CN100560715C - A kind of microorganism of removing ammonia and sulfureted hydrogen foul gas simultaneously and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of microorganism of removing ammonia and sulfureted hydrogen foul gas simultaneously and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN100560715C CN100560715C CNB2007101571541A CN200710157154A CN100560715C CN 100560715 C CN100560715 C CN 100560715C CN B2007101571541 A CNB2007101571541 A CN B2007101571541A CN 200710157154 A CN200710157154 A CN 200710157154A CN 100560715 C CN100560715 C CN 100560715C
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Abstract
A kind of NH that removes simultaneously
3And H
2Microorganism of S foul gas and preparation method thereof.Relate to microbial technology field, particularly mix efficient deodorization microorganism of foul gas and preparation method thereof in sewage collecting and the treatment facility.Of the present invention to have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) strain culturing condition as follows: 1) substratum is formed: dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 2g/L, potassium primary phosphate 2g/L, magnesium chloride 0.2g/L, ammonium sulfate 10g/L, ferrous sulfate 0.01g/L, sulphur powder 10g/L.2) culture condition: 28～32 ℃ of temperature, 180 rev/mins.3) carrier is a water, adds dilute sulphuric acid (or hydrochloric acid) and regulates pH=2.0～3.0.This inoculation can efficiently be removed H simultaneously in exhaust-gas treatment facilities
2S and NH
3Foul gas is avoided the operational conditions of treatment facility to be difficult to all satisfy the suitable condition of various microorganisms, and is made H
2S and NH
3Be difficult to the efficient simultaneously problem of removing.This bacterial strain can be stood 60g/L ammonium sulfate, and no product retarding effect can keep permanent removal ability.The ammonium sulfate that produces can be used as the raw materials for production of fertilizer.
Description
Technical field
The invention provides the efficient ammonia (NH that removes of a kind of while
3) and hydrogen sulfide (H
2S) microorganism of foul gas and preparation method thereof relates to microbial technology field, particularly about efficient deodorization microorganism of mixing foul gas in sewage collecting and the treatment facility and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Along with the raising of expanding economy and living standards of the people, stench as overall situation public hazards more and more to receive publicity.NH
3And H
2S is modal repugnant substance, is the main exhaust gas constituents that (as sewage work, ight soil treatment plant, food processing plant, leather industry, livestock industry and composting plant etc.) extensively exist in the Industrial processes.Not only poisonous, also be corrosive, be to have stink substance irritating, that olfact is very low.The survey showed that to 16 municipal sewage plants and 18 sewage pump plants in Finland, and the municipal sewage plant is H under normal running (operation) conditions
2The concentration of S is 0.07～53mg/m
3(peak concentration appears at the sludge treatment stage), H in the pump house
2S concentration is 0.07～0.5mg/m
3, NH
3Concentration is 0.007～3.5mg/m
3This patent researchist shows NH to the investigation and monitoring result of certain city typical case sewage pump plant
3And H
2The concentration of S is respectively 1.37～36.28mg/m
3With 0.49～9.13mg/m
3, staff's incident of being poisoned to death also took place in the sewage pump plant in some city of China.These foul gass can bring secular detrimentally affect and harm to the health of staff and surrounding resident if do not deal carefully with, and reduce the investment value and the magnetism in peripheral soil.
Biological fitler method is a kind of gas contamination control techniques that can effectively handle stench and volatile organic waste gas, at US and European, this technology was widely used more than 40 year, was mainly used in processing and produced the foul gas that malodorous operating process produces from municipal sewage treatment facility, refinery, compost facility and other.Biological filtering tower combined working is a kind of device form of this technology, filling soil, peat or other fillers in the device, contain biodegradable volatile organic matter, other are poisonous or the gas of repugnant substance by filler, degraded by the Institute of Micro-biology in the filler.
In order to obtain maximum removal efficient, research to biological Removal of Odorous Gases by Biofilter at present mainly concentrates on the optimization of processing parameter and filler material, and the research of microorganism is wherein related to seldom, and in fact, the population structure of microorganism is most important for the steady running of the processing efficiency of foul gas and reactor in the biological filtering tower combined working.And the target contaminant that research is at present adopted mainly is H
2S, however gaseous mixture can not be ignored the influence of pure gas component, because under many circumstances, NH
3And H
2S discharges simultaneously.Someone adopts the filler of granule sludge as biological filtering tower combined working, has studied to contain H
2S and NH
3The biological removal of mixture.Find H
2S is oxidized to vitriol and sulphur by microorganism Thiobacillus thioparus.NH
3Be oxidized to nitrite and nitrate by microorganism Nitrosomonas or microorganism Nitrobacter.But in this system, because H
2The accumulation of S oxidation products (vitriol), the growth activity of nitrobacteria is affected, thereby has influenced NH
3Removal.Present biological filtering tower combined working is handled NH
3And H
2All there is a common problem in the laboratory study of S mixing foul gas and the actual motion, is difficult to make NH exactly
3And H
2S obtains higher removal efficient simultaneously.Some biological filtering tower combined working H
2The clearance of S 〉=99%, and NH
3The highest of clearance reach about 80% (Yin Jun etc., Chinese water supply and drainage, 2003,19 (13): 114-116).Some biological filtering tower combined working H
2S and NH
3Clearance all (Qu Yanfen etc., ecological science, 2005,24 (1): 18-20 about 80%; Wu Jian equality, water supply and drainage, 2007,33 (1): 14-16).More susceptible condition is both removal efficient of initial operating stage all higher (mainly being the adsorption of filler), but long-time running or inlet gas concentration increase or during fluctuation, both removal efficient just descends significantly.
All adopt mixing microorganisms in the biological filtering tower combined working at present, or several microorganism fixed cell.But, be difficult to make except that H because its suitable growth factor (as pH, nutritional needs) of different microorganisms is variant
2S and remove NH
3Microorganism be in simultaneously under the adapt circumstance condition, thereby be difficult to keep simultaneously higher H
2S and NH
3Remove efficient.Therefore research and develop a kind of microorganism that can efficiently remove gaseous mixture simultaneously, be undoubtedly most economical and effective biologic filtration method.
Work as H
2S and NH
3When mixture enters biological filtering tower combined working simultaneously, H
2S is oxidized to SO by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
4 2-, and NH
3By SO
4 2-Neutralization is (NH
4)
2SO
4, because (the NH of accumulation
4)
2SO
4Microbic activity can be suppressed, therefore, must screening high density (NH can be tolerated
4)
2SO
4Efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, make it can remove H simultaneously
2S and NH
3
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to present biological filtering tower combined working and remove H
2S and NH
3When mixing foul gas, in the filter tower, especially the envrionment conditions on the filler is difficult to satisfy simultaneously the requirement of multiple microorganism, and (the NH of accumulation
4)
2SO
4Can suppress microbic activity again, thereby make biological filtering tower combined working can not efficiently remove H simultaneously
2S and NH
3Mix foul gas.Screening and separating of the present invention is to a strain (NH
4)
2SO
4Tolerance type sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain (Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans), this bacterial strain can be with H
2S is oxidized to SO
4 2-, SO
4 2-Again with waste gas in NH
3Neutralization forms (NH
4)
2SO
4, reach and remove H simultaneously
2S and NH
3Purpose.This bacterial strain is (NH
4)
2SO
4The tolerance type is at high density (NH
4)
2SO
4Still have higher activity in the time of (60g/L), can not influence the removal efficient of biological filtering tower combined working.
The object of the present invention is to provide and a kind ofly can efficiently remove simultaneously NH
3And H
2Microorganism of S foul gas and preparation method thereof.
Of the present inventionly have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) bacterial strain, be deposited in Chinese microorganism strain on September 6th, 2007 and contain management committee common micro-organisms center, it abbreviates CGMCC as, and deposit number is CGMCC No.2158.
A kind of NH that removes simultaneously provided by the invention
3And H
2The microorganism of S foul gas, have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) bacterial strain, be that screening and separating obtains from the active sludge of sanitary sewage disposal factory, this bacterial strain can tolerate the ammonium sulfate of high density, belongs to existing thiobacillus kind.This bacterial strain is a rod-short, 0.5 μ m * 1.0 μ m, and terminal blunt circle, Gram-negative bacteria, on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) nutrient agar, bacterium colony is tiny, and (the cultivation initial stage is an oyster white for diameter 1～2mm), circle, and late stage of culture is a deep yellow.Obligate is aerobic, has a liking for acid, optimal pH=2.0～3.0, and optimum temperuture is 28～30 ℃.This bacterial strain is the chemolithotrophy type, can only be being the energy with elementary sulfur or Sulfothiorine, with CO
2Grow on the substratum for carbon source.
Of the present invention have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterium liquid can with the filler of biological filtering tower combined working, mix mutually as one or more of ordinary ceramsite, peat, mud, compost, gac, zeolite etc., recharge in the biological filtering tower combined working, carry out NH
3And H
2The processing of S mixing foul gas.Compare with the biological filtering tower combined working of in the past inoculation mixing microorganisms, have H
2S and NH
3Removal efficient height, advantage such as equipment is simple, non-secondary pollution, investment and working cost are low, easy to use is fit to the industrialization practice.
Of the present inventionly have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 strains separation in the active sludge of municipal sewage plant, with active sludge with SOB-1 substratum (K
2HPO
42g/L, KH
2PO
42g/L, MgCl
27H
2O 0.2g/L, NH
4Cl 0.4g/L, FeSO
47H
2O 0.01g/L, sulphur powder 10g/L, pH nature) at 30 ℃, 180 rev/mins of following enrichment culture, when medium pH is reduced to 2 or 2 when following, transfer being inoculated into (inoculum size is a volume ratio 10%) in the fresh SOB-1 substratum.After shifting 10 times continuously, culture finally is inoculated into 30 ℃ of following (differences of SOB-2 solid medium and SOB-1 substratum of cultivating in the dull and stereotyped SOB-2 solid medium, except having added 2% agar, the Sulfothiorine of the sulphur pruinescence 16g/L of 10g/L replaces, and all the other components are all identical).
The plate isolation thing cultivates that (difference of SOB-3 substratum and SOB-1 substratum is NH in the SOB-3 substratum again
4Cl is by 0.5-100g/L (NH
4)
2SO
4Replace, all the other are all identical), 30 ℃, cultivate down for 180 rev/mins.In the training period, observe the sulfate concentration of biomass, pH and accumulation.Select (NH in the substratum
4)
2SO
4The concentration height, well-grown, the bacterial strain that rate of oxidation is high promptly obtains having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain.
The culture condition of having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain of the present invention is as follows:
1) adopt the SOB substratum, the moiety of substratum (g/L):
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K
2HPO
4) 2
Potassium primary phosphate (KH
2PO
4) 2
Magnesium chloride (MgCl
27H
2O) 0.2
Ammonium sulfate [(NH
4)
2SO
4] 10
Ferrous sulfate (FeSO
47H
2O) 0.01
Sulphur powder (S) 10
2) culture condition: 28～32 ℃ of temperature, 180 rev/mins
3) carrier is a water, adds dilute sulphuric acid (or hydrochloric acid) and regulates pH=2.0～3.0.
The present invention compared with prior art has following advantage:
From active sludge separation screening to have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain (Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans), can efficiently remove H simultaneously
2S and NH
3Mix foul gas, in off gas treatment biofiltration facility, easily obtain optimum operational conditions, make simple to operateization.
2. this bacterial strain is an ammonium sulfate tolerance bacterial classification, can stand the ammonium sulfate of 60g/L high density, is unlikely to take place the product retarding effect, and influences microbic activity, thereby keep permanent deodorization ability.
3. the ammonium sulfate [(NH of Chan Shenging
4)
2SO
4] recyclable utilization, the raw material that as fertilizer sources is produced.
4. substratum moiety and culture condition are all comparatively simple, and investment and running cost are low, easily practice.
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Accompanying drawing 1 is had a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus biological filtering tower combined working setting drawing
Accompanying drawing 2H
2The S clearance is with the changing conditions of working time
Accompanying drawing 3NH
3Clearance is with the changing conditions of working time
Analysis determining method used among the following embodiment is:
Sulfate ion baryta yellow spectrophotometry.PH measures with the PHS-3C acidometer.Outlet NH
3Content 0.02molL
-1H
2SO
4Absorb 10 minutes, use clorox-Whitfield's ointment spectrophotometry again.Outlet H
2S content gc analysis (flame photometric detector).Vaporizer temperature, column temperature, detector temperature are respectively 150 ℃, 70 ℃, 200 ℃.Bacterium liquid turbidity is measured at the 660nm place with visible spectrophotometer.The cell quality adopts stem cell quality (DCW) expression, and the optical density(OD) of the unit in 660nm place is equivalent to 0.381g/DCW.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1 has a liking for the research of acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 strain growth temperature
Use the SOB substratum, pH=3.0 cultivates in 15～55 ℃ of scopes of temperature, carries out on the shaking table with temperature control capacity of test in temperature controlled compartment.Form with the sulphur oxidation that pH changes the growth conditions that comes indirect calculation elemental sulfur oxidation situation and bacterium in the amount of sulfate ion and the nutrient solution, the growth result when cultivating 5 days is as shown in table 1.
The growing state of table 1 CCW-Y2 bacterial strain under differing temps
| Culture temperature (℃) | 15 | 22 | 28 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 55 |
| The oxidation ratio of elemental sulfur (%) | 24.21 | 51.22 | 77.96 | 78.67 | 53.23 | 21.06 | 12.65 | 5.24 | 2.47 |
By the data of table 1 as seen, the optimum temps of CCW-Y2 strain growth is 28～30 ℃, is a kind of mesophilic bacteria.Be lower than 15 ℃ and still can grow, but be higher than 55 ℃ of growths hardly.
Use the SOB substratum, 30 ℃ of temperature are cultivated in pH=0.5～5.5 scopes, carry out on the shaking table with temperature control capacity of test in temperature controlled compartment.Form with the sulphur oxidation that pH changes the growth conditions that comes indirect calculation elemental sulfur oxidation situation and bacterium in the amount of sulfate ion and the nutrient solution, the growth result when cultivating 5 days is as shown in table 2.
The growing state of table 2 CCW-Y2 bacterial strain under different pH
| Nutrient solution pH | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
| The oxidation ratio of elemental sulfur (%) | 14.01 | 21.63 | 57.96 | 78.16 | 77.03 | 77.13 | 62.65 | 45.24 | 12.47 |
Data by table 2 show, the CCW-Y2 bacterial strain is 0.5～5.5 all can grow at pH, and the optimal pH of growth is 2.0～3.0, is a kind of acidophilic bacteria.
Embodiment 3 has a liking for the research of the anti-ammonium sulfate of acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain
Use the SOB substratum of a series of different content ammonium sulfate, 30 ℃ of temperature, pH=2.5 cultivates down, carries out on the shaking table with temperature control capacity of test in temperature controlled compartment.To investigate the growth conditions of elemental sulfur oxidation situation and bacterium than sulphur rate of oxidation (the sulphur amount of oxidation of unit mass cell DCW in the unit time), the growth result when cultivating 5 days is as shown in table 3.
The growing state of table 3 CCW-Y2 bacterial strain under different ammonium sulfate concentrations
| Ammonium sulfate concentrations (g/L) | 0.5 | 1.0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 |
| Than sulphur rate of oxidation (g S/g DCWd) | 2.20 | 2.28 | 2.36 | 3.06 | 2.97 | 2.52 | 1.73 | 1.26 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
By the data of table 3 as seen, when ammonium sulfate concentrations when 0.5g/L rises to 10g/L, improve than sulphur rate of oxidation thereupon.But when ammonium sulfate concentrations when 15g/L rises to 80g/L, reduce than of the increase of sulphur rate of oxidation with concentration.Illustrate that the ammonium sulfate of high density has suppressed the sulphur oxidation activity of CCW-Y2 bacterial strain.Yet, in ammonium sulfate concentrations during up to 60g/L, bacterial strain still have 1.26g S/g DCWd than sulphur rate of oxidation.This shows that the CCW-Y2 bacterial strain can tolerate the ammonium sulfate of 60g/L.
Embodiment 4 has a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain to H
2S and NH
3The removal research of mixed gas
The microbe preparation method of present embodiment is as follows:
1) preparation 2L SOB-1 substratum, nutrient media components is as follows: dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K
2HPO
4) 2g/L; Potassium primary phosphate (KH
2PO
4) 2g/L; Magnesium chloride (MgCl
27H
2O) 0.2g/L; Ammonium sulfate [(NH
4)
2SO
4] 10g/L; Ferrous sulfate (FeSO
47H
2O) 0.01g/L.
2) 2L SOB-1 substratum is distributed into 5 bottles (Erlenmeyer flasks), and every bottle of 400mL sterilized 20 minutes for 121 ℃.
3) the every bag of sulphur powder 1g, first water proof boiling 2 hours was shone 8 hours under ultraviolet lamp again.
The acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) of having a liking for that 4) will filter out is inoculated into (inoculum size is a volume ratio 10%) in the SOB-1 substratum, adds the sulphur powder simultaneously, and making sulphur powder concentration is 10g/L.30 ℃, cultivate down for 180 rev/mins.
5) after 5 days Erlenmeyer flask is taken out, left standstill 1～2 minute, treat that the sulphur powder sinks after, isolate nutrient solution, with nutrient solution in 8000 rev/mins centrifugal 25 minutes, the somatic cells resuspending of results is in 40mL not in the SOB-1 substratum of sulfur-bearing, and is standby.
The above-mentioned microbial inoculum for preparing is inoculated in the biological filtering tower combined working, operates as follows:
1) get common discarded white ceramic tile, it is ground into diameter is 7～11mm (mean diameter 9mm), in 121 ℃ of sterilizations 20 minutes down, 110 ℃ of freeze-day with constant temperature half an hour, standby again with the clean back of distilled water wash.
2) above-mentioned 40mL is contained bacterium liquid and the 82g ceramic particle of having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus and mix, standby.
3) biological filtering tower combined working (internal diameter 52mm, high 353mm) that adopts synthetic glass to make is seen Fig. 1.Fill the ceramic particle of above-mentioned load microbial inoculum in the filter tower 10 as filler 7.Packing volume is 0.32L, and packing height is 18cm, and tamped density is 342.3g/L, and biomass is the 4.31gDCW/kg carrier.H
2S is from basin 1, NH
3Gas is from basin 2, and air, mixes in gas mixing tank 4 respectively by gas meter 3 from compressor 5, enters from biological filtering tower combined working 10 tops again, forms air inlet 6.Handling back gas 8 discharges from the filter tower bottom.Percolate 9 is discharged at the bottom of tower.The stable back of reactor empty tower gas velocity is 140/h.Service temperature is 28 ℃.Spray the 50mL sterile purified water every day from filter top, to keep carrier humidity 60%～70%, spray 100mL sterilization SOB-1 substratum weekly from filter top.Every 3-5 days, measure one time the import and export gas concentration.Treatment effect is seen Fig. 2 and shown in Figure 3.
By Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 as seen, inoculated have a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) biological filtering tower combined working to H
2S and NH
3Higher removal efficient, especially H are all arranged
2The removal efficient of S is higher, almost reaches 100%.And the biological filtering tower combined working reactor is near bimestrial in service, it is comparatively steady always to remove efficient, show the envrionment conditions of having a liking for the suitable biological filtering tower combined working of acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans), this has created precondition for the actual production utilization.
Claims (4)
1, a kind of NH that removes simultaneously
3And H
2The microorganism of S foul gas is had a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus (Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans) CCW-Y2 bacterial strain, and it contains management committee's common micro-organisms center preservation at Chinese microorganism strain, and deposit number is CGMCC No.2158.
2, microorganism according to claim 1 is characterized in that having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus (Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans) CCW-Y2 bacterial strain, is (NH
4)
2SO
4Tolerance type sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can tolerate the ammonium sulfate up to 60g/L.
3, the preparation method who has a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) CCW-Y2 bacterial strain according to claim 1 is characterized in that cultivating under the following conditions having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain:
(1) moiety of substratum (g/L):
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate K
2HPO
42
Potassium primary phosphate KH
2PO
42
Magnesium chloride Mg Cl
27H
2O 0.2
Ammonium sulfate (NH
4)
2SO
410
Ferrous sulfate FeSO
47H
2O 0.01
Sulphur powder S 10
Earlier preceding 5 kinds of mineral salts are mixed with solution; The every bag of sulphur powder 1g, first water proof boiling 2 hours was shone 8 hours under ultraviolet lamp again; Before inoculation, the sulphur powder is joined in the solution, mix;
(2) culture condition: 28～32 ℃ of temperature, 150～180 rev/mins;
(3) carrier is a water, adds dilute sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid and regulates pH=2.0～3.0;
After (4) 5 days culture vessel is taken out, left standstill 1～2 minute, treat that the sulphur powder sinks after, isolate nutrient solution, with nutrient solution in 8000 rev/mins centrifugal 25 minutes, the somatic cells resuspending of results not in the above-mentioned substratum of sulfur-bearing, is promptly turned out the above-mentioned acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus CCW-Y2 bacterial strain of having a liking in 40mL.
4, the purposes of having a liking for acid oxidase sulphur thiobacillus (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) CCW-Y2 bacterial strain according to claim 1 is characterized in that bacterial classification can be inoculated in the exhaust-gas treatment facilities, can remove H simultaneously
2S and NH
3Mix foul gas.
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2007
- 2007-11-26 CN CNB2007101571541A patent/CN100560715C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (6)
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| 微生物脱臭的技术研究. 李淑芹等.东北农业大学学报，第34卷第1期. 2003 |
| 微生物脱臭的技术研究. 李淑芹等.东北农业大学学报，第34卷第1期. 2003 * |
| 硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对煤矿废弃物的氧化脱硫特性. 胡瑜等.应用与环境生物学报，第13卷第1期. 2007 |
| 硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对煤矿废弃物的氧化脱硫特性. 胡瑜等.应用与环境生物学报，第13卷第1期. 2007 * |
| 鸡粪除臭微生物菌群的筛选和应用. 赵晨曦等.湖南农业科学，第1期. 2005 |
| 鸡粪除臭微生物菌群的筛选和应用. 赵晨曦等.湖南农业科学，第1期. 2005 * |
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| CN101200698A (en) | 2008-06-18 |
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