CN109437147A - A kind of preparation method of multifunctional C foam - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of multifunctional C foam Download PDFInfo
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- CN109437147A CN109437147A CN201811288266.5A CN201811288266A CN109437147A CN 109437147 A CN109437147 A CN 109437147A CN 201811288266 A CN201811288266 A CN 201811288266A CN 109437147 A CN109437147 A CN 109437147A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation methods of multifunctional C foam, belong to carbon foam preparation technical field.The preparation method of multifunctional C foam of the invention includes: to impregnate polymer foams in cellulose solution, and then washing and drying is carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；Or after impregnating polymer foams in the mixed solution of the cellulose solution and metal salt, impregnated in aqueous slkali, then washing and drying is carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；Wherein, the metal salt includes one of nickel salt, molysite, aluminium salt, mantoquita, cobalt salt, manganese salt, rubidium salt and vanadic salts or multiple combinations.Preparation method simple process of the invention, raw material sources are wide, production cost is low, it can be achieved that regulate and control to carbon foam surface wettability, meet different requirements.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to carbon foam preparation technical fields, and in particular to a kind of preparation method of multifunctional C foam.
Background technique
Carbon material is a kind of material very common in our daily production and living and research, includes active carbon, life
Substance charcoal, carbon black, graphene, carbon nanotube, carbon foam etc..In the carbon material of these types, carbon foam is due to low close
The advantages that degree, high-specific surface area, interconnected hole network layer structure and compressibility, become scientific research in recent years
Hot spot direction.Especially interconnected hole network layer structure, is conducive to the diffusion and storage of ion and molecule, so that carbon steeps
Foam material is widely used in the fields such as absorption, energy storage, sensor and catalyst carrier.
The preparation method of carbon foam mainly includes following several at present: chemical meteorology deposition method (CVD), hydro-thermal method, drop coating
Method and carbonized polymers foam process.Using other foams as template, carbon is grown in template surface by the method for vapor deposition
Nanotube can prepare carbon nanotube foam；Or oxygen reduction fossil can be prepared by hydro-thermal process graphene oxide dispersion
Black alkene foam.Although obtained carbon nanotube foam or redox graphene foam are with good performance, due to
The requirement of these preparation methods technique is very stringent, while production cost is high, and yield is very low, therefore cannot achieve large-scale production
And industrial applications.
For the application of carbon foam, in addition to the interconnected porous structure and high surface area the features such as other than, material
The hydrophilic and hydrophobic on surface is also particularly significant factor.Different application fields has different wetabilitys to want on carbon foam surface
It asks.Such as the fields such as organic solvent absorption and water-oil separating often require that carbon foam has hydrophobic surface nature；And as urging
Change carrier or often requires that carbon foam has hydrophilic surface nature as energy storage material.Due to former approach prepare
Carbon foam surface wettability it is poor, can not regulate and control, therefore the carbon foam that same process prepares is unable to satisfy multiple fields
Application requirement.Simultaneously by carbonization preparation carbon material be often unable to reach super-hydrophobic or super hydrophilic degree, need into
The modification of one step improves performance.Therefore needing to develop the new straightforward procedure preparation of one kind has multi-functional carbon foam material
Material, is adjusted by simple experiment condition, the regulation of carbon foam surface wettability may be implemented, it might even be possible to be realized super
Regulation between hydrophobic/super hydrophilic.The performance of carbon foam not only can be improved, while the surface for meeting different application fields is special
Property require.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation methods of multifunctional C foam, to solve existing carbon foam preparation process
Complicated, high production cost and carbon foam surface wettability is poor, can not regulate and control, it is difficult to while applying the different field the problem of.
The technical scheme to solve the above technical problems is that
A kind of preparation method of multifunctional C foam comprising:
Polymer foams are impregnated in cellulose solution, then washing and drying is carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；
Or
After polymer foams are impregnated in the mixed solution of above-mentioned cellulose solution and metal salt, then at aqueous slkali
Then middle immersion, washing and drying are carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；
Wherein, the metal salt include one of nickel salt, molysite, aluminium salt, mantoquita, cobalt salt, manganese salt, rubidium salt and vanadic salts or
Multiple combinations.
The present invention is by polymer foams after cellulose solution immersion, and cellulose solution is on foam of polymers skeleton
One layer of RCF regenerated cellulose film is covered, is carbonized to obtain carbon foam, RCF regenerated cellulose film through high temperature cabonization post-consumer polymer foam
Carbonization obtains C film, which is made of nanofiber, is in porous network structure.Since carbon foam itself has one
Determine hydrophobicity, while the C film of the porous network structure on its surface improves the roughness on carbon foam surface, and then improves
The hydrophobicity of carbon foam.
After the present invention impregnates polymer foams in the mixed solution of above-mentioned cellulose solution and metal salt, at this moment
The RCF regenerated cellulose film that one layer of metalline is covered on foam of polymers skeleton, is then dipped into aqueous slkali, will mix
The metal salt closed in solution is transformed into corresponding hydroxide, high temperature cabonization after washed drying, and foam of polymers is carbonized to obtain
Carbon foam, cellophane are carbonized to obtain C film, and the corresponding hydroxide carbonization of metal salt is at the corresponding oxide of metal salt.
The corresponding oxide of its metal salt is contacted with carbon skeleton with good, and due to the hydrophily of its own, improves carbon foam table
The roughness in face, and then improve the hydrophily of carbon foam.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned metal salt is nickel salt.
After the present invention impregnates polymer foams in the mixed solution of above-mentioned cellulose solution and nickel salt, at this moment exist
One layer of RCF regenerated cellulose film containing nickel salt is covered on foam of polymers skeleton, is then dipped into aqueous slkali, will be mixed molten
Metal salt in liquid is transformed into nickel hydroxide, high temperature cabonization after washed drying, and foam of polymers is carbonized to obtain carbon foam, fiber
Plain film is carbonized to obtain C film, and nickel hydroxide is carbonized into nickel oxide.It is tested and is found by Electronic Speculum, on the skeleton of carbon foam is long
There are the NiO nanometer rods of equally distributed " needle mushroom " pattern, there is good contact with carbon skeleton.Since NiO sheet is as hydrophilic
Property, while NiO nanometer rods improve the roughness on carbon foam surface, and then improve the hydrophily of carbon foam.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned cellulose solution is by successively impregnating cellulose
In water, methanol and dimethylacetamide solution, then that the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride is molten
In agent system made from dissolution.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the concentration of above-mentioned cellulose solution is 0.05-2%, the nickel
The additional amount of salt is the 0.05-5% of the cellulose solution.
In the present invention in the cellulose solution that foam of polymers is immersed in above-mentioned concentration, is tested and found by water contact angle
Obtained carbon foam water contact angle can achieve 162 °, and under the effect of external force that carbon foam is submerged in water, find carbon
Silver mirror phenomenon is presented in foam surface, and carbon foam prepared by the present invention has super-hydrophobic surface characteristic under this condition.
After foam of polymers is immersed in the mixed solution of above-mentioned cellulose solution and nickel salt, then through being impregnated in aqueous slkali,
The carbon foam being finally carbonized, in water contact angle test, the water contact angle of hydridization carbon foam is 0 °, and when test water droplet connects
After contacting foam surface, (0.087s) can be by foam absorbing in a very short period of time, carbon foam prepared by the present invention under this condition
With super hydrophilic surface characteristic.
When cellulose solution concentration is bigger in the present invention, the C film on its surface of carbon foam ultimately generated is thicker, so that
The roughness on its carbon foam surface is bigger, and the hydrophobicity so as to cause final carbon foam increases with cellulose solution concentration and increased
Add, finally obtains super-hydrophobic carbon foam.And the concentration for working as addition nickel salt is bigger, " needle mushroom " in the carbon foam ultimately generated
The NiO nanometer rods of pattern are more, cause the hydrophily of final carbon foam to increase with the concentration of nickel salt and increase, are finally reached super parent
Water type carbon foam.By adjusting the additional amount of cellulose solution and nickel salt, the table for the obtained carbon foam that is finally carbonized can be regulated and controled
Face hydrophilic and hydrophobic, while the super-hydrophobic or Superhydrophilic of carbon foam can also be regulated and controled, to meet different application fields.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the condition of above-mentioned carbonization is: under inert gas protection, temperature
Spend 500-1800 DEG C of carbonization 1-3h.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned cellulose origin includes cotton, timber, bamboo, paper
It opens, crudefiber crop, waste cotton fiber, stalk, straw, reed.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned foam of polymers is melamine foamed plastic, polyurethane foam
One of foam, polystyrene foam and polyethylene.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned aqueous slkali includes that sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide are molten
One of liquid and ammonium hydroxide or multiple combinations.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, above-mentioned nickel salt includes nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, acetic acid
One of nickel and nickelous carbonate or multiple combinations.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. preparation method simple process of the invention, raw material sources are wide, production cost is low, it can be achieved that large-scale production and work
Industry application.
2. preparation method of the invention may be implemented to regulate and control to prepare to carbon foam surface wettability super-hydrophobic or super
Hydrophilic carbon foam meets different application demand.
3. super-hydrophobic carbon foam prepared by the present invention not only has excellent oil absorbency, also there is excellent repetition to make
With performance, can be regenerated by various ways such as distillation, extruding, burnings.
It, can be the case where no any external equipment assists 4. hydrophobic type carbon foam prepared by the present invention has super-hydrophobicity
Lower continuous cleaning and collection greasy dirt.
5. hydrophilic carbon foam prepared by the present invention its porosity and specific surface area with higher are conducive to electrolyte
The generation of the NiO nanometer rods of diffusion transmitting, while needle mushroom " pattern, reduces charge transfer resistance, has hydrophilic carbon foam
Excellent mechanical property and electric conductivity.
6. hydrophilic carbon foam prepared by the present invention has fake capacitance, hydrophilic carbon bubble due to metal oxide NiO
Foam has excellent energy-storage property.
Detailed description of the invention
The electron microscope photo scanning and hydrophobicity that Fig. 1 is CCF of the invention test photo；
Wherein, a is the stereoscan photograph of CCF and the water contact angle photo of CCF；The hydrophobicity that b is CCF, which is tested, shines
Piece；CCF is the carbon foam that embodiment 3 obtains；
Fig. 2 is CCF and CF absorption property test chart and the continuous water-oil separating lab diagram of CCF of the invention；
Wherein, the absorption property comparison diagram of a is CCF and CF organic solvent and oil, b are the continuous water-oil separating experiment of CCF
Figure；CCF is the carbon foam that embodiment 3 obtains, and CF is the carbon foam that pure melamine foam is carbonized；
Fig. 3 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph and water contact angle test chart of NiO@CCF of the invention；
Wherein, a is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of NiO@CCF, and b is the water contact angle test chart of NiO@CCF；NiO@CCF is to implement
The hydridization carbon foam that example 5 obtains.
Specific embodiment
Principles and features of the present invention are described with reference to embodiments, the given examples are served only to explain the present invention,
It is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.The person that is not specified actual conditions in embodiment, according to normal conditions or manufacturer suggests
Condition carries out.Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturer is the conventional products that can be obtained by commercially available purchase.
It should be understood that
In specific embodiment in the present invention, the dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution used is with diformazan
The mass ratio of yl acetamide and lithium chloride is formulated for 92:8；The nickel salt of use is preferably nickel chloride；The additional amount of aqueous slkali
It is 10 times or more of cellulose solution additional amount.
Embodiment 1:
The present embodiment is that hydrophobic type carbon foam is prepared in the cellulose solution for be dipped into foam of polymers 0.05% concentration.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment, comprising: cotton is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl
In acetamide solution, then the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and is dissolved, is made
The cellulose solution of 0.05% concentration；
Polystyrene foam is placed in cellulose solution after impregnating, washing and drying, then under inert gas protection,
It is obtained after carbonization 3h at a temperature of 500 DEG C.
Obtained carbon foam is subjected to water contact angle test, is 130 ° by test carbon foam water contact angle, shows this reality
Applying carbon foam made from example is hydrophobicity.
Embodiment 2:
Foam of polymers is dipped into preparation super-hydrophobic carbon foam in the cellulose solution of 1% concentration in the present embodiment.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment includes: that paper is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl second
In amide solution, then the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and is dissolved, is made
The cellulose solution of 1% concentration；
Polyurethane foam is placed in cellulose solution and is impregnated, washed drying, then under inert gas protection, 800
Carbon foam is obtained after carbonization 2h at a temperature of DEG C.
Obtained carbon foam is subjected to water contact angle test, is 157 ° by test carbon foam water contact angle, shows this reality
Applying carbon foam made from example is super-hydrophobicity.
Embodiment 3:
The present embodiment is that super-hydrophobic carbon foam is prepared in the cellulose solution for be dipped into foam of polymers 2% concentration.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment includes: that bagasse is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl
After in acetamide solution, the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and is dissolved, and is made
Obtain the cellulose solution of 2% concentration；
Melamine foamed plastic is placed in cellulose solution and is impregnated, washing and drying, then under inert gas protection, 1800
Carbon foam is obtained after carbonization 1h at a temperature of DEG C.
Specially, carbon foam pure melamine foam being carbonized is labeled as CF, the carbon foam mark that embodiment 3 obtains
It is denoted as CCF.
Electron-microscope scanning and hydrophobicity test are carried out to CCF, obtain the stereoscan photograph and hydrophobicity test photo of CCF,
As shown in Figure 1.Wherein in Fig. 1, a is the stereoscan photograph of CCF and the water contact angle photo of CCF；B is the hydrophobicity of CCF
Test photo.
From, it can be seen that small part carbon foam hole is blocked in CCF, but most of hole still retains in Fig. 1 a.It puts
One layer of porous material is covered on the skeleton of discovery foam after big, this is the RCF regenerated cellulose film that covers on foam framework in high temperature
Under the conditions of the carbon-coating that is converted into.The carbon foam water contact angle that water contact angle test discovery obtains reaches 162 °, shows super-hydrophobic
Property.As can be seen that carbon foam can be swum on the water surface completely from Fig. 1 b, illustrate that carbon foam not only has hydrophobicity,
And there is very low density.Under the effect of external force that carbon foam is submerged in water, it is existing that silver mirror is presented in discovery carbon foam surface
As further demonstrating the super-hydrophobic characteristic of carbon foam.
With regard to the test of the absorption property of different organic solvents and oil and continuous water-oil separating experiment is carried out to CCF to CCF and CF,
Obtain the experimental result of Fig. 2.Wherein in Fig. 2, a is absorption property comparison diagram of the CCF and CF to different organic solvents and oil, and b is
The continuous water-oil separating lab diagram of CCF.
As shown in Figure 2 a, after impregnating cellulose solution, CCF has the absorption property of a variety of organic solvents and oil very big
It is promoted.Wherein, CCF has reached 80-170 times of own wt to the absorption property of the organic solvents such as n-hexane, paraffin oil.It inhales simultaneously
After solvent, carbon foam can have excellent reuse by a variety of method De contaminations such as burning, extruding, distillation
Performance.Shown in Fig. 2 b, cuts one section of plastic flexible pipe and one end is inserted into CCF, when CCF touches oil reservoir, oil reservoir
It can be adsorbed, and be continuously transferred in another clean container automatically, until oil reservoir is cleaned.It needs exist for
Be intended that, in continuous water-oil separating experiment the continuous cleaning of greasy dirt and removal process completely by surface tension and gravity drive,
Any external force is not applied, while without applying any external force or external equipment yet.
Embodiment 4:
In the present embodiment in the mixed solution of cellulose solution and nickel salt, the concentration of cellulose solution is 1%, nickel salt
Additional amount is the 0.05% of cellulose solution, by the way that nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, changes its carbon foam hydrophobicity, makes
Standby hydridization carbon foam.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment includes: that cotton is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl second
In amide solution, by the cellulose after immersion, it is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and dissolves, and is made
The cellulose solution of 1% concentration, nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, and the additional amount of the nickel chloride is cellulose solution
0.05%, stirring obtains mixed solution to uniformly mixed；
Melamine foamed plastic is placed in mixed solution and is impregnated, is dipped into immediately after taking-up in the aqueous slkali of sodium hydroxide,
Washing and drying, the 3h that then under inert gas protection, at a temperature of 500 DEG C is carbonized obtain carbon foam.
Obtained hydridization carbon foam is subjected to water contact angle test, is 50 ° by test carbon foam water contact angle, shows this
Carbon foam made from embodiment has hydrophily.
Embodiment 5:
In the present embodiment in the mixed solution of cellulose and nickel chloride, the concentration of cellulose solution is 1%, nickel chloride
Additional amount is the 1% of cellulose solution, by the way that nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, changes its carbon foam hydrophobicity, prepares
Super hydrophilic hydridization carbon foam.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment includes: that cotton is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl second
In amide solution, the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and is dissolved, and is made
The cellulose solution of 1% concentration, nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, and the additional amount of the nickel chloride is cellulose solution
1%, stirring obtains mixed solution to uniformly mixed；
Melamine foamed plastic is placed in mixed solution and impregnates 60min, is dipped into the alkali soluble of potassium hydroxide after taking-up immediately
In liquid, the 2h that after washing and drying under inert gas protection, at a temperature of 800 DEG C is carbonized obtains multifunctional C foam.
Specially, hydridization carbon foam embodiment 5 obtained is labeled as NiO@CCF.
NiO@CCF is subjected to electron-microscope scanning and water contact angle test, obtains the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph and water contact angle of NiO@CCF
Test chart, as shown in Figure 3.Wherein in Fig. 3, a is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of NiO@CCF, and b is the water contact angle test chart of NiO@CCF.
There are equally distributed nanometer rods from the skeleton length that can be seen that hydridization carbon foam in the electron-microscope scanning of Fig. 3 a, this
It is the generated in-situ NiO of nickel hydroxide in carbonisation.It is found after being further amplified, similar " acupuncture needle is presented in these nanometer rods
Mushroom " pattern.In water contact angle test, the water contact angle of hydridization carbon foam is 0 °.And when test water drop contact to foam table
Behind face, (0.087s) can illustrate that hydridization carbon foam shows super hydrophilic surface characteristic by foam absorbing in a very short period of time.
The hydridization carbon foam has excellent chemical property, and specific capacitance reaches 400F/g, due to excellent mechanics
Performance, in the case where compression and bending, the energy storage of carbon foam is barely affected, therefore in flexible electronic device and wearable
Apparatus field is with a wide range of applications.
Embodiment 6:
In the present embodiment in the mixed solution of cellulose and nickel chloride, the concentration of cellulose solution is 1%, nickel chloride
Additional amount is the 5% of cellulose solution, by the way that nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, changes its carbon foam hydrophobicity, prepares
Super hydrophilic hydridization carbon foam.
The preparation method of the multifunctional C foam of the present embodiment includes: that cotton is successively immersed in water, methanol, dimethyl second
In amide solution, the cellulose after immersion is placed in dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution and is dissolved, and is made
The cellulose solution of 1% concentration, nickel chloride is added into cellulose solution, and the additional amount of the nickel chloride is cellulose solution
5%, stirring obtains mixed solution to uniformly mixed；
Polyethylene is placed in mixed solution and impregnates 120min, is dipped into immediately after taking-up in the aqueous slkali of ammonium hydroxide,
After washing and drying under inert gas protection, carbonization 1h obtains multifunctional C foam at a temperature of 1800 DEG C.
Obtained carbon foam is subjected to water contact angle test, is 0 ° by test carbon foam water contact angle.Hydridization carbon bubble
The specific capacitance of foam has reached 372.75F/g.
The foregoing is merely presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, it is all in spirit of the invention and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on be should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of preparation method of multifunctional C foam characterized by comprising
Polymer foams are impregnated in cellulose solution, then washing and drying is carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；Or
After polymer foams are impregnated in the mixed solution of the cellulose solution and metal salt, soaked in aqueous slkali
Then bubble, washing and drying are carbonized, multifunctional C foam is made；
Wherein, the metal salt includes one of nickel salt, molysite, aluminium salt, mantoquita, cobalt salt, manganese salt, rubidium salt and vanadic salts or a variety of
Combination.
2. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the metal salt is nickel salt.
3. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the cellulose solution is logical
It crosses and cellulose is successively immersed in water, methanol and dimethylacetamide solution, then the cellulose after immersion is placed in diformazan
In yl acetamide/lithium chloride dicyandiamide solution made from dissolution.
4. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the cellulose solution it is dense
Degree is 0.05-2%, and the additional amount of the nickel salt is the 0.05-5% of the cellulose solution.
5. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the condition of the carbonization is:
Under inert gas protection, 500-1800 DEG C of carbonization 1-3h of temperature.
6. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the cellulose origin includes
Cotton, timber, bamboo, paper, crudefiber crop, waste cotton fiber, stalk, straw, reed.
7. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the foam of polymers is three
One of poly cyanamid foam, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam and polyethylene.
8. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the aqueous slkali includes hydrogen-oxygen
Change one of sodium solution, potassium hydroxide solution and ammonium hydroxide or multiple combinations.
9. the preparation method of multifunctional C foam according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the nickel salt includes chlorination
One of nickel, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, nickel acetate and nickelous carbonate or multiple combinations.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN110453666A (en) * | 2019-08-19 | 2019-11-15 | 中国科学技术大学 | A kind of high temperature resistant conductive porous material preparation method and high temperature resistant spilled-oil recovery unit |
| CN110467228A (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2019-11-19 | 西北师范大学 | A kind of preparation method of doughnut structure C-Ni/NiO nanocomposite |
| CN111261431A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-06-09 | 上海应用技术大学 | Preparation method of nano cobaltosic oxide/nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon skeleton composite material for super capacitor |
| CN111799099A (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2020-10-20 | 厦门理工学院 | Composite electrode material taking needle mushroom as carbon-based load and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN113289601A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-08-24 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Preparation method and application of carbon foam catalyst |
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