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CN101686893B - 用于伤残人员的训练器械 - Google Patents

用于伤残人员的训练器械 Download PDF

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CN101686893B
CN101686893B CN2008800123790A CN200880012379A CN101686893B CN 101686893 B CN101686893 B CN 101686893B CN 2008800123790 A CN2008800123790 A CN 2008800123790A CN 200880012379 A CN200880012379 A CN 200880012379A CN 101686893 B CN101686893 B CN 101686893B
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user
bar
motion
motor
shank
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CN101686893A (zh
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A·奥尔森
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INNOWALK AS
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种用不同类型的行走运动(自然行走、滑雪行走、楼梯行走等)用于训练伤残或在运动方面有生理缺陷的人的器械。优选地，根据本发明，该装置将通过机动装置提供具有类似的自然行走、楼梯行走或滑雪运动的运动。这些有关运动也能够由根据本发明的装置提供，其适于行走运动的肌肉控制练习。该器械还包括例如椅的就座装置，用于使伤残人员的背部从就座位置直起到站立位置。

Description

用于伤残人员的训练器械
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于伤残人员的训练器械，其使得伤残人员能够进行训练从而增强体质、辅助和帮助辅助人员并且通过使得不需要更多的护士照顾伤残人员而解放了劳动力。根据本发明的装置可以使伤残人员能够通过用腿进行行走运动而四处走动，并据此操作该装置。替代地，根据本发明的这种装置可以为神经性的和/或肌体性的伤残人员执行马达辅助运动，从而可以独自运动。
背景技术
例如脑瘫的人、遭受交通事故伤害的人或遭受神经系统疾病(例如帕金森病)或肌肉病(肌肉营养不良症、失调症等)的人等严重残疾的使用者，他们的腿的控制受限，他们经受着与腿的使用相关的、运动上的困难，并且经受着调整身体达到站立或行走姿势所需的协调上的困难。而且，这些由于肌肉限制或其它功能失效而长期处于睡姿或坐姿的人，可能会得其它的肌肉或肢体萎缩症。当肌肉失去通过伸展而有效使用的可能性同时缺少敏感性时，则存在破坏神经系统的危险，其将最终导致肌肉发展萎缩。在缺乏身体训练时，这些人将不仅遭受更严重的肌肉弱化，而且还使得身体健康问题由于缺乏血液循环加重，这进而又引发了大量的继发效应，例如由于供应到皮肤组织的血液减少、心脏机能障碍等而增加了血液栓塞、皮肤损伤的可能性。
现在，为这些伤残人员帮助和辅助肢体运动的治疗方法包括伸展练习，这种伸展练习通常在治疗专家的帮助下进行。这些方法通常包括不同的机械支撑件，用于帮助患者达到或多或少有些竖直的位置。然后将在治疗专家的帮助下进行腿部运动。这种方法是有用的，但是有一些固有的限制。首先，这些方法是劳动密集的，并且需要至少一个、常常是若干个治疗专家的持续监护和帮助。此外，这些方法和装置中的许多种将无助于提供重复和持续协调的肌肉运动的运动，并且无助于使伤残人员遵循对这些身体部位的有效训练来说最期望的运动。对神经和肌肉训练来说最好的运动形式是发生在健康人身上的运动，因为肌肉、骨骼和神经纤维都是设置用于进行这些运动的。在许多情况下，对单独肌肉组织的训练可以局部地帮助患者，但是，复杂的运动，例如，身体的直立和行走将以远比对单独肌肉或肌肉组织的局部刺激更有效的方式辅助和训练伤残人员。
此外，大多数训练方法和/或装置将需要患者和治疗专家之间的相互配合。通常患者必须去医院或专门的训练中心，从而使得可以得到治疗专家的帮助来进行训练练习。期望有一种器械，除了使用于在例如护理中心或医院等处的护理情况之外，这种器械还能够放在家里，并且还能够独自进行操作或者与例如家庭的其它成员一起操作。
因而，从美国专利申请2002/0010056可知一种踏车，在这种踏车中，护士辅助伤残人员行走，其中，护士被连接到一个装置，并且护士的腿部运动被传递至伤残人员(其位于支撑条中)。
从美国专利6440046可知一种椅装置，其用于使伤残人员的背从就座位置直起，但是，在其达到站立位置后则静止站立而没有腿部运动。
从日本专利申请2002382553可知一种装置，其可以帮助不能达到直起位置的患者运动腿部。但是，这种装置像其它上述装置一样由患者自身的肌肉力量运转，并且，因此，患者必需使用其自己的肌肉来使装置运动。在本申请所针对的具体情况下，或者因为不能实现协调(帕金森病、脑瘫)，或者因为不能按意志使肌肉活动(脊椎损伤)，个人不能进行有关运动。
因此需要一种紧凑型的器械，其在别人最少的帮助下使人达到所需的训练位置。这种器械将优选地还具有为处于所需位置和训练练习中的腿部和身体提供所有自然运动和支撑件的特征。还需要这样的器械，其借助于外部动力源致动，例如电动马达等马达，使得有效地辅助患者的肌肉运动。
对于在训练项目或治疗中有些进展的人，避免使用外部动力源使得患者可以逐渐增多地使用他自己的肌肉来使装置运动将是有用的。对于不能借助于自己的力量做运动的人，还需要马达驱动并且执行强加至患者的相关的行走运动的机器。
为了易于进行不同的运动训练，已经设计出各种训练装备。示例包括使得可以在现场行走和跑步的踏车；使得可以在现场攀爬或进行踏步运动的踏步机；使得能够在现场进行圆周运动的双轮车；以及使得可以在现场通过滑雪运动滑行或行走的其它器械。另一种器械使得能够进行某些程度上更复杂的运动并且模拟更逼真的行走运动，例如具有椭圆形运动的器械。但是，训练设备具有如下的设计，即，它们将训练已经有能力的人(训练肌肉力量、持久力、肌肉紧张等)，并且不被设置用于虽然神经对肌肉的刺激运行正常但是从他们完全不能执行的所需运动的点开始、或者只能执行这种复杂运动的部分、或者不具有用于这些运动的足够力量的个人。但是，这些器械中的实际运动形式意在腿部和身体的自然运动，而不适合于伤残的患者。
“有能力”在本上下文中的意思是肢体(腿部)的运动，其借助于大脑发出的正常神经信号而进行，并且作用于使骨骼运动的肌肉上，其中，肌肉的强度足以(具有足够的肌肉块)根据意志使相关肢体运动，并且可以保持人体直立。
用椭圆运动进行训练练习的优点是在训练周期过程中使用者的脚不仅能前后运动而且还能够上下运动。另外，根据本发明，使用本装置的目的优选为尽量为腿部提供自然的行走运动。如上所述，为腿部提供多种运动形式也是本发明的许多目标之一。另外，通过能够将有关运动的运动动作从相对较小的动作变化成自然的动作而提供对有关运动形式的逐渐适应的可能性，这也是本发明的许多目标之一。这是优点，因为对于伤残人员来说，新的运动可能会带来焦虑和心理上的厌恶，那么，逐渐适应将是有利的。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用不同类型的行走运动(自然行走、滑雪行走、楼梯行走等)用于训练伤残和在运动方面有生理缺陷的人的器械。优选地，根据本发明，该装置将通过机动装置提供具有类似自然行走、楼梯行走或滑雪运动的运动。这些有关运动也能够由根据本发明的装置提供，其适于行走运动的肌肉控制练习。本发明的特征在于：还应用了用于补偿腿部张紧不足的运动装置。能够提供腿部的这种自然张紧，因此，通过弹性带、弹簧、条或杆的装置，将腿部的前向运动(当其向前运动时)连接至另一条腿相应的后向运动，所述弹性带、弹簧、条或杆的装置在另一条腿以自然行走的方式向前运动时通过向后牵引膝部而协调和控制膝部和后面股部肌肉的张紧。这种弹性带、弹簧、条或杆的装置适当地附接到腿部的上部，仅低于膝部，并且在腿部在行走运动中弯曲和张紧时配合膝部弯曲时的运动形式，如在上面所解释和在下面更详细解释的那样。用于使用者的膝部的交替张紧的这种配合装置还能够由刚性杆构成，其被连接到能够水平旋转的杠杆盘(lever disk)，使得通过使用者腿部以行走运动的方式的前后引导获得了如上面所解释的那样相同的功能。
另外，本发明的特征还在于其包括就座装置，例如椅，其中所述就座装置包括构成用于就座装置的背部支撑件的一部分的校正导轨，并且具有用于附接到人身体的上部的脊柱的功能。这种用于背部的支撑件还可以起到用于使用者的身体的上部的侧向运动支撑件的作用。所述就座装置由杆制成的竖向平行四边形结构构成，用于形成例如菱形结构或替代地镰刀形杆，其中，这些铰接在角落内，并且在直立后将使用者引导到站立位置中。在水平位置中，平行四边形结构或杆包括就座区域，其构成了椅的座。上述校正导轨也铰接到椅的座，优选为通过用于腰部区域的支撑件，使得当该装置运动到站立位置时椅座、用于腰部区域的支撑件以及校正导轨基本上构成直线。通过上述用于腿部运动的装置，在站立位置中，胸部到支撑导轨上的附接、用于腰部区域的支撑件以及腿部支撑件将构成三个附接点，它们一起甚至会将瘫痪的人保持在站立位置，其中，该站立位置基本上借助于使用者自身的骨骼来维持。在根据本发明的机动装置中，还通过将使用者的脚附接到上述类型的具有椭圆运动、滑雪运动或楼梯运动的运动装置，使用者将被迫进行直立行走、滑雪或楼梯踏步运动，这样伸展了肌肉并且改善了神经和协调的功能，其中，所述运动装置包括例如附接到在马达起动后由马达驱动而运转的椭圆形轮的导轨。替代地，该运动的马达驱动能够受到控制，使得通过减小马达的动力，马达能够辅助而不是完全地执行有关行走运动。
附图说明
图1示出本发明的立体图，其包括用于伤残人员的训练器械。
图2示出根据本发明的装置的另一实施方式，其中该装置是非机动的。
具体实施方式
参照图1，将根据本发明给出用于伤残人员的机动的训练器械的详细描述。整个器械安装在滑橇上，且细节遵循图1的附图标记。该滑橇承载有至少一个能枢转的盘，例如连接到轴上以绕旋转中心旋转的两个盘1、2。两个导轨以偏置杆3的形式连接到盘1、2上。偏置杆3从盘1、2延伸到滑橇处的滑动连接，使得在一个实施方式中的杆能够水平地平移滑入到滑橇中，并且，同时能够由于偏心盘1、2作用而竖向地运动。杆3在就座装置下运转(如上述)，并且装备有用于使用者的脚部的紧固装置。通过将脚部紧固到杆3，脚部将以有关运动形式、以可控的方式与杆3一起运动。如上所述，盘1、2由马达驱动。可以使盘1、2运转以绕它们自身的旋转轴线旋转，在这种情况下，该装置起到机动椭圆机的作用。替代地，在该装置的滑橇中，可以紧固所述杆3，同时，盘1、2装备有呈弧段形式的槽，且中心在杆3的最前的紧固点。在此实施方式中，当操作盘1、2时，杆的运动将更像楼梯踏步运动。一种替代方式能够是通过杠杆运动操作盘1、2，在杆3滑入到框架中时，这将给杆3以类似于滑雪一样的运动。还可以将盘1、2从彼此断开，使得它们能够单独地运转。例如，这能够使得获得滑雪运动，其中适于使得在该装置的运转过程中杆3沿竖向上升起得不太高。在这样的运动中，盘1、2将相对于彼此交替地来回运动。
为了进行椭圆运动，运用两个偏心盘1、2，它们可以被连接到共用的轴。所述偏心盘中的每个均具有偏置杆3的附接件，其能够被紧固在距偏心盘的中心不同距离的不同的孔内，从而改变行走运动的动作。通过将偏置杆3紧固在用于盘1、2的旋转轴线附近，将获得杆3上更小的水平以及竖向运动，而通过紧固到离盘1、2的旋转轴线更远的紧固点(例如孔)，将沿水平和竖向方向提供杆3更大的动作，因而为患者提供更大的“步伐”。
不论是由肌肉驱动还是马达驱动，本发明均能够被利用从就座到站立位置的所有位置的使用者使用。因此，该器械能够装备有用于提供平行四边形结构位置的装置，在根据本发明的装置中，这构成了就座和直立的设置。这种装置例如能够是气压弹簧4，具有提供从就座到站立位置的连续调整的锁。气压弹簧4在平行四边行结构上工作，就座装置和矫正导轨附接于其上。替代地，或者另外地，可以用手柄手动地操作平行四边行结构的上下引导运动。还可以用其它形式的操作装置——例如具有芯轴操作的齿轮(蜗轮)——提供平行四边形结构的位置以及腰部区域的坐靠/支撑。当然也可以操作活塞4，从而借助于液压及气压来提供腰部区域的坐靠/支撑。
在根据本发明的机动式的装置中，偏心盘1、2从马达接收动力，其优选地为电动马达。在一个实施方式中，偏心盘2被操作离开与偏心盘1的连接。当该连接释放时，偏心盘可以彼此独立地旋转，使得能够将两个偏置杆均放置在水平位置中。还将期望的是，偏心盘1和偏心盘2之间的旋转位移是180度，这提供了自然的行走运动。这还关系到如下面所述(前面指出)用于小腿/膝部的加强系统的操作，因为，通过与使用者的腿部运动配合的弹性带/条/弹簧，一个杆3的前向运动将被连接到该装置中另一杆的后向运动。
使用杆6作为就座/站立设置的一部分，形成了平行四边形结构，使得脊柱总是竖向的。在此连接中，平行四边行结构中座位的就座高度也能够适合于从儿童至成年人的不同高度的人。为了根据使用者调整高度，设置了“膝关节”7，其在高度上能够调整。类似地，提供了“髋关节”8，其中到膝关节的距离能够调整以适合于使用者。因而，与如果将该装置用于儿童的情况相比，如果将该装置调整成适合成年人，则髋关节和膝关节之间的相对距离将会更大。优选地，这种就座/站立设置以平行四边形结构的方式存在，但是，其它的实施方式也能够是可能的，例如镰刀形，这确保了能够以与平行四边形结构相同的方式固定通过臀部的张紧以及对膝的支撑而实现的站立。
为了适合使用者的背部，根据本发明的器械包括背面柱9，用于背部支撑件10的附接。在装置的示出实施方式中，背面柱9是竖杆，从髋关节支撑件延伸到患者的颈部。但是，可以使此柱9更长，例如为了加强例如遭受颈伤的人的颈部和头部，因此对于该受伤的人重要的是在训练期间将头部保持歇止。在这些情况下，柱9也将装备有用于颈部和头部的紧固装置(除了用于使用者胸部区域的紧固构件外)。背面柱9借助于转接件(transitions)紧固到背部支撑件10上，所述转接件能够在柱9的高度上进行调整，从而适合使用者的高度。连同背部支撑件10，还提供了侧支撑件11，其能够向外枢转并且其构成胸部支撑件，使得在使用中使用者的身体的上部被紧固。胸部支撑件校正身体的上部，并且，通过具有侧支撑件的座枕12，这构成了整体的单元，其以全面的方式固定住使用者，并且在使用中将其保持在直立的位置。由于背部/胸部支撑件被铰接在髋关节中，所以当使用者从就座位置运动到直立位置时，背部/胸部支撑件(假如有的话)将不会显著地运动。
在紧固弹性带/弹簧、条、杆装置14(如上所述)之后，为了补偿腿部中肌肉的不足，借助于气压弹簧、液压弹簧或机械装置(例如通过蜗轮操作、手动操作或通过电气操作等)，现在使用者能够被升高至站立位置。在装置的肌肉操作形式中，即使在一个实施方式中替代地能够电气地驱动，但是手动地执行此直立功能将是恰当的。当使用者处于直立位置中时，他站立于由到腿的下部的紧固件16、臀部紧固件8和背部/胸部紧固件10提供的已校正的正确站立位置中。弹性带装置14从用于腿的下部的环16、以及在例如座位后的滚子周围运行，并且具有防止使用者的腿弯曲的重要功能。另外，弹性带装置14确保了腿部背侧的肌肉自然且必需的张紧，因为弹性带14将向后张紧腿部，同时另一条腿向前运动，反之亦然，并且确保在操作该装置时引起交替的肌肉收缩和肌肉张紧。
在根据本发明的机动式的装置中，为了固定腿部，可调整的铰接点15被提供用于踝部，其具有与用于腿部的下部环16的连接，具有杆从而将腿部保持在正确的位置。另外，提供环17以紧固脚部。该环用偏心锁18锁定，用于环至脚部。
本发明的一个实施方式还包括用于加制动气压阻尼(brake-on-gasdampening)的释放单元19以及用于调整马达的转速(rpm)的按钮20。
在与臂部相同的高度处提供了桌面或者其它的额外装备21，在不使用时将其枢转至一侧。
本发明还包括用于弹性带14的加紧装置13，其抵着挤压盘滚动，从而贯穿整个杆循环(bar cyclus)给出正确的加紧作用。偏置杆3的另一端设置有插设在导轨装置中的轮，以操纵偏置杆的水平运动的方向。在滑雪和行走运动(椭圆运动)中，将在导轨装置中的其槽内来回地引导偏置轩3的插入的轮。但是，如上所述，如果期望的是该装置中的楼梯踏步运动，则偏置杆上的轮可以被锁定到导轨装置上。如果该操作的此实施方式是期望的，则驱动轮1、2装备有槽，然后使得轮1、2的操作将竖向上下地迫动导轨3，因为现在由于最前面的轮现在锁定在滑动导轨内而锁定了水平运动。如果驱动轮1、2能够来回地枢转，则可以提供楼梯踏步运动，因为不必具有用于绕整个轮运转的导轨3的槽，而仅需要构成以用于插入的轮的紧固点为中心的圆的一部分。
当使用者已被升起并且站立在正确和适当的站立位置时，在根据本发明的非机动式的装置中，马达以能够持续地或逐渐地调整的速度起动。然后，在由于弹性带装置而确保张紧的同时，借助于马达动力，使用者将被迫运动腿部。
如上所述的装置能够被制成用于不同类型的伤残，从完全瘫痪的人到有行动能力但需要训练协调和学习用于行走运动的正确形式的人。因此，可以将其构造成具有用于气动马达和电动马达的控制器，其能够由患者自己控制，直到(up until)将这种照料交付给护士的实施方式。根据本发明的该装置的优点在于其节省了空间和工作。其能够或者由患者自己控制(因此解放了劳动力使得医护人员能够做其它工作)或者仅由一个护士来控制，而先前则必需使用多达若干个护士来确保患者自然并且正确地运动。
如上所述，根据本发明的装置还可以工作用于“在运动方面有生理缺陷”(与“有能力运动”相对，见上文)的人，即由于这样或那样的原因而在腿部中和/或身体内具有不同寻常的运动功能的人。这种不同寻常的运动功能的示例也在上面提到了，并且可以包括受到伤害(例如在交通事故中颈部/背部受伤，例如股骨骨折、髋关节骨折、胫骨/腓骨骨折、脚部骨折等骨折伤害)而患病(帕金森病、小儿麻痹症、痉挛性疾病、肌肉萎缩等)的人。对于这些人，不完全用马达执行有关运动是恰当的，但是，疾病/伤害的治疗改善病人状态，由于在一段时间期间马达能够运行用作辅助马达，所以能够逐渐地断开马达。
在替代实施方式中，还可以为该装置的滑橇装备有轮，使得其能够在其环境周围移动。当根据本发明的装置用作固定训练器械时，杆3将以与距衬垫物的隔开的方式运动。例如，通过使该装置的滑橇形成有竖向伸缩式的部件将可以降低杆3，使得它们达到衬垫物。通过另外地使滑橇装备有轮，或者通过马达的操作(在这种情况下轮可以被装备有转向设置，其中使用者能够使装置的位置转向)，或者通过使用肌肉动力的操作，其将可以使整个装置在其环境周围移动。
在肌肉操作式的有关装置中，仅腿部支撑件、臀部支撑件及背部支撑件能够与腿部支撑件一起出现，其将包括用于膝部的收缩装置，如上所述(见图2)。
根据本发明，装置的材料并不重要，但是期望的是其质量轻且所需空间小。因而，用于该装置的适当的材料可以是铝或铝合金，即使其它金属也可以被使用，例如用于该装置的易损件的钢或钢合金。而且也可以使用硬质塑料，特别是对于支撑患者身体的部件(胸条、腿条、脚条)。

Claims (13)

1.用于伤残人员的运动的机动及从动辅助的装置，其中，所述装置包括滑橇，所述滑橇上以铰接装置(12)的形式设置了椅，其借助于旋转关节(8)能够从水平就座位置运动到竖向站立位置，所述旋转关节(8)位于使用者的臀部高度处，所述椅设置了基本竖向的支撑装置(9，10)，用于支撑和加强使用者的脊柱，
其特征在于能够以在平移的方式和/或以旋转的方式运动的杆(3)，所述杆(3)由至少一个旋转和/或枢转盘(1，2)驱动，所述盘由马达驱动，用于使用者小腿的支撑的支撑设置(16)以及用于使用者用于每个杆(3)的脚部的紧固装置(17，18)附接至所述杆(3)，而用于使用者小腿的支撑装置(16)包括装备有配合牵引构件(14)的环，用于引导来自使用者腿部的交替运动，其中，用于腿部环(16)的所述配合牵引设置(14)以弹性带、弹簧、条或杆的形式存在，它们通过执行所述配合牵引设置(14)的互动操作的轮而相互作用。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，用于使用者在所述装置中的位置的运动的所述铰接设置由铰接的平行四边形结构构成。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的装置，
其特征在于，用于使用者在所述装置中的位置的运动的所述铰接设置的位置借助于受控操作而运动。
4.如权利要求3所述的装置，
其特征在于，所述受控操作以机械操作、电气操作、气压操作或液压操作的形式存在。
5.如权利要求3所述的装置，
其特征在于，所述受控操作以蜗轮操作的形式存在。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，所述盘(1，2)装备有槽，且所述槽具有用于杆(3)的旋转点中的弧线中心，使得杆(3)能够被锁定到所述滑橇并且通过所述盘(1，2)的操作而执行上下运动。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，用于所述使用者的背部的所述基本竖向的支撑设置包括具有相关联的夹具的杆(9)，所述夹具能够夹持在使用者上部身体周围。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置，
其特征在于，用于使用者的背部的所述支撑设置能够沿竖向进行调整。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，用于使用者的背部的所述支撑设置延伸至所述使用者头部上方，并且包括用于使用者头部和/或颈部的支撑和紧固设置。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，用于使用者的背部的所述支撑设置包括桌面(21)。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，其装备有轮。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，所述马达为电动马达。
13.如权利要求1所述的装置，
其特征在于，所述马达的操作能够被调整。
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WO2008103052A2 (en) 2008-08-28
CN101686893A (zh) 2010-03-31
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US20100222716A1 (en) 2010-09-02
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US9642763B2 (en) 2017-05-09
ES2611133T3 (es) 2017-05-05
CA2678728A1 (en) 2008-08-28
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