CN102213665B - A kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters and the method using device - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters, one band is set and props up the rigidity pressure vessel (1) of support arrangement, one group of hole is had at container outer wall, aperture place coordinates one end to put in the joint of container intracavity, one fitting end is fixed with the balloon (11) making to test, joint, by clamp device fixed position, penetrates the connecting line of multiple functional device, pipe (10) along joint axis direction.Using this device can obtain primary state and the final state parameter of each thermodynamic process in four big thermal processions exactly, experimental error is little, can be used for obtained value calculating isothermal reversible work W_R, heat capacity at constant volume C_v, isobaric heat capacity C_P, heat capacity ratio γ.

Description

A kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters and the method using device

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of device measuring thermodynamic parameter, measure gas isothermal process, isochoric process, isobaric process, isentropic procedure, four big thermodynamic process thermodynamic parameters, and in order to calculate isothermal reversible work W more specifically to one_R, heat capacity at constant volume C_V, isobaric heat capacity C_P, heat capacity ratio γ.

Background technology

A kind of device measuring isothermal reversible work, owing to can not find without friction piston with without the device of huge suction heat release thermal source, unmanned so far measures.

A kind of traditional method measuring gas heat capacity at constant volume is PULSE HEATING method.Calorifics/model Hong Chang writes, Beijing Science Press 2003.2P145,146.It is measured gas is placed in sealing rigid container, balances to temperature T₁After, with the electric pulse heating gaseous sample of known power P, it is warming up to T₂In time, stops heating, and obtains Δ t and rising temperature difference T heat time heating time₂-T₁, calculate heat capacity at constant volume C_VNamely.

C_V=p Δ t/ (T₂-T₁)

This kind of method shortcoming is adiabatic bad.Owing to the volumetric heat capacity amount of gas is only small, only 81256 × 10^-4Jcm^-3；And water is 4.186J cm^-3Being 5,000 times of gas, the volumetric heat capacity of other solid is compared with gas.Also there is approximate ratio.The intensive collision wall of gas molecule high speed of supersonic motion, supper-fast and wall obtains thermal balance, even if the centigrade gas molecule of upper Baidu just averaged out with Wall Temperature with interior in decimeter grade radius, level time second, and wall there is no the temperature that can look into survey and rises.So-called adiabatic, it is the thermal insulation of that layer of invisible interface between gas molecule and wall, any adiabator also cannot be put to good use.So adiabatic exceedingly difficult, it is the biggest obstacle measuring four big thermodynamic process thermodynamic parameters, is the basic reason causing the quasi-thermodynamic parameter of extremely difficult survey.Table 1 is the scholar Fu Xiancai heat capacity at constant volume data quoted.Also it is experimental data uniquely relatively reliable in four big thermodynamic processes.

Several gas of table 1 molar heat capacity at constant volume (C at different temperatures_V·m/T·K^-1·mol^-1)

Gas！

298.15！

400

600

800

1000

1500

2000

He

12.48！

12.48！

12.48！

12.48！

12.48！

12.48！

12.48！

H2

20.52！

20.87！

21.01！

4.30！

4.89！

23.96！

25.89！

O2

21.05！

21.79！

23.78！

25.43！

26.56！

28.25！

29.47！

Cl2

25.53！

26.91！

28.29！

28.89！

29.19！

29.69！

29.99！

N2

20.81！

20.94！

21.80！

23.12！

24.39！

26.54！

27.68！

H2O

25.25！

25.93！

27.98！

39.36！

32.89！

38.67！

42.77！

CO2

28.81！

33.00！

29.00！

43.11！

45.98！

40.05！

52.05！

Nonetheless, except the heat capacity at constant volume of gas each under temperature 298.15K, the heat capacity at constant volume at other temperature all cannot be used for calculating the isobaric heat capacity at this temperature.Because all of which is the heat capacity at constant volume measured when each temperature of normal atmosphere, and the heat capacity at constant volume difference several times under actual pressure.

A kind of generally acknowledged device measuring isobaric heat capacity.Physical Chemistry Experiment/physical chemistry teaching and research room of Nankai University compiles, Tianjin Nankai university press, and 1991,10.Including an insulated piping, a known power being arranged in pipeline is the electric heater of P, and measured gas is heated n mole of measured gas by this pipeline under waiting atmospheric pressure, from T₁It is warmed up to T₂, heat time heating time is Δ t, then the atmospheric pressure thermal capacitance C such as grade of gas_PIt is:

C_p=p × Δ t/n (T₂-T₁)

The shortcoming of this kind of method is that tested gas can not be effectively adiabatic with wall；Measured system is an open systems, and measurement model is also not proper, it is impossible to measure accurately, now also without a more accurate believable measured value.

The device of a kind of state-of-the-art measurement heat capacity ratio is U.S. PASCO Physical Experiment system.Lin Xinyuan/Shanxi Normal University's journal (natural science edition) 2004,3.Including a cylinder with piston, one pressure transducer and a temperature sensor are installed in cylinder, connected by interface and software, computer, when quickly lifting up or press piston down, the pressure and temperature of cylinder interior gas changes, automatically being gathered by software, store, its sampled point continuously displays pressure and temperature value.Again by computer, software row double-log, least square line matching.The heat capacity ratio γ obtaining tested oxygen is:

γ=B/ (B-1)=1.386 wherein B is fitting a straight line slope.

It is believed that with theoretical value very close to

The disadvantage of this method is: lift up or down pressure piston time, make tested gas collective displacement in cylinder, static structure center away from, and produce powerful eddy current, away from quasistatic process, accelerate the heat exchange of gas and wall, be difficult to measure the changing value of pressure and temperature in an isentropic procedure.It is understood that the polytropic proces of a uniform leakage heat, still can mark the straight line of stable slope of a leakage heat, always can find your required straight line from certain slope of leakage heat.

Summing up the above, adiabatic bad owing to existing, model is not proper, open system, deviates from the shortcomings such as quasistatic process, except isochoric process thermodynamic parameter is more accurately measured, always nobody measured other isothermal process, had two processes just never more accurately to measure.

Summary of the invention

The driving model test device of mechanical process thermal parameter.

It is also another object of the present invention to provide a method using described device, utilize the method more accurately to test the thermodynamic parameter in four big thermal processions, and then calculate the reversible work of measured gas, heat capacity at constant volume, isobaric heat capacity, heat capacity ratio.

For achieving the above object, the technical scheme is that a kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermodynamic process thermal parameters, one band is set and props up the rigidity pressure vessel of support arrangement, one group of hole is had at container outer wall, aperture place coordinates one end to put in the joint of container intracavity, one fitting end is fixed with the balloon making to test, and joint, by clamp device fixed position, penetrates the connecting line of multiple functional device, pipe along joint axis direction.

In such scheme, described rigidity pressure vessel is spherical or elliposoidal or taper or polygonal container.

Described multiple functional devices at least include gas supply device or pressure transducer or temperature sensor or heater or igniter or thermostat or gasification heat sink.

Described balloon includes latex balloon or plastic balloon or aluminum platinum balloon or metallic film balloon.

The using method of a kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters includes

(1) it is filled with process gas or proceduredriven gas in the balloon tested making, including air or oxygen or nitrogen or CO₂, or the mixing gas of certainty ratio, or inert gas or damp,

(2) rigid container inner chamber and a proceduredriven power apparatus are connected, and including pump or the high-pressure gas tank with valve or the trachea device with valve, are filled with to rigid container inner chamber or discharge gas,

The isotherm compression process of one of (3) four big thermal processions, quantitative process gas it is filled with in balloon, and in balloon, load gasification heat sink, pressing air in metal ball continuously, compressing balloon reduces heat release, and described heat is absorbed heat by liquid gasification equivalent, and the gasifying gas of mixed form is discharged by valve equivalent, record primary state and, the pressure and temperature parameter of final state

Or isothermal expansion process (4), load dosing process gas in balloon, enter to compress gas in metal ball, make balloon internal procedure gas become high pressure, equilibrate to primary state pressure and temperature, releasing the proceduredriven gas in metal ball continuously, pressure reduces, gas expansion heat absorption in balloon, heat is supplied by the heating wire of firm power, there is thermostat to keep the process gas temperature gas pressure in 298.15K, balloon in balloon to reach balancing Atmospheric pressure and primary state temperature is final state parameter

(5) or etc. hold, isentropic procedure, quantitative pure matter gas or certainty ratio mixing gas is loaded in balloon, in balloon, gas volume is sufficiently small compared with metal ball volume, damp it is filled with to balancing Atmospheric pressure in metal ball, the inside and outside pressure of balloon, temperature, balance is primary state parameter, igniting makes gas explosion in metal ball become quasistatic process to make the inside and outside gas of balloon be transitioned into final state pressure and temp, final state pressure temperature is indicated with Equivalent Hydrogen carrier of oxygen natural temperature, the outer gas of balloon is approximate isochoric process, in balloon, gas is isentropic procedure

Or isentropic procedure (6), quantitative pure matter gas or certainty ratio mixing gas is loaded in balloon, in balloon, gas volume is compared with metal ball volume and is not limit size, being filled with damp in metal ball to balancing Atmospheric pressure and 298.15K temperature, all equilibrate to primary state pressure and temperature inside and outside balloon, igniting makes gas explosion in metal ball become quasistatic process, in compressing balloon, gas reduces, heat up, primary state be transitioned into final state

Or isobaric process (7), damp is loaded in balloon, air is loaded in metal ball, the gentle sphere volume of metal ball volume is compared enough big, primary state parameter is balancing Atmospheric pressure and 298.15K temperature, igniting makes explosive gas explosion in balloon become quasistatic process, primary state be transitioned into final state

(8) or variable fried pressure, fried temperature etc. appearance, isentropic procedure, load 3% metal ball cubical content process gas in balloon 11, in balloon 19, load fried sample_①, it being filled with air in metal ball to balancing Atmospheric pressure, the inside and outside gas balance of balloon 11 is to primary state pressure and temp, and igniting makes fried sample in balloon 19_①Blast, and fried dispelling the stagnated QI ball 19, quasistatic process is by inside and outside for balloon 11 gas-powered to final state pressure and temp, and in balloon, gas is isentropic procedure, and the outer gas of balloon is approximate isochoric process,

Accompanying drawing explanation

(9) utilizing beginning, final state pressure that above-mentioned steps obtains, temperature value calculates isothermal reversible work W_R, heat capacity at constant volume C_V, isobaric heat capacity C_P, heat capacity ratio γ.

Adopting such scheme, use this device can obtain primary state and the final state parameter of each thermodynamic process in four big thermal processions exactly, experimental error is little, can be used for obtained value calculating isothermal reversible work W_R, heat capacity at constant volume C_v, isobaric heat capacity C_P, heat capacity ratio γ, it is achieved thereby that the purpose of the present invention.

Below in conjunction with diagram and embodiment, scheme is described in more detail.

Fig. 1 is a kind of driving model test device front view measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters；

Fig. 2 is a kind of isotherm compression driving model test device sketch measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters；

Fig. 3 is a kind of isothermal expansion driving model test device sketch measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters；

Fig. 4 is a kind of the measurement four big isochoric process of thermal procession thermodynamic parameter, constant entropy mistake

Fig. 5 is the driving model test device sketch of a kind of isobaric process measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters；

Fig. 6 is a kind of variable pressure measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters, and waiting of temperature is held, the driving model test device sketch of isentropic procedure.

Detailed description of the invention

Driving model test device as shown in Figure 1, there is the rigidity pressure vessel 1 of a band support arrangement, it is generally metallic article, if but adopt other materials can be made standard compliant pressure vessel, also in the protection domain of the application, propping up support arrangement is one group of leg 2, wall of a container has hole, the present embodiment has on one group, lower opening, a joint 3 is filled in the cooperation of aperture place, 4, usual top connection 3 is stretched in balloon, rigid container inner chamber is stretched in lower contact 4, fix a short tube 5 along orifice edge to reinforce, the end of short tube 5 connects by the porose pipe cap in silk Kou Yu mono-center 6 is fixing, pipe cap passes through packing ring 7, pad 8 contacts pressed joint with the upper surface of joint, sealing ring 9 it is plugged with between joint and aperture, certain anchor tip 3, 4 can also adopt alternate manner, but all in the rights protection of the application, this will be understood by.Joint penetrates the connecting line of multiple functional device, pipe 10 in the axial direction by perforate, and described multiple functional devices include in an experiment, need what relate to be both needed at one end arrange sensor, it is connected with display device by wire, this experiment further relates to igniter, heater, thermostat, gasification heat sink, these devices are both needed to by connecting line, container 1 is stretched in the connection of pipe 10 one end, one end is executive component, and the other end connects equipment, line, pipe is connected to the valve of necessity, switch etc..The end stretching into container intracavity at joint 3 is connected to a balloon 11, the end of joint 3 has a recessed circle 12, the mouth of balloon 11 fastens with line after entering recessed circle 12 location, certainly, the connecting line on joint 3, pipe 10 end is all accommodated in balloon, as described in scheme, balloon includes latex balloon or plastic balloon or aluminum platinum balloon or metallic film balloon, needs to select certain balloon according to experiment, for instance the present embodiment preferentially selects latex balloon.

Said apparatus is adopted can extremely to facilitate the thermodynamic parameter measuring four big each processes of thermal procession accurately, including:

Embodiment 1: the reversible compression process driving model test system of isothermal.

The line being connected with connected joint 3 with balloon in sketch as shown in Figure 2, the pipe 10 side in balloon is connected to temperature sensor, pressure transducer, one bottle 13 equipped with gasifying agent, thermostat, temperature probe, three-way valve 14 outside a piece appendix and 3 is connected, lower contact 4 is except equipped with conventional measuring head, also a pipe is had to fix a bottle 15 containing butane, accurately note isothermal process gas air 298.15K certain amount of air from three-way valve 14 and enter in balloon, note proceduredriven gas air enters in metal ball, allow balloon internal procedure gas balance to primary state pressure P₁=atm, primary state temperature T₁=298.145K, atm are balancing Atmospheric pressure.Quantitatively injecting gasification heat absorption liquid, such as butane enters little metal bottle 13, and continuous gasification absorbs heat.Start proceduredriven simultaneously and defeat air pump, pressure metal ball outer air enters to become in metal ball proceduredriven gas continuously, ball internal procedure gas volume of calming the anger reduces heat release, just by the butane absorption of continuous gasification, regulated by thermostat and enter metal ball air inflow, making balloon internal procedure gas temperature dynamic equilibrium in 298.15K, the butane gas of continuous gasification is discharged from three-way valve 14 to mix gas procedure equivalent.The gasification heat absorption of the outer butane of balloon, it is prevented that the outer proceduredriven gas temperature too great fluctuation process of ball, is also equilibrated at about 298.15K.When in balloon butane gasifying complete after, close three-way valve and air pump, process gas is adiabatically driven into n by isothermal_TThe final state pressure P of times pressure₂=n_TAtm, final state temperature T₂=298.15K, in this process, process gas remains that 298.15K is consistent with the balloon wall temperature 298.15 of balance, and balloon wall is substantially without heat exchange, it is achieved that isothermal thermal insulation mechanism.The reversible heat of isothermal in this process, is quantitative butagas heat-transformation, and the reversible work done during compression of isothermal is calculated by Thermodynamics Formulas.

Embodiment 2: isothermal reversible expansion process-driven model test system.

As shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 2, two model structures are about the same, only by the butane gasifying device cracking-off in balloon, need to load onto known power electric heater, and heating wire 16 just becomes isothermal reversible expansion model.Still accurately inject 298.15K certain amount of air process gas from three-way valve 14 and enter in balloon, drive air pump, in metal ball, pump into proceduredriven air, by balloon internal procedure gas compression to n_TTimes atmospheric pressure.Equilibrate to primary state pressure P₁=n_TAtm, primary state temperature T₁=298.15, drive known power electric heater, allow the continuous heat release of heating wire.Release gas in metal ball from three-way valve simultaneously, with a less negative pressure driving force, drive balloon 11 process gas swelling heat absorption, equivalent sucks the heat put by heating wire, thermostat is by adjusting tolerance, making balloon internal procedure gas-dynamic be equilibrated at 298.15K, in metal ball, gas expansion heat absorption also has similar mechanism.When the pressure isothermal of balloon internal procedure gas, adiabatically drop to final state pressure P₂=atm, final state temperature T₂When=298.15, stop exitting from three-way valve, close power supply and stop heating wire 16,17 heat release.Process begins, final state pressure and temp information is stored by testing system, this isothermal expansion process, still achieves isothermal thermal insulation mechanism.In this expansion process can backheating be invariable power electric heater 16 heat release.Reversible work in this expansion process is calculated by Thermodynamics Formulas.

Embodiment 3: isochoric process and isentropic procedure driving model test system.

In balloon as shown in Figure 4-metal ball structure, with the trachea of three-way valve, the temperature sensor of test system, pressure transducer, hermetically passing top connection enters in balloon；With the trachea of three-way valve, the wire hermetically passing lower contact 4 of spark point 18 enters in metal ball.Enter balloon from three-way valve accurate note 3 percent metal ball cubical content isentropic procedure gas 298.15K nitrogen, note the fried sample of 298.15K from the trachea with three-way valve_①Isochoric process gas enters in metal ball to balancing Atmospheric pressure, balances two process gas in primary state:

Touching spark generator 18 and produce electric spark, ignite fried sample_①, proceduredriven power-blast quantity of heat production, make explosion gas, product mixing gas moment increasing temperature and pressure n_VTimes, become process gas and proceduredriven gas, process gas inside and outside balloon be driven into final state:

Test system stores primary state and final state temperature, pressure information, calculates gas heat capacity ratio in balloon with Thermodynamics Formulas, calculates heat capacity at constant volume and the primary state heat capacity at constant volume of the outer gas of balloon with formula.Detonation reaction moment occurs, the isentropic procedure gas N in balloon₂, and isochoric process explosion gas outside balloon and product gas thereof, also having little time and wall heat exchange, two processes complete, it is achieved moment thermal insulation mechanism.

If changing a top connection equipped with air gauge and three-way valve trachea, in balloon, injecting the hydrogen-oxygen equivalent gas being equivalent to metal ball volume 3% amount, outside balloon, injecting fried sample_⑤To balancing Atmospheric pressure, balance to primary state pressure, temperature and ignite fried sample_⑤, balloon internal procedure gas-powered is reached final state maximum temperature T_PressureAnd there is the blast of hydrogen or oxygen gas, but fried dispelling the stagnated QI ball, air gauge have recorded beginning, final state pressure；The autoignition temperature of Equivalent Hydrogen carrier of oxygen is that 800K represents that hydrogen or oxygen gas plays gas sensor effect, the fried sample of preparation_⑤By chance can by its compression ignition.Here air gauge and hydrogen and oxygen self-combustion temperature serve easily-testing systemic effect, and air gauge measures fried pressure, and natural temperature measures pressure temperature=800K in order to calculate the heat capacity ratio of hydrogen-oxygen equivalent gas.Because also there not being the temperature sensor measuring instantaneous high-temperature at present, so replacing temperature sensor by the autoignition temperature of Equivalent Hydrogen oxygen gas mixture.

The explosive reaction of imflammable gas and equivalent purity oxygen is most strong reaction, when in the reaction, adding mixing property gas or be equivalent reaction gas outward, such as, and N₂、CO₂, inert gas and beyond the oxygen of equivalent reaction and imflammable gas itself, they can weaken the intensity of explosive reaction, if the participating in property gas amount of participating in has more LEL, reaction of just will not blasting.Can between LEL and the reaction of most violent explosion, by the difference of participating in property gas addition, it is possible to be configured to the fried sample of the known quick-fried heat of several different bursting strengths: five fried samples of such as butane

①C₄H₁₀+6.5O₂+47.5N₂=4CO₂+5H₂O+47.5N₂-(the water enthalpy 44010 × 5 of butane high heating value enthalpy of combustion 2877100-) ÷ (4+5+47.5)=47080J mol^-1Aerogenesis

②C₄H₁₀+6.5O₂+38N₂=4CO₂+5H₂O+38N₂-(2877100-44010 × 5) ÷ (4+5+38)=-56530J mol^-1Aerogenesis

3. C4H10+6.5O2+21.5N2=4CO2+5H2O+21.5N2-(2877100-44010 × 5) ÷ (4+5+21.5)=87120J mol-1 aerogenesis

4. C4H10+6.5O2+17N2=4CO2+5H2O+17N2-(2877100-4401 × 5) ÷ (4+5+17)=-102200J mol-1 aerogenesis

5. C4H10+65O2+9N2=4CO2+5H2O+9N2-(2877100-44010 × 5) ÷ (4+5+9)=-147600J mol-1 aerogenesis

Fried sample_①Representing, 1mol butagas adds 6.5mol oxygen+47.5mol nitrogen, after blast, generates 4mol carbon dioxide gas, 5mol steam, 47.5mol nitrogen, releases quick-fried heat-470800 × (4+5+47.5) J.Namely average every mol is equivalent to^-1Aerogenesis is released-47080J heat and is used for driving the carrying out of this isochoric process, makes final product mixing gas by the primary state pressure P extrapolated₁, temperature T₁, moment reach final state pressure P₂, temperature T₂, the butane explosive reaction ignited by electric spark be a kind of detonation reaction, be all continuous print in the pressure of deflagration wave front both sides, temperature, variable density, differentiable, so deflagration is a quasistatic process.

Fried sample by the quick-fried heat of difference_②Experiment, equilibrates to primary state pressure P₁=atm, primary state temperature T₁After=298.2K, electricity consumption spark initiation is exploded, and process gas moment is by the primary state pressure P extrapolated₁, primary state temperature T₁=298.2K, adiabatic quasistatic ground arrives final state pressure P₂=n_v②P₁, primary state temperature T₂=n_v②T_1②, test system stores primary state final state information.

According to the thermal capacitance formula C=(Q expanded_{Explode 2.}-Q_{Explode 1.})/(T_2②-T_2①) ... (1) calculate heat capacity at constant volume during mean temperature.

1. 2. repeating with fried sample to do more than eight pairs times with fried sample, such as do 13 pairs of quick-fried heats of difference and explode, measurement to 13 pairs on average fried temperature calculate 13 and wait appearance hot.Average C by 13 heat capacity at constant volumes_V；13 mean temperatures take grand mean temperature, take the natural logrithm of grand mean temperature, do abscissa.Mean heat capacity does vertical coordinate, paints rectangular plots.

The average of product mixing gas is made to wait W times held equal to 298.15K thermal capacitance.Namely

Wherein C_V0It it is the gas thermal capacitance of 298.15K.

According to the calculating C that 298.15K gaseous mixture body heat is held_{VO mixes}=(aC_V0a+bC_V0b+cC_V0c+ ...)/(a+b+c+...), a, b, c therein represent a kind gas, b kind gas, the molal quantity of c kind gas, it is known that the thermal capacitance mixing gas during 298.15K is each pro rata contribution of separate gas 298.15K thermal capacitance.Then when identical temperature, when the thermal capacitance of arbitrary gas is all respective 298.15K W times of thermal capacitance, it is called W value equality of temperature principle, i.e. C=WC₀...(2)。

Move the horizontal seat initial point of Log Mean Temperature to (ln298.15)-1 place, then mean heat capacity when obtaining product mixing gas grand mean temperature is:

$\stackrel{\‾}{C}v={\stackrel{\‾}{C}}_{\mathrm{VO}}\ln \mathrm{eT}/T_O$

When changing a pair fried sample, such as 4. with fried sample 5. fried sample, repeats and does 13 pairs of differential thermal amount explosion tests, still obtain above-mentioned formula.Change the 3rd pair, the 4th pair again and also obtain above-mentioned formula.Repeatedly repeating isobaric heat capacity experiment is also to above formula.Write as general expression:

$C=C_O\ln \frac{\mathrm{eT}}{T_o}\·\·\·\·\·\·\left(3\right)$

Formula (3) represents, is waiting perhaps in isobaric process, and thermal capacitance and 298.15K thermal capacitance during temperature Tk are directly proportional, natural logrithm with e times that raises temperature multiple is directly proportional, it is called thermal capacitance law, with rolling over item method or integration method, formula (3) can obtain:

$Q=C_{\mathrm{OT}}\ln \frac{T}{T_o}\·\·\·\·\·\·\left(4\right)$

Formula (4) represents, is waiting perhaps in isobaric process, and the thermal capacitance of heat and 298.15K is directly proportional, and raises temperature and be directly proportional, and the natural logrithm of rising temperature multiple is directly proportional.It is called heat law, formula (4) calculates the heat needed when Tk raises 1K and just get back formula (3).

γ=C can be obtained by formula (3)_P/C_V=(C_P0lneT/T₀)÷(C_VOlneT/T₀)=C_P0/C_VO...(5)

Formula (5) represents, the isobaric heat capacity C when heat capacity ratio γ of stabilizing gas is equal to 298.15K when any temperature_P0Divided by heat capacity at constant volume C_VO, it being a constant, be called heat capacity ratio law, it is necessary to explanation, above-mentioned formula (2), (3), (4), (5) they are all derive in present patent application experimentation.

After having formula (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), can survey calculation mean temperature or heat capacity at constant volume during any temperature, isobaric heat capacity, and heat capacity ratio, thermal capacitance during any fried temperature can be calculated, it is possible to the thermal capacitance when thermal capacitance of measuring and calculating participating in property gas 298.15K and arbitrary temperature.

Embodiment 4: variable pressure, temperature etc. appearance, isentropic procedure driving model test system.

In balloon as shown in Figure 6-metal ball structure, band three-way valve trachea, temperature sensor and the pressure transducer hermetically passing top connection 3 of test system enter in balloon 11；Band three-way valve trachea and spark point wire hermetically passing lower contact 4 enter in balloon 19；Band three-way valve trachea hermetically passing lower contact 4 enters in metal ball.From three-way valve accurate note 3 percent metal ball cubical content isentropic procedure gas N₂298.15K enter in top connection balloon 11.The fried sample of isochoric process gas is injected from three-way valve_①Entering the connected balloon 19 of lower contact, gas flow is the 1/2 of rigidity volume.Enter in metal ball from three-way valve air injection, open three-way valve, allow all gas in metal ball all be equilibrated at primary state pressure P₁=atm, primary state temperature T₁=298.15, close three-way valve, touch spark generator and produce electric spark, fried sample in the balloon that ignites_①If balloon is fried broken, gas all none definite change in process in gas and metal ball in balloon 19, it is possible to be left out, but to balloon 11 internal procedure gas N₂The isentropic procedure of the low-temp low-pressure of a standard be driven to final state pressure P really₂=n_SAtm, final state temperature T₂=n_S ^(r-1)/r× 298.15, and use formula T₂/T₁=n_S ^(r-1)/rCalculate heat capacity ratio.

If balloon burst breaks, the explosion gas of high temperature reheats the air of metal ball inner sealing, just produces the approximate isochoric process of a low-temp low-pressure, and be driven to final state pressure P in metal ball₂=nvatm, final state temperature T₂=n_V× 298.15, and balloon (1) internal procedure gas N₂Also compressed, also produced the final state pressure P of an isentropic procedure₂=n_SAtm, final state temperature T₂=n_S ^(r-1)/r。

When balloon burst is broken, the heat capacity at constant volume of metal ball internal procedure mixing gas can use formula (3) to calculate, after fried broken twice, the fried temperature of survey, can use the formula (1) of expansion calculate close like heat capacity at constant volume.

If lower balloon 19 is encased by rigid mesh, so-called rigid mesh is steel wire or hard nylon wire, the space outside balloon and ball is pumped into high negative pressure, then balloon burst is gone out rigid mesh, just can measure heat capacity ratio under beginning negative pressure.

Embodiment 5: isobaric process driving model test system.

In balloon as shown in Figure 5-metal ball structure, band three-way valve trachea and spark point wire hermetically passing top connection enter balloon；Pressure transducer differential pressure pick-up with three-way valve trachea and test system enters in metal ball with temperature sensor hermetically passing lower contact.The fried sample of isobaric process gas is accurately noted from three-way valve_③298.15K enter balloon less than the 2% of metal volume, fried sample_③It is process gas, is also proceduredriven gas, or proceduredriven power.The heat explosion gas of blast becomes proceduredriven gas, also becomes isobaric process gas.Fried sample is ignited when tactile spark generator produces electric spark_③When driving balloon expansion, just result in this isobaric process, and by the primary state pressure P of process₁=atm, primary state volume V₁, primary state temperature T₁=298.15K, moment adiabatic, quasi-static, balloon internal procedure gas will be closed in and shifted final state pressure P onto with the atmospheric pressure such as being similar to₂=atm+ Δ P, Δ P represent differential pressure, final state temperature T₂=n_P× 298.15K, expands n_pFinal state volume V again₂=n_pV₁.Because the volume of metal ball internal procedure gas is with when in balloon, isobaric process gas volume is compared, enough is big, fried sample in balloon_③Blast process be exactly one close like isobaric blast process.During by test system storage beginning, final state, the information of pressure, differential pressure Δ P and temperature, carries out second time poor quick-fried heat equipressure blast pressure store temperature information, calculates isobaric heat capacity with formula (1).Make twice such differential thermal amount blast formula (1), (2), (3) (4) and just calculate isobaric heat capacity when on average heating up, isobaric heat capacity during with 298.15K, the isobaric heat capacity of accessibility gas, and the isobaric heat capacity etc. when single blast is exploded warm.

Claims (5)

1. the using method of the driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters, it is characterised in that including:

(1) it is filled with process gas or proceduredriven gas being sealed in the balloon in rigid container, including air or oxygen or nitrogen or CO₂, or the mixing gas of certainty ratio, or inert gas or damp；

(2) in rigid container, balloon is outer is connected with a proceduredriven power apparatus, including pump or the high-pressure gas tank with valve or the trachea device with valve, is filled with or discharges gas in rigid container outside balloon；

The isotherm compression process of one of (3) four big thermal processions, quantitative process gas it is filled with in balloon, and in balloon, load gasification heat sink, air is pressed outside balloon continuously in rigid container, compressing balloon reduces heat release, described heat is absorbed heat by liquid gasification equivalent, and is discharged the gasifying gas of mixed form by valve equivalent, the pressure and temperature parameter of record primary state and final state；

Or isothermal expansion process (4), dosing process gas is loaded in balloon, compression gas is injected outside balloon in rigid container, balloon internal procedure gas is made to become high pressure, equilibrate to primary state pressure and temperature, the process gas released in rigid container outside balloon continuously, pressure reduces, gas expansion heat absorption in balloon, heat is supplied by the heating wire of firm power, there is thermostat to keep the process gas temperature gas pressure in 298.15K, balloon in balloon to reach balancing Atmospheric pressure and primary state temperature is final state parameter；

(5) or etc. hold, isentropic procedure, quantitative pure matter gas or certainty ratio mixing gas is loaded in balloon, in balloon, gas volume is sufficiently small compared with rigid container volume, damp it is filled with outside balloon to balancing Atmospheric pressure in rigid container, the inside and outside pressure of balloon, temperature, balance is primary state parameter, igniting makes the outer gas explosion of balloon in rigid container become quasistatic process to make the inside and outside gas of balloon be transitioned into final state pressure and temp, final state temperature is indicated by Equivalent Hydrogen carrier of oxygen autoignition temperature, the outer gas of balloon is approximate isochoric process, and in balloon, gas is isentropic procedure；

Or isentropic procedure (6), quantitative pure matter gas or certainty ratio mixing gas is loaded in balloon, in balloon, gas volume is compared with rigid container volume and is not limit size, it is filled with damp in rigid container outside balloon to press and 298.15K temperature to balancing Atmospheric, all equilibrating to primary state pressure and temperature inside and outside balloon, igniting makes the outer gas explosion of balloon in rigid container become quasistatic process, and in compressing balloon, gas reduces, heat up, primary state be transitioned into final state；

Or isobaric process (7), damp is loaded in balloon, air is loaded outside balloon in rigid container, the gentle sphere volume of rigid container volume is compared enough big, primary state parameter is balancing Atmospheric pressure and 298.15K temperature, igniting makes explosive gas explosion in balloon become quasistatic process, primary state be transitioned into final state；

(8) or variable fried pressure, fried temperature etc. appearance, isentropic procedure, load 3% rigid container cubical content process gas in balloon, in balloon, load fried sample_①, it being filled with air in rigid container outside balloon to balancing Atmospheric pressure, the inside and outside gas balance of balloon is to primary state pressure and temp, and igniting makes fried sample in balloon_①Blast, and fried dispelling the stagnated QI ball, quasistatic process is by inside and outside for balloon gas-powered to final state pressure and temp, and in balloon, gas is isentropic procedure, and the outer gas of balloon is approximate isochoric process；

(9) utilizing beginning, final state pressure that above-mentioned steps obtains, temperature value calculates isothermal reversible work W_R, heat capacity at constant volume C_V, isobaric heat capacity C_P, heat capacity ratio γ.

2. the using method of a kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the heat capacity at constant volume C of stabilizing gas_vOr isobaric heat capacity C_pHeat capacity at constant volume Cv during equal to 298.15K₀Or isobaric heat capacity C_p0W times, i.e. C_V=WC_V0Or C_P=WC_P0。

3. the using method of a kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the heat capacity at constant volume C of stabilizing gas_VOr heat capacity at constant volume C during isobaric heat capacity Cp and 298.15K_v0Or isobaric heat capacity C_P0It is directly proportional, and the natural logrithm of e times of rising temperature multipleIt is directly proportional: namely $C_V=C_{VO}\ln \frac{eT}{T_0}$ Or $C_p=C_{PO}\ln \frac{eT}{T_0}.$

4. the using method of a kind of driving model test device measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: heat capacity at constant volume C during gas heat Q and 298.15K_V0Or isobaric heat capacity C_p0It is directly proportional, and rising temperature T is directly proportional, and raise the natural logrithm of the multiple of temperatureIt is directly proportional, namelyOr $Q=C_{PO}T\ln \frac{T}{T_0}.$

5. a kind of driving model measuring four big thermal procession thermodynamic parameters according to claim 1 tests the using method of device, it is characterised in that: the isobaric heat capacity C when heat capacity ratio Cp/CV of stabilizing gas is equal to 298.15K during any temperature_PODivided by heat capacity at constant volume C_VOBusiness, be constant γ, i.e. a γ=C_P/C_V=C_P0/C_VO。