CN101835340A - Self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system for electronic linear accelerator - Google Patents
Self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system for electronic linear accelerator Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system for an electronic linear accelerator. The system consists of a control circuit, a servo motor, a microwave discriminator, a reduction gearbox, a position sensor and a computer used for controlling. The system includes E wire with five shifts and X wire with two shifts and includes two working modes of manual/automatic frequency control. The system tracks the resonant frequency of an accelerating tube through adjusting the output frequency of a magnetron, thereby having the advantages of high control precision, fast following speed, wide tracking range, small errors, and the like and guaranteeing the physical properties and index of the whole machine.
Description
Invention field
The present invention relates to a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system, especially a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator belongs to the medical radiotherapy instrument field.
Background technology
Automatic frequency control system (being called for short the AFC system) is the control system of the microwave frequency of microwave power source output in the medical electron linear accelerator, the quality of its performance directly has influence on the accuracy and the stability of microwave frequency, thereby influencing the physical index of accelerator output ray, is one of critical component of always being paid close attention to.
The microwave that magnetron produces is the power source that the electronics that is fed in the accelerating tube is quickened.The variation of microwave frequency, or the change of accelerating tube resonance frequency all can cause the change of complete machine physical index, as skew, the dose rate shakiness of output energy, the consistency of dosage etc.; Also can influence simultaneously the useful life of microwave power devices such as four port circulator and magnetron, therefore must keep the electron linear accelerator microwave frequency consistent with the resonance frequency of accelerating tube, could guarantee that accelerator stably works, otherwise will departing from because of frequency, cause the reduction of electron energy and the broadening of electron spectrum, thereby cause the reduction of accelerator output dose rate, even cause stopping bundle.Therefore (autofrequency control system AFC) is responsible for finishing this task, and it is the important component part of medical electron linear accelerator control system all to be provided with automatic frequency control system in the electron linear accelerator.Also there is document to be referred to as the automatic freqauency stabilization system.
The automatic frequency control system that electron linear accelerator uses generally has four kinds: crystal oscillator type, single chamber type, dual-chamber type, phase-locked type.
1. crystal oscillator type
In the accelerator in early days, adopt crystal oscillator formula automatic frequency control system.It is a benchmark with the output frequency of crystal oscillator, adopts the output frequency f of various form stability microwave power source
t, this frequency is exactly the resonance frequency of accelerating tube under a certain specified temp.Under ideal state, the working temperature of accelerating tube is invariable, and the resonance frequency of accelerating tube just can not change yet.But when the working temperature of accelerating tube changed, the physical parameter of the cavity of accelerating tube changed thereupon, and its resonance frequency must change, and no longer is f
t1 ℃ of the every variation of temperature, its resonance frequency difference is about 50KHz.Remain f and this moment, crystal oscillator formula frequency stabilization system was followed the tracks of
t, cause bigger Δ f that the complete machine physical property is descended, in order to remedy this point, just need strictly control the working temperature of accelerating tube.
2. single chamber type
Single chamber type automatic frequency control system adopts a resonant cavity.It utilizes the microwave signal of different frequency by resonant cavity, and the characteristics that the amplitude of the output signal of resonant cavity is different, i.e. frequency---amplitude relation comes the output frequency of controlled microwave power source to reach the purpose of frequency stabilization.Logical thermostatted water communicates with the thermostatted water of accelerating tube in the water jacket of cavity, to keep the temperature constant of cavity.Its lasting accuracy is subjected to the cavity Effect on Performance bigger, and the frequency discrimination sensitivity of itself is not high, and in addition, the variation of working temperature also produces certain influence to the frequency stabilization performance, and these factors make that all the control precision of frequency is difficult to improve.
More than the auto frequency control method of two kinds of forms because self defective has not re-used at present substantially, focus on the operation principle of dual-chamber type and phase-locked type automatic frequency control system below.
3. dual-chamber type
The dual-chamber type automatic frequency control system adopts two resonant cavitys: high pitched tune, low chamber, and its resonance frequency is respectively f+ Δ f and f-Δ f, and wherein f is the resonance frequency of accelerating tube under a certain specified temp.General 1.0～the 1.2MHz that selects of Δ f, the two-chamber resonance curve as shown in Figure 1.
The point of safes of two-chamber automatic frequency control system is by the decision of two-chamber frequency discriminator, and this point of safes selects to equal an operating frequency of travelling wave accelerating tube.The point of safes of frequency discriminator is consistent with the operating frequency of accelerating tube all the time, by the output frequency of two-chamber frequency discriminator controlled microwave power source.
Directional coupler in the sampling waveguide is drawn microwave power, as frequency sample, and the excitation two-chamber.By diode detection, through amplifying, the pulse signal of amplification is a DC level through the peak sample circuit conversion, delivers to differential amplifier from the pulse signal of high pitched tune and low chamber output.The output of differential amplifier is proportional with the difference of height chamber pulse amplitude, and this output produces the motor that driving voltage drives the microwave power source tuning plug through motor-drive circuit, thereby changes the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source equated with the operating frequency f of frequency discriminator setting, the output in high pitched tune and low chamber equated that differential amplifier is output as zero, and do not regulate this moment.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source during greater than the operating frequency of accelerating tube, the output of high pitched tune increases, and the output in low chamber reduces,
The output valve of differential amplifier is for just, this will drive the tuning plug of microwave power source on the occasion of output, the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source is reduced, be output as zero, get back to the state that the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source equates with the operating frequency of accelerating tube until differential amplifier.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source during greater than the operating frequency of accelerating tube, situation is with above-mentioned opposite.The output of differential amplifier with the curve of frequency change as shown in Figure 2, this curve is commonly referred to the kam-frequency characteristic curve of system.
They all need the temperature of strict control accelerating tube, otherwise just can not reflect the change of resonance frequency of accelerating tube strictly according to the facts, cause bigger frequency departure, and the physical property of complete machine and index are descended.
Travelling wave accelerating tube is the logical device of band, more than one of operating frequency, and each operating frequency is selected according to the dynamics calculation result, and resident wave accelerating pipe is a frequency device, and operating frequency is exactly the main resonatnt frequency of resident wave accelerating pipe.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is according to multiray type (X line, the electronics line) and multipotency shelves (E6, E8, E10, E12, E14, E16, X8, X16) characteristics, characteristics in conjunction with the mode of frequency regulation and the travelling wave accelerating tube of magnetron, provide a cover to satisfy the AFC system of accelerator requirement, adopt the automatic frequency control system of phase discriminator type frequency discrimination just to overcome above shortcoming, all the time the resonance frequency of following the tracks of accelerating tube by the output frequency of regulating magnetron, thereby it has the control precision height, the speed of following is fast, following range is wide, advantages such as error is little are guaranteed the physical property of complete machine and index.
The self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator is to adopt following technical scheme to realize:
The AFC system is made up of control circuit, servomotor, microwave frequency discriminator block, reduction box, position transducer, main control computer.System divides five grades on E line, two grades on X line; Divide manual/two kinds of mode of operations of automatic frequency control.
Wherein microwave frequency discriminator block formation and working method are as follows:
From the outlet of magnetron by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G1 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, after coming out, two paths of signals leads up to phase shifter Y1, resonant cavity is passed through on another road, their output signal is delivered to two input support arms of 3DB coupler Q1 together, through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J1 and the J2 detection, this two paths of signals is as the coarse adjustment signal of AFC respectively for the two-way output signal of Q1.By directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G2 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter from the accelerating tube input port, and one the tunnel as the microwave frequency observation signal, and the input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is received on another road after by phase shifter Y2; From the accelerating tube delivery outlet by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G3 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, one the tunnel as microwave envelope observation signal, and another input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is directly received on another road, through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J3 and the J4 detection, this two paths of signals is as the accurate adjustment signal of AFC respectively for the two-way output signal of Q2.Four road signals are delivered to control board together, handle through amplification filtering after give single-chip microcomputer after the A/D conversion and handle, and provide pwm signal control motor.Motor is connected to the mechanical tuning device control output frequency of magnetron by flexible axle.
The control circuit part working method of the described self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator is as follows:
(1) 485 communication
System is controlled by single-chip microcomputer, come communication by RS485 interface and main control computer, control automatic/hand conversion, can shelves switch, voltage controlled phase shifter be provided with that voltage, magnetron manual position are provided with, the gain-adjusted of four road rectified signals and the demonstration of fault-signal.
During manual state, single-chip microcomputer is magnetron position feedback voltage and manual position setting relatively, regulates motor through motor-drive circuit, reaches the purpose of control magnetron output frequency.
During auto state, four road pulse signals and magnetron position potentiometer are enlarged into DC level through filtering earlier after feeding back signal to control board, through giving single-chip microcomputer 89C52 after A/D (analog digital conversion) sampling, undertaken regulating Electric Machine Control magnetron output frequency by two-way frequency signal (accurate adjustment after the first coarse adjustment) afterwards through drive circuit after the computing by single-chip microcomputer.
The preset parameter that each can shelves (as the gain that voltage and four road rectified signals are set of magnetron position, voltage controlled phase shifter etc.) is selected by can shelves switching by system.
(2) motor-driven
Adopt PWM mode drive motors.
(3) signal filtering is amplified and buffering
Prime adopts the amplifier pulse signals in high input impedance and broadband to amplify and Filtering Processing.In order to overcome the nonuniformity of wave detector, in single-chip microcomputer, added the gain that to regulate.
(4) phase shifter voltage regulator circuit
The voltage of two voltage controlled phase shifters is exported two-way DF (numerical frequency conversion) and FV (voltage to frequency conversion) signal by single-chip microcomputer after main control computer is provided with, and by giving phase shifter behind the buffer.
(5) light-coupled isolation
Interface circuit adopts optocoupler and external signal to isolate, and reduces the interference to system, and obtains needed level by pull-up resistor or pull down resistor.
The self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of the present invention, its principle is as follows:
Travelling wave accelerating tube is to be formed by connecting by many disk loaded waveguides, because the dispersion characteristics of disk loaded waveguide, when fluctuation takes place in microwave frequency, phase velocity V
p, guide wavelength λ will change thereupon, cell frequency changes the phase shift that causes and is
The total phase shift that produces on whole accelerating tube length L is
The phase-locked automatic frequency control system of row ripple causes by detecting Δ f
Reach the purpose of frequency stabilization by feedback mechanism.The phase difference that frequency deviation causes
Change, convert easy survey signal to and finish by three-dB coupler.When accelerating tube stably is operated in each energy, the phase place of two inputs of three-dB coupler is equated, could when depart from stable working frequency f, detect the variation of frequency by three-dB coupler, thereby regulate like this.The output signal of three-dB coupler is connected respectively to detector diode.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source equated with the resonance frequency of accelerating tube, the amplitude output signal of three-dB coupler equated, is output as zero through control circuit, and do not regulate this moment.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source during greater than the resonance frequency of accelerating tube, the output signal amplitude of three-dB coupler is unequal, both differences be on the occasion of, through control circuit, export positive driving voltage, this will drive the tuning plug of microwave power source on the occasion of output, the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source is reduced, equate until the amplitude output signal of three-dB coupler, be output as zero, get back to the state that the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source equates with the resonance frequency of accelerating tube.When the frequency of oscillation of microwave power source during less than the resonance frequency of accelerating tube, situation is with above-mentioned opposite.
Contrast existing method, beneficial effect of the present invention is, generally take crystal oscillator formula or bicavate automatic frequency control system in the early stage accelerator, they all need the temperature of strict control accelerating tube, otherwise the change of resonance frequency that just can not reflect accelerating tube strictly according to the facts, cause bigger frequency departure, the physical property and the index of complete machine are descended, and adopt the automatic frequency control system of phase discriminator type frequency discrimination just to overcome above shortcoming, the resonance frequency of following the tracks of accelerating tube all the time by the output frequency of regulating magnetron, thereby it has the control precision height, the speed of following is fast, advantages such as following range is wide, and error is little are guaranteed the physical property of complete machine and index.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the two-chamber resonance curve;
Fig. 2 is the kam-frequency characteristic curve;
Fig. 3 is the self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system structure chart that is used for electron linear accelerator;
Fig. 4 is a phase demodulating type frequency discriminator detection principle schematic;
Fig. 5 is output signal amplitude and input signal phase relation;
Fig. 6 is an embodiment A FC control circuit structure.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with technical scheme and description of drawings the specific embodiment of the present invention.The AFC system construction drawing of the technical program is seen shown in the accompanying drawing 3, an Application Example AFC system, (89C52) controls by single-chip microcomputer, comes communication by RS485 interface and main control computer, the conversion of control automatic/hand, the switching of energy shelves, phase shifter voltage and manual position setting.
During manual state, be provided with through motor-drive circuit by single-chip microcomputer comparison position feedback voltage and manual position and realize open loop control.
During auto state, four road pulse signals and position potentiometer are enlarged into DC level through filtering earlier after feeding back signal to control board, through giving single-chip microcomputer 89C52 after A/D (analog digital conversion) sampling, undertaken regulating Electric Machine Control magnetron output frequency (closed-loop control) by the two-way frequency signal afterwards through drive circuit after the computing by single-chip microcomputer.
The voltage of two voltage controlled phase shifters---main control computer is provided with the back by single-chip microcomputer output two-way DF (numerical frequency conversion)---is controlled by FV (voltage to frequency conversion) signal.
The control program of single-chip microcomputer is write with C51.
Present embodiment AFC system is made up of control circuit, servomotor, microwave frequency discriminator block, reduction box, position transducer, main control computer.System divides five grades on E line, two grades on X line; Divide manual/two kinds of mode of operations of automatic frequency control.Be described below respectively with regard to system's each several part below:
1. microwave frequency discriminator block formation and working method are as follows:
As accompanying drawing 3, from the outlet of magnetron by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G1 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, after coming out, two paths of signals leads up to phase shifter Y1, resonant cavity is passed through on another road, their output signal is delivered to two input support arms of 3DB coupler Q1 together, and through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J1 and the J2 detection, this two paths of signals is as the coarse adjustment signal of AFC respectively for the two-way output signal of Q1.By directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G2 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter from the accelerating tube input port, and one the tunnel as observation signal (observation microwave frequency), and the input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is received on another road after by phase shifter Y2; From the accelerating tube delivery outlet by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G3 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, one the tunnel as observation signal (observation microwave envelope), and another input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is directly received on another road, through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J3 and the J4 detection, this two paths of signals is as the accurate adjustment signal of AFC respectively for the two-way output signal of Q2.Four road signals are delivered to control board together, handle through amplification filtering after give single-chip microcomputer after the A/D conversion and handle, and provide pwm signal control motor.Motor is connected to the mechanical tuning device control output frequency of magnetron by flexible axle.
The principle of microwave frequency discriminator block is made a concrete analysis of as follows as shown in Figure 4:
If the transfer function of accelerating tube is:
Wherein k is a phase constant, φ
0Be the phase shift of accelerating tube centre frequency.
The C of three-dB coupler, D arm are output as:
Adjust the phase shift φ of phase shifter, make φ=φ
0, then
To V
C, V
DCarry out amplitude detection, and be decided to be square-law detection, then:
So output of phase discriminator
Because hour at Δ f, A (Δ f) → 1,
So V
f≈ 2 α β sin (k Δ f)
By above analysis as seen, three-dB coupler has sinusoidal phase characteristic, and the phase place of input microwave signal is relevant with the frequency change of signal.
Because the bandwidth of operation of this travelling wave accelerating tube is approximately 10MHz, nearly 10 stable work (see figure 5)s at zero point in whole bandwidth like this, in order to guarantee that magnetron is operated on the correct Frequency point, just increased by one tunnel coarse adjustment signal, this coarse adjustment signal has only a zero point (quality factor by resonant cavity are determined) in whole bandwidth, adjust the zero point of coarse adjustment signal, guarantee that frequency enters correct stability range after, switch to the adjusting that the accurate adjustment signal carries out frequency again.
2.AFC the control circuit part of system
The structure of the control circuit of AFC system as shown in Figure 6.
The adjusting of the microwave frequency of magnetron output is that the mechanical tuning device that utilizes tuning motor to regulate magnetron is realized.The rotation that the topmost task of automatic frequency control system provides the tuning motor of control with stop, signals such as rotation direction and velocity of rotation.In addition, also provide the gain setting of the voltage setting of the fault-signal of the setting of operating state of the switching of the position setting of magnetron mechanical tuning device with feedback, manual working method, AFC and indication, AFC system and faulty indication, two-way voltage controlled phase shifter and feedback, four road rectified signals to communicate by letter with feedback and with main control computer etc.
The control circuit of AFC system mainly comprises following a few part:
(1) 485 communication
System is controlled by single-chip microcomputer (89C52), come communication by RS485 interface and main control computer, control automatic/hand conversion, can shelves switch, voltage controlled phase shifter be provided with that voltage, magnetron manual position are provided with, the demonstration of the gain-adjusted of four road rectified signals and fault-signal etc.
During manual state, single-chip microcomputer is magnetron position feedback voltage and manual position setting relatively, regulates motor through motor-drive circuit, reaches the purpose of control magnetron output frequency.
During auto state, four road pulse signals and magnetron position potentiometer are enlarged into DC level through filtering earlier after feeding back signal to control board, through giving single-chip microcomputer 89C52 after A/D (analog digital conversion) sampling, undertaken regulating Electric Machine Control magnetron output frequency by two-way frequency signal (accurate adjustment after the first coarse adjustment) afterwards through drive circuit after the computing by single-chip microcomputer.
The preset parameter that each can shelves (as the gain that voltage and four road rectified signals are set of magnetron position, voltage controlled phase shifter etc.) is selected by can shelves switching by system.
(2) motor-driven
Adopt PWM mode drive motors, have constant even, the controlled advantage of tuned speed of output torque.
(3) signal filtering is amplified and buffering
Because the output impedance of wave detector is higher, and the frequency range broad of output pulse signal, institute's preceding stage has adopted the amplifier pulse signals in high input impedance and broadband to amplify and Filtering Processing.In order to overcome the nonuniformity of wave detector, in single-chip microcomputer, added the gain that to regulate.
(4) phase shifter voltage regulator circuit
Because the characteristic of travelling wave accelerating tube, when frequency changed, the phase shift that produces on accelerating tube was also inequality, so when accelerator was operated in difference energy shelves, in order to compensate the phase shift that produces on accelerating tube, the working point of voltage controlled phase shifter was also different.The online regulatory function of voltage controlled phase shifter makes debugging become convenient.The voltage of two voltage controlled phase shifters is exported two-way DF (numerical frequency conversion) and FV (voltage to frequency conversion) signal by single-chip microcomputer after main control computer is provided with, and by giving phase shifter behind the buffer.
(5) light-coupled isolation
Interface circuit adopts optocoupler and external signal to isolate, and reduces the interference to system, and obtains needed level by pull-up resistor or pull down resistor.
Through the actual use in HM-J-16-I type medical electron linear accelerator, this AFC system can satisfy its requirement fully.
Above-described specific descriptions; purpose, technical scheme and beneficial effect to invention further describe; institute is understood that; the above only is specific embodiments of the invention; and be not intended to limit the scope of the invention; within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any modification of being made, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator is made up of control circuit, servomotor, microwave frequency discriminator block, reduction box, position transducer, main control computer, and system is divided into five grades on E line, two grades on X line; And manual FREQUENCY CONTROL and two kinds of mode of operations of automatic frequency control, it is characterized in that:
Wherein microwave frequency discriminator block formation and working method are as follows:
From the outlet of magnetron by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G1 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, after coming out, two paths of signals leads up to phase shifter Y1, resonant cavity is passed through on another road, their output signal is delivered to two input support arms of 3DB coupler Q1 together, through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J1 and the J2 detection, this two paths of signals is as the coarse adjustment signal of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system respectively for the two-way output signal of Q1;
By directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G2 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter from the accelerating tube input port, and one the tunnel as the microwave frequency observation signal, and the input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is received on another road after by phase shifter Y2; From the accelerating tube delivery outlet by directional coupler one tunnel microwave signal that is coupled, G3 is divided into two way microwave signals by power splitter, one the tunnel as microwave envelope observation signal, and another input support arm of 3DB coupler Q2 is directly received on another road, through becoming the two-way analog signal after wave detector J3 and the J4 detection, this two paths of signals is as the accurate adjustment signal of AFC respectively for the two-way output signal of Q2;
Four road signals are delivered to control board together, handle through amplification filtering after give single-chip microcomputer after the A/D conversion and handle, and provide pwm signal control motor; Motor is connected to the mechanical tuning device control output frequency of magnetron by flexible axle.
2. according to the described a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of claim 1, it is characterized in that, system is controlled by single-chip microcomputer, come communication by RS485 interface and main control computer, control automatic/hand conversion, can shelves switch, voltage controlled phase shifter be provided with that voltage, magnetron manual position are provided with, the gain-adjusted of four road rectified signals and the demonstration of fault-signal.
3. according to the described a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of claim 1, it is characterized in that, adopt PWM mode drive motors.
4. according to the described a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of claim 1, it is characterized in that in the control circuit, prime adopts the amplifier pulse signals in high input impedance and broadband to amplify and Filtering Processing.
5. according to the described a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of claim 1, it is characterized in that, in the microwave frequency discriminator block, the voltage of two voltage controlled phase shifters is exported two-way numerical frequency switching signal and voltage to frequency switching signal by single-chip microcomputer after main control computer is provided with, and by giving phase shifter behind the buffer.
6. according to the described a kind of self-adaptive traveling wave phase locking type frequency control system that is used for electron linear accelerator of claim 1, it is characterized in that, interface circuit adopts optocoupler and external signal to isolate, reduce interference, and obtain needed level by pull-up resistor or pull down resistor to system.
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