CN1024666C - γ-丁内酯催化氢化制备四氢呋喃和丁二醇的方法 - Google Patents
γ-丁内酯催化氢化制备四氢呋喃和丁二醇的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1024666C CN1024666C CN89103143A CN89103143A CN1024666C CN 1024666 C CN1024666 C CN 1024666C CN 89103143 A CN89103143 A CN 89103143A CN 89103143 A CN89103143 A CN 89103143A CN 1024666 C CN1024666 C CN 1024666C
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- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
- C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
- C07C29/147—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
- C07C29/149—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Furan Compounds (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及通过酯类的催化氢化制备醇类和醚类的方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及通过C4二羧酸或γ-丁内酯的催化氢化制备C4醇类和醚类的方法。
该方法包括使酯在高温下在催化剂组合物存在下与氢气反应,其中催化剂组合物包括(i)至少一种元素周期表VIII族贵金属和(ii)至少一种能与上述VIII族贵金属形成合金的金属的合金。
Description
本发明涉及通过酯类的催化氢化制备醇类和醚类的方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及通过C4二羧酸或γ-丁内酯的催化氢化制备C4醇类和醚类的方法。
醇类和醚类是有价值的工业产品,可广泛地用作溶剂。
在氢化醚酯中使用多相催化剂是公知的。
在酯氢化反应中用多相氢化催化剂所产生的问题之一是付反应同时副产生出其需要的烷类,例如甲烷和乙烷,从而降低了对醇类和/或醚类的总选择性。
申请人共同未决的欧洲申请88302891.2(BP案卷号6544)公开了从羧酸或其酸酐制备醇和/或羧酸酯的方法,其方法如下:在一种催化剂组合物存在下,高温下使所述酸或酸酐与氢反应。所用的催化剂组合物含有(1)至少一种周期表Ⅷ族贵金属和(Ⅱ)至少一种能与Ⅷ族贵金属合金化的金属(如既可以是银、金也可以是铜,构成的合金并任意选含一种载体和铼、钨或钼中的至少一种金属。
申请人现已发现,通过使用我们前述共同未决欧洲申请的合金催化剂可基本上减少酯氢化过程中形成烷的问题。
所以,本发明的一个方面是提供一种从羧酸酯制备醇和/或醚的方法,该方法包括在一种催化剂组合物的存在下,在高温下使酯与氢反应。所述催化剂组合物包括(Ⅰ)至少一种元素周期表Ⅷ族贵金属和(Ⅱ)至少一种能与前述Ⅷ族贵金属合金化的金属构成的合金。
氢气是大批量市售的,可经过进一步纯化或不经进一步纯化便可使用。理想的纯化可脱除一氧化碳。
本发明的方法适用于羧酸酯的氢化,所述羧酯酸一词不仅包括开链酯类,例如乙酸乙酯,也包括环内酯基类,例如γ-丁内酯。适宜的开链羧酸酯类是C1-C24无环的、一或二元饱和或不饱和直链或支链羧酸的酯类。合适的酯类是烷基酯类,最好是低级即C1-C4烷基酯。适宜的环内酯包括C5-C7内酯。这里有用的羧酸酯的例子包括但不以任何方式局限于乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、马来酸二甲酯、琥珀酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、草酸甲酯和γ-丁内酯。
就本发明催化剂组合物而言,元素周期表Ⅷ族贵金属是钯、铂、铑、钌、锇和铱。在上述贵金属中,推荐钯、铑和钌。能与钯合金化的金属有银、金、铜、镍、铑、锡、钴、铝、锰、镓、铁、铬和钯,其中推存银、金和铜。能与钌合金化的金属有铁、钴、锰、锗和铼。
虽然含有(Ⅰ)至少一种元素周期表Ⅷ族贵金属和(Ⅱ)至少一种能与上述贵金属构成的合金(以下称作组分(A))的催化剂组合物可用作羧酸酯氢化的催化剂,但最好使用加了一种或多种另外组分的催化剂。
推荐加入(作为组分(B))至少一种金属铼、钨或钼。
推荐加入一种载体(作为组分(C))。合适的载体包括高表面积的石墨化(HSAG)碳、石墨、活性炭、二氧化硅、氧化铝和二氧化硅/氯化铝,其中HSAG碳和高表积的二氯化硅和氧化铝是受推荐的。
特别适宜的载体是GB-A-2136704中描述的高表面积的石墨化碳,在此将该专利文献援引作为参考。
推荐的二氧化硅和二氧化铝载体是具有高表面积、典型的高于50m2/g的载体。
合适的催化剂组合物含有0.1~20%(重量)、最好是1~10%(重量)的组分(A),0.1~20%(重量)、最好是1~10%(重量)的组分(B)催化剂的余量包括载体。
通过加入一种或多种ⅠA族、ⅡA族或ⅣA族金属可进一步改性催化剂组合物。
可以任何合适的方式,例如热或胶体法制备构成本发明催化剂组合物的组分(A)的合金。然后,组分(A)可与组分(B)混合。组分(A)和(B)可以单独或混合形式利用常规装置加到载体中。利用以下方法可合适地制备出前述载体催化剂组合物,该方法包括以下步骤:(ⅰ)将至少一种Ⅷ族贵金属化合物和至少一种能与Ⅷ族贵金属形成合金的金属沉淀到载体上,其中所述化合物可热分解/还原成金属(ⅱ)在该化合物能热分解/还原成金属并形成其合金的条件和温度下加热由步骤(ⅰ)得到的组合物,和(ⅲ)在步骤(ⅱ)得到的组合物上沉积至少一种铼、钨或钼的金属化合物。
一种制备前述载体催化剂组合物的优选方法,包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)用(ⅰ)至少一种能热分解/还原成贵金属的可溶性Ⅷ族贵金属化合物和(ⅱ)至少一种能与Ⅷ族贵金属合金化的金属的能热分解/还原成金属的可溶性化合物构成的一种或多种溶液浸渍载体,并从中脱除溶剂。
(Ⅱ)在化合物能热分解/还原成金属并形成其合金的条件和温度下,加热步骤(Ⅰ)得到的组合物,和
(Ⅲ)用至少一种金属铼、钨或钼的化合物浸渍步骤(Ⅱ)得到的组合物并从中脱除溶剂。
本方法的步骤(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)中所用的溶剂可以相同或不同,但最好相同,并可以是任何合适的溶剂如水。
用金属化合物溶液浸渍载体并从中脱除溶剂的技术在本领域中广为人知,不需要进一步详细说明。这类技术包括初湿技术和过量溶液技术。
在步骤(Ⅱ)中,可在约600℃以上对组合物进行合适的加热以便将能热分解/还原的金属化合物热分解/还原成元素化合物并形成其合金。此加压步骤可在存在一惰性气体如氮气的条件下完成。虽然约600℃是钯和银形成合金所必须的加热温度,但最佳温度取决于所涉及的特定金属化合物的性质。
最好,在步骤(Ⅰ)和步骤(Ⅱ)之间和任意选择地在步骤(Ⅲ)之后插入另一步骤,在此步骤中通过于50~150℃之间适宜地加热使浸渍了的载体干燥。本领域专业人员可理解,此步骤需要的话可加入到步骤(Ⅱ)中。
步骤(Ⅲ)之后可加入另一步骤(Ⅳ),其中至少一种金属铼、钨或钼的可热分解/还原的化合物被热分解/还原成金属形式。此步骤也可以在催化活化步骤中完成。
能分解/还原成金属和/或氧化物的合适的钼、钨或铼化合物包括金属盐和其中金属是存在于阴离子部分中的盐,例如钼酸铵或钨酸铵。举例来说,能分解/还原成贵金属的合适的贵金属化合物包括贵金属盐,例如羧酸盐,卤化物和硝酸盐和在阴离子部分中含有贵金属的铵盐,如四氯钯酸铵。能与贵金属合金化的金属化合物包括金属盐类,如硝酸盐、羧酸盐和卤化物。
元素周期表ⅠA族、ⅡA族或ⅣA族金属可在催化剂的制备过程中任何时刻加入到催化剂组合物中。所以,载体合金组合物可用一种可溶性金属化合物溶液浸渍。可溶性金属化合物也可加入到浸渍液中。
优选的催化剂包括(Ⅰ)钯和银的合金和(Ⅱ)载于前述GB-A-2136704所述类型的高表面积石墨化碳上的铼。
在用于本发明方法之前,催化剂最好通过在高温下与氢气或氢气/惰性气体(例如氮气混合物)接触1~20小时进行活化。所采用的高温在200~350℃范围内比较合适。有时,催化剂也可以通过在反应物存在下加热到反应温度来活化。
这种方法可以在液相或气相中,以间歇或连续方式进行,最好是以连续方式进行。这种催化剂可以固定床、移动床或流化床的形式使用。
本发明的一个优点在于可以在消耗不理想产物(烷烃)的条件下提高对所需产物的酯氢化选择性。
本发明方法特别适用于C4二羧酸酯和γ-丁内酯的氢化。
另一个方面,本发明提供了一种从C4二羧酸酯或γ-丁内酯制备包括四氢呋喃和1,4-丁二醇的产物的方法,该方法包括使所述酯或γ′-丁内酯在高
温下于上述组分(A)的催化剂存在下与氢气反应。以其酯的形式作为反应物用于生成包括四氢呋喃和1,4-丁二醇的产物的方法中的羧酸包括马来酸和琥珀酸。
组分(A)最好钯、钌或铑,优选的是钯作为贵金属(ⅰ)和能与钯形成合金的银、金或铜作为金属(ⅱ)。组分(A)可以与上述组分(B)和组分(C)一起作为催化剂,也可以单独作为催化剂,尽管最好存在组分(C)即载体。优选的载体为上述的HSAG碳。
这种催化剂在用于本发明方法之前,最好采用上述方法进行活化。
本发明可以间歇或连续方式进行操作,酯和γ-丁内酯可以液态或气态引入。在以液态引入的情况下,最好使用溶剂。作为溶剂,可以使用水和/或惰性有机溶剂,如1,4-二噁烷。
至于反应条件,适用的温度范围为50~350℃,150~300更好,适用的压力范围为1~300巴,10~150巴更好。连续操作的液时空速(LHSV)的适用范围为0.05~10,0.1~5更好。液相操作的气体对液体比的范围为1∶300,1∶100更好。
参考下列实施例和对比试验进一步说明本发明。
在下列实施例和对比试验中的“HSAG碳”代表高表面石墨化的碳,其制备方法和特征如下:
用作载体的碳是从Ceca公司以Acticarbone ACL40牌号出售的活性炭制备的。将这种活性炭进行如下热处理。在约1小时内在氮气流中将这种碳从室温加热到1700~1800℃在1700~1800℃下保持约20分钟,然后将碳冷却到室温。使用一个水冷热交换器降低其温度历时1小时。然后在约520℃的转窑炉中于空气气氛下使这种碳加热一段时间(根据经验得知)以便在每小时5%以下(重量)的速率下得到20%(重量)的重量损失。然后将这种碳在氮气中加热到1700~1800℃,再于氮气中冷却至室温。然后将所得到的含石墨的碳粉碎到16-30目(BSS)。
所得到的碳具有下列性质:
BET表面积 628m2/g
底面表面积 460m2/g
边缘表面积 8m2/g
BET/底面表面积之比 1.36
底面/边缘表面积之比 58
然后使这种碳在5%的盐酸水溶液中回流2~3小时,过滤并用蒸馏水清洗。再使其在蒸馏水中回流2~3小时,过滤并且在100℃的真空炉中过夜干燥。
催化剂的制备-钯基催化剂
标称载荷定义为用载体重量百分数表示的加入到载体上的金属(不是盐)的重量。
催化剂A
将含有硝酸钯的水溶液加到HSAG中。在施转蒸发器上脱除水,使得到的浸渍碳于150℃下在炉中干燥过滤。选择硝酸钯的量使标称载荷为3%Pd。然后使这种催化剂冷却并转移到玻璃管中,再将其在氮气流中于下列条件下加热:
在氮气中用时8小时从室温加热到300℃,然后在300℃下保温8小时,接着冷却至室温。
然后使这种组合物与七氧化二铼的水溶液混合,再在旋转蒸发器上脱除溶剂,并使这种组合物在炉中于150℃下干燥过夜而得到标称载荷为3%Pd,3%Re的催化剂。
这不是一个适用于本发明方法中的催化剂的例子,因为它不含有合金化的金属组分。它只作对比。
催化剂B
除了向硝酸钯溶液中加入硝酸银之外,重复制备催化剂A的方法。选择各种组分的量以得到具有下列标称载荷的组合物,即1.54%Ag、3%Pd.3%Re。第二个不同点在于在加入铼之前,使组合物在氮气流中采用下列条件加热:
在氮气中用时8小时为从室温加热到600℃,然后在600℃下保温8小时,接着冷却到室温。
催化剂C
重复催化剂B的制备方法,得到标称载荷为3%的Pd-3.07%的Ag-3%的Re的组合物。
催化剂D
重复催化剂B的制备方法,得到标称载荷为3%的Pd-6.14%的Ag-3%的Re。
对比试验和实施例1~3
使用氮气吹洗一个300ml的不锈钢高压釜,然后加入1.0g催化剂和含有17.56gγ-丁内酯、3.67g水和145.77g1,4-二_烷的溶液。然后用氢
气吹选高压釜再用氢气加压到80巴。开始加热搅拌(5℃/分钟,1000rpm)直到230℃。继续搅拌使其在这一温度下保持12小时。停止加热/搅拌之后,使该高压釜冷却到室温。对气相和液相取样,并用气-液色谱分析,结果见下表。
表
Ag合金化对γ-丁内酯氢化的作用
催化剂 实施例 Ag pd∶Ag 产率′ 选择性(%) 选择性(%)
载荷 (kg/kgCat/h) (THF,BDO) THF BDO BuOH 甲烷 丁烷
A CT 0 - 0.52 89 88.2 0.8 0.4 10.6 11.1
B 1 1.54% 1∶0.5 0.13 95.9 87.9 7.9 3.6 0.5 0
C 2 3.07% 1∶1 0.09 (1)
D 3 6.14% 1∶2 0.14 96.1 90.8 5.3 3.7 0.2 0
(1)由于低的转化率选择性数据不精确
缩写:THF-四氢呋喃
BDO-1,4-丁二醇
Claims (5)
1、一种由γ-丁内酯制备包括四氢呋喃和1,4-丁二醇的产物的方法,该方法包括在高温下使γ-丁内酯在催化剂组合物存在下与氢气反应,其中催化剂组合物包括(A)钯与银的合金和(B)铼。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中催化剂组合物包括1-10%(重量)的组分A、1-10%(重量)的组分(B)和含载体的催化剂其余部分。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中催化剂中加入一种载体,该载体为高表面积石墨化的(HSAG)碳。
4、如权利要求2所述的方法,其中催化剂加入一种载体,该载体为高表面积石墨化的(HSAG)碳。
5、如上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中钯与银的重量比为1∶0.5至1∶2。
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JPH03500657A (ja) | 1991-02-14 |
DE68908260T2 (de) | 1993-11-25 |
EP0341907A1 (en) | 1989-11-15 |
JP2776933B2 (ja) | 1998-07-16 |
CN1039021A (zh) | 1990-01-24 |
AU616013B2 (en) | 1991-10-17 |
WO1989010911A1 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
NZ229035A (en) | 1991-07-26 |
EP0341907B1 (en) | 1993-08-11 |
GB8811009D0 (en) | 1988-06-15 |
ATE92908T1 (de) | 1993-08-15 |
ES2058514T3 (es) | 1994-11-01 |
US4973717A (en) | 1990-11-27 |
DE68908260D1 (de) | 1993-09-16 |
AU3567389A (en) | 1989-11-29 |
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