释膜或将化合物分散在聚合物基质或凝胶中来控制。
眼用制剂,眼膏剂、眼用粉剂、溶液剂等也涵盖于本发明的范围之内。
适用于非消化道给药的本发明的药物剂型由一种或多种本发明的化合物与一种或多种可药用的无菌等渗水或非水的溶液、分散液、混悬液或乳剂组合组成,或与临用前重组为无菌注射溶液或混悬液的无菌粉末组合组成,所述无菌粉末可以包含糖类、醇类、抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂、使溶液与受体血液等渗的溶质、助悬剂或增稠剂。
可用于本发明药物组合物的适当的水或非水载体的例子包括水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙烯醇等)和它们适当的混合物,植物油例如橄榄油和可注射的有机酯如油酸乙酯。流动性可以通过例如包衣材料如卵磷脂的使用、通过保持分散剂中必需的粒径以及使用表面活性剂来保持。
在一些情况下,为了延长药物效果,需要减缓从皮下或肌肉内注射的药物吸收的速度。可以通过使用结晶的液体或疏水的非晶形材料混悬液来实现。药物吸收的速度依赖于药物溶出度,溶出度反过来依赖于晶粒大小和结晶形式。此外,胃肠外给药的延迟吸收可以通过将药物溶解或混悬在油类运载体中来实现。
可注射的药物贮库制剂(depot forms)通过将主题化合物在生物可降解的聚合物如聚乳酸聚乙交酯中制成微囊基质来制备。药物释放的速度可以通过药物与聚合物的比和具体使用的聚合物性质来控制。其他生物可降解的聚合物包括聚多正酯类和聚酐类。可注射的贮库剂型可以通过将药物包载于与身体组织相容的脂质体或微乳来制备。
包含本发明的试剂的示例性剂型根据不同性质来测定,所述性质包括,但不限于体温下化学稳定性、有效释放时间、毒性和合适剂量等不同的性质。
本发明的制剂可以通过口服、胃肠外、局部或直肠给药。当然这些制剂都是根据给药途径而具备合适的形式。例如,以片剂或胶囊剂的形式给药,注射剂、吸入剂、眼用剂、软膏剂、栓剂用于注射、滴注或吸入;洗剂或软膏剂用于局部给药;以及栓剂用于直肠给药。
除了选择的给药途径,本发明的化合物可通过本技术领域人员已知的常规方法配制成药学上可接受的药物剂型。所述本发明的化合物可以是水合物的形式和/或本发明的药物组合物。
在一些实施例中,上述药物组合物包括一种或多种本发明的试剂、一种化疗药物可选地可药用的载体。
术语化疗药物包括,但不限于,铂类试剂如卡铂和顺铂;氮芥烷合剂;亚硝基脲烷化剂如卡莫司汀(BCNU)和其他烷化剂;抗代谢药,如甲氨蝶呤;嘌呤类似物抗代谢药;嘧啶类似物抗代谢药如氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和吉西他滨;激素类抗肿瘤药药,如戈舍瑞林、亮丙瑞林和他莫昔芬;天然抗肿瘤药药,如紫杉烷类(例如,多西他赛和紫杉醇)、阿地白介素、白细胞介素-2、依托泊甙(VP-16)、干扰素α和维甲酸(ATRA);抗生素类天然抗肿瘤药药,如博来霉素、更生霉素、柔红霉素、阿霉素和丝裂霉素;以及长春生物碱类天然抗肿瘤药药,如长春碱和长春新碱。
此外,下列药物虽然不被认为是化疗药物,但还可以与化疗药物联合用药:更生霉素;盐酸正丁霉素;多西紫杉醇;盐酸阿霉素;红细胞生成素α;依托泊甙(VP-16);更昔洛韦钠;庆大霉素硫酸盐;干扰素α;醋酸亮丙瑞林;盐酸哌替啶;盐酸美沙酮;盐酸雷尼替丁;长春碱硫酸盐;以及齐多夫定(AZT)。例如,氟尿嘧啶目前与肾上腺素和牛胶原蛋白共同配制可形成特别有效的药物组合。
更进一步,可以使用的氨基酸、肽类、多肽、蛋白、多糖和其他大分子如下所列:白细胞介素1到18,包括突变型和类似物;干扰素或细胞因子,如干扰素α,β和γ;激素类,如促黄体激素释放激素(LHRH)和类似物以及促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH);生长因子,如转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、生长激素释放因子(GHRF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、成纤维细胞生长因子同源因子(FGFHF)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)以及胰岛素生长因子(IGF);肿瘤坏死因子α和β(TNF-α&β);入侵抑制因子-2(IIF-2);骨形态发生蛋白质1-7(BMP 1-7);生长抑素;胸腺素-α-1;γ-球蛋白;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);补体因子;抗血管生成抑制因子;抗原材料;以及前药。
与组合物一同使用和用于本发明所描述的方法的化疗药物包括,但不限于烷化剂如噻替类和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐类如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舍凡;氮丙啶类,如苯并多巴、卡巴醌、甲尿多巴和尿多巴;乙烯亚胺和甲基阿莫胺包括六甲蜜胺、三乙烯三聚氰胺、三乙烯磷酰胺、三乙烯三亚乙硫代磷酰胺和三羟甲蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);多聚乙酰(尤其是泡番荔枝辛和泡番荔枝辛酮);喜树碱(包括合成类似物托泊替坎);苔藓抑素;callystatin;CC-1065(包括其阿多来新、卡折来新和比折来新合成类似物);cryptophycins(尤其是cryptophycins 1和cryptophycins 8);多拉司他汀;多卡米星(包括合成类似物,KW-2189和CB1-TM1);eleutherobin;水鬼蕉碱;葡枝珊瑚醇;海绵抑制素;氮芥如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、胆汁磷酰胺、雌氮芥、异环磷酰胺、氮芥、氧化氮芥盐酸化物、美法仑、新氮芥、胆甾醇对苯乙酸氮芥、泼尼氮芥、曲磷胺、尿嘧啶氮芥;亚硝基脲类如卡莫司汀、氯乙链脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀和雷莫司汀;抗生素类如烯二炔抗生素类(例如,卡奇霉素,特别是卡奇霉素γI和卡奇霉素ω1;达内霉素,包括gammal A;双磷酸盐类,如氯膦酸;埃斯波霉素;以及新制癌菌素发色团和相关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团、aclacinomysins、放线菌素、authrarnycin、偶氮丝氨酸、博莱霉素、放线菌素c、卡柔比星、洋红霉素、嗜癌素、色霉素、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星(包括吗啉代-多柔比星、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉-吗啉代-多柔比星和去氧多柔比星)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、麻西罗霉素、丝裂霉素如丝裂霉素c、霉酚酸、诺拉霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、泊非霉素、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑菌素、链脲菌素、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢药如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物如二甲叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤、三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、嘧啶类似物如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、双脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨、氟尿苷;雄激素类如卡普睾酮、屈他雄酮丙酸盐、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酯;抗肾上腺类如氨鲁米特、米托坦、曲洛司坦;叶酸显影液再生剂如亚叶酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基酮戊酸;恩尿嘧啶;安吖啶;阿莫司汀;比生群;乙茎去氮胺蝶呤;秋水仙胺;地吖醌;elformithine;依利醋铵;博霉素;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;lonidainine;美登素类化合物如美坦辛和安丝菌素;米托胍脘;米托蒽醌;莫匹丹莫;硝氨丙丫啶;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;洛索蒽醌;鬼臼酸乙肼;2-鬼臼酸乙肼;丙卡巴肼;云芝多糖(PSK)复合物;丙亚胺;根霉素;丝唑呋喃;锗螺胺;替奴佐酸;三亚胺醌;2,2',2″-三氯乙胺;单端孢霉烯类(特别是T-2毒素、疣孢菌素A、杆孢菌素A和安规地尼);乌拉坦;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露莫司汀;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;gacytosine;阿糖胞苷(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺;噻替派;紫杉烷,例如紫杉酚和多西紫杉醇;苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨;6-硫代鸟嘌呤;巯嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;铂鳌合物如顺铂、奥沙利铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊甙(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺消灵;替尼泊甙;依达曲沙;道诺霉素;氨基蝶呤;希罗达;伊班膦酸盐;伊立替康(如CPT-11);拓朴异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);维生素a酸类如维a酸;卡培他滨;以及上述任意一种在药学上可接受的盐类、酸类或衍生物。
在另一个实施例中,本发明的组合物可以包括其他生物学活性物质,所述生物学活性物质包括治疗性药物或前药,例如,其他化疗药试剂、清除剂化合物、抗生素类、抗病毒类、抗真菌类、抗炎、血管收缩剂和抗凝血药、用于肿瘤疫苗的试剂或相关的前药。
示例性的清除剂化合物包括,但不限于含巯基化合物如谷胱甘肽、硫脲和半胱氨酸;醇类如甘露醇取代酚类;醌取代酚类、芳香胺类和硝基化合物。
可以使用化疗药试剂和/或其他生物学活性试剂的不同形式。所述形式包括,但不限于生物学活性的不带电分子、分子复合物、盐类、醚类、酯类、酰胺类等。
本发明的治疗方法
本发明进一步提供了用于治疗自噬相关疾病的新的治疗方法,所述疾病包括癌症、神经退行性疾病、脊髓损伤、周围神经损伤、肝病、肌肉疾病和胰腺炎,所述方法包括给予主体(例如,需要的主体)有效量的本发明自噬相关基因产物的调控剂。
需要的主体包括,例如,已被诊断有肿瘤包括癌变前肿瘤、癌症的主体,或者是已被治疗的主体包括对先前治疗耐受的主体。
已知自噬在神经受损后的轴突变性起着一定的作用。例如,外伤性脊髓损伤会导致轴突内钙水平快速提高,这会导致神经元自噬增强和细胞死亡(Knoferle et al.,(2009),PNAS,107,6064-6069)。对钙流或自噬的抑制都能减缓轴突变性。值得注意的是,本发明的自噬调控剂筛选已鉴定出许多钙结合蛋白(表6)。因此,本发明的一些实施例涉及通过调节钙结合自噬调节基因产物或者通过调节其他自噬相关基因产物来治疗和预防神经元损伤后的轴突变性。
本发明的方法可用于治疗任意一种癌症或癌变前肿瘤。可以用本发明的方法或组合物来治疗的癌包括,但不限于,来自膀胱、血液、骨骼、骨髓、脑、胸、结肠、食道、胃肠道、牙龈、头、肾、肝、肺、鼻咽、颈、卵巢、前列腺、皮肤、胃、睾丸、舌或子宫的癌细胞。此外,癌还可以是以下的特定的组织学类型,并且不限于:肿瘤,恶性的;癌;癌,未分化的;巨形和梭形细胞癌;小细胞癌;乳头状癌;鳞状细胞癌;淋巴上皮癌;基底细胞癌;毛基质癌;过渡细胞癌;乳头状移行细胞癌;腺癌;胃泌素瘤,恶性的;胆管上皮癌;肝细胞癌;结合性肝细胞癌和总胆管癌;小梁性腺癌;腺样囊性癌;腺瘤性息肉内腺癌;腺癌,家族性结肠息肉病;实体癌;类癌瘤,恶性的;细支气管肺泡癌;乳头状腺癌;嫌色性癌;嗜酸性细胞癌;嗜酸性腺癌;嗜碱性细胞癌;透明细胞腺癌;颗粒细胞腺癌;滤泡性腺癌;乳头状和滤泡状腺癌;无包膜形成的硬化性癌;肾上腺皮质癌;内膜样癌;皮肤附件癌;大汗腺腺癌;皮脂性腺癌;盯聍腺腺癌;粘液表皮样腺癌;囊腺癌;乳头状囊腺癌;乳头状浆液性囊腺癌;粘液囊腺癌;粘液腺癌;印戒细胞癌;浸润性导管癌;髓样癌;小叶癌;炎性癌;乳腺上皮内癌;乳房的;腺泡细胞癌;腺鳞状癌;腺癌鳞状上皮化生;胸腺瘤,恶性的;卵巢间质肿瘤,恶性的;泡膜细胞瘤,恶性的;粒层细胞瘤,恶性的;以及神经母细胞瘤,恶性的;牛肾上腺质嗜铬细胞癌;睾丸间质细胞瘤,恶性的;脂质细胞瘤,恶性的;副神经节瘤,恶性的;乳房外副神经节瘤,恶性的;恶性嗜铬细胞瘤;血管球肉瘤;恶性黑色素瘤;无黑素性黑素瘤;浅表扩散性黑素瘤;巨色素痣内恶性黑素瘤;上皮样细胞黑素瘤;蓝痣,恶性的;恶性肉瘤;纤维肉瘤;纤维组织细胞瘤,恶性的;粘液肉瘤;脂肪肉瘤;平滑肌肉瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤;小泡型横纹肌肉瘤;间质肉瘤;多形性腺瘤,恶性的;苗勒混合瘤;肾母细胞瘤;肝母细胞瘤;癌肉瘤;间叶瘤,恶性的;恶性布伦纳瘤,恶性的;恶性叶状瘤,恶性的;滑膜肉瘤;间皮瘤,恶性的;无性细胞瘤;胚胎性癌;畸胎瘤,恶性的;卵巢甲状腺肿,恶性的;绒毛膜癌;中肾瘤,恶性的;血管肉瘤;血管内皮瘤,恶性的;卡波西肉瘤;血管外皮细胞瘤,恶性的;淋巴管肉瘤;骨肉瘤;近皮质骨肉瘤;软骨肉瘤;软骨母细胞瘤,恶性的;间质性软骨肉瘤;骨巨细胞瘤;尤文氏肉瘤;牙源性肿瘤,恶性的;成釉细胞牙肉瘤;成釉细胞瘤,恶性的;成釉细胞纤维肉瘤;松果体瘤,恶性的;脊索瘤;神经胶质瘤,恶性的;室管膜瘤;星形细胞瘤;原生质星形细胞瘤;纤维性星形细胞瘤;星形母细胞瘤;胶质母细胞瘤;少突神经胶质瘤;成少突神经胶质细胞瘤;原始神经外胚瘤;小脑肉瘤;神经节成神经细胞瘤;神经细胞瘤;视网膜母细胞瘤;嗅神经源性肿瘤;脑膜瘤;神经纤维肉瘤;神经鞘瘤,恶性的;恶性颗粒细胞瘤,恶性的;恶性淋巴瘤;何杰金氏病;何杰金氏淋巴瘤;类肉芽肿;恶性淋巴瘤,小淋巴细胞;恶性淋巴瘤,大细胞,扩散性;恶性淋巴瘤,滤泡的;蕈样肉芽肿病;其他特指的非何杰金氏淋巴瘤;恶性组织细胞增多症;多发性骨髓瘤;肥大细胞肉瘤;免疫增生性小肠病;白血病;淋巴样白血病;浆细胞白血病;红白血病;淋巴肉瘤细胞性白血病;髓样白血病;嗜碱细胞性白血病;嗜酸性白血病;单核细胞性白血病;肥大细胞白血病;巨核母细胞性白血病;骨髓样肉瘤;以及多毛细胞白血病。
在一些实施例中,本发明的方法包括癌的治疗,所述癌的治疗包含同时给予本发明的一种自噬抑制试剂和一种化学治疗剂。所述自噬抑制试剂包括能抑制自噬增强基因(表2)产物活性的试剂和能增强自噬抑制基因(表1)产物活性的试剂。任意一种化学治疗剂都适用于本发明的方法,尤其是诱导癌细胞内细胞应激的化学治疗剂。适用于本发明的化学治疗剂包括,但不限于,烷化剂例如噻替派和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐类例如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶类例如苯并多巴、卡巴醌、meturedopa以及尿多巴;乙烯亚胺和甲蜜胺包括六甲蜜胺、三乙烯三聚氰胺、三乙烯磷酰胺、三乙烯三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺和三羟甲蜜胺;多聚乙酰(尤其是泡番荔枝辛和泡番荔枝辛酮);喜树碱(包括合成类似物托泊替坎);苔藓抑素;callystatin;CC-1065(包括其阿多来新、卡折来新和比折来新的合成类似物);cryptophycins(尤其是cryptophycins 1和cryptophycins 8);多拉司他汀;多卡米星(包括合成类似物,KW-2189和CB1-TM1);eleutherobin;pancratistatin;葡枝珊瑚醇;海绵抑制素;氮芥如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、胆汁磷酰胺、雌氮芥、异环磷酰胺、氮芥、氧化氮芥盐酸化物、美法仑、新氮芥、胆甾醇对苯乙酸氮芥、泼尼氮芥、曲磷胺、尿嘧啶氮芥;亚硝基脲类如卡莫司汀、氯乙链脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀和雷莫司汀;抗生素类如烯二炔抗生素类(例如,卡奇霉素,尤其是卡奇霉素γI和卡奇霉素ω1;达内霉素,包括达内霉素A;双磷酸盐类,如氯膦酸;埃斯波霉素;以及新制癌菌素发色团和相关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团、aclacinomysins、放线菌素、authrarnycin、偶氮丝氨酸、博莱霉素、放线菌素c、卡柔比星、洋红霉素、嗜癌素、色霉素、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星(包括吗啉代-多柔比星、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉-吗啉代-多柔比星和去氧多柔比星)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、麻西罗霉素、丝裂霉素如丝裂霉素c、霉酚酸、诺拉霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、泊非霉素、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑菌素、链脲菌素、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢药如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物如二甲叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤、三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、嘧啶类似物如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、双脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨、氟尿苷;雄激素类如卡普睾酮、屈他雄酮丙酸盐、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酯;抗肾上腺类如氨鲁米特、米托坦、曲洛司坦;叶酸显影液再生剂如亚叶酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基酮戊酸;恩尿嘧啶;安吖啶;bestrabucil;比生群;乙茎去氮胺蝶呤;的弗法明;秋水仙胺;地吖醌;elformithine;依利醋铵;埃博霉素;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;lonidainine;美登素如美坦辛和安丝菌素;米托胍脘;米托蒽醌;mopidanmol;nitraerine;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;洛索蒽醌;鬼臼酸乙肼;2-鬼臼酸乙肼;丙卡巴肼;云芝多糖(PSK)复合物;丙亚胺;根霉素;丝唑呋喃;锗螺胺;替奴佐酸;三亚胺醌;2,2',2″-三氯乙胺;单端孢霉烯类(尤其是T-2毒素、疣孢菌素A、杆孢菌素A和anguidine);乌拉坦;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露莫司汀;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;gacytosine;阿糖胞苷(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺;噻替派;紫杉烷,例如紫杉酚和多西紫杉醇;苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨;6-硫代鸟嘌呤;巯嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;铂鳌合物如顺铂、奥沙利铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊甙(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺消灵;替尼泊甙;依达曲沙;道诺霉素;氨基蝶呤;希罗达;伊班膦酸盐;伊立替康(如CPT-11);拓朴异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);维生素a酸类如维a酸;卡培他滨;以及上述任意一种在药学上可接受的盐类、酸类或衍生物。
在一些实施例中,本发明的方法包括对癌的治疗,所述对癌的治疗包括给予本发明的自噬抑制试剂与放射治疗的组合。放射治疗的最佳剂量可以是向主体给予日剂量。放射治疗的最佳日剂量可以是,例如,从约0.25到0.5戈瑞、约0.5到1.0戈瑞、约1.0到1.5戈瑞、约1.5到2.0戈瑞、约2.0到2.5戈瑞以及约2.5到3.0戈瑞。示例性的日剂量可以是,例如从约2.0到3.0戈瑞。可以给予更高的放射剂量,例如,如果肿瘤对低剂量的放射治疗有抵抗力时。放射高剂量可以达到,例如4戈瑞。更进一步,治疗全过程中给予的放射总剂量的范围可以是,例如,从约50到200戈瑞。在一个实施例中,治疗全过程中给予的放射总剂量的范围是,例如,从约50到80戈瑞。在一些实施例中,放射剂量可以通过一定时间间隔,例如,1、2、3、4或5分钟来给予,其中总计时间依赖于放射源的剂量率。
在某些实施例中,放射的最佳日剂量的给予可以按,例如,一周四天或五天,总共约四到八周的方式。在另一个实施例中,放射的最佳日剂量的给予可以按一周七天,总共约四到八周的方式。在某些实施例中,放射的日剂量可以是单次剂量。此外,放射的日剂量也可以是多次剂量。在另一个实施例中,放射的最佳剂量可以是比患者能耐受的日基础量更高的剂量。照这样,放射的更高剂量可以以更低的频率给予患者。
可以用于癌治疗的放射类型在本技术领域是公知的,所述放射类型包括阴极线、直线加速器产生的高能光子或是从放射源例如钴或铯产生的高能光子、质子、和中子。示例性的电离辐射是一种x射线辐射。
给予放射的方法为本领域技术人员所熟知。示例性的方法包括,但不限于,外线束、内线束以及放射性药物。对于外线束,使用直线加速器传递高能x射线至身体的癌部位。由于放射源起源于体外,外线束可以按同样的放射剂量治疗身体的大部分。内照射治疗,也被称为短距离放射治疗,涉及传递高剂量的辐射至身体的某一具体部位。两种内照射包括组织内放射,其中放射源是置于效应组织内,以及腔内放射,其中放射源是置于体腔内并与效应部位距离较短距离。放射性物质可以通过与肿瘤特异性抗体相连而递送至肿瘤细胞。用于内照射治疗的放射性物质通常都是包含在小囊、丸、导线、管或植入物内。相反,放射性药物作为非封闭性放射源可以通过口服、静脉注射或直接给入体腔。
放射治疗还可以包括立体定向手术或立体定向放射治疗,其中放射的精确量可以用直线加速器或γ刀以及三维适形放射治疗(3DCRT)递送至肿瘤的小片区域,其中所述3DCRT是一种可以在放射治疗前标测肿瘤的计算机辅助治疗。
需要的主体还可以包括,例如,已被诊断患有神经退行性疾病的主体或已按神经退行性疾病治疗的主体,包括对先前治疗耐受的主体。
本发明的方法可以用于治疗任何一种神经退行性疾病。在某些实施例中,神经退行性疾病是一种蛋白质变或蛋白质折叠疾病。这些蛋白质病的例子包括,但不限于,阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森病、路易体痴呆、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、亨廷顿病、脊髓小脑共济失调和脊髓延髓肌萎缩。在其他实施例中,本发明的方法可以用于治疗任何一种神经退行性疾病。可用本发明方法治疗的神经退行性疾病包括,但不限于,肾上腺脑白质营养不良症、酒精中毒、亚历山大氏病、阿耳珀病、阿尔茨海默氏病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、运动失调性毛细血管扩张症、贝敦氏症、牛海绵状脑病、卡纳万病、大脑性麻痹、科克因综合症、皮质基底核退化症、克雅氏病、家族性致命性失眠、额颞叶退化、亨廷顿病、人类免疫缺陷病毒伴发性痴呆、肯尼迪氏症、球形细胞脑白质营养不良、路易体痴呆、神经莱姆病、马-约病、多系统萎缩、多发性硬化、发作性睡病、尼曼匹克症、帕金森病、佩-梅二氏病、皮克氏病、原发性侧索硬化症、朊病毒病、进行性核上麻痹、植烷酸贮积症、山德霍夫氏病、谢耳德病、恶性贫血继发性亚急性脊髓混合变性、斯皮尔梅伊尔-沃格特-肖格伦-巴滕病、脊髓小脑性共济失调、脊髓性肌萎缩、进行性核上性麻痹、脊髓痨和中毒性脑病。
需要的主体还可以包括,例如,已诊断患有肝病的主体或已按肝病治疗的主体,包括对先前治疗耐受的主体。在一些实施例中,肝病是一种蛋白质病或蛋白折叠疾病。这种蛋白质病的一个例子为α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏。
需要的主体还可以包括,例如,已诊断患有肌肉疾病的主体或已按肌肉疾病治疗的主体,包括对先前治疗耐受的主体。在一些实施例中,肌肉疾病是一种蛋白质病或蛋白折叠疾病。这种蛋白质病的例子包括,但不限于,缺乏性散发性包涵体肌炎、2B型角膜缘带肌营养不良和三好氏肌肉病变。
需要的主体还包括,例如,已诊断患有蛋白质病的主体,包括对先前治疗耐受的主体。蛋白质病的例子包括,但不限于,阿尔茨海默氏病、大脑β-淀粉样蛋白血管障碍、视网膜神经节细胞变性、朊病毒病(例如牛海绵状脑病、库鲁病、克雅氏病、不同的克雅氏病、格-斯二氏综合症、家族性致使性失眠)、Tau病变(例如额颞叶痴呆、阿尔茨海默氏病、进行性核上麻痹、皮质基底核退化症、额颞叶退化)、额颞叶退化、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、亨廷顿病、家族性不列颠痴呆、家族性丹麦痴呆、遗传性脑出血伴淀粉样变(Iclandic)、大脑常染色体显性动脉病合并皮层下梗塞及脑白质病(CADASIL)、亚历山大氏病、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂病变、家族性淀粉样蛋白神经病变、老年全身性淀粉样变性、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂病变、AL型淀粉样变性、AA淀粉样变性、II型糖尿病、主动脉类淀粉样变性、ApoAI淀粉样变性、ApoII淀粉样变性、ApoAIV淀粉样变性、芬兰型家族性淀粉样变性、溶酶菌淀粉样变性、纤维蛋白原淀粉样变性、透析淀粉样变性、包涵体肌炎/肌病、白内障、甲状腺髓样癌、心房淀粉样变性、脑垂体泌乳素瘤、遗传性格子状角膜变性、皮肤淀粉样变苔癣、角膜乳铁蛋白淀粉样变性、角膜乳铁蛋白淀粉样变性、肺泡蛋白觉着症、牙源性肿瘤、膀胱精囊淀粉样、囊肿性纤维化、镰刀形细胞病和危重肌病。
在一些实施例中,本发明的主题药物组合物(the subject pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention)将会掺入将要递送的足够量的一种或多种物质用以向患者递送治疗有效量的合并治疗剂或作为预防或治疗处理的一部分的其他物质。活性试剂的所需浓度依赖于药物的吸收、失活和排泄速率以及化合物的递送速率。值得注意的是,剂量可以随着情况严重度的缓和而不同。还值得注意的是,对于任意特定主体,具体的给予方案需要根据个体需要以及实施给予或监督给予化合物者的专业判断随时间进行调整。代表性地,剂量可以用本领域技术人员已知的方法来确定。
主题试剂(the subject agent)的剂量可以通过参考试剂的血浆浓度来确定。例如,可以使用最大血浆浓度(Cmax)和血浆浓度-时间曲线下从0至无限时间(AUC(0-4))的面积。本发明的剂量包括那些能产生上述Cmax和AUC(0-4)的剂量和其他能引起这些参数更大或更小值的剂量。
本发明的药物组合物中活性组分的实际剂量水平可以调整以获得能使具体患者,组合物以及给予方式有效达到所需治疗效应的活性成分的量,并且不对患者产生毒性。
剂量水平的选择会依赖于许多因素包括使用的具体试剂的活性、给予的途径、给予的时间、所用具体化合物的排泄或代谢速率、处理的持续时间、与所用具体化合物联合使用的其他药物、化合物和/或物质、接受处理患者的年龄、性别、体重、状况、一般健康和先前医疗史,以及医学领域内已知的其他因素。
具有本领域内普通技术水平的医生或兽医师可以容易地确定及处方所需药学组合物的有效量。例如,医生或兽医师可以处方和/或给予本发明药物组合物中试剂的量低于达到所需治疗效果所需的量并可以逐渐增加剂量直至达到所需效果。
一般而言,本发明中试剂的合适的日剂量是可以产生一种治疗效果的试剂的最低剂量。这样的有效剂量通常依赖于上述因素。
根据需要,试剂的有效日剂量可以是一天内以适当的间隔分开给予2、3、4、5、6或更多次,可选地,以单次给药剂型给予。
在特定患者中给予可产生最有效治疗的任何试剂的准确时间和量依赖于具体试剂的活性、药代动力学、和生物利用度、患者的生理条件(包括年龄、性别、疾病类型和阶段、总的身体状况、对一给定剂量和给予方法的反应)、给予的途径等。本申请的指导方针可以用于优化治疗,例如,确定最适宜的时间和/或给予的量,由监测主体和调整剂量和/或时间组成的常规试验就可以实现所述确定。
在治疗主体时,主体的健康可以通过在24小时周期内的预定时间测量一项或多项相关指标来监测。治疗的各方面包括给予和制剂的补充、量和时间,都可以根据上述监测结果来优化。可以周期性再评价患者相同参数确定改善的程度,首次这样的再评估通常在治疗开始四周后,之后的再评估在治疗期间每四到八周一次,之后每三个月一次。治疗可以持续数月或数年,对于人类的治疗以一个月为最少期限。给予试剂的量和给予时间的调整可以根据上述重评估进行调整。
处理开始时可以用低于化合物最佳剂量的较小的剂量。因此,剂量可以以小增量增加直至获得最佳治疗效果。此外,调节自噬相关基因产物的试剂和另一种试剂如另一种用于治疗自噬相关疾病试剂的联合使用可以降低任何单个试剂的所需剂量,因为不同化合物和/或试剂的起效和作用时间可以互补。
实施例
材料和方法
细胞系和培养条件
H4人神经母细胞瘤细胞在DMEM培养基中以标准培养条件培养,所述DMEM培养基中补充10%正常小牛血清、青/链霉素、丙酮酸钠(Invitrogen)和适当的0.4-1.2mg/mL G418。LC3-GFP和FYVE-dsRed H4细胞按Zhang et al.,PNAS,102,15545-15550(2007)所描述的方法获得。为了获得能稳定表达Lamp1的细胞系,H4细胞用Lamp1-RFP质粒通过TransIT LT1试剂(Mirus)转染,接着用0.4mg/mL G418挑选。通过用pBabe-Bcl-2反转录病毒感染LC3-GFP和FYVE-dsRed H4细胞以及用1μg/mL嘌呤霉素挑选来获得表达Bcl-2的细胞系。
在细胞因子试验中,细胞在完全培养基中以0.5×105的密度接种于24孔(western)或96孔(LC3-GFP定量)板中。24h后用PBS清洗细胞,并加入无血清的OptiMEM培养基(Invitrogen)和指定的生长因子和/或细胞因子,培养24h。使用的生长因子和细胞因子包括人TNFα(Cell Sciences)、人LIF(GeneScriptCorporation)、人FGF2(ProSpec)、人IGF1(ProSpec)、人SDF1(ProSpec)、人CLCF1(R&D Systems)。细胞在完全培养基中培养24h后用PBS冲洗并在HBSSbedia(Invitrogen)中培养4h以诱导细胞饥饿。适当时,当培养基改变时加入2.5mMN-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(NAC,Sigma)。
抗氧化剂试验中,细胞用siRNA转染24h后用2.5mM N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(NAC,Sigma)处理细胞,培养48h后固定和成像分析(参见下面的详细描述)。在免疫印迹分析中,细胞溶解前最后8-12h加入10μg/mL的溶酶体蛋白酶抑制剂E64d(Sigma)。
siRNA转染
第一轮筛选时,使用含21,121siRNA库的阵列文库,所述阵列文库涵盖了大多数的人染色体基因组(Dharmacon siARRAY siRNA library (Human Genome,G-005000-05)Thermo Fisher Scientific,Lafayette,CO)。每个库包含4个独立的寡核苷酸,所述寡核苷酸能靶向同个基因的不同序列。每块试验板都包含下列对照:非靶向性的siRNA、哺乳类雷帕霉素靶蛋白siRNA(mTOR siRNA)、ATG5siRNA以及PLK1siRNA(转染率对照)。siRNAs以40nM的终浓度短暂转染为稳定表达LC3-GFP报告分子的H4细胞三次,所述转染用HiPerfect试剂(Qiagen)反向转染。HiPerfect用DMEM以1:20稀释,取8μl的混合液加入384孔板孔中。孔板以1,000rpm离心后每孔加入2μl的1μM阵列siRNA库。培养30分钟后,将40μl含500细胞的培养基加入孔板中。细胞在标准培养条件下培养72h,用0.5μM Hoechst 33342(Invitrogen)复染1h,用30μl 8%多聚甲醛固定。30min后,细胞用PBS冲洗3次用于分析。
第二轮筛选使用siRNA文库,所述siRNA文库中每个siRNA库中4个siRNA分别加入单个孔。细胞的转染和处理方法除siRNA的终浓度为30nM(1μM贮液,1.5μL/孔)和HiPerfect用OptiMEM(Invitrogen)以1:30稀释外,其他条件与第一轮筛选相同。第二轮筛选的转染按两轮完成:第一次将稳定表达LC3-GFP的H4细胞与FYVE-dsRed按1:1混合,转染三份;第二次将稳定表达LC3-GFP的H4细胞与Lamp1-RFP按1:1混合,转染两份。所有第三轮的表征筛选都进行两次,且使用LC3-GFP和FYVE-dsRed细胞混合液。每个试验板包含10-12孔的非靶向性的siRNA和mTOR、ATG5、PLK1以及根据筛选的情况包含Vps34或SOD1siRNA对照。
在低通量验证筛选命中中,用2μl或6μl HiPerfect/每毫升培养基在12孔或6孔板中反向转染细胞,转染H4细胞的siRNA的终浓度为40nM并且细胞密度为5×104,转染MCF7细胞的siRNA的终浓度为10nM并且细胞密度为2×105,对于反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(RT-PCR)和流式细胞术(FACS)分析,细胞于72h后收集。对于免疫印迹和成像分析,细胞以2.5×104细胞/孔或1×105细胞/孔的密度转染至24孔板24h后消化并于48h后收集。
成像和图像定量
对于高通量筛选,第一轮筛选细胞用自动化CellWoRx显微镜(应用精密)以10×放大倍数和两种波长(Hoechst 350nm,LC3-GFP 488nm)成像,第二轮筛选用三种波长(用350nm、488nm和550nm来检测Lamp1-RFP或FYVE-dsRed)。所有图像用VHSscan和VHSview图像分析软件(Cellomics)来进行定量分析。评分总细胞数,总的LC3-GFP强度/细胞比以及LC3-GFP阳性自噬体/细胞的编号、面积和强度。根据细胞核强度,所有死亡细胞和有丝分裂细胞都不计入分析。通过将总的自噬体强度/细胞比与自噬体/细胞数相乘并除以平均细胞强度可以得到每个孔的最终自噬分数。上述公式根据经验决定以精确测量LC3-GFP从细胞液到自噬体的转位,所述转位是用抗mTOR的siRNAs和Atg5作对照时,由连续显著的Z-比分数和p值反映出来。FYVE-dsRed和Lamp1-RFP的分数可以通过类似LC3-GFP分数的方式来获得,除了对于Lamp1-RFP,检测的是总的报告基因的累积而不是转位值,且不用除以平均细胞强度。
对于其后的低通量分析,细胞是生长于盖玻片上。在用4%多聚甲醛固定和用Hoechst复染后,用50%甘油、0.1%n-正丙基没食子酸/PBS封片。细胞用NikonEclipse E800显微镜以40×倍成像。细胞数目、面积和强度,以及自噬体的数目和强度用Metamorph软件定量分析。以每个细胞的自噬体数目对噬评分。
细胞原位免疫印迹试验
对于mTORC1的信号和内质网应激诱导的定量分析,分别进行rpS6磷酸化和KDEL(GRP78/GRP94)表达的细胞原位免疫印迹分析。H4细胞培养于384孔板中,固定与复染方法与前述LC3-GFP测试中的相同。成像后,细胞用含0.2%Tx-100的PBS渗透化处理并且用Alexa-680NHS-酯染色,使用非特异性赖氨酸活性探针来测量相对细胞数目,所述探针浓度为20ng/mL作用15min。之后细胞用含0.2%Tx-100的PBS清洗并在封闭缓冲液(LiCOR封闭缓冲液,用PBS+0.2%Tx-100按1:1稀释)中培养30min。细胞与兔抗rpS6phospho-235/236(细胞信号技术)或封闭液1:1000稀释的鼠抗KDEL抗体(Stressgen)共同培养过夜。在一抗染色后,细胞用PBS+0.2%Tx-100清洗并用封闭液1:1000稀释的IRDye-800连接的二抗(LiCOR)染色。用Aerius红外成像系统(LiCOR)扫描孔板。整合rpS6phospho-235/236或KDEL染色以及NHS-酯染色的强度,用phospho-S6或KDEL的强度除以NHS-酯的强度计算标准化的phospho-S6或KDEL分数。
统计分析
所有筛选数据通过转换为对数(log10)进行标准化。对于第一轮筛选,根据板中位值(扣除对照)和中位值绝对偏差(MAD)计算Z-比分数,Z-比分数=(细胞值-板中位值)/(板中位值绝对偏差×1.4826)。根据三复孔中位Z-比分数挑选出筛选命中,截断值设为Z-比分数>1.7或<-1.9,其使p值为0.02。rpS6和KDEL第二轮筛选的统计分析除了复孔数为二外与第一轮相同。根据非靶向性siRNA对照的平均值和标准偏差计算LC3-GFP、FYVE-dsRed和Lamp1-RFP第二轮筛选Z-比分数。对于LC3-GFP试验中的第二次命中确认,需要至少2/4的每个基因的单个siRNA寡核苷酸的中位Z-比分数>1.5或<-1.5,并且需要五个复孔以及Z-比分数与第一轮的一致,这导致p<0.01。在其他的第二次试验中Z-比分数>1.5或<-1.5认为具有显著性。因为在第二次LC3-GFP试验中寡核苷酸被认为是阳性,因此确证基因的最终Z-比分数根据所有孔的平均Z-比分数计算。
根据单个试验孔的象限分析进行LC3-GFP和其他二次测试间的相关分析,所述象限分析为:如果两项Z-比分数都>1.5或都<-1.5则指定每个孔的分数为+1;如果一个Z-比分数>1.5而另一个Z-比分数<-1.5则指定每个孔的分数为-1;如果任一Z-比分数都没有达到截断值,则指定孔的分数为0。LC3-GFP二次测试中认为显著的寡核苷酸的每个基因每个测试孔的分数都汇总,并除以这些寡核苷酸测试孔的总数。如果最终分数≥0.5特点间的相关性被认为阳性,≤-0.5被认为阴性。
通过将Hoechst成像中孔内细胞数除以板中的平均细胞数来计算相对存活性。每个命中基因的活性反应了LC3-GFP测试中寡核苷酸阳性的所有孔的平均活性。同样也有报告平均存活性低于50%的阳性寡核苷酸的数目。LC3-GFP和Bcl-2三次测试中的相对存活性通过将每个孔的细胞数除以配对对照板的平均细胞数来计算,所述对照板无NAC或Bcl-2。
除非特别指明,所有剩余的p值都以相同的方差通过双侧t检验来计算。所有误差线为标准误差。
免疫印迹分析
对于免疫印迹,用Lammeli样品缓冲液溶解细胞,并重溶于10-12%SDS-PAGE凝胶并转至PVDF膜上。使用抗体如下:LC3(Novus)、p62(Pharmigen)、phospho-S6K(Thr389)、phospho-Akt(Ser473)、phospho-Stat3(Tyr705)、RelA、Sod1、phospho-PTEN(Ser380/Thr382/383)(所有细胞信号)、Bcl-2(Santa Cruz),上述抗体均以1:1000稀释使用;phospho-S6(Ser235/236)(细胞信号)和phospho-ERK 1/2(Sigma)以1:2000稀释使用;tubulin (Sigma)以1:5000稀释使用。需要注意的是,印迹法用NIH ImageJ64软件进行定量分析。
半定量RT-PCR
用RNeasy mini kits(Qiagen)根据制造商的说明书制备总RNA。对于cDNA合成,将1.25μg RNA与寡核苷酸引物用于RT-PCR的SuperScript First-Strand合成系统。用于RT-PCR反应的引物如下:RelAAGCGCATCCAGACCAACAACAACC和CCGCCGCAGCTGCATGGAGACC、AMPKα2CACCTCGCCTGGGCAGTCACACC和ATTGGGGGCATAAACACAGCATAA、Sod1GGTGCTGGTTTGCGTCGTAGTCTC和ACCAGTGTGCGGCCAATGATG、actin GACCTGACAGACTACCTCAT和AGACAGCACTGTGTTGGCTA。PCR产物重溶于2%琼脂糖胶并用NIH ImageJ64软件进行定量分析。
细胞活性氧(ROS)水平定量测定
ROS水平在siRNA转染72h后用显微镜用Image-iT LIVE Green ROS检测试剂盒(分子探针)根据制造商的说明书进行定量测定。图像通过Nikon Eclipse E800显微镜以40×倍获得并用Metamorph软件进行定量分析。或者,在HBSS饥饿4h后测定ROS水平。细胞用10μM二氢溴乙啡啶于37℃染色20min,PBS清洗2次后用流式细胞仪分析。
生物信息学分析
对于富集分析,按功能范畴分类siRNA筛选命中基因,例如生物学过程、分子功能(PANTHER分类系统)、细胞组分(基因本体论(GO)分类系统)、正则路径(MSigDB)以及转录因子结合位点(MSigDB和TRANSFAC v7.4)。为了评价命中基因分类的统计学富集或过分表达相对于其在siRNA筛选检测中检查的全面基因组中的表达,用超几何分布计算用R语言表达的P值。
对于蛋白质相互作用网络,通过反复连接相互影响的蛋白质来建立所述网络,所需数据提取于全基因组相互基因筛选、提取于数据库:HPRD、MINT、REACTOME以及从录入文字中提取。对于酵母交互作用数据,将酵母蛋白质绘图为人类同源体(交互Blastp分析和同源基因分析)。该网络使用的图表理论代表,其将组件(基因产物)抽象为结点,组件间的关系(作用)抽象为边缘,并应用于Perl程序设计语言。
老化中的命中基因表达分析
老化分析中的基因表达是基于青年(≤40岁)和老年人(≥70岁)脑样本的Affymetrix HG-U133_Plus_2微点阵数据。用dChip软件进行阵列标准化、表达值计算和聚类分析。使用分级群聚分析对有相似表达模式的基因或样本进行分组。具有最近距离的两个基因或样本首先被结合成为超基因或超样本并用分支将其连接,分支长度表示他们的距离,并且不参与下一步的结合。接着选择下一对具有最小距离的基因或样本(超基因或超样本)进行结合。重复进行此过程直至所有基因和样本都结合为一簇。
实施例1.高通量基于图像的siRNA筛选涉及自噬调节的基因
使用稳定表达LC3-GFP报告分子的人神经母细胞瘤H4细胞确定参与哺乳动物中自噬调节的基因。在正常生长条件下,所述细胞中LC3-GFP在细胞溶质内为扩散型分布。当诱导细胞自噬时,LC3-GFP在细胞溶质中得到补充并且能观察到其呈现与自噬体相对应的斑点。为了证实这一系统,用抗必要自噬介质ATG5或抗mTOR的siRNA转染细胞,所述mTOR为饥饿诱导自噬的抑制基因。在正常营养条件下培养72h后,用ATG5siRNA转染细胞。这导致了显著的自噬下调,所述自噬下调通过LC3-GFP阳性自噬体的数量和强度的下降(图1A)以及免疫印迹试验中LC3II与LC3I的比值下降(图1B)得以确证。相反,抗mTOR的siRNA表达和mTORC1的催化亚基能导致LC3-GFP阳性自噬体的数量和强度的增加(图1A)以及LC3II与LC3I的比值增加(图1B)。从高通量自动荧光显微镜获得的384孔中LC3-GFP成像定量分析说明与非靶向性对照siRNA相比(图2),ATG5或mTOR siRNA转染后自噬水平的改变具有显著的统计学差异。
该系统用于筛选包含靶向21,121基因的siRNA库的人类基因组siRNA文库,所述每个siRNA库包含每基因的4个独立siRNA寡核苷酸。第一轮筛选重复三份并识别出了574个基因(占所有测试基因的2.7%),所述基因的敲除会导致LC3-GFP阳性自噬体形成中位值与板中位值相比,下降至少1.9标准差(SD)或增加至少1.7SD。
从第一轮筛选得到的候选基因用去卷积文库进行确证,所述文库对每个库中的4个siRNA分别进行评价。547个候选基因中的236个(41%)被证实具有至少2个独立的siRNA寡核苷酸,这导致与非靶向性siRNA对照相比,能引起自噬水平中位值增加或降低至少1.5SD(图3,p<0.05)。敲除这些命中基因中的大多数(219个,占所有确证基因93%,表1)能诱导自噬,这说明这些基因是自噬抑制基因,而对其他17个命中基因的敲除则会抑制自噬,说明这17个基因为自噬增加基因(表2)。
实施例2.候选基因的二次高通量表征
为了说明新确定基因参与自噬调节的分子通路,使用附加的高通量试验来表征这些命中基因(图4)。在一项试验中,研究了mTORC1的功能,所述mTORC1为饥饿诱导自噬的必要介质。为了确定候选基因中通过改变mTORC1活性来调节自噬的基因,使用细胞原位免疫印迹试验来评价mTORC1信号通路下游区靶点,核糖体S6蛋白(rpS6)的磷酸化水平。为了证实这一系统,用mTOR siRNA转染H4细胞。与非靶向性siRNA对照相比,在mTOR siRNA转染的细胞中rpS6磷酸化水平显著下降(图5)。通过细胞原位免疫印迹试验证实219个确证基因中只有14个(6%)的敲除会诱导自噬,并与mTORC1活性下调密切相关,而另外9个基因(4%)的敲除会引起自噬和mTORC1活性的上调(图6)。
在随后的第三轮筛选中,17个确证基因的敲除会导致自噬抑制,研究发现这些基因中的35%在雷帕霉素存在时能下调自噬,说明这些基因作用于mTORC1的下游区(图7)。
LC3-GFP的累积可能是由于,例如自噬起始加强或者是自噬体降解的封闭。使用稳定表达溶酶体蛋白Lamp1-RFP的H4细胞来评价溶酶体隔室的形状和大小。mTOR的敲除导致Lamp1-RFP的重新分布和水平显著增加(图8),说明除了上调自噬外,mTOR的抑制同样会引起溶酶体隔室的扩张。据此可确定抗78个基因(30%)的siRNA的转染能引起Lamp1-RFP水平的显著改变(+/-1.5SD),这与自噬水平呈正相关,这说明这些基因通过改变溶酶体功能来调节自噬(图9)。
同样测定了单个命中基因敲除对III型PI3激酶的影响,所述III型PI3激酶是酵母和哺乳动物细胞中一个重要的自噬调控剂。使用稳定表达FYVE-dsRed报告分子的H4细胞以识别能通过改变III型PI3激酶活性诱导或抑制自噬的基因,所述FYVE-dsRed报告分子特异性结合III型PI3激酶产物PtdIns3P。由III型PI3激酶活性提高引起的PtdIns3P的累积导致上述报告分子斑点状小泡的定位。抗Vps34的siRNA转染显著降低FYVE-dsRed小泡的累积(图10A和B),所述抗Vps34的siRNA是激酶的催化部位。与雷帕霉素效果一致,mTORC1组分mTOR和Raptor的敲除显著增加FYVE-dsRed小泡的信号(图10C)。用同样的方式,同样证明了236个确证基因中110个(47%)的敲除导致PtdIns3P水平的显著改变(+/-1.5SD),这与LC3-GFP阳性自噬体形成的改变呈正相关(图11),这说明这些基因在自噬调节中作用于III型PI3激酶上游。同时增加LC3-GFP水平和FYVE-dsRed小泡聚集水平的试剂属于那些能诱导自噬降解的试剂。
为了进行一步对219个敲除后能诱导自噬的基因进行细分,对属于第二次鉴定测试鉴定出的每一个亚组的命中基因进行比较(图12)。证实了有FYVE-dsRed小泡定位增加的命中基因和Lamp1-RFP累积的命中基因间有实质的重叠。抑制这些亚组基因活性的试剂属于能同时调节III型PI3激酶、自噬和溶酶体活性的试剂。
实施例3.siRNA筛选中细胞死亡和内质网应激不是自噬诱导的主要因素
研究了在siRNA筛选中的自噬诱导是否反映了必要基因敲除后细胞内应激的总体反应,而不是该基因在自噬调节中的特定功能。在siRNA转染后,Bcl-2的表达显著增加了细胞平均存活性(图13-15)。除了Kif 11和Integrin 5外,敲除表达Bcl-2细胞中能诱导自噬的91个基因不能使这些细胞存活性实质性损失。这说明了这些基因抑制后的自噬上调并不依赖于细胞死亡反应的诱导。在这些敲除后不能上调Bcl-2表达细胞的自噬的基因中,81个(大于85%)在野生型细胞中具有很强的活性。因此,在170个抑制活性中,129经鉴定的自噬抑制基因是通过依赖于细胞死亡的机制诱导自噬的。
除了细胞死亡,自噬诱导通常响应于不同形式的细胞应激,包括ER应激。为了确定响应于本发明命中基因敲除的自噬刺激是由ER应激引起,用细胞原位免疫印迹测试评价GRP78和GRP94的表达水平,所述了GRP78和GRP94是ER应激的特殊标志物。用衣霉素处理ER应激的有效诱导物后导致剂量依赖性的GRP78和GRP94上调(图16),以及自噬增强。测试基因中,97%(188个测试基因中的182个,图17)刺激自噬的基因敲除后并没有引起ER应激显著上调。因此,ER应激并不是筛选中观察到的自噬诱导的主要因素。上述数据说明大多数命中基因敲除后的自噬诱导归因于特定信号活动的诱导,而不是总体细胞应激反应的一部分,所述总体细胞应激反应由细胞死亡引起或者是广泛的ER应激的结果。
实施例4.Bcl-2对自噬诱导的作用
Beclin 1最初被确定为抗细胞凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的结合部分,所述Beclin 1为III型PI3激酶的自噬调节特殊组分。最近,除了在凋亡性细胞死亡调节中的突出作用外,研究认为Bcl-2通过与beclin1的相互作用以及后续对III型PI3激酶活性抑制作用对自噬起负调节作用。为了评价Bcl-2的功能,进行第三次表征筛选比较野生型H4细胞和稳定表达Bcl-2细胞中自噬诱导和III型PI3激酶活性(图18)。作为对照,mTOR的敲除已确认能够在表达Bcl-2细胞中显著诱导LC3-GFP和FYVE-dsRed小泡累积(图19A和B)。与提出的Bcl-2对III型PI3激酶的负调节一致,与野生型对照相比,可以观察到表达Bcl-2的H4细胞中命中基因敲除后FYVE-dsRed平均诱导显著性降低(图19C)。Bcl-2存在时,215个测试基因中91个(42%)的敲除能引起LC3-GFP转移至自噬体(图14和20)。如同FYVE-dsRed的小泡累积评价的,91个基因中的17个(19%)的自噬诱导与III型PI3激酶活性增加相关,这说明这些基因涉及Bcl-2的PtdIns3P下游区产物的附加调节机制。另一方面,其余74个基因的敲除能诱导自噬而不激活III型PI3激酶。这些基因中有31个的敲除引起野生型H4细胞中Lamp1-RFP累积,说明在这些情况下,溶酶体降解的封闭可能对表达Bcl-2细胞中自噬增强起作用。其他43个基因则没有观察到溶酶体功能的变化。因此,Bcl-2对III型PI3激酶的抑制效应与自噬诱导的作用并不总是不相容,自噬的激活可以在不增加PtdIns3P水平的条件下实现。最后,其他124个基因(58%)的敲除在Bcl-2过表达细胞中不能诱导LC3-GFP的小泡累积(图15)。
实施例5.自噬相关基因的生物信息学网络分析
基于哺乳动物和酵母的数据确定命中基因相互间的物理作用,从而研究他们之间的相互作用,从而进一步阐明自噬调节中的生物学网络。命中基因包括许多已知蛋白复合物的多种成员(图21A),包括NF-B(NFB1和RelA)的两个亚基、参与前mRNA处理的3个核糖核蛋白(HNRPK、HNRPM和HNRPNU)、3个外被体蛋白(CopB2、CopE和Arcn1)以及2个AMPK亚基(AMPKα2和AMPKγ3)。此外,测定了相互作用的转录因子和集中于p300HAT和NFB杂色体修饰酶的大型网络(图21B)。后者表明转录调节可能在自噬调节中起着关键作用。
核心自噬组件和筛选中鉴定的基因间的同源映射分析(酵母-人类蛋白-蛋白相互作用的同源映射)显示至少两个命中基因,Xpo1和OGDH可能与核心自噬装置物理上相互作用(图22)。Xpo1是酵母CRM1的哺乳动物同源物,也是核输出装置的必要成分。它与Beclin1和Atg12的相互作用很可能反映了它在核输出这些蛋白中的功能。另一方面,OGDH已被报道具有不依赖于缔合复合物酶活性的细胞保护活性,这使OGDH成为调节由线粒体损伤引起自噬的候选物,OGDH是位于线粒体基质的代谢酶。
为了研究自噬、轴突导向和肌动蛋白动力学之间的联系,生成了一个由命中基因组成的蛋白-蛋白交互作用网络(图23和24),命中基因属于正则通路。该分析提示了两个相关的网络,分别包括27和61个命中基因。
这些分析说明自噬可以通过使用这些试剂和本发明中鉴定的与自噬调节相关的复合物调节,所述试剂调节特殊通路的活性。
实施例6.自噬调节中细胞因子的使用
用基因本体论(GO)对236个确证命中基因的分子功能的分析显示编码激酶(p=0.0006)、具有受体活性蛋白(p=7.7X10-5)和细胞外基质蛋白(p=0.03)的基因非常显著的富集(图25和26)。后一类说明细胞外环境,包括生长因子、激素和细胞因子的存在,在正常营养条件下的自噬调节中起到一定作用。GO生物学过程分析的结果同样说明信号因子显著的富集(p=2.8X10-7)(图27A)。与提出的细胞外因子在自噬调节中的功能一致,这些信号分子的进一步细分说明了最大的亚群(49%)参与了细胞表面受体信号转导(图27B)。
细胞用多种本发明筛选中确定的命中细胞因子和生长因子处理。根据表征检测的结果,IGF1、FGF2、LIF、CLCF1和趋化因子SDF1(CXCL12)的敲除导致了自噬起始中mTORC1独立的增加。同样的,用这些细胞因子处理生长于无血清培养基中的H4LC3-GFP细胞导致自噬显著下调(图28和29),所述自噬下调是通过LC3-GFP转位来测定的。这些数据在多种细胞株中的免疫印迹中得到了确认(H4、HEK293、HeLa和MCF7)(图30)。与提出的细胞因子在自噬调节中的功能一致,在无细胞因子条件下培养的细胞显示出了较高的自噬基础水平,所述自噬基础水平通过LC3II的累积来评价,即使加入单个在筛选中识别的细胞因子也会部分抑制LC3II的累积。因此,细胞因子和生长因子的确定对自噬调节而言都是必需和充分的。
在上述筛选中,TNFα基因的敲除导致LC3-GFP阳性自噬体形成增加,这说明该细胞因子在基础自噬调节中起着负调节的作用。为了进一步研究TNFα在自噬中的作用,用渐增剂量的TNFα处理生长于已知成分培养液中的H4LC3-GFP。低剂量的TNF导致自噬下调,而高剂量的TNF导致自噬上调(图31A)。免疫印迹显示了用低水平TNFα处理后p62显著累积(图31B),这也证实了上述结果。由于生理水平的TNFα很低,这说明细胞因子正常条件下起自噬负调节的作用。而另一方面,病理条件下TNFα量增加会导致自噬的上调。
实施例7.NF-κB在自噬调节中的功能
上述正则通路分析说明自噬的富集命中NF-B(p=8.7X10-6)和RelA(p=1.2X10-6)通路。作为筛选确证,用抗RelA的siRNAs转染过的H4LC3-GFP单独成像。自噬水平通过荧光显微镜下LC3-GFP的定量转位测定,所述测定用备选的低通量方法评价。与本筛选结果一致,用全部4个抗RelA的寡核苷酸处理导致自噬体数量和强度的显著下调(图32和33)。这证实了观察到的自噬水平不同是由于靶基因的敲除,观察到RelA对mRNA水平(图34A)和蛋白质水平(图34B)的显著下调。为了确认NF-B作为自噬正调控剂的功能的发现不限于H4细胞,将野生型MEFs细胞、RelA-/-;NF-κB-/-(DKO)双敲除MEFs细胞和转染了siRNA的人乳腺癌MCF7细胞中的自噬水平与RelA或者非靶向性siRNA对照组比较。LC3II的下降和p62的累积说明RelA/NF-κB的无表达或表达下调导致自噬抑制(图35)。这些数据确证NF-κB是基础自噬的正调控剂。
与本申请所述相反,之前报道NF-κB活化对自噬起负调节作用,所述自噬与细胞死亡相关,所述细胞死亡是响应有害刺激如营养饥饿或死亡受体结扎所引起(Djavaheri-Mergy et al.,J.Biol.Chem 281,30373-30382(2006))。由于活性氧(ROS)已被认为参与饥饿诱导自噬的调节,假设认为,在营养饥饿的条件下,自噬下调可能是由NF-κB引起的ROS产量减弱的结果。野生型MEFs和dKO MEFs以及H4LC3-GFP用非靶向性siRNA或抗RelA siRNA转染后,使其处理营养饥饿。与野生型对照细胞相比,RelA/NF-κB缺陷细胞的饥饿导致ROS更高的累积(图36)。RelA缺陷的H4细胞中观察到的响应于饥饿的自噬诱导提高在抗氧化剂N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)的存在下被减弱(图37)。
这些数据说明,当NF-κB在基础自噬调节中起正调节作用时,它对ROS产量减弱的能力能间接引起营养饥饿状态下观察到的自噬水平的下降。因此,与之前报道相反,NF-κB在多细胞生物中常见的非饥饿状态下表现为自噬增强剂。因此,抑制NF-κB组分(NFKB1和RELA)活性的试剂可作为自噬抑制剂并可用于治疗癌症和/或胰腺炎。
实施例8.活性氧(ROS)在自噬调节中的功能
敲除后能诱导自噬的基因包括SOD1和GPx2,所述SOD1和GPx2是ROS脱毒通路和许多线粒体蛋白中的主要组分,所述线粒体蛋白中的多数参与氧化呼吸和电子传递(图38)。对这些基因中任一基因活性的抑制有望通过ROS产量增加或阻断ROS降解引起ROS水平上调。此外,已有报道许多筛选命中基因参与ROS调节或被ROS调节(图39)。为了评价ROS作为自噬一般调控剂的正调节作用,首先确认了SOD1siRNA的转染引起自噬诱导以及ROS水平提高(图40)。为了确认ROS是起因,抗氧化剂NAC的处理显著减弱了Sod1敲除引起的自噬诱导(图41)。因此,对正常细胞ROS稳态水平的干扰足以诱导自噬。
为了确认ROS在自噬诱导中是否起一般信号肽的作用,进行了三次表征筛选来比较在NAC存在或不存在条件下自噬和III型PI3激酶活性水平,所述自噬和III型PI3激酶活性水平由本发明命中基因敲除引起的。敲除一组确证基因(117个,测试基因的54%)在抗氧化剂存在条件下引起LC3-GFP小泡状的累积,而抗氧化剂不存在条件下则不引起,这说明ROS是自噬诱导所必需的(图42)。敲除这些基因同样在NAC存在的条件下很大程度上不能增加小泡相关FYVE-dsRed的累积(图42和43)。这说明ROS在III型PI3激酶活化中起总的作用,暗示它们在自噬途径的早期步骤中起重要信号分子的作用。
另一方面,在NAC存在下,其余98个基因(46%)的活性抑制能引起LC3-GFP的累积,说明在这些情况下,自噬诱导可以不依赖于ROS(图44)。NAC存在或不存在条件下,这些基因的敲除同样可以引起FYVE-dsRed小泡状平均水平的不同(图43)。因此,这组基因活性的抑制通过不依赖于ROS的机制导致III型PI3激酶诱导。
实施例9.促进生长通路负调节自噬
自噬筛选命中基因的生物信息学分析显示多种正则通路显著的富集,所述正则通路已知可传到细胞表面受体的信号(图45)。这些通路包括MAPK(p=0.039)、Stat3(p=0.008)和CXCR4(p=1.1X10-5)通路,它们受筛选中识别的细胞因子的调节。FGF2已知能激活MAPK通路并且用FGF2处理后可观察到磷酸化-ERK1/2和磷酸化-RSK水平增加(图46)。为了确认MAPK通路的本质功能,FGF2加入后,用UO126预处理减弱自噬的抑制(图46),所述UO126是MEK的抑制剂。此外,所有命中基因的启动区分析说明许多转录因子在共有区显著富集(图47),包括3个RSRFC4富集位点,RSRFC4是血清反应因子(SRF)家族一个成员和MAPK信号的下游靶点,这说明MAPK通路的转录调节也参与了正常生长条件下的自噬控制。
在筛选中作为自噬负调控剂选出的另一个命中基因为转录因子Stat3,LIF和CLCF1信号的调控剂。实际上,用LIF或CLCF1处理都能增加Stat3的活化的磷酸化(图48和49)。与Stat3本质功能一致的是,其siRNA介导的敲除减弱了响应LIF的自噬下调(图49)。因此,LIF和CLCF1通过Stat3通路调节自噬。
除了激活mTORC1,Akt还直接磷酸化和抑制Foxo3a,所述Foxo3a是在肌肉变性中正调节自噬的一个转录因子。实际上,在雷帕霉素存在或不存在的条件下,在IGF-1处理后Akt和Foxo3a的磷酸化都有增强(图50)。通过Akt抑制剂VIII处理的Akt抑制能减弱Foxo3a和mTORC1靶向的S6激酶的磷酸化,同时可以阻止IGF1的自噬抑制(图50)。因此,在正常营养条件下,IGF-1对自噬的调节为I型PI3激酶/Akt依赖的方式,可能通过mTORC1和Foxo3a通路。
实施例10.人类老化中的自噬下调
为了具体说明自噬相关基因在年龄相关的神经退行性疾病中的潜在功能,分析年轻人和老人人脑样品中自噬命中基因的mRNA表达。观察到许多大的亚类基因的差异表达(图51和52),包括伴随老化的32个基因显著性上调(p<0.05)和46个基因显著性下调(图53-55)。有意思的是,基因本体论(GO)生物学过程分析显示随年龄上调组中涉及MAPK通路介导和调节的基因有较高富集(p=1.6X10-4),我们的分析预测活性增加能导致自噬抑制。相反,关键自噬基因Atg5和Atg7的表达在老化中下调(图55)。这些数据说明基因的差异表达导致老化中脑内自噬下调,这将会促成慢性神经退行性疾病的发展。与上述假说一致,对更多样本的进一步的分析,包括对中年个体的样品分析说明了Atg5和Atg7属于的哺乳细胞中自噬介导必需基因,其表达从60岁早期开始随着年龄逐渐下调(图56),所述60岁早期通常为不定时发作的神经退行性疾病例如阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)发作的最早年纪。因此,在我们筛选中确定基因的年龄依赖性调节可能导致了正常人脑老化过程中自噬下调,并因此可作为治疗靶点用于预防和治疗年龄相关的神经退行性疾病。
实施例11.阿尔茨海默氏病脑样本中自噬调节剂的差异表达
ROS和自噬小泡(AV)的累积是AD的早期特征。为了确定是否能检测涉及这些疾病的自噬调节基因表达的变化,分析了34例AD患者和14个同龄正常对照中6个脑部区域自噬筛选命中基因的表达。与对照相比,在AD患者样本中观察到命中基因全部显著下调,尤其是在海马和内嗅皮层(图57A),海马和内嗅皮层为受该疾病影响最大的脑部区域。在其他受AD影响的脑部区域中也观察到同样的趋势(额上回、后扣带回和中颞回)。值得注意的是,在视皮层并不能观察到上述变化,视皮层是相对耐受AD病理的脑部区域。这些命中基因的进一步细分类说明了内嗅皮层中自噬流的调节剂特别的负富集(图57B)。在其他受AD影响的脑部区域也观察到了同样的趋势。相反,自噬正调节剂在内嗅皮层为正富集(图57C)。这些自噬调节剂的差异表达模式提示AD脑中自噬上调。
实施例12.响应于β-淀粉样蛋白的ROS介导的自噬
β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)是AD病理过程中的主要因素,研究由Aβ诱导的自噬是否受ROS介导。Aβ处理H4细胞后,观察到自噬水平提高(图58)。为了确定自噬水平提高是否归因于自噬起始的加强或归因于溶酶体降解的封闭,观察在溶酶体蛋白酶抑制剂E64d存在或不存在条件下Aβ处理后LC3-II的累积(图58)。直至处理后8小时,LC3–II的累积仅能在E64d存在的条件下观察到。Aβ加入48小时后,甚至在不存在E64d的条件下观察到了LC3-II水平提高,但E64d存在时LC3-II水平又能进一步提高。此外,还观察到了Aβ处理4小时后Atg12-Atg5结合增加。上述数据说明响应于Aβ的自噬起始加强。
研究了III型PI3激酶在Aβ诱导的自噬中的参与情况。观察到了PtdIns3P的累积,而所述累积在3MA存在时又被抑制(图59),这确认了III型PI3激酶的参与。与ROS起到诱因作用一致,在NAC存在时,PtdIns3P的累积受抑制(图60)。最后,3MA的处理(图61)或Vps34(图62)的处理能减弱响应于Aβ的自噬诱导。
等同
本发明提供了调节自噬的方法和对自噬相关疾病的治疗。在讨论本发明中具体实施例时,本说明书是为了说明而不是起到限制。本发明的多种变化对审阅了本说明书的本领域技术员来说是显而易见的。所附的权利要求书并不用于要求所有上述的实施例和变化,本发明的保护范围应当参照权利要求书及其等同方案和说明书及其变化来确定。
本发明中提到的所有出版物和专利在此全文参考并入,就如同每一篇出版物或专利特定的且单独的表示参考并入一样。如出现任何冲突,以本申请,包括其中的所有定义为准。
Claims (87)
1.一种诱导细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将所述细胞与抑制基因产物活性的试剂接触,所述基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表3所列基因组成的组。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表5所列基因组成的组。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表7所列基因组成的组。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述试剂选自下组:TK1258、PF04494700、PMX53、坦索罗辛、多沙唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸阿夫唑嗪、尾加压素II、盐酸美加明、ISIS3521、吉西他滨、LY900003、MK-5108、U73122和D609。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述试剂是siRNA、shRNA或反义RNA分子。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选下组:TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IRAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C和TNFRSF19L。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述的试剂是所述基因产物的特异性抗体。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的试剂选自由图14所列基因组成的组。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的基因选自由图15所列基因组成的组。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述试剂是CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF的特异性抗体。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图39所列基因组成的组。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图44所列基因组成的组。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图49所列基因组成的组。
15.一种抑制细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将所述细胞与增强基因产物活性的试剂接触,所述基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表3所列基因组成的组。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表5所列基因组成的组。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表8所列基因组成的组。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述试剂选自下组:FGF-1、酸性FGF-1、XRP0038、RhaFGF、GW501516、伊布莫仑去铁胺、KP-102LN、EP1572、TRH、S-0373、聚-ICR、CQ-07001和隐丹参酮。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选下组:TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IPAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C和TNFRSF19L。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述试剂是所述基因产物的特异性抗体。
22.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图14所列基因组成的组。
23.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图15所列基因组成的组。
24.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图39所列基因组成的组。
25.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因先自由图44所列基因组成的组。
26.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图49所列基因组成的组。
27.一种抑制细胞自噬的方法,所述方法包括将所述细胞与生长因子接触,所述生长因子选自下组:CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1和IGF1。
28.一种治疗主体中神经退行性疾病的方法,所述方法包括向主体给予抑制基因产物活性的试剂,所述基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表3所列基因组成的组。
30.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表5所列基因组成的组。
31.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表7所列基因组成的组。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述试剂选自下组:TK1258、PF04494700、PMX53、坦索罗辛、多沙唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸阿夫唑嗪、尾加压素II、盐酸美加明、ISIS3521、吉西他滨、LY900003、MK-5108、U73122和D609。
33.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述试剂是siRNA、shRNA或反义RNA分子。
34.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自下组:TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IPAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C和TNFRSF19L。
35.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中所述试剂是所述基因产物的特异性抗体。
36.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图14所列基因组成的组。
37.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图15所列基因组成的组。
38.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述试剂是CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF1的特异性抗体。
39.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图39所列基因组成的组。
40.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图44所列基因组成的组。
41.根据权利28所述的方法,其中所述神经退行性疾病选自下组:肾上腺脑白质营养不良症、酒精中毒、亚历山大氏病、阿耳珀病、阿尔茨海默氏病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、运动失调性毛细血管扩张症、贝敦氏症、牛海绵状脑病、卡纳万病、大脑性麻痹、科克因综合症、皮质基底核退化症、克雅氏病、家族性致命性失眠、额颞叶退化、亨廷顿病、人类免疫缺陷病毒伴发性痴呆、肯尼迪氏症、克拉伯病、路易体痴呆、神经莱姆病、马-约病、多系统萎缩、多发性硬化、发作性睡病、尼曼匹克症、帕金森病、佩-梅二氏病、皮克氏病、原发性侧索硬化症、朊病毒病、进行性核上麻痹、植烷酸贮积症、山德霍夫氏病、谢耳德病、恶性贫血继发性亚急性脊髓混合变性、斯皮尔梅伊尔-沃格特-肖格伦-巴滕病、脊髓小脑性共济失调、脊髓性肌萎缩、进行性核上性麻痹、脊髓痨和中毒性脑病。
42.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述神经退行性疾病是蛋白质病。
43.根据权利要求42所述的方法,其中所述蛋白质病选下组:阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森病、路易体痴呆、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)、亨廷顿氏病、脊髓小脑共济失调和脊髓延髓肌萎缩组成的组。
44.一种治疗主体中疾病的方法,所述方法包括向所述主体给予增强基因产物活性的试剂,所述基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组(增强自噬的命中基因),其中所述疾病是癌症或胰腺炎。
45.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表3所列基因组成的组。
46.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表5所列基因组成的组。
47.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表8所列基因组成的组。
48.根据权利要求47所述的方法,其中所述试剂选自下组:FGF-1、酸性FGF-1、XRP0038、RhaFGF、GW501516、伊布莫仑去铁胺、KP-102LN、EP1572、TRH、S-0373、聚-ICR、CQ-07001和隐丹参酮。
49.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选下组:TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IPAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C和TNFRSF19L。
50.根据权利要求49所述的方法,其中所述试剂是所述基因产物的特异性抗体。
51.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图14所列基因组成的组。
52.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图15所列基因组成的组。
53.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图39所列基因组成的组。
54.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图44所列基因组成的组。
55.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图49所列基因组成的组。
56.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述疾病是癌症。
57.根据权利要求56所述的方法,进一步包括给予化学治疗剂。
58.根据权利要求57所述的方法,其中化学治疗剂选下组:六甲蜜胺、门冬酰胺酶、卡介苗(BCG)、硫酸博来霉素、白消安、喜树碱、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、2-氯脱氧腺苷、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、咪唑羧酰胺、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地塞米松、阿霉素、依托泊苷、氟尿苷、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、氟达拉滨、戈舍瑞林、羟基脲、盐酸伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、干扰素α、干扰素α2a、干扰素α2b、干扰素αn3、伊立替康、亚叶酸钙、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、洛莫司汀、甲地孕酮、美法仑、左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥、盐酸美法仑、美司钠、氮芥、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、巯嘌呤、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、泼尼松、丙卡巴肼、链佐星、他莫昔芬、6-硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、托泊替康、长春碱、长春新碱和酒石酸长春瑞滨。
59.根据权利要求56所述的方法,进一步包括给予放射治疗。
60.根据权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述疾病是胰腺炎。
61.一种治疗主体中疾病的方法,所述方法包括向所述主体给予细胞因子,所述细胞因子选自下组:CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1和IGF1,其中所述疾病是癌症或胰腺炎。
62.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其中所述疾病是癌症。
63.根据权利要求62所述的方法,进一步包括给予化学治疗剂。
64.根据权利要求63所述的方法,其中所述化学治疗剂选自下组:六甲蜜胺、门冬酰胺酶、卡介苗(BCG)、硫酸博来霉素、白消安、喜树碱、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、2-氯脱氧腺苷、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、咪唑羧酰胺、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地塞米松、阿霉素、依托泊苷、氟尿苷、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、氟达拉滨、戈舍瑞林、羟基脲、盐酸伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、干扰素α、干扰素α2a、干扰素α2b、干扰素αn3、伊立替康、亚叶酸钙、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、洛莫司汀、甲地孕酮、美法仑、左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥、盐酸美法仑、美司钠、氮芥、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、巯嘌呤、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、泼尼松、丙卡巴肼、链佐星、他莫昔芬、6-硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、托泊替康、长春碱、长春新碱和酒石酸长春瑞滨。
65.根据权利要求61所述的方法,进一步包含给予放射治疗。
66.根据权利要求60所述的方法,其中所述疾病是胰腺炎。
67.一种治疗主体中蛋白质病的方法,所述方法包括向所述主体给予抑制基因产物活性的试剂,所述基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组。
68.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表3所列基因组成的组。
69.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表5所列基因组成的组。
70.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由表7所列基因组成的组。
71.根据权利要求70所述的方法,其中所述试剂选下组:TK1258、PF04494700、PMX53、坦索罗辛、多沙唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸阿夫唑嗪、尾加压素II、盐酸美加明、ISIS3521、吉西他滨、LY900003、MK-5108、U73122和D609组成的组。
72.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述试剂是siRNA、shRNA或反义RNA分子。
73.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自下组:TRPM3、TMPRSS5、IPAK3、ADMR、FGFR1、UNC13B、PTGER2、AGER、BGN、GABBR2、PPARD、GHSR、BAIAIP2、SORCS2、PAQR6、EPHA6、TRHR、C5AR1、BAI3、TLR3、PTPRH、ADRA1A、UTS2R、RORC、CHRND、TACR2、P2RX1、PLXNA2、PTPRU、FCER1A、CD300C和TNFRSF19L。
74.根据权利要求73所述的方法,其中所述试剂是所述基因产物的特异性抗体。
75.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图14所列基因组成的组。
76.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图15所列基因组成的组。
77.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述试剂是CLCF1、LIF、FGF2、SDF1或IGF的特异性抗体。
78.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图39所列基因组成的组。
79.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述基因选自由图44所列基因组成的组。
80.根据权利要求67所述的方法,其中所述蛋白质病选自下组:α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、散发性包涵体肌炎、2B型角膜缘带肌营养不良和三好氏肌肉病变、阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森病、路易体痴呆、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)、亨廷顿病、脊髓小脑共济失调和脊髓延髓肌萎缩。
81.一种确定试剂是否是自噬抑制剂的方法,所述方法包括将细胞与所述试剂接触的步骤,其中自噬抑制基因的表达在细胞中受抑制,其中所述自噬抑制基因选自由表1所列基因组成的组,借以所述细胞中自噬降低表明试剂是自噬抑制剂。
82.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述试剂是小分子。
83.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述试剂是抗体。
84.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述试剂是抑制性RNA分子。
85.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述细胞包含自噬相关基因的突变。
86.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述自噬相关基因受抑制性RNA抑制。
87.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中所述自噬相关基因受小分子抑制剂或抗体的抑制。
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Also Published As
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WO2011041584A2 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
JP2013506687A (ja) | 2013-02-28 |
JP2013506686A (ja) | 2013-02-28 |
CA2774999A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
US20140004108A1 (en) | 2014-01-02 |
WO2011041582A2 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
EP2483407A2 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
BR112012007160A2 (pt) | 2018-03-13 |
US20160194631A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
KR20120082906A (ko) | 2012-07-24 |
US20120315244A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
RU2012117230A (ru) | 2013-11-10 |
AU2010300531A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
WO2011041582A3 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
BR112012007137A2 (pt) | 2015-09-15 |
CN102639700A (zh) | 2012-08-15 |
JP2016040297A (ja) | 2016-03-24 |
EP2483406A2 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
WO2011041584A3 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
AU2016201939A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
US20120301463A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
MX2012003770A (es) | 2012-08-03 |
CA2774998A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
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