CN102854511A - Laser Doppler velocity-measuring system with all-optical fiber light-frequency modulation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a laser Doppler velocity-measuring system with all-optical fiber light-frequency modulation. The system comprises a laser emission unit, a transceiving isolator, a laser lens, a beam combiner, a receiving detector and a computation unit, and the all optical functional units or devices are connected mutually by optical fibers. By using the system, the detection sensitivity of a laser Doppler velocity-measuring technology reaches quantum noise theory limit, and an optical system of the laser Doppler velocity-measuring technology is upgraded completely. A laser Doppler velocity-measuring meter using a new technology has the advantages that the power consumption is lower, the volume is smaller, the weight is lighter, the structure layout is more reasonable, the construction is more convenient, a transmitting lens and a receiving lens become one, no sensitiveness to impact vibration and high-low temperature changes exists, and requirement for cleanness degree of environment is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical measurement, in particular to an all-fiber optical frequency modulation laser Doppler velocity measurement system.
Background
The laser Doppler velocity measurement technology is known as the optimal non-contact measurement method, the velocity of solid, fluid or gas can be measured, the method is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, ground monitoring, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, wind tunnel diagnosis and the like, and the method has wide application prospects in the fields of military and civil use.
The laser Doppler velocity measurement technology is one of the comprehensive applications of laser measurement, interference technology, photoelectric measurement and optical metering, and is a bright spot of a photoelectric instrument. The laser Doppler velocity measurement technology uses laser beams to irradiate a measured target, when the measured target moves, Doppler effect is generated in reflected light waves, the frequency of reflected light drifts along with the movement of the target, Doppler frequency shift in the reflected light is measured, and the movement velocity of the target can be measured under the condition that the target is not contacted.
Laser doppler velocimetry is, in principle, a special type of interferometric technique. Suppose that the complex amplitude of the incident signal light wave and the complex amplitude of the local oscillator reference light wave are respectively
In the formula, ωs＝2πvsAnd ω0＝2πν0Is the angular frequency, v, of two light wavessV and v0Is the corresponding lightwave frequency.
Receiving the photoelectric signal of the detector after the optical synthesis mixing
Wherein S is the photoelectric sensitivity of the detector.
As can be seen from the above formula, the photoelectric signal of the receiving detector includes a dc component, a double received optical frequency and a double local oscillator optical frequency component, and sum and difference frequency components of the received optical signal and the signal optical signal. Because the response frequency bandwidth of the receiving photoelectric device is limited, the frequency multiplication term and the frequency summation term in the formula cannot be received by the photoelectric device, and only the frequency difference delta omega is omegas-ω0Within the corresponding frequency band of the detector. When the alternating current signal output by the receiving detector is
In the formula, Δ ν is a doppler shift frequency of the optical wave. The moving speed V of the target object can be deduced by measuring the Doppler shift frequency of the light wave.
In the traditional technical scheme of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology at present, a laser signal is directly output without frequency modulation. Therefore, the doppler shift frequency in the received electrical signal is an unknown frequency, which can only be measured when the signal of the frequency is much larger than the noise signal, and once the doppler shift frequency signal is weak and is submerged in the noise signal, the doppler shift frequency signal cannot be effectively resolved. The too coarse measurement and analysis method causes the defects of low laser power utilization efficiency, short effective measuring range and low speed measurement precision.
The technical defect of the traditional technical scheme of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology at present is that the structure of an optical system is unreasonable, and a laser transmission system mainly uses a reflector and a prism as laser transmission optical elements. In the laser Doppler velocity measuring instrument using the reflector, the requirements of the reflector on mechanical stability and environmental stability are very strict, and even if the surface type or the position of the reflector slightly changes, a large angle error can be caused, so that the optical efficiency of the system is seriously influenced. In a laser Doppler velocity measurement instrument using a prism, although the requirement of the prism on mechanical stability performance is not high, the balance of high optical path length must be considered, so that the defects of large volume, low structural freedom degree and the like of an optical system are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the foregoing analysis, the present invention provides an all-fiber optical frequency modulation laser doppler velocity measurement system, so as to solve the problems of low laser velocity measurement precision and unreasonable optical system structure in the prior art.
The purpose of the invention is mainly realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides an all-fiber optical frequency modulation laser Doppler velocity measurement system, which comprises: the system comprises a laser emission unit, a transmitting-receiving isolator, a laser lens, a beam combiner, a receiving detector and a calculation unit, wherein all optical functional units or devices are connected with one another by optical fibers; wherein,
the laser emitting unit is used for dividing the generated laser into a main beam and a local oscillator light after frequency modulation, and respectively outputting the main beam and the local oscillator light to the transmitting-receiving isolator and the beam combiner;
the transmitting-receiving isolator is used for controlling the mode of laser entering and outputting, namely, the main beam enters the transmitting-receiving isolator, is output by the laser lens and irradiates on a target object; the echo light beam reflected by the target object enters the transmitting isolator through the laser lens and is output to the beam combiner;
the laser lens is used for irradiating the laser output by the transceiving isolator on a target object, collecting an echo beam reflected by the target object and reversely inputting the echo beam into the transceiving isolator;
the beam combiner is used for combining and mixing the received local oscillator light and the echo light beam and outputting the combined and mixed light to the receiving detector;
the receiving detector is used for receiving the light beam after beam combination and frequency mixing by the beam combiner;
and the calculating unit is used for analyzing the light beam after the light beam mixing to finally obtain the speed information of the measured target.
Further, still include: a lambda/4 wave plate, a lambda/2 wave plate, wherein,
the lambda/4 wave plate is arranged between the transmitting-receiving isolator and the laser lens and is used for converting the main light beam emitted by the transmitting-receiving isolator from linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light; the echo light beam collected by the laser lens is converted into linearly polarized light from circularly polarized light and then is input into the transmitting-receiving isolator;
the lambda/2 wave plate is arranged between the beam splitter and the beam combiner and used for compensating the polarization direction change and the phase delay caused by the fact that the echo light beam passes through the lambda/4 wave plate twice.
Wherein, the laser emission unit specifically includes: a laser, a frequency modulator, a beam splitter, wherein,
the laser is used for emitting laser and outputting the laser to the frequency modulator through an optical fiber;
the frequency modulator is used for modulating the frequency of the received laser and outputting the modulated laser to the beam splitter;
the beam splitter is used for splitting the laser which completes the frequency modulation into two beams, one beam is a main beam and enters the transmitting isolator, and the other beam is a local oscillator light and enters the beam combiner.
Further, the speed information of the target to be measured includes a distance l and a speed V of the target to be measured, and the calculating unit is specifically configured to calculate the distance l and the speed V of the target to be measured according to the following formulas:
setting a periodic modulation frequency formula for the laser frequency as
V is the modulation frequency corresponding to the time t, and the modulation period frequency is f;
the modulation frequencies of the local oscillator light and the echo light beam received by the receiving detector are respectively v0＝F(t)，νsF (t- Δ t) + Δ ν, where ν0Indicating the modulation frequency, v, of the local oscillator lightsIndicating the modulation frequency of the echo light beam, Δ ν is the doppler shift frequency of the optical wave, and Δ t is the delay of the optical wave in the propagation process.
The modulation frequency v received by the receiving detectorhsIs composed of
νhs＝νs-ν0＝F(t-Δt)-F(t)+Δν，νhsIs completely equal to the periodic frequency of the laser modulation function f (t);
optionally substituting v into two times thsForming a binary equation set by F (t-delta t) -F (t) + delta v, and solving to obtain laser delay time delta t and Doppler frequency shift delta v;
and further calculating the distance l and the speed V of the measured target according to the following formula:
The laser is a fiber laser or a semiconductor laser.
The frequency modulator is either independent of the laser or integrated with the laser.
The waveform generated after the frequency modulation is a sine wave, a triangular wave, a square wave or other waveforms according to the requirement.
The transmitting-receiving isolator comprises three ports, namely a port 1, a port 2 and a port 3, and a main light beam enters the transmitting-receiving isolator through the port 1, is output through the port 3 and irradiates on a target object; the echo light beam reflected by the target object enters the transmitting-receiving isolator through the port 2 and is output to the beam combiner through the port 3.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention makes the detection sensitivity of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology reach the quantum noise theoretical limit, and completely updates the optical system of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology. The laser Doppler velocimeter using the new technology has the advantages of lower power consumption, smaller volume, lighter weight, more reasonable structural layout, more convenient erection, integration of a transmitting lens and a receiving lens, insensitivity to impact vibration and high and low temperature changes, low requirement on environmental cleanliness and the like.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a simplified structural diagram of the system according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which together with the embodiments of the invention serve to explain the principles of the invention. For the purpose of clarity and simplicity, a detailed description of known functions and configurations in the devices described herein will be omitted when it may obscure the subject matter of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention, which may specifically include: the laser beam splitter comprises a laser emission unit, a lambda/2 wave plate, a beam combiner, a transmitting-receiving isolator, a lambda/4 wave plate, a laser lens, a beam combiner, a receiving detector and a calculation unit, wherein the laser emission unit specifically comprises: the laser, frequency modulator, beam splitter, all of the above optical functional units or optical devices are interconnected using optical fibers.
All the optical functional units or optical devices are specifically described below.
The laser transmitting unit is mainly responsible for dividing the generated laser into a main beam and a local oscillator light after frequency modulation, and respectively outputting the main beam and the local oscillator light to the transmitting-receiving isolator and the beam combiner; it may specifically include: : a laser, a frequency modulator, a beam splitter, wherein,
the laser is mainly responsible for emitting laser and outputting the laser to the frequency modulator through an optical fiber, wherein the laser can be an optical fiber laser, a semiconductor laser or other types of lasers;
the frequency modulator is used for modulating the frequency of the received laser and outputting the laser to the beam splitter, wherein the frequency modulation mode can enable external modulation, namely the frequency modulator is independent of the laser; or the internal modulation can be realized, namely the laser and the frequency modulator are combined into a whole, and the frequency modulation is finished when the laser is output from the laser; the waveform of the frequency modulation can be a sine wave, a triangular wave, a square wave or other waveforms according to actual needs, and the modulation frequency can also be set according to actual needs;
the laser after frequency modulation enters the beam splitter and is split into two beams, one beam is a main beam and enters the transmitting-receiving isolator, and the other beam is a local oscillation beam and enters the beam combiner through lambda/2 phase transformation;
the transmitting-receiving isolator is responsible for controlling the direction of laser entering and outputting, and comprises three ports, namely a port 1, a port 2 and a port 3, wherein the laser entering through the port 1 is output from the port 3, and the laser entering through the port 2 is output from the port 3; specifically, a main beam enters a transmitting-receiving isolator through a port 1, is output through a port 3, is output through a laser lens after being subjected to lambda/4 phase transformation, and is irradiated on a target object; the echo reflected by the target object enters the transmitting-receiving isolator through the port 2 and is output to the beam combiner through the port 3;
the lambda/4 wave plate and the lambda/2 wave plate are used as the preferred embodiment of the invention, because the polarization characteristic of linearly polarized light can be changed by target diffuse reflection, the lambda/4 wave plate is required to be used for phase transformation, and the linearly polarized light output by the transceiving isolation is changed into the circularly polarized light; and after the echo reflected by the target object passes through the lambda/4 wave plate, the circularly polarized light is converted into linearly polarized light again and then is input into the transceiving isolator. The lambda/2 wave plate is mainly used for compensating polarization direction change and phase delay caused by the fact that an echo light beam passes through the lambda/4 wave plate twice, and the reason is that when a combined beam of optical coherent detection is mixed, the polarization directions of the two beams of light are required to be consistent, so that the two beams of light can be combined according to a light beam superposition rule. It should be noted that, if the polarization state change is not obvious when the linearly polarized light is reflected by the measured target, the system may not use the λ/4 wave plate and the λ/2 wave plate for phase transformation, so as to achieve the purpose of simplifying the system, and the simplified system is shown in fig. 2.
The laser lens is used for outputting laser subjected to lambda/4 phase transformation to irradiate a target object, collecting echo reflected by the target object, changing the polarization state through the lambda/4 wave plate again and then reversely inputting the echo into the transmitting-receiving isolator;
the beam combiner is used for combining and mixing the received local oscillation light and the echo and outputting the combined and mixed signal to the receiving detector;
the receiving detector receives the light beams after the combined light beams and the mixed light beams and outputs the light beams to the calculating unit;
the calculating unit can be realized by adopting a single chip microcomputer and is used for analyzing the light beams after the combined light beam mixing to finally obtain the speed information of the measured target, wherein the speed information comprises the distance and the speed of the measured target.
The specific analysis and calculation process of the calculation unit specifically includes:
setting a periodic modulation frequency formula for the laser frequency as
V is the modulation frequency corresponding to the time t (the modulation frequency is set according to the actual requirement), the modulation cycle frequency is f (in the actual application process, the modulation cycle frequency can be specifically set according to the sampling rate and other factors, and the modulation cycle frequency is from dozens of khz to hundreds of khz),
the modulation frequencies of the local oscillator light and the echo received by the receiving detector are respectively v0＝F(t)，νsF (t- Δ t) + Δ ν, where ν0Indicating the modulation frequency, v, of the local oscillator lightsAnd the modulation frequency of the echo is shown, Δ ν is the Doppler shift frequency of the optical wave, and Δ t is the delay of the optical wave in the propagation process.
Receiving modulation frequency v received by detectorhsIs composed of
νhs＝νs-ν0＝F(t-Δt)-F(t)+Δν
Obviously, vhsF (t- Δ t) -F (t) + Δ ν is also a periodic function with a period frequency exactly equal to the period frequency of the laser modulation function F (t).
Echo via interference detectionIs no longer a doppler shift signal of unknown frequency but an interference signal of periodically varying frequency. Extracting frequency v with period frequency f from output signal of receiving detectorhsMost of noise signals can be removed, the detection sensitivity can reach the quantum noise limit, and higher detection precision can be obtained through subsequent processing.
Because the laser device emits laser light in a continuous process, namely, a plurality of moments t exist, and v can be substituted into two moments t optionally during calculationhsAnd F (t-delta t) -F (t) + delta v to form a binary equation system, so that the laser delay time delta t and the Doppler frequency shift delta v are obtained by solving.
And further calculating the distance l and the speed V of the measured target according to the following formula:
in summary, the embodiment of the present invention provides an all-fiber optical frequency modulation laser doppler velocity measurement system, which uses a laser frequency modulation technique and an all-fiber technique as core techniques. The optical fiber technology is an optical transmission technology in which laser is used as a carrier and an optical fiber is used as a laser transmission medium. The use of optical fibers as laser transmission media has many significant advantages, including large operating bandwidth, excellent transmission performance, outstanding performance, unique splicing techniques, etc. The traditional reflector or prism optical system is innovated into a full-fiber optical system, so that the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology is updated. The novel all-fiber laser Doppler velocity measurement technology has the advantages of higher laser transmission efficiency, better laser interference effect, smaller volume, lighter weight, more reasonable structural layout, more convenient erection and capability of adapting to more harsh environmental conditions. The novel optical fiber device can conveniently complete laser frequency modulation work and change the polarization state of laser, and the beam splitting and beam combining of the laser can be easily completed. The optical fiber is used as a laser transmission medium in the patent, and the transmitting lens and the receiving lens can be combined into a whole, so that the work of transmitting and receiving laser can be finished simultaneously by only one lens.
The embodiment of the invention has the advantages that the detection sensitivity of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology reaches the quantum noise theoretical limit, and the optical system of the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology is completely updated. The laser Doppler velocimeter using the new technology has the advantages of lower power consumption, smaller volume, lighter weight, more reasonable structural layout, more convenient erection, integration of a transmitting lens and a receiving lens, insensitivity to impact vibration and high and low temperature changes, low requirement on environmental cleanliness and the like.
The embodiment of the invention also has the function of distance measurement on the basis of speed measurement, and the detection sensitivity can reach 10-15～10-16W, which is already the quantum noise limit sensitivity of the laser wavelength. Due to the extremely superior detection sensitivity, under the actual outdoor road environment, the laser Doppler velocity measurement technology can accurately measure the moving speed of the vehicle beyond 1.7km under the condition that the laser output peak power is less than 10 mW.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a full optical fiber frequency modulation laser Doppler speed measurement system which characterized in that includes: the system comprises a laser emission unit, a transmitting-receiving isolator, a laser lens, a beam combiner, a receiving detector and a calculation unit, wherein all optical functional units or devices are connected with one another by optical fibers; wherein,
the laser emitting unit is used for dividing the generated laser into a main beam and a local oscillator light after frequency modulation, and respectively outputting the main beam and the local oscillator light to the transmitting-receiving isolator and the beam combiner;
the transmitting-receiving isolator is used for controlling the mode of laser entering and outputting, namely, the main beam enters the transmitting-receiving isolator, is output by the laser lens and irradiates on a target object; the echo light beam reflected by the target object enters the transmitting isolator through the laser lens and is output to the beam combiner;
the laser lens is used for irradiating the laser output by the transceiving isolator on a target object, collecting an echo beam reflected by the target object and reversely inputting the echo beam into the transceiving isolator;
the beam combiner is used for combining and mixing the received local oscillator light and the echo light beam and outputting the combined and mixed light to the receiving detector;
the receiving detector is used for receiving the light beam after beam combination and frequency mixing by the beam combiner;
and the calculating unit is used for analyzing the light beam after the light beam mixing to finally obtain the speed information of the measured target.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: a lambda/4 wave plate, a lambda/2 wave plate, wherein,
the lambda/4 wave plate is arranged between the transmitting-receiving isolator and the laser lens and is used for converting the main light beam emitted by the transmitting-receiving isolator from linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light; the echo light beam collected by the laser lens is converted into linearly polarized light from circularly polarized light and then is input into the transmitting-receiving isolator;
the lambda/2 wave plate is arranged between the beam splitter and the beam combiner and used for compensating the polarization direction change and the phase delay caused by the fact that the echo light beam passes through the lambda/4 wave plate twice.
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the laser emitting unit specifically comprises: a laser, a frequency modulator, a beam splitter, wherein,
the laser is used for emitting laser and outputting the laser to the frequency modulator through an optical fiber;
the frequency modulator is used for modulating the frequency of the received laser and outputting the modulated laser to the beam splitter;
the beam splitter is used for splitting the laser which completes the frequency modulation into two beams, one beam is a main beam and enters the transmitting isolator, and the other beam is a local oscillator light and enters the beam combiner.
4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the speed information of the measured object includes a distance l and a speed V of the measured object, and the calculating unit is specifically configured to calculate the distance l and the speed V of the measured object according to the following formulas:
setting a periodic modulation frequency formula for the laser frequency as
V is the modulation frequency corresponding to the time t, and the modulation period frequency is f;
the modulation frequencies of the local oscillator light and the echo light beam received by the receiving detector are respectively v0＝F(t)，νsF (t- Δ t) + Δ ν, where ν0Indicating the modulation frequency, v, of the local oscillator lightsIndicating the modulation frequency of the echo light beam, Δ ν is the doppler shift frequency of the optical wave, and Δ t is the delay of the optical wave in the propagation process.
The modulation frequency v received by the receiving detectorhsIs composed of
νhs＝νs-ν0＝F(t-Δt)-F(t)+Δν，νhsIs completely equal to the periodic frequency of the laser modulation function f (t);
optionally substituting v into two times thsForming a binary equation set by F (t-delta t) -F (t) + delta v, and solving to obtain laser delay time delta t and Doppler frequency shift delta v;
and further calculating the distance l and the speed V of the measured target according to the following formula:
5. The system of claim 3, wherein the laser is a fiber laser or a semiconductor laser.
6. A system according to claim 3, wherein the frequency modulator is separate from the laser or is integral with the laser.
7. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the waveform generated after the frequency modulation is a sine wave, a triangular wave, a square wave or other waveforms as required.
8. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transceiver isolator comprises three ports, namely port 1, port 2 and port 3, and a main light beam enters the transceiver isolator through the port 1, then is output through the port 3 and irradiates on a target object; the echo light beam reflected by the target object enters the transmitting-receiving isolator through the port 2 and is output to the beam combiner through the port 3.
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| CN104049105A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2014-09-17 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | Method for measuring indoor natural wind velocity through optical fiber Doppler |
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| CN109888507A (en) * | 2018-12-22 | 2019-06-14 | 中国电波传播研究所（中国电子科技集团公司第二十二研究所） | A kind of 16 × 16 Butler matrix multi-beam feeding network of compact |
| CN111366232A (en) * | 2020-04-08 | 2020-07-03 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | All-fiber pulse laser Doppler vibrometer and signal processing method thereof |
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