CN100523110C - 用于氟聚合物膜的增强粘合剂以及含增强粘合剂的结构 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了用于粘合含氟聚合物的粘合剂。该粘合剂是线性低密度聚乙烯、乙烯聚合物塑性体、聚烯烃弹性体和具有酸或酸衍生物官能团的改性聚烯烃的共混物。还提供了含氟聚合物/粘合剂复合结构。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及适用于粘合含氟聚合物的聚烯烃型粘合剂共混物。更具体地说,粘合剂组合物适用于将含氟聚合物粘合至丙烯聚合物,是线性低密度聚乙烯、塑性体、弹性体材料和改性聚烯烃的共混物。本发明还提供含有丙烯聚合物层、聚(偏二氟乙烯)层和粘合剂组合物插入层的复合结构。
背景技术
聚丙烯(PP)树脂在汽车工业中广泛用于生产大部件如减震器、车身侧面成型体等。虽然在这些产品的物理性质优化方面已经取得了进展,油漆粘合仍是一个问题。即使开发了用于喷涂的合适罩面漆,但该方法是劳动密集型的,需要通过打底漆等方法制备成型部件表面并涂布一层或多层油漆罩面漆。
由聚(偏二氟乙烯)(PVDF)分散体铸塑的着色薄膜在汽车工业中正逐渐被用来制造着色修边部件。该方法涉及用热的方法层压PVDF型漆膜至聚烯烃片,一般是聚丙烯型热塑性聚烯烃(TPO)上。然后将多层片热成型为所需形状。但是,这种方法仍有问题,因为PVDF膜,正如其代替的喷漆一样,与丙烯聚合物的粘合力差。在丙烯聚合物与PVDF层之间需要粘合剂或结合层以粘合各种物质。
氯化聚烯烃如氯化聚乙烯已被用于粘合PVDF与PP,但是它们的应用限于热层压工艺,因为氯化聚乙烯在共挤压工艺所用低剪切速率下流动性差,并且在加工PP所需的高温下不稳定。在此方法中独立形成氯化聚乙烯片或膜,然后夹在PVDF与PP片或薄膜的层之间,并将多层结构热层压以使各层粘合在一起。然后将所得多层复合材料热成型以获得最终部件。该工艺并非完全令人满意,因为氯化聚乙烯在一个或两个制造作业中可能放出氯化氢(HC1),取决于所用温度。
聚氨酯与聚丙烯酸类如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲脂)是已知用于PVDF的粘合剂。聚烯烃,特别是乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)共聚物也是已知的。可用EVA的乙酸乙烯酯(VA)含量倾向于高一些,这大大限制了它们在PP中的效用,因为在加工PP的高温,一般高于450℉下它们倾向于降解。如此导致不需要的乙酸和水释放,并且出现黑斑(分解的聚合物)。
Dehennau(US4,959,269)指出EVA共聚物(>36%VA)粘合于PVDF,但粘合效果不如氨基甲酸酯和丙烯酸酯。FR-A-1,484,153描述了将含有13至35%VA的EVA用于将聚烯烃粘合至氟化烃聚合物,包括PVDF。Decroly(US4,659,625)指出含有至少50%VA的EVA粘合至PVDF以及极性聚合物如聚酯、聚丙烯酸类、尼龙等。Kim(US5,139,878)描述了将酸酐改性聚烯烃和乙烯-烷基酯共聚物,如乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯(EMA)的共混物用作PVDF的粘合剂。DeAntonis(US4,677,017)指出PVDF可以通过使用由改性EVA(例如,用羧酸酐改性)和EVA共聚物组成的粘合剂聚合物共混物粘合至聚烯烃。其它涉及含氟聚合物油漆和装饰膜涂于基物上应用的文献包括US4,810,540、4,943,680和6,251,506及PCT已公开申请(WO94/0337)。
仍然需要用于粘合含氟聚合物的粘合剂。如果可以得到便宜的、可以直接涂层在PP上或与PP共挤出、并且用来粘合PVDF膜的聚烯烃粘合剂共混物,将更有利。
发明内容
这些以及其它目的由本发明的粘合剂组合物完成,该组合物是由以下物质组成的共混物:(a)20至40重量%(wt%)线性低密度聚乙烯,基于组合物总量;(b)10至35wt%乙烯-α-烯烃塑性体,基于组合物总量;(c)15至40wt%弹性体聚合物,基于组合物总量;和(d)5至35wt%接枝有0.3至4wt%不饱和酸或酸衍生物的改性聚烯烃,基于组合物总量。
在优选实施方案中(a)是密度0.915至约0.925g/cm3的乙烯-C4-8α-烯烃共聚物,(b)具有密度0.86至约0.90g/cm3,(c)是乙烯共聚物如EPR或EPDM,其中乙烯是主要单体,以及(d)是马来酸酐接枝的乙烯均聚物或共聚物。
非常有用的粘合剂共混物含有15至35wt%(a),15至25wt%(b),20至35wt%(c)和10至25wt%(d)。(d)是接枝有0.5至3.5wt%马来酸酐的HDPE或LLDPE时,特别有利。
还提供了复合结构,其包括含粘合剂共混物的含氟聚合物基物和具有粘合剂共混物插入层的含氟聚合物/丙烯聚合物结构。这些结构可以通过层压、挤出或共挤出方法生产。
具体实施方式
本发明的粘合剂共混物含有20至40wt%线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE),10至35wt%乙烯-α-烯烃塑性体,15至40wt%弹性体(共)聚合物以及5至35wt%接枝有0.3至4wt%不饱和酸或酸衍生物的改性聚烯烃。还可以包括非必要成分如其它树脂、稳定剂、抗氧化剂,但是它们的组合总量一般少于10wt%,更一般少于5wt%。此处使用的重量百分数基于粘合剂组合物总重量计。
本发明使用的LLDPE树脂通过乙烯和C4-8α-烯烃经常规聚合获得。乙烯与丁烯-1、己烯-1和辛烯-1的共聚物特别有用。这些共聚物具有密度约0.915至约0.925g/cm3,熔融指数(MI)约1至约20g/10min。此处提供的MI根据ASTM D 1238-01,条件190/2.16测定。LLDPE包括使用Ziegler Natta、茂金属或单点催化剂制备的LLDPE。特别有用的是,具有至少部分网络结构,被认为由树脂中存在的硬相和软相缔合形成的LLDPE共聚物。这些具有网络结构的LLDPE树脂及其制备和表征方法描述于US6,171,993中,在此引入作为参考。乙烯-己烯-1共聚物,包括所谓的"超己烯(super hexene)"树脂是特别有用的用于粘合剂共混物配方的LLDPE。可商购的可用乙烯-己烯-1 LLDPE的例子是GA 615-050(密度0.918g/cm3;7MI;Equistar Chemicals L.P.);PE 7235(密度0.924g/cm3;3.5MI;Chevron Phillips Chemical Co.);LL 3003(密度0.918g/cm3;3.2MI;ExxonMobil Chemical Co.)。优选密度约0.917至约0.924g/cm3、MI约3至约8g/10min的乙烯-己烯-1共聚物。
塑性体组分是以乙烯为主要成分,使用茂金属或“单点”催化剂制备的乙烯型共聚物。具有与过渡金属阳离子配位的至少一个环戊二烯基或类似配位体的茂金属或单点催化剂,以及使用这些催化剂体系制备的塑性体是已知的。金属茂催化剂和方法描述于US5,017,714和US5,324,820中,在此引入作为参考。
用于本发明的有用塑性体是乙烯与α-烯烃共聚物,其中乙烯约87至约95mol%,α-烯烃共聚单体约5至约13mol%。α-烯烃共聚单体一般是丁烯-1、己烯-1或辛烯-1,尽管可以使用其它α-烯烃。塑性体将具有密度约0.86至约0.90g/cm3。塑性体共聚物更详细地描述于US6,207,754中,在此引入作为参考。为得到本发明的有用粘合剂共混物,采用MI0.5至20g/10min,更优选1至10g/10min的塑性体。在本发明非常有用的实施方案中,塑性体是密度0.878g/cm3、MI 3g/10min的乙烯-丁烯-1共聚物(Exact 4041;ExxonMobil Chemical Co.)。其它用于本发明的可商购塑性体包括Exact 4011(乙烯-丁烯-1共聚物;密度0.888g/cm3;2.2MI;ExxonMobil Chemical Co.);Exact 4150(乙烯-己烯-1共聚物;密度0.895g/cm3;3.5MI;ExxonMobil ChemicalCo.);Engage 8585(乙烯-辛烯-1共聚物;密度0.885g/cm3;2.5MI;Dow Chemical Co.)。
弹性聚合物与LLDPE以及塑性体一起用于生产粘合剂共混物。用于此目的的弹性体应该与这些树脂以及改性聚烯烃相容。不相容性将导致加工性能变差,挤出过程中相分离以及粘合性变差。乙烯弹性体共聚物,特别是其中乙烯是主要单体的共聚物特别有用。
乙丙橡胶(EPR)和乙烯-丙烯-二烯烃橡胶(EPDM)是用于本发明粘合剂组合物的特别有用的弹性体组分。这些弹性体一般含有约50wt%至约80wt%乙烯,在本发明非常有用的实施方案中,使用含有55至75wt%乙烯的EPR或EPDM。此类产品通过本领域公知的常规聚合方法得到,包括所谓的茂金属橡胶。这里使用的术语"弹性体"或"弹性体的"指具有类橡胶性能,很少或没有结晶的产品。
以上类型的示例性,并且可商购的弹性体包括BUNA EP T 2070(22Mooney ML(1+4)125℃,68%乙烯,32%丙烯)、BUNA EP T 2370(16Mooney,3%乙叉基降冰片烯,72%乙烯;25%丙烯);BUNA EP T 2460(21 Mooney,4%乙叉基降冰片烯,62%乙烯,34%丙烯)、VISTALON 707(72%乙烯,28%丙烯;22.5Mooney);和VISTALON 828(60%乙烯,40%丙烯;51 Mooney)。BUNA EP T 2070对本申请特别有用。
粘合剂共混物还可包括非衍生自乙烯的其它弹性体。此类弹性体的例子包括聚(异丁烯)、异丁烯-异戌二烯共聚物、氯化异丁烯-异戌二烯共聚物、丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、异戌二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、异戌二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、异戌二烯-乙烯基甲苯嵌段共聚物、丁二烯-苯乙烯氢化共聚物、异戌二烯-苯乙烯氢化嵌段共聚物、丙烯腈-丁二烯共聚物、甲基丙烯腈-丁二烯共聚物、丙烯腈-异戌二烯共聚物、甲基丙烯腈-异戌二烯共聚物等。
粘合剂共混物还包含含有酸或酸衍生物官能团的改性聚烯烃。此类改性聚烯烃是已知的,最普通的是通过不饱和羧酸和羧酸酐,或其衍生物与聚乙烯在接枝条件下反应得到的接枝聚乙烯。沿聚乙烯骨架引入接枝用单体,即酸、酸酐或衍生物。
这里使用的术语聚乙烯包括乙烯均聚物树脂以及乙烯与丙烯、丁烯-1、己烯-1和辛烯-1的共聚物树脂。这些均聚物和共聚物树脂通过包括茂金属和单点聚合方法的已知聚合技术得到。还包括两种或多种上述类型均聚物或共聚物的混合物。在本发明特别有用的实施方案中,接枝聚烯烃是高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)或LLDPE。
有用的HDPE具有密度0.94g/cm3和以上,LLDPE具有密度至多0.939g/cc。
适用于接枝用单体的羧酸或酸酐包括化合物如丙烯酸、马来酸、富马酸、柠康酸、中康酸、马来酸酐、4-甲基环己-4-烯-1,2-二羧酸或酸酐、双环(2.2.2)辛-5-烯-2,3-二羧酸或酸酐、双环(2.2.1)庚-5-烯-2,3-二羧酸或酸酐、四氢邻苯二甲酸或酸酐、甲基双环(2.2.1)庚-5-烯-2,3-二羧酸或酸酐、桥亚甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基丙次甲基邻苯二甲酸酐、himic酸酐和甲基himic酸酐。可用于接枝聚乙烯的酸酐衍生物包括马来酸二烷基酯、富马酸二烷基酯、衣康酸二烷基酯、中康酸二烷基酯、柠康酸二烷基酯和巴豆酸烷基酯。合适的是使用一种以上接枝用单体以控制改性聚烯烃产品的物理性能。马来酸酐是特别有用的接枝用单体。
接枝根据已知方法,一般通过在有或无溶剂下通过加热聚烯烃和接枝单体的混合物来完成。最典型地,在剪切施加挤出机/反应器中,在基本上无溶剂的情况下熔融混合聚乙烯与接枝用单体制备接枝产品。双螺杆挤出机,如Coperion(以前是Werner-Pfleiderer)以名称ZSK-53和ZSK-83市售的那些特别适于进行接枝操作。自由基生成催化剂,如有机过氧化物可以使用但并非必要。
接枝于聚烯烃上的酸或酸衍生物共聚单体的用量可以为约0.3至约4wt%。在本发明的优选实施方案中,当马来酸酐接枝于HDPE或LLDPE上时,接枝马来酸酐浓度优选是0.5至3.5wt%。改性聚烯烃的MI最通常是约0.5至约20g/10min。
该粘合剂组合物通过任何传统方法熔融混合LLDPE、塑性体、弹性体和改性聚烯烃制备。在班伯里密炼机或挤出机中混合特别方便。各种组分可以在熔融混合前干混和或在熔融混合过程中分别添加。对于大多数应用,粘合剂共混物还含有一种或多种稳定剂,如抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、UV抑制剂等。这些稳定剂的类型和用量取决于最终用途。其他成分可以添加至正在熔融混合的所有组分的混合物中,或在最终熔融混合操作前与一种或多种组分预混合。后一种方法,称为母炼,有利地用于引入以低含量使用的添加剂。一般地,将熔融混合组合物造粒以备后续储存和使用,但是可以从熔融混合操作中得到后就直接使用。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,用于粘合含氟聚合物和丙烯聚合物的非常有用的粘合剂共混物由15至35wt%LLDPE,15至25wt%塑性体,20至35wt%弹性体和10至25wt%改性聚烯烃组成。更有利的是,当LLDPE是最优选具有网络结构乙烯-己烯-1共聚物时,塑性体是乙烯-己烯-1塑性体以及弹性体是EPR。甚至更优选改性聚烯烃是接枝有0.5至3.5wt%马来酸酐的HDPE。
上述粘合剂共混物可用来粘合各种基物。例如,它们可用于粘合塑料、木材、玻璃、纸、复合材料、金属等至相似或不相似的基物上。但是它们最有利的是粘合含氟聚合物如PVDF和丙烯聚合物(PP)基物。含有通过本发明粘合剂共混物插入层粘合的PP层和PVDF层的复合结构特别有利。代表性的这种结构是PVDF/结合层/PP,其中“结合层”表示粘合剂共混物。PP层可以是丙烯均聚物或共聚物如乙烯-丙烯抗冲共聚物或热塑性聚烯烃(TPO)。
PVDF/结合层/PP结构可以通过层叠各种组分的预成形膜,和热层压以实现粘合来生产。另外,通过共挤出粘合剂共混物与PVDF或PP得到的双层膜可以用类似方法形成并且加热层压。例如,使用热层压方法,PVDF/结合层膜可以粘合至PP膜或PP/结合层膜粘合至PVDF膜。有利的制造模式涉及共挤出PVDF、PP和粘合剂共混物,或共挤出两种组分,如PP和粘合剂共混物,并且将预成形PVDF膜层叠至熔融挤出物上。通常,通过粘合剂共混物的熔融层使PVDF和PP接触的任何装配工艺都将实现粘合。但是,最优粘合将通过审慎地平衡用于所用PVDF和PP特定组合的粘合剂共混物的装配方法与组成补偿来实现。
用于热层压的最佳时间和温度将取决于具体情况,就象结合层厚度那样。但通常,用于热层压的温度将是约125至200℃,层压时间是约1秒至约2分钟。结合层的厚度可以在约0.1mil和10mil间变化,但是最优选约0.3至2mil。
含有多层结构的PVDF和PP层以及任选附加层的厚度,以及这种结构的总厚度并不重要,取决于最终用途。多层结构可以是相对较薄的膜和片至相对较厚的制品,如汽车装饰片和减震器。显然,用于生产这些变化多样的产品的制造工艺将有所区别。但是可以使用共挤出技术生产多层膜,模塑和热成形方法一般用来形成减震器和其它汽车模塑制品。
共挤出方法中,当含有各种膜层的多层膜通过挤出每种物质的熔融层形成时,必要的是所有物质的熔融性能都足够相似,以允许通过同一口模挤出而生产问题最少。
下列实施例说明本发明;但是本领域的技术人员将明白在本发明精神和权利要求范围之内的多种变化。
为说明粘合剂共混物对含氟聚合物和丙烯聚合物的粘合性,制备2mil粘合剂共混物薄膜,并热封至PVDF和TPO基物。改变热封温度和热封时间。首先干混合各成分,然后在约425℉在双螺杆挤压机中熔融混合混合物,然后造粒得到粘合剂共混物膜。然后在长径比24:1、压缩比3:1的3/4英寸Brabender单螺杆挤出机上将粒化共混物挤出为6英寸宽、2mil厚的膜。挤出熔融温度是约425℉。
然后将粘合剂共混物膜热封至1.5mil TPO膜和PVDF膜,进行粘合性测试。TPO膜由MFR1.7g/10min(ASTM D1238-01,条件230/2.16)的商购矿物填充热成形级树脂(EQUISTAR PD951GRY)制备。PVDF膜是预先层压至基物上的商购着色PVDF漆膜。使用Sencorp型12ASL/1热封机。顶部密封条被加热至温度300℉至425℉。底部密封条未受热。为进行热封,2mil聚四氟乙烯膜片被放置在顶部密封条与粘合剂共混物膜、底部密封条与TPO或PVDF基物之间用于热封。压力是40psig。
通过手拉确定膜是否可以剥离,即粘合破坏,或是否存在表明粘合剂的粘着力高于粘合膜拉伸强度的内聚破坏来测试热封结构的粘合性。剥离几何形状根据评估的是对TPO还是对PVDF的粘合性变化。对于TPO粘合性,使用普通的T-剥离几何形状(ASTMD 1876),即膜以相对于彼此180°被拉开。因为PVDF是在硬性背衬上,粘合剂膜以相对于PVDF基物90°被拉开。
使用含有31wt%LLDPE(乙烯-己烯共聚物;密度0.918g/cm3;MI7g/10min),25wt%乙烯-丁烯塑性体;密度0.878g/cm3;MI 3g/10min),14wt%马来酸酐接枝HDPE(1.8wt%MAH;密度0.946g/cm3;MI10g/10min),和30wt%乙丙橡胶(68wt%乙烯;32wt%丙烯;Mooney22ML(1+4)125℃)的粘合剂共混物制备粘合剂膜。
TPO和PVDF粘合剂膜的剥离强度随热封温度和热封时间增加而增加。对PVDF样品使用1秒的热封时间,在高于350℉的温度下成功实现粘合,换言之内聚强度小于粘合强度。当热封时间增至2秒,在温度350℉以下实现对PVDF基物的可接受粘合力。在约300℉温度下热封的膜不能剥离。对于用TPO膜和2秒热封时间制备的样品,当温度增至425℉时剥离强度增加。425℉时样品内聚破坏并且不能被剥离。通过比较使用由68wt%乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、5wt%乙烯-丁烯塑性体、12wt%马来酸酐-接枝HDPE和15wt%乙丙橡胶组成的商购热封粘合剂的PVDF膜获得的剥离强度来说明以上粘合PVDF基物结果的重要性。尽管随热封时间和热封温度增加剥离强度有所增加,膜总是可以剥离,换言之即使在高达400℉的热封温度和2秒的热封时间下,粘合均告失败。
以上结果说明本发明的粘合剂共混物适于用作层压应用中PVDF的粘合剂,其中PVDF用作透明涂层或粘合剂体系以承载用于彩色和纹理(grain)涂层的颜料。PVDF因其耐UV光性,耐气候性和耐化学性而可用于这样的应用。
Claims (15)
1.一种粘合剂共混物,其由如下组分组成:
(a)基于粘合剂共混物总重量20至40wt%线性低密度乙烯-C4-8α-烯烃共聚物,其密度为0.915-0.925g/cm3和熔融指数为1-20g/10min,根据ASTM D1238-01,条件190/2.16测定;
(b)基于粘合剂共混物总重量10至35wt%由87至95mol%乙烯与5至13mol%丁烯-1、己烯-1或辛烯-1组成的乙烯-α-烯烃塑性体共聚物,它具有密度0.86至0.90g/cm3,熔融指数0.5至20g/10min,根据ASTMD1238-01,条件190/2.16测定;
(c)基于粘合剂共混物总重量15至40wt%弹性聚合物,该弹性聚合物是含有50至80wt%乙烯的乙丙橡胶或含有50至80wt%乙烯的乙烯-丙烯-二烯烃橡胶;以及
(d)基于粘合剂共混物总重量5至35wt%接枝有0.3至4wt%不饱和酸或酸衍生物的改性聚烯烃。
2.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(a)是密度0.915至0.925g/cm3的乙烯-C4-8α-烯烃共聚物;(d)是与马来酸酐接枝的乙烯均聚物或共聚物。
3.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(a)是乙烯与丁烯-1、己烯-1或辛烯-1的共聚物。
4.如权利要求3所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(a)是乙烯与己烯-1的共聚物,它具有密度0.917至0.924g/cm3,熔融指数3至8g/10min。
5.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(b)是乙烯与丁烯-1的共聚物,它具有熔融指数1至10g/10min。
6.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(d)是接枝马来酸酐的乙烯均聚物或乙烯与丙烯、丁烯-1、己烯-1或辛烯-1的共聚物。
7.如权利要求6所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(d)是接枝有0.5至3.5wt%马来酸酐的高密度聚乙烯,它具有熔融指数0.5至20g/10min。
8.如权利要求6所述的粘合剂共混物,其中(d)是接枝有0.5至3.5wt%马来酸酐的线性低密度聚乙烯,它具有熔融指数0.5至20g/10min。
9.如权利要求2所述的粘合剂共混物,含有15至35wt%(a),15至25wt%(b),20至35wt%(c)以及10至25wt%(d)。
10.一种复合结构,含有:(i)含氟聚合物基物,以及其上粘合的(ii)粘合剂共混物,该共混物由如下组分组成:
(a)基于粘合剂共混物总重量20至40wt%的线性低密度乙烯-C4-8α-烯烃共聚物,它具有密度0.915至0.925g/cm3和熔融指数为1-20g/10min,根据ASTM D1238-01,条件190/2.16测定;(b)基于粘合剂共混物总重量10至35wt%由87至95mol%乙烯与5至13mol%丁烯-1、己烯-1或辛烯-1组成的乙烯-α-烯烃塑性体共聚物,它具有密度0.86至0.90g/cm3,熔融指数0.5至20g/min,根据ASTM D1238-01,条件190/2.16测定;(c)基于粘合剂共混物总重量15至40wt%的弹性体乙烯共聚物,该弹性体乙烯共聚物是含有50至80wt%乙烯的乙丙橡胶或含有50至80wt%乙烯的乙烯-丙烯-二烯烃橡胶;以及(d)基于粘合剂共混物总重量5至35wt%的接枝有0.3至4wt%马来酸酐的改性乙烯均聚物或共聚物。
11.通过层压、挤出或共挤出方法制备的如权利要求10所述的复合结构。
12.如权利要求11所述的复合结构,其中含氟聚合物基物是聚(偏二氟乙烯)。
13.如权利要求11所述的复合结构,还含有丙烯聚合物基物,并且其中所述含氟聚合物与丙烯聚合物基物通过所述粘合剂共混物插入层粘合在一起。
14.如权利要求13所述的复合结构,其中含氟聚合物是聚(偏二氟乙烯),丙烯聚合物是丙烯均聚物或共聚物。
15.如权利要求14所述的复合结构,其中含氟聚合物是着色的聚(偏二氟乙烯)膜。
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WO2004106452A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
MXPA05012891A (es) | 2006-02-22 |
CN1774485A (zh) | 2006-05-17 |
EP1629061A1 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
US20040242778A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
CA2521367A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
US6838520B2 (en) | 2005-01-04 |
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