CN101257209A - Islet operation detecting method of photovoltaic parallel network generating system - Google Patents
Islet operation detecting method of photovoltaic parallel network generating system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an isolated island operation detection method of photovoltaic grid-connected generation system which includes: a control device detects voltage frequency of grid-connected point, judges voltage frequency of grid-connected point whether reaching frequency protection threshold, if yes, a start anti-isolated island protection signal is outputted; if not, frequency signal of grid-connected current instruction is calculated by using double positive feedback active frequency deflection method, and the frequency signal is outputted; the double positive feedback active frequency deflection method is that obtained grid-connected point voltage frequency deflection relative to average frequency is used as first positive feedback, and change trend of frequency deflection is used as second positive feedback, feedback magnification factor of first positive feedback is adjusted. The method realizes isolated island detection rapidly, simulation and experimental result, isolated island detection time is shorten in 0.10s, 0.13s, grid-connected current harmonic distortion THD are 2.06%, 2.97% respectively, and has advantage over traditional method in isolated island detection speed and reducing interference to power network.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to photovoltaic generation and parallel network power generation technical field, specifically is a kind of islet operation detecting method of grid-connected photovoltaic system.
Background technology
The energy has become the common significant problem of paying close attention to of international community, and new forms of energy such as solar energy are because characteristics such as its renewable and cleaning more and more come into one's own, and parallel network power generation is a kind of important form of utilizing solar energy on a large scale.The direct current that grid-connected photovoltaic system (being designated hereinafter simply as the PV system) sends solar cell by combining inverter converts the good alternating current of waveform to, directly to mains supply, energy storage device that need be such as storage battery, the construction and the maintenance cost of system is low, conversion efficiency and reliability height.
Along with the continuous increase of PV system, also more and more higher to its requirement of safeguard measure of tackling various unusual conditions, need wherein to consider that a kind of special abnormal running situation is the islet operation phenomenon.After the islet operation phenomenon is meant that the PV system disconnects with big electrical network on electric, still continue as the situation of the regional area load power supply that is attached thereto this moment.In grid-connected photovoltaic system shown in Figure 1, when switch S was closed, system was incorporated into the power networks; When switch S disconnects, system's islet operation.If can not in time it be detected and stop the operation of this PV system behind the generation isolated island, may cause following harm:
Threaten the maintenance personnel's of supply line safety.
Cause electric network protection circuit cisco unity malfunction, influence the reclosing of electrical network.
When supply line recovers,, cause circulation and damage relevant electric installation because voltage magnitude and phase place that the PV system produces in load are inconsistent with electrical network probably.
Single-phase PV system continues power supply, thereby causes threephase load phase shortage power supply in the electrical network.
Therefore, require the PV system can detect in time whether the islet operation phenomenon takes place, and when taking place, isolated island stops power supply, the controller product that generates electricity by way of merging two or more grid systems that the grid company and the standard that is incorporated into the power networks all require to be correlated with has the function of preventing isolated island, and IEEE Std.929-2000 has proposed the test process of a standard.
The emphasis of anti-islet operation and difficult point are the detection to isolated island, can compare in the performance of the following aspects to island detection method:
1. the stability when being incorporated into the power networks does not have misoperation;
2. detection speed, standard-required detect isolated island and close grid-connected system in after isolated island takes place 2 seconds;
3. software and hardware cost;
4. to the applicability of many PV in parallel systems;
5. to the interference of system, reduce the percent harmonic distortion (THD) of grid-connected current as far as possible.
The island detection technology often can be divided into passive type and active two classes.The passive type detection technique generally is the monitoring electric network state, as voltage, frequency, as judging the whether foundation of fault of electrical network.Passive type detection method commonly used has overvoltage, under voltage, overfrequency and under-frequency, in case also voltage, the frequency of site exceed normal range (NR), judges that electrical network breaks down, and protective circuit will stop the operation of PV system.The advantage that passive type detects is not need external disturbance, therefore can not influence the quality of power supply.But its shortcoming is that electrical network cuts off the back system voltage and significant change does not appear in frequency, can't detect the islet operation phenomenon when the power output of controller and bearing power maintenance balance.
The active detecting rule is regularly to inject interference signal to electrical network by combining inverter, and detection system is subjected to the response after the disturbance, judges whether electrical network is cut off.Active detecting method commonly used has electric network impedance detection method and intentional frequency offset method (Active Frequency Drift:AFD).
The electric network impedance detection method detects corresponding voltage response and calculates electric network impedance by inject disturbance in grid-connected current, when electric network impedance is undergone mutation, judges the islet operation phenomenon to occur.Its shortcoming is reliable inadequately in many PV in parallel systems, because the output disturbance of each PV system is difficult to synchronously.
The AFD method realizes by Control Software, its grid-connected current instruction i
* GridFrequency f
iWith formula f
i(i)=f
PCC(i-1) ± Δ f
0Determine, detect the point voltage v that is incorporated into the power networks that obtains in real time
PCCFrequency f
PCCConstant offset f of last adding
0, as grid-connected current instruction i
* GridFrequency f
i, form disturbance to system frequency.
With reference to Fig. 2, when normally being incorporated into the power networks, v
PCCBy line voltage clamper, f
PCCEqual mains frequency, can not accumulate skew; Under the situation that isolated island takes place, v
PCCDo not had the support of line voltage, its frequency can be subjected to the influence of grid-connected current, thus the frequency disturbance Δ f of output current
0Effect can build up f over time
PCCCan reach the threshold value of frequency protection, can the judgement system islet operation phenomenon occur.The advantage of the method is the detection of many PV in parallel systems effective, and shortcoming is to introduce bigger harmonic wave to grid-connected current.Simulation result shows that under the prerequisite that guarantees by the IEEE929 test, the AFD method can make the THD of grid-connected current increase about 3%.
In order to solve the problem big that the AFD method exists to system disturbance, scholars have proposed intentional frequency offset positive feedback method (Active Frequency Drift with Positive Feedback:AFDPF), change frequency offset by positive feedback, quicken the skew of grid-connected current frequency.The frequency shift (FS) quantity algorithm of linear AFDPF method is as shown in the formula Δ f (i)=Δ f
0+ k * [f
PCC(i-1)-f
Grid0], its flow chart is seen Fig. 3.
Wherein, i represents i control cycle, and k is feedback amplification coefficient, f
Grid0Be mains frequency.The algorithm of linear AFDPF method is fairly simple, and the increment of THD is about 0.5% (simulation results).But because mains frequency constant always not is made as f with it
Grid0Can bring extra interference.In addition, the two-way skew of frequency, the detection effect in many PV in parallel systems remains further checking.
The frequency shift (FS) quantity algorithm of square AFDPF method as shown in the formula:
Δf(i)＝Δf
0+k×[f
PCC(i-1)-f
grid0]
2
Its flow chart is seen Fig. 4, because the unidirectional skew of frequency, can be applicable to many PV in parallel systems, and the increment that simulation result is introduced THD is about 0.4%.
Summary of the invention
Above-mentioned shortcoming in view of islet operation state inspection existence in the existing grid-connected photovoltaic system, the invention provides a kind of islet operation detecting method of grid-connected photovoltaic system, adopt dual positive feedback mode further to quicken the migration velocity of the frequency of grid-connected current, the fast detecting of islet operation state in the realization system reduces the interference to electrical network.
The islet operation detecting method of grid-connected photovoltaic system of the present invention is to realize like this.It may further comprise the steps:
Control device detects the also frequency of the voltage of site in real time, judges also whether the frequency of the voltage of site reaches the threshold value of frequency protection, if reach, and the anti-isolated island guard signal of output startup;
Otherwise, calculate the frequency signal of grid-connected current instruction by dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset method, and export this frequency signal; Described dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset method is, with the frequency of voltage that obtain and the site with respect to the skew of average frequency as first positive feedback, and with the variation tendency of frequency shift (FS) as second positive feedback, regulate the feedback amplification coefficient of first positive feedback, when frequency shift (FS) reduces, make that this feedback amplification coefficient is one to set constant, when frequency shift (FS) increases, this feedback amplification coefficient is increased, with the migration velocity of further acceleration grid-connected current frequency.
In real system, the present invention can select inverse-T cycle time (T=1/f) with frequency f as regulated variable, when and during the voltage zero-cross of site, control device calculates the period T (i-1) of the point voltage that is incorporated into the power networks, and whether the frequency of the voltage of judgement and site reaches the threshold value of frequency protection, if reach, output starts anti-isolated island guard signal;
Otherwise, press following formula and 1. determine grid-connected current instruction i
* GridAt the T cycle time in i cycle
i, and export the frequency signal of corresponding grid-connected current instruction,
T
i(i)＝T(i-1)+[K(i)]
m|T(i-1)-T(i)|
n.....................①
Wherein, T (i) expression is by DPLL or zero passage detection voltage V that obtain and the site
PCCIn the cycle time in i cycle, K (i) is the feedback amplification coefficient, and T (i) is illustrated in time average period in N cycle before i cycle;
Exponent m=1～3, index n=1～3,
T average period (i) 2. calculates by following formula,
3. frequency shift (FS) trend variable dT calculates by following formula,
dT＝|T(i-1)-T(i)|-|T(i-2)-T(i-1)|..................③
Feedback amplification coefficient K (i) according to formula 3. frequency shift (FS) trend variable dT select, when dT≤0, make K (i)=K
0, when dT＞0, the expression frequency shift (FS) increases, and increases the feedback amplification coefficient, makes K (i)=K (i-1)+K
0, further accelerate frequency shift (FS) speed.
According to formula 1., i
* GridThe deviation of cycle time be Δ T (i)=[K (i)]
m| T (i-1)-T (i) |
n, at the state that normally is incorporated into the power networks, K (i) and | T (i-1)-T (i) | all very little, so little to the influence of the quality of power supply.In case the islet operation phenomenon takes place, and the both can increase by positive feedback, T
iIncrease to the underfrequency protection threshold value rapidly, close down the PV system.
Above-mentioned exponent m, n value are chosen according to the frequency stability of electrical network, if mains frequency is very stable, less than positive and negative 0.1Hz, n can be greater than m as the mains frequency deviation; Otherwise n can be less than m.
The setting constant K of above-mentioned feedback amplification coefficient K (i)
oBe 0.1～1, the initial value of feedback amplification coefficient K (i) is K
o
The present invention adopts dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset method (Active Frequency Drift withDouble Positive Feedback:AFDDPF) to detect the islet operation state in the grid-connected photovoltaic system, its will and the frequency of the voltage of site with respect to the skew of average frequency as first positive feedback, regulate the frequency of grid-connected current; And with the variation tendency of frequency shift (FS) as second positive feedback, regulate the amplification coefficient of first positive feedback, further quicken the migration velocity of grid-connected current frequency, realize the fast detecting of islet operation.
Emulation and experimental result, the island detection time shortens, and is respectively 0.10s, 0.13s detection time, the percent harmonic distortion THD of grid-connected current is respectively 2.06%, 2.97%, no matter the present invention is in island detection speed, still reducing aspect the interference of electrical network, all obviously is better than conventional method.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the basic block diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system;
Fig. 2 is traditional intentional frequency offset method flow chart;
Fig. 3 is traditional linear positive feedback intentional frequency offset method flow chart;
Fig. 4 is traditional square positive feedback intentional frequency offset method flow chart;
Fig. 5 is the flow chart of islet operation detecting method of the present invention;
Fig. 6 realizes an embodiment system configuration schematic diagram of islet operation detecting method of the present invention;
Fig. 7 a-d is the simulation waveform of point voltage, grid-connected current and the point voltage frequency that is incorporated into the power networks of being incorporated into the power networks after isolated island takes place;
Fig. 8 a-d is the experimental waveform of point voltage, grid-connected current and the point voltage frequency that is incorporated into the power networks of being incorporated into the power networks after isolated island takes place.
Embodiment
Further specify of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Method of the present invention is applicable to digital parallel network reverse control system, and the be incorporated into the power networks voltage zero-cross detection hardware circuit etc. of port of inverter adds that corresponding software programs can easily realize.Its core technology is to adopt dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset mode (AFDDPF) to realize the fast detecting of islet operation state.
Fig. 6 is for realizing an embodiment system configuration schematic diagram of the inventive method.System adopts the combining inverter of conventional single-stage+Industrial Frequency Transformer structure, and control device adopts the HD64F7047 chip, and the HD64F7047 chip is born all tasks, comprises island detection, grid-connected current instruction generation, output current wave modulation or the like.For the repeatability that guarantees to test, replace solar cell Vdc with D.C. regulated power supply.
System's major parameter is as follows:
Rated power: P
Rated=1.5kW
DC bus-bar voltage: V
Dc=240V
Reactor is incorporated into the power networks: L
Grid=6mH
Transformer voltage ratio: N=1: 2
Switching frequency: f=15kHz
Line voltage: V
Grid=220V
Rms
Mains frequency: f
Grid=50Hz
Feedback constant: K
0=0.5
Index: m=1, n=2
The requirement of IEEE Std.929-2000 is satisfied in the regional area load.Be parallel to the resonance frequency and the mains frequency f of the inductance L and the capacitor C of transformer secondary output
Grid(50Hz) conform to, L is 48.9mH, and C is 207F.Active power is determined that by resistance R R gets 40 Ω.The ratio 2.5 of reactive power and active power.The upper and lower threshold value of frequency protection is respectively 50.5Hz and 49.5Hz.
Its voltage detecting circuit to and the site alternating voltage sample; Zero cross detection circuit detects the zero crossing of the output signal of voltage detecting circuit, generates corresponding synchronizing signal;
The island detection program is calculated the frequency of the point voltage that is incorporated into the power networks according to this synchronizing signal, judges whether to take place the isolated island phenomenon, if close and drive output; Otherwise, calculate the frequency of grid-connected current instruction;
The grid-connected current instruction generation is determined the instantaneous value of grid-connected current instruction according to the frequency of above-mentioned synchronizing signal and grid-connected current instruction;
Current detection circuit is sampled to actual grid-connected current; Dc voltage circuit is sampled to DC bus-bar voltage; Grid-connected current Waveform Control program is determined pwm signal according to grid-connected current deviation, direct voltage instantaneous value and alternating voltage instantaneous value, obtains the sinusoidal waveform of and instruction unanimity; Drive circuit is isolated pwm signal and is amplified, and drives IGBT, injects disturbing signal in grid-connected current.
Above-mentioned grid-connected current instruction generation, grid-connected current Waveform Control etc. can adopt usual manner to realize, and the islet operation status detection has adopted the dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset of the present invention mode.
With reference to flow chart 5, the HD64F7047 chip at first moves the point voltage zero passage determining program that is incorporated into the power networks, when and the voltage v of site
PCCDuring zero passage, calculate the period T (i-1) of the point voltage that is incorporated into the power networks, and judge the also electric voltage frequency f of site
PCCReach the threshold value of frequency protection? if reach, output starts anti-isolated island guard signal;
Otherwise, by formula
Calculate T average period (i),
By formula dT=|T (i-1)-T (i) |-| T (i-2)-T (i-1) | computing cycle movement tendency dT;
According to the variation tendency of dT value determination frequency skew, when dT≤0, then make K (i)=K
0, when dT＞0 frequency shift (FS) increases, increase the feedback amplification coefficient, make K (i)=K (i-1)+K
0, further accelerate frequency shift (FS) speed;
And then, by formula T
i(i)=T (i-1)+[K (i)]
m| T (i-1)-T (i) |
nDetermine grid-connected current instruction i
* GridCycle, and export the frequency signal of corresponding grid-connected current instruction.
Wherein, exponent m=1, index n=2 sets constant K
oGet 0.5.
By Computer Simulation and experiment, with reference to Fig. 7-8, the system responses characteristic of relatively not having anti-isolated island function and employing linear AFDPF method, square AFDPF method and AFDDPF method of the present invention, Fig. 7 a-d is the simulation waveform of point voltage, grid-connected current and the point voltage frequency that is incorporated into the power networks of being incorporated into the power networks after isolated island takes place, Fig. 8 a-d is the experimental waveform of point voltage, grid-connected current and the point voltage frequency that is incorporated into the power networks of being incorporated into the power networks after isolated island takes place, and emulation and experimental result are seen performance comparing data table 1.
Performance comparing data shown in the table 1 shows no matter the present invention is in island detection speed, still reducing aspect the interference of electrical network, all obviously is better than other method.
Table 1
Claims (4)
1, a kind of islet operation detecting method of grid-connected photovoltaic system is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
Control device detects the also frequency of the voltage of site in real time, judges also whether the frequency of the voltage of site reaches the threshold value of frequency protection, if reach, and the anti-isolated island guard signal of output startup;
Otherwise, calculate the frequency signal of grid-connected current instruction by dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset method, and export this frequency signal; Described dual positive feedback intentional frequency offset method is, with the frequency of voltage that obtain and the site with respect to the skew of average frequency as first positive feedback, and with the variation tendency of frequency shift (FS) as second positive feedback, regulate the feedback amplification coefficient of first positive feedback, when frequency shift (FS) reduces, make that this feedback amplification coefficient is one to set constant, when frequency shift (FS) increases, this feedback amplification coefficient is increased, with the migration velocity of further acceleration grid-connected current frequency.
2, according to the islet operation detecting method of the grid-connected photovoltaic system of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
This detection method with inverse-cycle time of frequency as regulated variable, when and during the voltage zero-cross of site, control device calculates the also period T (i-1) of the voltage of site, and whether the frequency of the voltage of judgement and site reaches the threshold value of frequency protection, if reach, output starts anti-isolated island guard signal;
Otherwise, by formula T
i(i)=T (i-1)+[K (i)]
m| T (i-1)-T (i) |
nCalculate grid-connected current instruction i
* GridAt the T cycle time in i cycle
i, and export the frequency signal of corresponding grid-connected current instruction;
Wherein, T (i) expression voltage V that record and the site
PCCIn the cycle time in i cycle, K (i) is the feedback amplification coefficient, and T (i) is illustrated in time average period in N cycle before i cycle;
Exponent m=1～3, index n=1～3,
T average period (i) is by formula
Calculate,
Frequency shift (FS) trend variable dT is by formula dT=|T (i-1)-T (i) |-| T (i-2)-T (i-1) | calculate,
Feedback amplification coefficient K (i) selects according to frequency shift (FS) trend variable dT, when dT≤0, makes K (i)=K
0, when dT＞0, the expression frequency shift (FS) increases, and increases the feedback amplification coefficient, makes K (i)=K (i-1)+K
0, further accelerate frequency shift (FS) speed.
3, according to the islet operation detecting method of the grid-connected photovoltaic system of claim 2, it is characterized in that: described exponent m, n value are chosen according to the frequency stability of electrical network, if the mains frequency deviation is less than positive and negative 0.1Hz, n＞m; Otherwise, n＜m.
4, according to the islet operation detecting method of the grid-connected photovoltaic system of claim 2 or 3, it is characterized in that: the setting constant K of described feedback amplification coefficient K (i)
oBe 0.1～1, the initial value of feedback amplification coefficient K (i) is K
o
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| US9520819B2 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2016-12-13 | General Electric Company | System and method for controlling a power generation system based on a detected islanding event |
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| CN1893214A (en) * | 2005-07-05 | 2007-01-10 | 沈阳网格电子信息技术有限公司 | Low-voltage photovotaic parallel-in control device |
| CN101034800A (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2007-09-12 | 卢一民 | Protection control system for isolated island effect prevention of parallel network reverse power generation device and its method |
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