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CN100516781C - 光纤监视系统 - Google Patents

光纤监视系统 Download PDF

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CN100516781C
CN100516781C CNB2004800276209A CN200480027620A CN100516781C CN 100516781 C CN100516781 C CN 100516781C CN B2004800276209 A CNB2004800276209 A CN B2004800276209A CN 200480027620 A CN200480027620 A CN 200480027620A CN 100516781 C CN100516781 C CN 100516781C
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D·J·希尔
P·J·纳什
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Optasense Holdings Ltd
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    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35303—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using a reference fibre, e.g. interferometric devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35383—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using multiple sensor devices using multiplexing techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/181—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using active radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/183—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using active radiation detection systems by interruption of a radiation beam or barrier
    • G08B13/186—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using active radiation detection systems by interruption of a radiation beam or barrier using light guides, e.g. optical fibres

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Abstract

光纤监视系统(10)包括光纤传感器(15)，该光纤传感器(15)包括串联的光纤点传感器(16)阵列(15)，连续的点传感器由分布式光纤传感器(18)连接。与现有技术相比，该系统允许确定入侵者事件顺着传感器的位置，并降低误报警的发生率。

Description

光纤监视系统
技术领域
本发明涉及光纤监视系统，尤其是光纤周界监视系统。
背景技术
众所周知，光纤可作为探测元件来检测压力、应变等，由光纤输出光的例如振幅、频率或者偏振等特性的变化来推断光纤的外部状态。欧洲专利号0365062描述了压力传感器的例子。
一种周界监视的方法是在待监视周界周围的地面以下布置单一长度的光纤，并将来自LED或者激光二极管的辐射耦合入该光纤。由于穿越光纤所限定的周界的人、车辆或者其他对象的重量的原因而在该光纤上产生了压力，导致光纤内辐射反向散射量的变化(由于光纤弯曲的原因)，因此可检测入侵者的存在。但是，这种系统有三个明显的缺点，(i)不能准确地确定入侵者穿越该周界的位置，(ii)明显的误报警率，(iii)没有给出关于入侵者或者对象特性的信息，和(iv)不能在一个单独的光纤上多路复用多个探测区域。可选择地，该光纤的传输可像专利US4812645描述的那样受到监视。这种类型的系统存在类似的缺点。
光纤干涉计传感器能够用于检测压力和振动。当一定长度的光纤受到外部压力时，该光纤发生变形。这种变形使该光纤的光学路径长度发生变化，这可以被检测成顺着该光纤行进的光的相位变化。由于可以分析非常小的相位变化，所以光纤传感器对施加的压力特别敏感。将这种传感器称作干涉计传感器。这种高敏感性允许光纤传感器用于比如声学水听器中，其中可按照常规方式检测出强度相当于10-4Pa压力的声波。公开的UK专利申请2262803描述了一种具有串联的分布式光纤传感器阵列的干涉计系统，但是这种系统不能提供关于入侵者的准确位置信息或者与入侵者的特性相关的信息。
公开的UK专利申请2176364公开了一种串联的局部光纤传感器阵列。这个系统只能检测入侵者、车辆等是否经过了一个局部传感器。
根据本发明的第一方面，这些问题都通过用于监视系统的光纤传感器阵列而得以改进，所述光纤传感器阵列的特征在于，该传感器阵列包括至少两个光纤点传感器，其中每对连续的点传感器由分布式光纤传感器链接起来。
光纤传感器的优点在于：它们能够被多路复用，而无需依靠本地电子设备。干涉计传感器也可形成长度长到足以覆盖典型的安全区域周界(20-100米)的长度的分布式传感器。通过采用点传感器和间隙分布式传感器的这种混合方法，该系统得到高的检测效率。
本发明的第二方面提供一种光纤监视系统，其特征在于：该系统包括本发明的光纤传感器，该传感器连接到询问系统，该询问系统适于对由于施加到该传感器的力而引起的该阵列中的至少一个传感器的光学相移作出响应，并确定施加所述力的位置。
该力可以由穿越在监视之下的路径的人、动物、车辆或者其他对象施加，该传感器阵列安置在该路径的上面或者附近，或者安置在该路径的下面。
这提供了一种低成本、可靠的光纤监视系统，其适用于周界监控，并且能够被高度地多路复用。可进行远程询问，所以既不需要本地电子设备，也不需要本地电源。
该光纤传感器阵列可通过光缆或者可选择地，通过变送器和电缆连接到询问系统。
该光纤点传感器可包括缠绕成弯曲盘的光纤，或者例如是地音探听器。
可选择地，该光纤点传感器可以是光纤加速计。对安全和地震勘测中监控特别低的振动水平的需求促进了更加敏感的加速计的开发。光纤技术已经以基于干涉测量技术的光纤加速计的形式应用于这个特定的领域。当光纤加速计的设计的顺变柱体方法结合到这种干涉计中时，这种顺变柱体方法就特别有效。在一种已知的方法中，测震质量由两个顺变柱体保持在适当的位置，在每个柱体的圆周缠绕有单模光纤，这两个顺变柱体就构成一个干涉计的臂。在另外一种方法中，在载有测震质量的单个顺变柱体圆周缠绕上光纤。
该分布式光纤传感器优选地包括光纤包，用于测量分布式传感器上的压力或其弯曲。
优选地，该询问系统包括反射计干涉计询问系统，更加优选地，该干涉计询问系统包括脉冲式反射计干涉计询问系统，其中利用时分多路复用(TDM)来区别单个传感器。这是一种特别有效的多路复用架构，其能够与分布式和点传感器一起使用。此外，还可利用波分复用(WDM)来进一步增加多路复用在单个光纤上的传感器的数目。
可选择地，该干涉计询问系统可包括瑞利反向散射干涉计询问系统，特别优选地，包括脉冲式瑞利反向散射干涉计询问系统。
非瑞利反向散射干涉计询问系统依赖于传感器间离散的反射器，这些是比较昂贵的元件，可能会增加整个系统的成本。相反地，瑞利反向散射依赖于来自光纤中不同源(inhomogeneities)的光的反射。这消除了对离散反射器的需要，从而降低了系统的总成本。但是，对从这种系统收集的数据进行分析比反射计询问系统复杂得多。
本发明的第三方面提供一种确定在地面上移动的对象穿越长度固定的闭合路径或者敞开路径的位置的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括步骤：
(i)将如权利要求1所述的传感器安置在所述路径的上面或者下面；和
(ii)分析从该传感器接收的光学信号，以确定该对象顺着所述路径的位置，或者所述对象已经穿越所述路径的位置。
优选地，通过测量从顺着所述阵列的相邻光纤点传感器接收的信号之间的延迟，并将这些信号与来自连接那些光纤点传感器的分布式光纤阵列的信号相结合，来分析所述光学信号，从而定位和确认所述位置。
在本发明的一个方面，提供了一种用于监视系统的光纤传感器阵列，其特征在于，所述传感器阵列包括至少两个光纤点传感器，其中每对连续的点传感器由分布式光纤传感器链接起来，并且阵列输出适于提供来自点传感器和分布式传感器这二者的感测数据。
本发明的另一个方面，提供了一种光纤监视系统，其特征在于，所述系统包括前述的的光纤传感器阵列，所述传感器阵列被连接到询问系统，所述询问系统适于使用由于施加到所述传感器上的力而引起的来自所述阵列的点传感器和分布式传感器这二者的数据，并确定所述力被施加在的位置。
在本发明的再又一个方面，提供了一种确定在表面上移动的对象穿越所述表面上的长度固定的闭合路径或者开放路径的位置的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括步骤：
将前述的光纤传感器阵列安置在所述路径的上面或者下面；和
分析从阵列的点传感器和分布式传感器这二者接收的光学信号，以确定所述对象沿所述路径的位置，或者所述对象已经穿越所述路径的位置。
优选地，其中，通过测量从沿着所述阵列的相邻光纤点传感器接收的信号之间的延迟，并将这些信号与来自用于链接那些光纤点传感器的分布式光纤阵列的信号相结合，来分析光学信号，以便定位和确认所述位置。
附图说明
图1示意地表示根据本发明的光纤周界监视系统。
具体实施方式
下面仅通过实施例参照附图来说明本发明的一个实施例，附图中示意地表示根据本发明的光纤周界监视系统。在图1中，根据本发明的光纤周界监视系统总体上用10表示。系统10包括串联的光纤点传感器16A，16B，16C，16D，...，16N(在本实施例中为地音探听器)，其通过串联的分布式光纤传感器18B，18C，18D，...，18N光学地相链接，以形成光纤传感器阵列15。数据链路14将地音探听器16A与询问单元12耦合。数据链路14可以是一定长度的光纤，以便将光学信号传递给询问单元12，或者可选择地，它包括一个探测器，其将光学信号转换为电信号，并包括到询问单元12的、固定的电或者无线链路。
分布式光纤传感器18B，18C，18D，...，18N的物理长度都是100米。在阵列15中共有250个地音探听器，从而使得地音探听器16A、16N的间距达到大约24.9公里。
每个地音探听器16A，16B，16C，16D，...，16N包括缠绕成弯曲盘的大约100米的光纤，并且能够通过该光纤中感应的应变来测量加速度和位移。每个分布式传感器18B，18C，18D，...，18N包括：包装在线缆中100米的光纤，并且也通过该光纤上感应的应变来测量线缆上的压力或其弯曲。
可以将该阵列15布置成任何所需的配置构造，例如，可将其布置在闭合路径周围，以提供对例如建筑物的周界监视；可选择地，还可以将其布置成线性方式，以提供关于人/对象穿越由阵列15限定的直线时的位置信息。
系统10的工作方式如下。当人或者对象穿越上面或者下面安置有阵列15的线路或者周界时，将由人或者对象重量产生的力(如果有碰撞，可能还要加上由于动量的变化而产生的力)施加给传感器阵列。这造成分布式光纤传感器内的与人/对象穿越时的位置相应的辐射被反射回地音探听器16A，并将一个给出近似位置的相应的信号传送给询问单元12。更特别地，询问单元12能够识别在顺着阵列15长度的某处发生了穿越。在分布式传感器的任一端点，也将辐射从地音探听器向回反射，并且也将相应的信号传送给询问单元12。询问单元12对从分布式传感器和其任一端点的地音探听器接收的信号执行三角测量，以在接收到信号的时间的基础上，准确地确定15人/对象顺着阵列已经穿越的位置。和仅使用一种类型传感器相比较，使用来自两种类型传感器的数据，可以提供人/对象的准确得多的分类。改进的分类导致更低的误报警率。
在示例系统10中，点光纤传感器是地音探听器，然而也可使用其他类型的光纤点传感器。
点传感器和分布式传感器的数目可以随着希望监视的周界或者路径的长度以及希望定位入侵者事件的准确度而变化。本发明最简单的光纤传感器可以包括在每个端点具有点传感器的单个分布式传感器。
假设：在特定的地面类型中，使用地面安装的光纤加速计探测人行走的探测范围可以是大于30米，则相隔比如说40米而安置的加速计阵列就能确保对周界的完全覆盖。
通过比较相邻加速计上接收的信号以及测量该信号的共同特性之间的时间差，可以准确地计算沿间隙光纤长度上的入侵位置。
进一步对加速计信号和来自分布式间隙探测线缆的信号进行时间和频率的分析，能够对入侵进行分类，由此减小系统的误报警率。
该已知距离合适地是介于20米和50米之间。该已知距离指光纤传感器间的物理间隔距离，并且该已知距离由每个传感器间的光纤的光学路径的长度和用于每个加速计的光纤的长度来限定。

Claims (16)

1、一种用于监视系统(10)的光纤传感器阵列(15)，其特征在于，所述传感器阵列包括至少两个光纤点传感器(16)，其中每对连续的点传感器由分布式光纤传感器(18)链接起来，并且阵列输出适于提供来自点传感器和分布式传感器这二者的感测数据。
2、一种光纤监视系统(10)，其特征在于，所述系统包括如权利要求1所述的光纤传感器阵列(15)，所述光纤传感器阵列被连接到询问系统(12)，所述询问系统适于使用由于施加到所述阵列上的力而引起的来自所述阵列的点传感器和分布式传感器这二者的数据，并确定所述力被施加在的位置。
3、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中所述光纤传感器阵列通过光缆连接到所述询问系统。
4、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中所述光纤传感器阵列通过变送器和电缆连接到所述询问系统。
5、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中所述光纤点传感器包括缠绕成柔性盘的光纤。
6、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中所述光纤点传感器为地音探听器。
7、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中每个光纤点传感器都包括光纤加速计。
8、根据权利要求2所述的光纤监视系统，其中所述分布式光纤传感器包括线缆内的光纤包，用于测量所述线缆上的压力或所述线缆的弯曲。
9、根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述询问系统包括干涉计询问系统。
10、根据权利要求9所述的系统，其中所述干涉计询问系统包括反射计干涉计询问系统。
11、根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述反射计干涉计询问系统包括脉冲式反射计干涉计询问系统。
12、根据权利要求11所述的系统，其中所述脉冲式反射计干涉计询问系统使用时分多路复用来区别单独的传感器。
13、根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述询问系统包括瑞利反向散射询问系统。
14、根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述瑞利反向散射询问系统包括：脉冲式瑞利反向散射询问系统。
15、一种确定在表面上移动的对象穿越所述表面上的长度固定的闭合路径或者开放路径的位置的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括步骤：
(i)将如权利要求1所述的光纤传感器阵列安置在所述路径上或者下面；和
(ii)分析从阵列的点传感器和分布式传感器这二者接收的光学信号，以确定所述对象沿所述路径的位置，或者所述对象已经穿越所述路径的位置。
16、根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中，通过测量从沿着所述阵列的相邻光纤点传感器接收的信号之间的延迟，并将这些信号与来自用于链接那些光纤点传感器的分布式光纤传感器的信号相结合，来分析所述光学信号，以便定位和确认所述位置。
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