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CN1099419C - 氮杂二环化合物 - Google Patents

氮杂二环化合物 Download PDF

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CN1099419C
CN1099419C CN99123574A CN99123574A CN1099419C CN 1099419 C CN1099419 C CN 1099419C CN 99123574 A CN99123574 A CN 99123574A CN 99123574 A CN99123574 A CN 99123574A CN 1099419 C CN1099419 C CN 1099419C
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M·巴拉斯特拉
J·C·戈登
R·C·格里菲斯
R·J·默里
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Abstract

本发明提供了式(III)和(IV)所示的氮杂二环化合物或其盐或其对映体,其中,R代表甲基;n代表1或2。

Description

氮杂二环化合物
本专利申请是CN95195518.7的分案申请。原申请的申请日是1995年8月22日;原申请的发明名称是“治疗学上有效的螺-氮杂二环化合物”。
一技术领域
本发明涉及新型化合物,它们的制备方法,含有这类化合物的组合物和它们在治疗上的用途。
二背景技术
已知螺-氮杂二环类化合物在中枢神经系统疾病方面有治疗作用。台湾专利申请201312,欧洲专利申请452101(二者均属以色列生物研究所),国际专利申请WO95/03303(以色列生物研究所。在本申请最早的优先权日期后公布)和欧洲专利申请(Merck Sharp和Dohme)公开了氮杂二环化合物,其中包括与五元环以螺环相连的氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷和/或氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷衍生物,它们具有毒蕈碱激动剂的作用,可用于治疗由中枢胆碱能功能缺陷造成的疾病需要这类衍生物。欧洲专利申请337547(Merck,Sharpe和Dohme)公开以螺环与五元环连接的氮杂二环化合物,这类化合物是5-羟色胺受体的拮抗剂,尤其适用于精神分裂症、尪心、偏头痛和阿耳茨海默氏(Alzheimer′s)症的治疗。
三发明内容
我们目前已发现了一组新的螺-氮杂二环化合物,它们具有适用的药理学活性。
于是,按本发明,我们提供了一种式I化合物和其药学上适用的酸加成盐:
Figure C9912357400031
其中,R代表氢或甲基;
      n代表1或2。
我们优选其中R代表氢的式I化合物。最好是式I化合物中n代表2。
作本发明的第二方面,我们提供了关于一种式I化合物或其药学上适用的酸加成盐的制备方法,它包括:
(a)通过一种相应的式II化合物的环化来制备其中R代表H的式I化合物,
其中n与上述所定义的相同;
(b)通过相应的式III化合物与一种提供羰基的化合物的反应来制备式I化合物,
Figure C9912357400042
其中n和R与上述定义的相同;
(c)通过其中的R代表氢的相应的式I化合物的烷基化反应来制备其中R代表甲基的式I化合物;
(d)通过从对映体混合物中拆分出一种对映体来制备式I化合物的一种对映体;
在愿意或者必要时,将合成的式I化合物或其酸加成盐转变成药学上适用的酸加成盐,或反之亦然。
在方法(a)中,当温热极性质子性溶剂如水中的式II化合物时将发生反应。
方法(b)中,能提供羰基化合物的实例包括羰二咪唑,碳酰氯(光气)和三光气(triphosgene)。当在极性有机溶剂如四氢呋喃中将式III化合物和羰二咪唑加热或回流1-4小时或直到反应完成时,将发生闭环反应。另外也可在高温下将光气通入式III化合物的有机溶剂(如四氢呋喃或甲苯的)溶液中1-4小时或直到反应完成。
方法(c)中,在本领域众所周知的条件下进行烷基化反应,例如,用强碱处理其中R为氢的式I化合物,随后加入卤甲烷如碘甲烷。
通过式IV化合物的Curtius重排来制备式II化合物:
其中n与上述定义的相同。
在J.March所著的“有机化学进展”(1985)第三版p984-5中讨论了关于Curtius重排的典型反应条件,然而我们优选的反应条件是,在水中用亚硝酸钠与式IV化合物混合后将反应混合物温热到大约85℃并保持约1小时。式II化合物不分离出来,方法(a)所描述的环化反应直接在原位进行。
式IV化合物可由式V化合物与无水肼反应来制备,
Figure C9912357400052
其中n的定义如上;R′是一烷基或芳基。
该反应可以在极性质子性溶剂中于环境温度下进行4-12小时。优选R′代表烷基,一般为甲基、乙基或叔丁基。
式V化合物可由式VI化合物和醋酸酯在正丁基锂存在下反应制备。
其中n定义如上。
醋酸酯(例如乙酸叔丁酯或乙酸乙酯)在-78℃下先用正丁基锂处理,在加入式VI化合物时反应进行并温热至室温。加水淬灭得到产物。
式VI化合物或者是已知的或可由熟知的方法来制备。
式III化合物可通过式VII化合物和氨或甲胺反应来制备,
其中n的定义如上。
本反应可在标准条件下进行,例如在环境温度或高温下将反应试剂在极性质子溶剂中混合。
式III化合物也可通过式VI化合物和三甲基氰化硅(Me3SiCN)反应后用例如氢化铝锂或阮内镍进行还原来制备。此反应条件是本领域的技术人员熟知的。
通过使用在由酮制备环氧乙烷的工艺中熟知的一种试剂,可由相应的式VI化合物制备式VII化合物(参见由J March所著“有机化学进展”(1985)第三版p1161叙述的反应)。我们发现碘化三甲基氧化锍(trimethylsulphoxonium iodide)是一种适合的试剂,反应可以在二甲基亚砜中于室温至80℃的某个温度下进行最多2小时,或者直到反应完全。
可被提到的式I化合物酸加成盐包括无机酸盐,如盐酸盐和氢溴酸盐;有机酸盐如甲酸盐、醋酸盐、苹果酸盐、苯甲酸盐和富马酸盐。
式I化合物酸加成盐可由它的游离碱或其盐,对映体或被保护的衍生物与等当量或多于等当量的适当的酸反应来制备。该反应可在所生成盐不溶或可溶的溶剂或介质,如水、二氧六环、乙醇、四氢呋喃或乙醚中进行,或可在混合溶剂中进行,溶剂可用抽真空或冷冻干燥去掉。此反应可以是复分解反应过程,或可装在离子交换柱中进行。
本发明化合物和中间体可用标准方法从反应混合物中分离出来。
式I化合物存在互变异构或对映体的形式。它们都包括在本发明范围内。各种光学异构体可以通过用分步结晶或手性HPLC等合适的技术对其外消旋混合物拆分来分离。另外也可使用适合的光学活性起始物在不导致外消旋化的反应条件下进行反应来制备单一的对映体。
中间体化合物也存在对映体的形式,可使用它的纯对映体,外消旋体或混合物进行下步反应。
本发明化合物可作为药物使用,特别是用于治疗或预防神经病和智力损害病症,神经病的实例包括精神分裂症、躁狂症和躁狂抑郁症。精神损害疾病的实例包括阿耳茨海默氏(Alzheimer′s)症、记忆缺陷、识别缺陷和注意力不集中机能亢进症。本发明化合物可作止痛剂和用于帕金森氏病和亨廷顿舞蹈病(Parkinson′s和Huntington′s)、失丢胆碱能突触的神经变性疾病、图雷特氏(Tourette′s)症、抑郁和焦虑症的预防和治疗。这些化合物也可用于时差综合症(Jetlag)的治疗或预防以及用于戒烟。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了本发明化合物作为药物使用,特别是用于治疗或预防上述疾病或症状。
当然,在上面提及的用途中,化合物的给药剂量将随所使用的化合物的不同、给药方法和治疗目的不同而变化。然而,一般情况下,发明化合物每日给药剂量在每千克动物体重约0.1~20mg范围内可得令人满意的效果,优选将日给药剂量分1~4次或控释给药。对于人每日总的给药剂量在5mg-1400mg范围内,更优选地范围为10mg~100mg,适合口服给药的单位剂型可同从2mg到1400mg的本发明化合物与固体的或液体的药物载体或稀释剂混合而成。
式I化合物和其药学上适用的盐可直接使用。或者为了肠道或非肠道途径给药将它们制成适合的剂型来使用。根据本发明的另一方面,它提供了一种药学上的制剂,它包括化合物和药学上适用的稀释剂或载体组成的混合物,其中本发明化合物所占重量优选小于80%,更优选小于50%。
稀释剂和载体的实例为:
关于片剂和糖锭剂:乳糖、淀粉、滑石粉、硬脂酸镁;
关于胶囊剂:酒石酸或乳糖;
关于注射液:水、乙醇、甘油、植物油;
关于栓剂:天然或固化的油或蜡。
本发明也提供了这类药物组合物的制备方法,该方法包括将各个组分相混合。
按本发明的另一方面,提供了式I化合物或其药学上适用的盐在制造用于治疗或预防上述疾病或症状之一的药物中的应用;以及治疗或预防上述疾病或症状之一的方法,该方法包括给病人施用有效治疗量的式I化合物或其药学上适用的盐。
式IV化合物和其中的R代表甲基的式III化合物是新的有用的中间体。于是,本发明的另一方面提供了一种式IV化合物或它的盐。我们还提供了其中R代表甲基的式III化合物或其盐。
式I化合物是烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的激动剂。
虽然不作理论探讨,但是一般认为α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体亚型的激动剂应该能用于治疗或预防神经病和智力障碍性疾病,并且作为α4烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(α4nAchR)亚型激动剂的化合物优越。因而,优选α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体亚型具有选择性的化合物。
四具体实施方式
本发明化合物的药理活性可用下面进行的试验测定。试验A对α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体亚型的亲合性试验
125I标记的α-银环蛇毒(BTX)对鼠脑海马趾膜(hippocampalmembranes)的亲合力
将鼠海马趾在20倍体积冷的均化缓冲液(均化缓冲液各组分浓度(mM):三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷50;二氯化镁1;氯化钠120;氯化钾5;pH 7.4)里均化。该均化物以1000g离心力离心5分钟,保存上清液,沉淀物再萃取。合并的上清液在12000g下离心20分钟,冲洗后再重新悬浮在均化缓冲液中。将海马趾膜30~80μg与5nM[125I]标记的α-银环蛇毒、1mg/mL的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、试验药物和2mM二氯化钙或者0.5mM乙二醇双(β-氨乙基醚)-N,N,N′,N′-四乙酸(EGTA)在21℃培育2小时。过滤后使用Brandel细胞捕获器在Whatman玻璃纤维滤器(厚度C)上洗4次。用1%牛血清白蛋白/0.01%聚环乙亚胺(PEI)的水溶液预处理滤器3小时对于降低过滤器的空白值(每分钟总计数的0.07%)很重要。由100μM(-)烟碱来描述非特异性结合特异性结合一般是75%。试验B对α4亚型烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的亲合性试验
3H标记的(-)烟碱结合性
通过使用Martino-Barrows和Kellar〔分子药理31:169-174;1987〕所改进的方法,将鼠脑(脑皮质和海马趾)象在〔125I〕α-BTX亲合性试验中一样地均化,在12000g离心力离心20分钟,洗两次,再次悬浮在含100μM二异丙基氟磷酸的均化缓冲液中。4℃下保存20分钟后脑膜(≈0.5mg)与3nM[3H]-(-)-烟碱、试验药物,1μM阿托品和2mM二氯化钙或0.5mM的EGTA在4℃培育1小时。然后通过使用一种Brandel细胞捕获器在Whatman玻璃纤维滤器(厚度C)(用0.5%的聚环乙亚胺(PEI)预处理1小时)过滤。由100μM碳酰胆碱来描述非特异性结合,特异性结合一般是84%。有关试验A和B中结合性数据分析
IC50值和假Hill系数使用非线性曲线拟合程序ALLFIT(Delean A,Munson PJ和Rodbard D美国生理学杂志(1977)235:E97-E102)来计算。饱和曲线符合单位模型。通过使用非线性回归程序ENZFITTER(Leatherbarrow.R.J.(1 987))计算出125I-α-银环蛇毒和〔3H〕-(-)-烟碱配位体的KD值分别为1.67和1,70nM。通过使用一般的Cheng-Prusoff等式:
         Ki=[IC50]/((2+([配位体]/[KD])n)1n-1)可估算出Ki值。
这里当nH<1.5时,n=1。而当nH≥1.5时,n=2。样品一式三份进行试验,误差一般±5%。Ki值通常用6种或更多种药物浓度测定。
与现有技术的化合物比较,本发明化合物的优点是,毒性小、更有效、药物作用时间长,治疗谱广、活性强、副作用小而且更易吸收或有其它有用的药理活性。本发明通过下面实例说明:实例1螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-酮一盐酸盐(a)2-(3-羟基-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3-基)醋酸叔丁酯
向0℃的二异丙胺(6.7ml)的四氢呋喃(THF)(20ml)溶液中加入2.3M正丁基锂(20ml)。该反应混合物搅拌40分钟后降温到-78℃。向该反应混合物中滴加醋酸叔丁酯(6.4ml)的10ml四氢呋喃溶液后继续搅拌15分钟。将奎宁环-3-酮(自由碱)(5.0g)的四氢呋喃(15ml)溶液滴到上述混合液中,1小时后将该混合物温热到0℃。加入水(100ml)后用氯仿提取两次合并后的氯仿提取液用饱和盐水洗一次。加入无水硫酸镁干燥后过滤,真空浓缩得到灰白色的付标题化合物9.53克。(b)2-(3-羟基-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3-基)醋酸酰肼
向步骤(a)化合物(3.5g)的二氯甲烷(15ml)溶液中加入三氟醋酸(39ml)后在环境温度下搅拌3小时。真空浓缩,残渣用甲醇(30ml)溶解后加入18M的硫酸(3ml)整夜搅拌。将该反应混合物倒入碳酸钠的水溶液中。溶液用氯仿提取三次,提取液用硫酸镁干燥,过滤后滤液真空浓缩得到一种黄色固体。将该固体用甲醇(10ml)溶解后加入肼(2ml)将反应液加热回流1小时。然后真空浓缩该混合物。将所得固体悬浮在甲苯(50ml)中,然后在装有Dean-Stark汽液分离器的装置中加热回流2小时。将反应混合物冷却后滤出产物得到棕黄色固体副标题化合物1.82克。(c)螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-酮一盐酸盐
向步骤(b)化合物(0.91克)的水(7ml)溶液中加入12M盐酸使溶液的pH为1。将溶液冷却到0℃然后加入0℃的亚硝酸钠(0.33g)水(5ml)溶液。所得溶液于0℃搅拌20分钟后升温到70℃,再加热20分钟。将反应混合物的温度降至环境温度后用50%氢氧化钠/水碱化。所得溶液用氯化钠和后用氯仿4×20ml提取,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤后真空浓缩。所得残渣用甲醇溶解后通入氯化氢气体至该溶液pH<2。向此溶液中加入乙醚,滤出生成的白色固体产物得到灰白色的标题化合物0.73克,m.p.289-291℃。1H MR(500MHz DMSO):1.7-1.9(m,3H),2.05(m,1H),2.25(bs,1H),3.15(m,3H),3.2-3.35(m,1H),3.4-3.6(m,3H),3.6(d,1H),7.75(s,1H),10.95(bs,1H)。实例2(+)-和(-)-螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-酮一盐酸盐
向实例1化合物(3.8g)的无水乙醇溶液中加入二苯甲酰-L-酒石酸(7.474g)的无水乙醇溶液后再加入少量的乙酸乙酯。1小时内形成沉淀,将形成的固体滤出并保留滤液。所得固体用氢氧化钠水溶液溶解后用氯仿3×50ml提取,合并提取液后用硫酸镁,过滤,滤液真空浓缩。残渣用甲醇溶解后通入氯化氢气体至溶液的pH<2为止。酸化后的溶液加入乙醚,生成的白色固体滤出后得到(+)-对映体0.63g.,m.p.>250℃、[α]D=+57.978(c=0.6570,CH3OH),
上述保留的滤液通过浓缩后用20%氢氧化钠/水溶解,转变为游离碱,所得溶液用氯仿提取,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤,滤液真空浓缩得残渣1.21g。用无水乙醇将残渣溶解后与二苯甲酰-D-酒石酸2.88g的无水乙醇溶液合并。合并后的溶液搅拌中加入少量的乙酸乙酯,搅拌1小时后生成白色固体沉淀。过滤出沉淀后将它溶解在20%的氢氧化钠水溶液中,水溶液用氯仿提取。提取液用硫酸镁干燥、过滤,滤液真空浓缩。残渣用甲醇溶解后通入氯化氢气体至溶液pH<2。将乙醚加入酸化后的滤液中,滤出产生的白色固体,得到(-)-对映体0.21g.,m.p.>250℃、[α]D=-61.473(c=0.7727,CH3OH)。实例3螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐(a)3-羟基-1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚-3-基醋酸乙酯
向冷却的(-78℃)二异丙基胺(2.65ml,0.0203mol)的四氢呋喃(150ml)溶液中滴加2.5M正丁基锂的己烷(8.1ml,0.0203mol)溶液,一分钟内滴完。10分钟后,在1分钟内逐滴加入乙酸乙酯(1.97ml,0.203mol)。再过10分钟后,在五分钟内滴入1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]庚-3-酮(1.5g,0.0135mol)(按英国化学会志,化学通讯,1618,1988-J Chem Soc.Chem Commun,1618,1988的方法制备)的四氢呋喃(25ml)溶液。25分钟后,移走冷浴,将反应混合物的温度升至环境温度,向该混合物中依次加入100ml水和250ml氯仿。分出有机层后水层用氯仿(100ml)提取。合并的有机提取液用硫酸镁干燥,过滤,滤液真空浓缩得到副标题化合物(1.12g)。(b)3-羟基-1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚-3-基乙酰肼
在室温下,向步骤(a)产物(1.12g,0.0056mol)的甲醇(20ml)溶液中加入无水肼(1.76ml,0.056mol)将所得混合液彻夜搅拌。真空浓缩混合液后在装有Dean-Stark气液分离器的装置中两次加入甲苯(100ml)经加热回流共沸后,得到副标题化合物(1.11g)。(c)螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐
向用浓盐酸调节至pH1的冷的(0℃)步骤(b)化合物(1.11g,0.006mol)的水(50ml)溶液中于两分钟内滴入亚硝酸钠(0.455g,0.0066mol)水溶液。滴加完后,移去泠浴,将反应混合物升温至85℃持续1小时。将反应混合物降温至环境温度后,用50%氢氧化钠/水溶液碱化至pH10。碱化后混合液用氯仿(150ml)提取3次,提取液用硫酸镁干燥。过滤滤液真空浓缩。残渣在硅胶上用甲醇/乙酸乙酯〔1∶1〕快速层析。收集适当的级分,浓缩后残留物用氯仿溶解,过滤,滤液真空浓缩。残留物用乙酸乙酯/甲醇溶解后用饱和的氯化氢/乙酸乙酯溶液中和直至溶液pH<6。浓缩溶液得到120mg残渣。所得残渣在热甲醇中溶解后用乙醚使其产生沉淀得到标题化合物(28mg),m.p.>250℃。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO):1.95(m,1H),2.1(m,1H),3.0(s,1H),3.2-3.4(m,5H),3.5-3.6(m,3H),7.8(s,1H),10.6(bs,1H)。实例43′-甲基螺-〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐(a)螺-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3-环氧乙烷
向氢化钠(用三倍量己烷洗过的60%油分散系11.6g,0.35mol)的DMSO(600ml)悬浮液中分批加入碘化三甲基氧化锍(trimethylsulfbxonium iodide)101.4g(0.35mol)。待气体放出减少后,该混合物在室温下搅拌30分钟。将奎宁环-3-酮(44g,0.35mol)的四氢呋喃(200ml)溶液在30分钟内滴到上述反应混合物中,将反应混合物升温到70~80℃持续1小时,将反应混合物降至室温后倒入1升的冰水中,水溶液用氯仿(4×300ml)提取。有机提取液依次用水(3×500ml)和盐水(1×300ml)洗,用硫酸镁干燥,蒸发后得到黄色油状的副标题化合物(37.6g,77%)。(b)3-羟基-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3-基甲氨基甲烷
向浓甲胺25ml(0.72mol)的甲醇(75ml)溶液中加入步骤(a)产物10.2g(0.073mol)后,室温下搅拌16小时。减压条件下浓缩反应混合物后,得到油状物,用氯仿75ml将所得油状物溶解后浓缩得到油状的副标题化合物12.4g(100%)。(c)3′-甲基螺-〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐
向步骤(b)的产物(8.0g,0.047mol)在100ml干燥四氢呋喃中的溶液中加入碳酰二咪唑9.15g(0.056mol)后将所得混合液加热回流3小时。将反应混合物冷却到室温后真空浓缩。用200ml的二氯甲烷将所得残油溶解,将得到的二氯甲烷溶液依次用水(1×100ml)、饱和盐水(1×50ml)洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥后蒸发得到黄色固体。用1∶1甲醇/异丙醇混合液将所得固体溶解,用氯化氢甲醇溶液酸化,收集沉淀用冷的甲醇洗涤、干燥,得到无色固体标题化合物5.6g(51%)。m.p.305-307℃。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO):1.8(m,3H),2.05(m,1H),2.25(bs,1H),2.75(s,3H),3.1-3.2(m,3H),3.25-3.35(m,1H),3.4-3.5(m,1H),3.5-3.6(m,2H),3.7(d,1H),10.9(bs,1H)。实例5
将化合物螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-一盐酸盐,(+)-螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-一盐酸盐,(-)-螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-一盐酸盐,螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐和3′-甲基螺-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮一盐酸盐按上述试验A进行试验得到小于10μM的结合亲合性(Ki),这表明这些化合物预期具有适用的治疗活性。
将螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-酮一盐酸盐,(+)-螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-一盐酸盐,(-)-螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3,5′-噁唑烷〕-2′-一盐酸盐,螺〔1-氮杂二环[2.2.1]庚-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮〕一盐酸盐,和3′-甲基螺-1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛-3,5′-噁唑烷-2′-酮一盐酸盐等化合物按上述试验B进行试验,所得Ki值至少是试验A中的1.6倍,这表明这些化合物具有所希望的选择性。

Claims (2)

1.一种式IV所示的化合物或盐或其对映体
其中n代表1或2。
2.一种式III所示的化合物或其盐或其对映体:
其中n代表1或2,R代表甲基。
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