CN109153768B - 环氧树脂、制造方法、环氧树脂组合物及其固化物 - Google Patents
环氧树脂、制造方法、环氧树脂组合物及其固化物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109153768B CN109153768B CN201780030691.1A CN201780030691A CN109153768B CN 109153768 B CN109153768 B CN 109153768B CN 201780030691 A CN201780030691 A CN 201780030691A CN 109153768 B CN109153768 B CN 109153768B
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- epoxy resin
- alkyl group
- substituent
- aromatic ring
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Images
Classifications
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
- B32B29/002—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B29/005—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material next to another layer of paper or cardboard layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
目的在于提供加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡优异的环氧树脂、组合物、制造方法、及耐热性、机械强度也良好的固化物。具体而言,提供单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物的环氧树脂,其在GPC谱图中,以0.1~0.8%的范围含有在前述单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物的峰顶的分子量+(20~40)的范围内检测出的化合物的环氧树脂、单烷基邻苯二酚的环氧化物的环氧树脂,具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物的合计含量、与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物的含量的比率在高效液相色谱中为0.10~0.40的范围。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及树脂的稳定性、加热固化时的高收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡优异、并且所得固化物的耐热性、机械特性也良好、可以适合用于半导体密封材料等的环氧树脂、其制造方法、以及含有该环氧树脂的环氧树脂组合物和其固化物。
背景技术
使用环氧树脂和各种固化剂的固化性树脂组合物除了用于粘接剂、成型材料、涂料、光致抗蚀剂材料、显色材料等之外,由于所得固化物的优异的耐热性、耐湿性等优异,因此被广泛用于半导体密封材、印刷布线板用绝缘材料等电气/电子领域。
所述各种用途中,伴随电子设备的小型化/轻量化的发展,半导体装置的布线间距的狭小化导致的高密度化的倾向显著,作为与其对应的半导体安装方法,广泛使用利用焊锡球使半导体装置与基板接合的倒装芯片连接方式。对于该倒装芯片连接方式,为基于在布线板与半导体之间配置焊锡球并对整体进行加热使其熔融接合的所谓回流方式进行的半导体安装方式,因此,在焊料回流时布线板自身被暴露在高热环境下,由布线板的热收缩导致产生翘曲,对连接布线板和半导体的焊锡球产生较大应力,有时引起布线的连接不良。为了抑制布线板的翘曲,正在进行提高密封材料的热时弹性模量、并且使其大幅收缩的研究,对于密封树脂也要求热时高弹性模量化、高收缩化。进而,作为固化后的物性,耐热性、机械强度等对于密封树脂的要求逐年提高。
作为可以适合用作半导体密封材料的环氧树脂,提供了在双酚骨架的芳香环上具有烯丙基作为取代基的环氧树脂(例如,参照专利文献1)。
通过使用前述环氧树脂作为固化性树脂组合物的主剂,与通常的使用双酚型环氧树脂的情况相比,组合物的流动性、固化物的强度方面能够获得一定的效果,但是无法充分满足近年要求的树脂组合物的加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量、固化物物性的平衡水平,需要进一步改善。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2015-000952号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
因此,本发明要解决的课题在于,提供含有环氧树脂的组合物的加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡优异的环氧树脂、组合物、其制造方法、及耐热性、机械强度也良好的其固化物。
用于解决问题的方案
本发明人等为了解决前述课题进行了深入研究,结果发现:以在具有碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物作为主成分的环氧树脂中,通过调整副成分的含有率,使用该环氧树脂作为固化性组合物的1个成分时,能够解决前述课题,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供一种环氧树脂和其制造方法、以及含有该环氧树脂的环氧树脂组合物和其固化物,所述环氧树脂以具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物作为主成分,在前述环氧树脂的GPC谱图中,以峰面积%为0.1~0.8%的范围含有在前述单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物的峰顶的分子量+(20~40)的范围内检测出的化合物(α)。
进而,本发明提供一种环氧树脂和其制造方法、以及含有该环氧树脂的环氧树脂组合物和其固化物,所述环氧树脂以具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚的环氧化物作为主成分,具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的合计含量与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物(γ)的含量的比率在高效液相色谱中为(β1+β2)/(γ)=(0.10~0.40)的范围。
发明的效果
根据本发明,可以提供树脂组合物的加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡优异、所得固化物的耐热性、机械强度等也良好的、可以适合用于半导体密封材料等的环氧树脂、其制造方法、环氧树脂组合物、兼具前述性能的固化物、半导体密封材料、半导体装置、预浸料、电路基板、积层薄膜、积层基板、纤维增强复合材料、及纤维增强成型品。
附图说明
图1为合成例1中合成的环氧树脂(A-1)的GPC谱图。
图2为合成例1中合成的环氧树脂(A-1)的FD-MS光谱。
图3为合成例1中合成的环氧树脂(A-1)的13C-NMR光谱。
图4为合成例1中合成的环氧树脂(A-1)的HPLC谱图。
图5为合成例2中合成的环氧树脂(A-2)的GPC谱图。
图6为合成例2中合成的环氧树脂(A-2)的HPLC谱图。
图7为合成例3中合成的环氧树脂(A-3)的GPC谱图。
图8为合成例3中合成的环氧树脂(A-3)的HPLC谱图。
图9为合成例4中合成的环氧树脂(A-4)的HPLC谱图。
图10为比较合成例1中合成的环氧树脂(A’-1)的HPLC谱图。
图11为比较合成例2中合成的环氧树脂(A’-2)的HPLC谱图。
具体实施方式
<环氧树脂>
以下,详细说明本发明。
本发明的环氧树脂的特征在于,其是以具有碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯作为原料的环氧树脂,在前述环氧树脂的GPC谱图中,以峰面积%为0.1~0.8%的范围含有在前述单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物的峰顶的分子量+(20~40)的范围内检测出的化合物(α)。
环氧树脂中的前述化合物(α)的含有率以面积%计低于0.1%时,由于树脂中的体积大的结构不足,所以获取加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡变难。超过0.8质量%时,交联密度变低,有热时弹性模量变小的倾向。
认为通过这种具有碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基,起因于其大体积而适当调整固化反应时的交联密度,加热固化时的成型收缩率和热时弹性模量的平衡优异。特别是使用后述那样的固化剂得到固化物时,从固化反应良好进行的观点、和容易使固化物的交联密度为更适当的范围的观点出发,优选为叔丁基、叔辛基等具有支链结构的烷基,尤其最优选为叔丁基。
另外,从加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡更优异的方面出发,本发明的环氧树脂中的前述化合物(α)的GPC面积率更优选为0.2~0.5%的范围。
另外,从加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡更高的方面出发,本发明的环氧树脂的环氧当量优选为170~400g/eq的范围。进而,芳香环上的取代基为丁基的情况下,更优选为170g/eq~250g/eq的范围。
另外,对于本发明的环氧树脂,芳香环上的取代基为丁基时,从固化物的机械强度的观点出发,更优选25℃下为300~2500mPa·s的范围。需要说明的是,本发明中的粘度是基于JIS K7233的单一圆筒旋转粘度计法测定的值。
需要说明的是,本发明中的化合物(α)的含有率是通过基于下述条件的GPC测定计算的、前述化合物(α)的峰面积相对于环氧树脂的总峰面积的存在比率而算出的值。
<GPC测定条件>
测定装置:东曹株式会社制“HLC-8320GPC”、
柱:东曹株式会社制保护柱“HXL-L”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G2000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G2000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G3000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G4000HXL”
检测器:RI(差示折光计)
数据处理:东曹株式会社制“GPC工作站EcoSEC-WorkStation”
测定条件:柱温度 40℃
展开溶剂 四氢呋喃
流速 1.0ml/分钟
标准:根据前述“GPC工作站EcoSEC-WorkStation”的测定手册,使用分子量已知的下述单分散聚苯乙烯。
(使用聚苯乙烯)
东曹株式会社制“A-500”
东曹株式会社制“A-1000”
东曹株式会社制“A-2500”
东曹株式会社制“A-5000”
东曹株式会社制“F-1”
东曹株式会社制“F-2”
东曹株式会社制“F-4”
东曹株式会社制“F-10”
东曹株式会社制“F-20”
东曹株式会社制“F-40”
东曹株式会社制“F-80”
东曹株式会社制“F-128”
试样:将以树脂固体成分换算计为1.0质量%的四氢呋喃溶液用微滤器过滤而得到的物质(50μl)。
作为前述化合物(α),例如,单独含有或含有多种下述结构式所示的化合物,为原料中包含的副成分、后述的环氧树脂的制造方法中的制造过程中产生的副成分,可以将其保持原样不从体系内取出而含有规定量,或者也可以预先合成这些化合物并分离,以含有规定量的方式与单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物混合,制成本发明中的环氧树脂。
(式中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基。)
另外,关于本发明的环氧树脂的原料单烷基二羟基苯中的、2个羟基的存在位置,没有特别限定,即,可以为具有碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚的任一种,从固化性更优异、与固化物的耐热性、机械特性的平衡优异的观点出发,优选使用单烷基邻苯二酚。
本发明中,优选如下环氧树脂:其具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚的环氧化物作为主成分,在前述环氧树脂的GPC谱图中,以峰面积%为0.1~0.8%的范围含有在前述单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物的峰顶的分子量+(20~40)的范围内检测出的化合物(α)。进而,优选如下环氧树脂:具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的合计含量、与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物(γ)的含量的比率在高效液相色谱中为(β1+β2)/(γ)=(0.10~0.40)的范围。
推定具有包含源自前述单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)的代表性结构为下述。
(式中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基。)
通过包含一定量这样的环状化合物(β1),起因于体积大的结构,能够平衡良好地表现加热固化时的高收缩率、热时弹性模量。进而,将环氧树脂的粘度调节到适当的范围变得简便,例如显现浸渗于增强纤维时的浸渗性变得更好的效果。
进而,通过含有这种环状化合物(β1),在固化物中其弹性模量也提高,机械强度优异,能够适合用于成型材料用途。
但是,该环状化合物(β1)由于不具有环氧基,所以不会被完全嵌入固化物中的三维交联结构,因此,其含量变多时,也有时在保存环氧树脂的期间变成挥发成分,因而需要在一定范围内存在。
即,具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的合计含量、与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物(γ)的含量的比率优选在高效液相色谱中为(β1+β2)/(γ)=(0.10~0.40)的范围,特别是从兼具伴随树脂的低粘度化的向碳纤维等的浸渗性和树脂的挥发性的观点出发,更优选为0.10~0.30的范围,进而从维持耐热性的观点出发,优选0.10~0.25。
前述单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的结构为下述所示的物质。
(式中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基。)
需要说明的是,本发明中的化合物单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的合计含量与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物(γ)的含量的比率是通过基于下述条件的HPLC测定而求出的值。
<HPLC测定条件>
东曹株式会社制“Agilent1220InfinityLC”、
柱:东曹株式会社制“TSK-GELODS-120T”
检测器:VWD
数据处理:东曹株式会社制“AgilentEZChromElite”
测定条件:柱温度 40℃
展开溶剂 A液:水/乙腈=50/50wt%
B液:乙腈
展开条件 A液/B液=95/5(15分钟)
线性梯度(20分钟)
A液/B液=0/100(20分钟)
流速 1.0ml/分钟
测定波长 254nm
另外,作为本发明的环氧树脂,从固化物的成型收缩率变大的观点出发,优选为下述结构式(1)所示的环氧树脂,
〔结构式(1)中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基,R为氢原子或缩水甘油基,m为1或2,m=1的比率为99%以上。n表示重复数,以平均值计为0.01~10,每个重复单元中,R、R1、m可以相同,也可以不同。〕
如前所述,从成型收缩率的观点出发,结构式(1)中的R1更优选为丁基或辛基,最优选为叔丁基。
另外,从加热固化时的成型收缩率、热时弹性模量的平衡更优异、另外原料的工业获得容易性、固化物的机械强度的观点出发,R优选为氢原子。
另外,前述通式(1)中的n为重复数的平均,从热时弹性模量和热稳定性的兼具的观点出发,更优选为0.01~3的范围。
<环氧树脂的制造方法>
如前所述,本发明的环氧树脂包含特定量的前述化合物(α)或(β1)、(β2)。作为得到这种环氧树脂(A)的方法,可以如下得到:预先准备具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯的环氧化物和前述化合物(α)或(β1)、(β2),将它们以成为特定比率的方式混合,从而得到。还可以为将原料的单烷基二羟基苯和二烷基二羟基苯等预先混合,然后将其环氧化的方法。利用后述的制造方法时,工业的生产率优异,并且所得环氧树脂的均一性也容易变得更优异。
作为前述单烷基二羟基苯,例如可以举出正丁基对苯二酚、正丁基间苯二酚、正丁基邻苯二酚、仲丁基对苯二酚、仲丁基间苯二酚、仲丁基邻苯二酚、叔丁基对苯二酚、叔丁基间苯二酚、叔丁基邻苯二酚、正己基对苯二酚、正己基间苯二酚、4-辛基邻苯二酚等,作为前述二烷基二羟基苯,例如可以举出3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚、2,5-二叔丁基对苯二酚等,可以仅包含1种,也可以混合使用2种以上。其中,从所得环氧树脂的成型收缩率的观点出发,优选具有体积更大的结构的烷基且羟基相邻,进而从原料的获得容易性、所得环氧树脂组合物的固化时的特性的观点出发,最优选使用叔丁基邻苯二酚和3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚。
本发明的环氧树脂的制造方法是如下方法:如前述那样,将原料的单烷基二羟基苯和二烷基二羟基苯预先(单烷基二羟基苯/二烷基二羟基苯)以99.1/0.9~99.9/0.1的范围混合,使其与环氧氯丙烷反应而进行环氧化的环氧树脂的制造方法。
此时,可以举出如下方法:相对于原料中包含的羟基1摩尔,添加1~10摩尔环氧氯丙烷,接着,相对于原料所含的羟基1摩尔添加0~5.0摩尔%的相转移催化剂并溶解,进而,一边相对于原料羟基苯类1摩尔一次性添加或缓慢添加0.9~2.0摩尔的碱性催化剂,一边在20~120℃的温度下进行0.5~10小时反应。该碱性催化剂可以为固体,也可以使用其水溶液,使用水溶液的情况下,可以为如下方法:连续添加的同时,在减压下或常压下连续地从反应混合物中蒸馏出水及环氧氯丙烷类,进而进行分液而去除水,使环氧氯丙烷类连续地返回反应混合物中。另外,从容易包含特定量的具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的观点出发,优选在下述条件下制造:首先,作为第一阶段,一边相对于原料中包含的羟基1摩尔一次性添加或缓慢添加0.1~0.9摩尔的碱性催化剂,一边在50~80℃的温度下进行1~50小时反应。接着,作为第二阶段,一边一次性或缓慢添加总碱性催化剂量相对于羟基1摩尔为1.0~2.0摩尔的量,一边在50~100℃的温度下反应0.5~8小时。
特别是,使用具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚作为原料的情况下,通过将第一阶段的温度设为50~80℃的范围内,闭环反应适当,环状化合物(β1)的含有率的调整容易。环状化合物(β1)少的情况下,所得环氧树脂的粘度容易变高,另一方面,环状化合物(β1)的含有率多的情况下,挥发性变高,而且固化物的韧性降低。另外,若第一阶段的时间过短,则环氧氯丙烷的加成不会充分进行,单缩水甘油醚化物及环状化合物变得容易较多生成,另一方面,若第一阶段的时间过长,则环氧基的生成变多,可观察到粘度容易变高的倾向。
需要说明的是,进行工业生产时,在环氧树脂生产的第一批投入使用的环氧氯丙烷类全部为新的物质,但下一批以后,优选组合使用从粗反应产物回收的环氧氯丙烷类和与以反应中消耗的部分而消失的部分相当的新的环氧氯丙烷类。此时,可以含有缩水甘油等通过环氧氯丙烷与水、有机溶剂等的反应而衍生的杂质。此时,使用的环氧氯丙烷没有特别限定,例如可以举出环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、β-甲基环氧氯丙烷等。其中,从工业上容易获得的方面出发,优选环氧氯丙烷。
另外,前述碱性催化剂具体而言可以举出碱土类金属氢氧化物、碱金属碳酸盐及碱金属氢氧化物等。特别是,从环氧树脂合成反应的催化活性优异的方面出发,优选碱金属氢氧化物,例如可以举出氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾等。在使用时,这些碱性催化剂可以以10质量%~55质量%左右的水溶液的形态使用,也可以以固体的形态使用。另外,通过组合使用有机溶剂,能够提高环氧树脂的合成中的反应速度。作为这种有机溶剂,没有特别限定,例如可以举出丙酮、甲基乙基酮等酮类、甲醇、乙醇、1-丙基醇、异丙基醇、1-丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇等醇类;甲基溶纤剂、乙基溶纤剂等溶纤剂类;四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧杂环己烷、1,3-二氧杂环己烷、二乙氧基乙烷等醚类;乙腈、二甲基亚砜、二甲基甲酰胺等非质子性极性溶剂等。这些有机溶剂可以各自单独使用,另外,为了调整极性,也可以适宜组合使用两种以上。
前述相转移催化剂具体而言可以举出季铵盐、季鏻盐、冠醚类。特别是从环氧树脂合成反应的催化剂活性的方面出发,优选季铵盐、季鏻盐,具体而言,可以举出四甲基氯化铵、四乙基氯化铵、四丁基溴化铵、三甲基苄基氯化铵、三乙基苄基氯化铵、四丁基溴化鏻等。在使用时,这些碱性催化剂可以以10质量%~55质量%左右的水溶液的形态使用,也可以固体的形态使用。
接着,将前述的环氧化反应的反应物在水洗后、加热减压下通过蒸馏而馏去未反应的环氧氯丙烷、组合使用的有机溶剂。另外,进而为了制成水解性卤素少的环氧树脂,也可以将所得环氧树脂再次溶解在甲苯、甲基异丁基酮、甲基乙基酮等有机溶剂中,加入氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾等碱金属氢氧化物的水溶液进一步进行反应。此时,出于提高反应速度的目的,可以存在季铵盐、冠醚等相转移催化剂。作为使用相转移催化剂时的其用量,相对于使用的环氧树脂,优选0.1质量%~3.0质量%的范围。反应结束后,将生成的盐过滤,通过水洗等去除,进而,在加热减压下馏去甲苯、甲基异丁基酮等溶剂,由此可以得到目标环氧树脂。
<环氧树脂组合物>
本发明的环氧树脂可以组合使用固化剂。通过在前述环氧树脂中配混固化剂,可以制作固化性的环氧树脂组合物。以下,将本发明的环氧树脂有时记载为环氧树脂(A)。
作为此处可以使用的固化剂,例如可以举出胺系化合物、酰胺系化合物、酸酐系化合物、酚系化合物等各种公知的环氧树脂用的固化剂。
具体而言,作为胺系化合物,可以举出二氨基二苯基甲烷、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、二氨基二苯基砜、异佛尔酮二胺、咪唑、BF3-胺络合物、胍衍生物等,作为酰胺系化合物,可以举出双氰胺、由亚麻酸的二聚体与乙二胺合成的聚酰胺树脂等。作为酸酐系化合物,可以举出邻苯二甲酸酐、偏苯三酸酐、苯均四酸酐、马来酸酐、四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基纳迪克酸酐、六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐等。作为酚系化合物,可以举出:苯酚酚醛清漆树脂、甲酚酚醛清漆树脂、芳香族烃甲醛树脂改性酚醛树脂、双环戊二烯苯酚加成型树脂、苯酚芳烷基树脂(Xylock树脂)、萘酚芳烷基树脂、三羟苯基甲烷树脂、四羟苯基乙烷树脂、萘酚酚醛清漆树脂、萘酚-苯酚共缩合酚醛清漆树脂、萘酚-甲酚共缩合酚醛清漆树脂、联苯改性酚醛树脂(通过双亚甲基将酚核连接而成的多元含酚性羟基化合物)、联苯改性萘酚树脂(通过双亚甲基将酚核连接而成的多元萘酚化合物)、氨基三嗪改性酚醛树脂(通过三聚氰胺、苯并胍胺等将酚核连接而成的多元含酚性羟基化合物)、含烷氧基的芳香环改性酚醛清漆树脂(通过甲醛将酚核及含烷氧基的芳香环连接而成的多元含酚性羟基化合物)等多元含酚性羟基化合物。
进而,本发明的环氧树脂组合物中,可以在不损害本发明的效果的范围内组合使用前述规定的环氧树脂(A)以外的环氧树脂(C)。
作为前述环氧树脂(C),例如可以举出:双酚A型环氧树脂、双酚F型环氧树脂、联苯型环氧树脂、四甲基联苯型环氧树脂、多羟基萘型环氧树脂、苯酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、甲酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、三苯基甲烷型环氧树脂、四苯基乙烷型环氧树脂、双环戊二烯-苯酚加成反应型环氧树脂、苯酚芳烷基型环氧树脂、萘酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、萘酚芳烷基型环氧树脂、萘酚-苯酚共缩合酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、萘酚-甲酚共缩合酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、芳香族烃甲醛树脂改性酚醛树脂型环氧树脂、联苯改性酚醛清漆型环氧树脂等。这些环氧树脂中,特别是在能够得到热时弹性模量和成型收缩率优异的固化物的方面,优选使用酚醛清漆型环氧树脂,在能够得到阻燃性优异的固化物的方面,优选使用四甲基联苯酚型环氧树脂、联苯芳烷基型环氧树脂、多羟基萘型环氧树脂,在能够得到介电特性优异的固化物的方面,优选双环戊二烯-苯酚加成反应型环氧树脂。另外,组合使用其他环氧树脂的情况下,相对于前述环氧树脂(A)和环氧树脂(C)的合计100质量份,以1~20质量份包含本发明的环氧树脂(A)从能够有效地降低半导体密封材料的成型收缩率的观点出发是优选的。
本发明的环氧树脂组合物中,对于前述环氧树脂(A)和固化剂的配混量,从固化性优异的观点出发,相对于前述环氧树脂(A)和根据需要组合使用的前述环氧树脂(C)中的环氧基的合计1当量,前述固化剂中的活性基团的合计优选为0.8~1.2当量的比例。
另外,前述环氧树脂组合物可以组合使用其他热固性树脂。
作为其他热固性树脂,例如可以举出:氰酸酯树脂、具有苯并噁嗪结构的树脂、马来酰亚胺化合物、活性酯树脂、乙烯基苄基化合物、丙烯酸类化合物、苯乙烯与马来酸酐的共聚物等。在组合使用前述其他热固性树脂时,其用量只要没有阻碍本发明的效果就没有特别限制,优选在热固性树脂组合物100质量份中为1~50质量份的范围。
作为前述氰酸酯树脂,例如可以举出:双酚A型氰酸酯树脂、双酚F型氰酸酯树脂、双酚E型氰酸酯树脂、双酚S型氰酸酯树脂、双酚硫醚型氰酸酯树脂、苯醚型氰酸酯树脂、萘醚型氰酸酯树脂、联苯型氰酸酯树脂、四甲基联苯型氰酸酯树脂、多羟基萘型氰酸酯树脂、苯酚酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、甲酚酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、三苯基甲烷型氰酸酯树脂、四苯基乙烷型氰酸酯树脂、双环戊二烯-苯酚加成反应型氰酸酯树脂、苯酚芳烷基型氰酸酯树脂、萘酚酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、萘酚芳烷基型氰酸酯树脂、萘酚-苯酚共缩合酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、萘酚-甲酚共缩合酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、芳香族烃甲醛树脂改性酚醛树脂型氰酸酯树脂、联苯改性酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂、蒽型氰酸酯树脂等。它们可以各自单独使用,也可以组合使用2种以上。
这些氰酸酯树脂中,特别是在能够得到耐热性优异的固化物的方面,优选使用双酚A型氰酸酯树脂、双酚F型氰酸酯树脂、双酚E型氰酸酯树脂、多羟基萘型氰酸酯树脂、萘醚型氰酸酯树脂、酚醛清漆型氰酸酯树脂,在能够得到介电特性优异的固化物的方面出发,优选双环戊二烯-苯酚加成反应型氰酸酯树脂。
作为具有苯并噁嗪结构的树脂,没有特别限制,例如可以举出:双酚F和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物(F-a型苯并噁嗪树脂)、二氨基二苯基甲烷和福尔马林和苯酚的反应产物(P-d型苯并噁嗪树脂)、双酚A和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物、二羟基二苯基醚和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物、二氨基二苯基醚和福尔马林和苯酚的反应产物、双环戊二烯-苯酚加成型树脂和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物、酚酞和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物、二苯基硫醚和福尔马林和苯胺的反应产物等。它们可以各自单独使用,也可以组合使用2种以上。
作为前述马来酰亚胺化合物,例如可以举出下述结构式(i)~(iii)的任意者所示的各种化合物等。
(式中,R为m价的有机基团,α及β各自为氢原子、卤素原子、烷基、芳基中的任意者,s为1以上的整数。)
(式中,R为氢原子、烷基、芳基、芳烷基、卤素原子、羟基、烷氧基中的任意者,s为1~3的整数,t以重复单元的平均计为0~10。)
(式中,R为氢原子、烷基、芳基、芳烷基、卤素原子、羟基、烷氧基中的任意者,s为1~3的整数,t以重复单元的平均计为0~10。)。它们可以各自单独使用,也可以组合使用2种以上。
作为前述活性酯树脂,没有特别限制,通常可以优选使用酚酯类、苯硫酚酯类、N-羟基胺酯类、杂环羟基化合物的酯类等1分子中具有2个以上反应活性高的酯基的化合物。前述活性酯树脂优选通过羧酸化合物和/或硫代羧酸化合物与羟基化合物和/或硫醇化合物的缩合反应而得到。特别是从耐热性提高的观点出发,优选由羧酸化合物或其卤化物与羟基化合物得到的活性酯树脂,更优选由羧酸化合物或其卤化物与苯酚化合物和/或萘酚化合物得到的活性酯树脂。作为羧酸化合物,例如可以举出苯甲酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、衣康酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、苯均四酸等、或其卤化物。作为苯酚化合物或萘酚化合物,可以举出对苯二酚、间苯二酚、双酚A、双酚F、双酚S、二羟基二苯基醚、酚酞、甲基化双酚A、甲基化双酚F、甲基化双酚S、苯酚、邻甲酚、间甲酚、对甲酚、邻苯二酚、α-萘酚、β-萘酚、1,5-二羟基萘、1,6-二羟基萘、2,6-二羟基萘、二羟基二苯甲酮、三羟基二苯甲酮、四羟基二苯甲酮、间苯三酚、苯三醇、双环戊二烯-苯酚加成型树脂等。
作为活性酯树脂,具体而言,优选含有双环戊二烯-苯酚加成结构的活性酯系树脂、含有萘结构的活性酯树脂、作为苯酚酚醛清漆的乙酰化物的活性酯树脂、作为苯酚酚醛清漆的苯甲酰化物的活性酯树脂等,其中,在剥离强度的提高优异的方面,更优选含有双环戊二烯-苯酚加成结构的活性酯树脂、含有萘结构的活性酯树脂。作为含有双环戊二烯-苯酚加成结构的活性酯树脂,更具体而言,可以举出下述通式(iv)所示的化合物。
其中,式(iv)中,R为苯基或萘基,u表示0或1,n以重复单元的平均计为0.05~2.5。需要说明的是,从降低树脂组合物的固化物的介电损耗角正切、提高耐热性的观点出发,R优选萘基,u优选0,另外,n优选0.25~1.5。
本发明的环氧树脂组合物仅为环氧树脂组合物时固化即可进行,但也可以组合使用固化促进剂。作为固化促进剂,可以举出:咪唑、二甲基氨基吡啶等叔胺化合物;三苯基膦等磷系化合物;三氟化硼、三氟化硼单乙基胺络合物等三氟化硼胺络合物;硫代二丙酸等有机酸化合物;硫代二苯酚苯并噁嗪、磺酰苯并噁嗪等苯并噁嗪化合物;磺酰化合物等。它们可以各自单独使用,也可以组合使用2种以上。对于这些催化剂的添加量,优选在环氧树脂组合物100质量份中为0.001~15质量份的范围。
另外,用于对本发明的环氧树脂组合物要求高阻燃性的用途时,可以配混实质上不含卤素原子的非卤素系阻燃剂。
前述非卤素系阻燃剂例如可以举出磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、有机硅系阻燃剂、无机系阻燃剂、有机金属盐系阻燃剂等,在它们的使用时也没有任何限制,可以单独使用,也可以使用多种同一系的阻燃剂,另外,也可以组合使用不同系的阻燃剂。
前述磷系阻燃剂可以使用无机系、有机系的任意种。作为无机系化合物,例如可以举出红磷、磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵、磷酸三铵、多磷酸铵等磷酸铵类、磷酸酰胺等无机系含氮磷化合物。
另外,对于前述红磷,为了防止水解等,优选实施表面处理,作为表面处理方法,例如可以举出:(i)用氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌、氢氧化钛、氧化铋、氢氧化铋、硝酸铋或它们的混合物等无机化合物进行覆盖处理的方法;(ii)用氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌、氢氧化钛等无机化合物、及酚醛树脂等热固性树脂的混合物进行覆盖处理的方法;(iii)在氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌、氢氧化钛等无机化合物的被膜上用酚醛树脂等热固性树脂进行双重覆盖处理的方法等。
前述有机磷系化合物例如可以举出:磷酸酯化合物、膦酸化合物、次磷酸化合物、氧化膦化合物、正膦化合物、有机系含氮磷化合物等通用有机磷系化合物、以及9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物、10-(2,5-二羟基苯基)-10H-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物、10-(2,7-二羟基萘基)-10H-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物等环状有机磷化合物、以及使其与环氧树脂、酚醛树脂等化合物反应而得到的衍生物等。
作为这些磷系阻燃剂的配混量,可以根据磷系阻燃剂的种类、树脂组合物的其他成分、期望的阻燃性的程度而适宜选择,例如配混了非卤素系阻燃剂及其他填充材料、添加剂等所有成分的树脂组合物100质量份中,在使用红磷作为非卤素系阻燃剂的情况下,优选以0.1质量份~2.0质量份的范围配混,在使用有机磷化合物的情况下,同样地优选以0.1质量份~10.0质量份的范围配混,更优选以0.5质量份~6.0质量份的范围配混。
另外,使用前述磷系阻燃剂的情况下,该磷系阻燃剂中可以组合使用水滑石、氢氧化镁、硼化合物、氧化锆、黑色染料、碳酸钙、沸石、钼酸锌、活性炭等。
前述氮系阻燃剂例如可以举出三嗪化合物、氰脲酸化合物、异氰脲酸化合物、吩噻嗪等,优选三嗪化合物、氰脲酸化合物、异氰脲酸化合物。
前述三嗪化合物例如可以举出:三聚氰胺、甲基胍胺、苯并胍胺、氰尿酰胺(melon)、蜜勒胺(melem)、琥珀酰胍胺、亚乙基双三聚氰胺、多磷酸三聚氰胺、三胍胺等,除此之外,例如可以举出:(1)硫酸脒基三聚氰胺、硫酸蜜白胺、硫酸蜜勒胺(melem)等硫酸氨基三嗪化合物,(2)苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚、丁基苯酚、壬基苯酚等酚类与三聚氰胺、苯并胍胺、甲基胍胺、甲酞缩肌胺(formoguanamine)等三聚氰胺类及甲醛的共缩合物,(3)前述(2)的共缩合物与苯酚甲醛缩合物等酚醛树脂类的混合物、(4)进一步用桐油、异构化亚麻子油等对前述(2)、(3)进行改性而得到的物质等。
前述氰脲酸化合物例如可以举出氰脲酸、氰脲酸三聚氰胺等。
作为前述氮系阻燃剂的配混量,根据氮系阻燃剂的种类、树脂组合物的其他成分、期望的阻燃性的程度而适当选择,例如在配混了非卤素系阻燃剂及其他填充材料、添加剂等所有成分的树脂组合物100质量份中,优选以0.05~10质量份的范围配混,更优选以0.1质量份~5质量份的范围配混。
另外,使用前述氮系阻燃剂时,可以组合使用金属氢氧化物、钼化合物等。
前述有机硅系阻燃剂至少是含有硅原子的有机化合物就没有特别限制,例如可以举出:硅油、硅橡胶、有机硅树脂等。作为前述有机硅系阻燃剂的配混量,根据有机硅系阻燃剂的种类、树脂组合物的其他成分、期望的阻燃性的程度而适当选择,例如在配混了非卤素系阻燃剂及其他填充材料、添加剂等所有成分的树脂组合物100质量份中,优选以0.05~20质量份的范围配混。另外,使用前述有机硅系阻燃剂时,可以组合使用钼化合物、氧化铝等。
前述无机系阻燃剂例如可以举出金属氢氧化物、金属氧化物、金属碳酸盐化合物、金属粉、硼化合物、低熔点玻璃等。
前述金属氢氧化物例如可以举出氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、白云石、水滑石、氢氧化钙、氢氧化钡、氢氧化锆等。
前述金属氧化物例如可以举出钼酸锌、三氧化钼、锡酸锌、氧化锡、氧化铝、氧化铁、氧化钛、氧化锰、氧化锆、氧化锌、氧化钼、氧化锆、氧化铋、氧化铬、氧化镍、氧化铜、氧化钨等。
前述金属碳酸盐化合物例如可以举出碳酸锌、碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸钡、碱性碳酸镁、碳酸铝、碳酸鉄、碳酸锆、碳酸钛等。
前述金属粉例如可以举出铝、铁、钛、锰、锌、钼、锆、铋、铬、镍、铜、钨、锡等。
前述硼化合物例如可以举出硼酸锌、偏硼酸锌、偏硼酸钡、硼酸、硼砂等。
前述低熔点玻璃例如可以举出CEEPREE(Bokusui Brown Co.,Ltd.)、水合玻璃SiO2-MgO-H2O、PbO-B2O3系、ZnO-P2O5-MgO系、P2O5-B2O3-PbO-MgO系、P-Sn-O-F系、PbO-V2O5-TeO2系、Al2O3-H2O系、硼硅酸铅系等玻璃状化合物。
作为前述无机系阻燃剂的配混量,可以根据无机系阻燃剂的种类、树脂组合物的其他成分、期望的阻燃性的程度来适宜选择,例如在配混了非卤素系阻燃剂及其他填充材料、添加剂等所有成分的树脂组合物100质量份中,优选以0.05质量份~20质量份的范围配混,更优选以0.5质量份~15质量份的范围配混。
前述有机金属盐系阻燃剂例如可以举出:二茂铁、乙酰丙酮金属络合物、有机金属羰基化合物、有机锆盐化合物、有机磺酸金属盐、金属原子与芳香族化合物或杂环化合物进行离子键合或配位键合而得到的化合物等。
作为前述有机金属盐系阻燃剂的配混量,根据有机金属盐系阻燃剂的种类、树脂组合物的其他成分、期望的阻燃性的程度而适宜选择,例如在配混了非卤素系阻燃剂及其他填充材料、添加剂等所有成分的树脂组合物100质量份中,优选以0.005质量份~10质量份的范围配混。
本发明的环氧树脂组合物可以根据需要配混无机填充材料。前述无机填充材料例如可以举出熔融二氧化硅、晶体二氧化硅、氧化铝、氮化硅、氢氧化铝等。在使前述无机填充材料的配混量特别大时,优选使用熔融二氧化硅。前述熔融二氧化硅可以使用粉碎状、球状的任一种,为了提高熔融二氧化硅的配混量且抑制成型材料的熔融粘度的上升,优选主要使用球状的熔融二氧化硅。进而,为了提高球状二氧化硅的配混量,优选适当调整球状二氧化硅的粒度分布。对于其填充率,考虑到阻燃性,优选高者,相对于环氧树脂组合物的总质量,特别优选20质量%以上。另外,用于导电糊剂等用途时,可以使用银粉、铜粉等导电性填充剂。
本发明的环氧树脂组合物除此之外可以根据需要添加硅烷偶联剂、脱模剂、颜料、乳化剂等各种配混剂。
<环氧树脂组合物的用途>
本发明的环氧树脂组合物可以适用于半导体密封材料、半导体装置、预浸料、印刷电路基板、积层基板、积层薄膜、纤维增强复合材料、纤维增强树脂成型品、导电糊剂等。
1.半导体密封材料
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到半导体密封材料的方法,可以举出根据需要使用挤出机、捏合机、辊等将前述环氧树脂组合物、前述固化促进剂、及无机填充剂等配混剂充分熔融混合直至变得均匀的方法。此时,作为无机填充剂,通常可以使用熔融二氧化硅,作为功率晶体管、功率IC用高热传导半导体密封材料使用时,使用与熔融二氧化硅相比热传导率高的晶体二氧化硅、氧化铝、氮化硅等高填充化、或熔融二氧化硅、结晶性二氧化硅、氧化铝、氮化硅等即可。对于其填充率,相对于环氧树脂组合物100质量份,优选以30质量%~95质量%的范围使用无机填充剂,其中,为了实现阻燃性、耐湿性、耐焊锡裂纹性的提高、线膨胀系数的降低,更优选为70质量份以上、进一步优选为80质量份以上。
2.半导体装置
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到半导体装置的方法,可以举出如下方法:将前述半导体密封材料浇铸成型,或使用传递成型机、注射成型机等成型,进而在50~200℃下加热2~10小时的时间。
3.预浸料
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到预浸料的方法,可以举出如下方法:将配混有机溶剂而清漆化的固化性树脂组合物浸渍于加强基材(纸、玻璃布、玻璃无纺布、芳族聚酰胺纸、芳族聚酰胺布、玻璃毡、玻璃粗纱布等)后,在与使用的溶剂种类相应的加热温度、优选50~170℃下进行加热,由此得到预浸料。作为此时使用的树脂组合物和加强基材的质量比例,没有特别限定,通常优选以预浸料中的树脂成分为20质量%~60质量%的方式进行调制。
作为此处使用的有机溶剂,可以举出甲基乙基酮、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、甲基异丁基酮、甲氧基丙醇、环己酮、甲基溶纤剂、乙基二甘醇乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯等,其选择、适当的用量可以根据用途适宜选择,例如,如下所述在由预浸料进一步制造印刷电路基板时,优选使用甲基乙基酮、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺等沸点为160℃以下的极性溶剂,另外,优选以不挥发成分成为40质量%~80质量%的比率使用。
4.印刷电路基板
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到印刷电路基板的方法,可以举出如下方法:将前述预浸料通过常规方法层叠,适当重叠铜箔,在1~10MPa的加压下于170~300℃加热压接10分钟~3小时。
5.积层基板
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到积层基板的方法,可以举出经由工序1~3的方法。工序1中,首先,将适宜配混有橡胶、填料等的前述固化性树脂组合物使用喷涂法、帘式涂布法等涂布在形成有电路的电路基板上,然后使其固化。工序2中,根据需要,对涂布有环氧树脂组合物的电路基板进行规定的通孔部等的开孔后,利用粗糙化剂进行处理,热水洗涤其表面,由此在前述基板上形成凹凸,镀敷处理铜等金属。工序3中,根据期望依次重复工序1~2的操作,将树脂绝缘层及规定的电路图案的导体层交替积层而成型积层基板。需要说明的是,前述工序中,通孔部的开孔在最外层的树脂绝缘层的形成后进行即可。另外,对于本发明的积层基板,也可以在铜箔上使该树脂组合物半固化的带树脂铜箔以170~300℃加热压接在形成有电路的布线基板上,由此形成粗糙化面,省略镀敷处理的工序,制作积层基板。
6.积层薄膜
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到积层薄膜的方法,例如可以举出:在支撑薄膜上涂布固化性树脂组合物后,使其干燥,在支撑薄膜上形成树脂组合物层的方法。将本发明的环氧树脂组合物用于积层薄膜时,该薄膜在真空层压法中的层压的温度条件(通常70℃~140℃)下软化,与电路基板的层压同时地显示存在于电路基板的导通孔或通孔内的可填充树脂的流动性(树脂流动)是重要的,为了显现这样的特性,优选配混前述各成分。
此处,电路基板的通孔的直径通常为0.1~0.5mm、深度通常为0.1~1.2mm,通常优选能以该范围填充树脂。需要说明的是,将电路基板的两面层压时,期望填充至通孔的1/2左右。
作为制造前述积层薄膜的具体的方法,可以举出如下方法:配混有机溶剂制备清漆化的环氧树脂组合物,然后在支撑薄膜(Y)的表面涂布前述组合物,进而通过加热、或热风吹送等使有机溶剂干燥,形成环氧树脂组合物的层(X)。
作为此处使用的有机溶剂,例如优选使用丙酮、甲基乙基酮、环己酮等酮类、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、溶纤剂乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、卡必醇乙酸酯等乙酸酯类、溶纤剂、丁基卡必醇等卡必醇类、甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族烃类、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等,另外,优选以不挥发成分成为30质量%~60质量%的比例使用。
需要说明的是,形成的前述树脂组合物的层(X)的厚度通常需要为导体层的厚度以上。电路基板具有的导体层的厚度通常为5~70μm的范围,因此,树脂组合物层的厚度优选具有10~100μm的厚度。需要说明的是,本发明中的前述树脂组合物的层(X)可以用后述的保护薄膜保护。通过用保护薄膜进行保护,可以防止灰尘等对树脂组合物层表面的附着、刮痕。
前述的支撑薄膜及保护薄膜可以举出聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯等聚烯烃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(以下有时简称为“PET”)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯等聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、以及脱模纸、铜箔、铝箔等金属箔等。需要说明的是,支撑薄膜及保护薄膜可以实施亚光处理、电晕处理,除此之外,可以实施脱模处理。支撑薄膜的厚度没有特别限定,通常以10~150μm、优选以25~50μm的范围使用。另外,保护薄膜的厚度优选为1~40μm。
前述支撑薄膜(Y)在层压于电路基板后、或通过加热固化而形成绝缘层后被剥离。构成积层薄膜的环氧树脂组合物层在加热固化后,若剥离支撑薄膜(Y),则可以防止固化工序中的灰尘等的附着。在固化后剥离时,通常对支撑薄膜预先实施脱模处理。
需要说明的是,可以由如所前述那样得到的积层薄膜制造多层印刷电路基板。例如,前述树脂组合物的层(X)被保护薄膜保护时,将它们剥离后,将前述树脂组合物的层(X)以与电路基板直接接触的方式利用例如真空层压法层压于电路基板的单面或两面。层压的方法可以为分批式,也可以为采用辊的连续式。另外,根据需要,可以在进行层压之前根据需要预先加热(预加热)积层薄膜及电路基板。对于层压的条件,优选将压接温度(层压温度)设为70~140℃,优选将压接压力设为1~11kgf/cm2(9.8×104~107.9×104N/m2),优选在空气压力为20mmHg(26.7hPa)以下的减压下进行层压。
7.纤维增强复合材料
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到纤维增强复合材料(树脂浸渗于增强纤维而得到的片状的中间材料)的方法,可以举出如下方法:将构成环氧树脂组合物的各成分均匀混合而制备清漆,接着将其浸渍于由增强纤维形成的增强基材后,进行聚合反应从而制造。
进行所述聚合反应时的固化温度具体而言优选为50~250℃的温度范围,特别优选在50~100℃下使其固化,制成粘性状的固化物后,进而在120~200℃的温度条件下进行处理。
此处,增强纤维可以为加捻纱、解捻纱、或无捻纱等的任意种,从兼具纤维增强塑料制构件的成型性和机械强度的方面出发,优选解捻纱、无捻纱。进而,增强纤维的形态可以使用纤维方向在一个方向上并拢的纤维、织物。对于织物,可以从平纹、缎纹等中根据使用的部位、用途而自由地选择。具体而言,从机械强度、耐久性优异的方面出发,可以举出碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、硼纤维、氧化铝纤维、碳化硅纤维等,也可以组合使用这些的2种以上。其中,从成型品的强度良好的方面出发,特别优选碳纤维,所述碳纤维可以使用聚丙烯腈系、沥青系、人造丝系等各种物质。其中,优选容易得到高强度的碳纤维的聚丙烯腈系的碳纤维。此处,对于将清漆浸渗于包含增强纤维的增强基材从而制成纤维增强复合材料时的增强纤维的用量,优选该纤维增强复合材料中的增强纤维的体积含有率为40%~85%的范围的量。
8.纤维增强树脂成型品
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到纤维增强成型品(树脂浸渗于增强纤维的片状构件固化而成的成型品)的方法,可以举出:在模具中铺上纤维骨材,层叠多层前述清漆的手工涂敷法;喷涂成形法;使用阳模/阴模的任一者,边使清漆浸渗于包含增强纤维的基材中边进行堆叠而成型,盖上能够使压力作用于成型物的挠性模具,对经气密密封的成形物进行真空(减压)成型的真空袋法;预先将含有增强纤维的清漆制成片状,将其用金属模具压缩成型的SMC压制法;利用在铺满纤维的组合模中注入前述清漆的RTM法等,制造使前述清漆浸渗于增强纤维的预浸料,将其用大型的高压釜进行烧结的方法等。需要说明的是,前述得到的纤维增强树脂成型品为具有增强纤维和环氧树脂组合物的固化物的成型品,具体而言,纤维增强成型品中的增强纤维的量优选为40质量%~70质量%的范围,从强度的观点出发,特别优选为50质量%~70质量%的范围。
9.导电糊剂
作为由本发明的环氧树脂组合物得到导电糊剂的方法,例如可以举出使微细导电性颗粒分散于该固化性树脂组合物中的方法。前述导电糊剂可以根据使用的微细导电性颗粒的种类而制成电路连接用糊剂树脂组合物、各向异性导电粘接剂。
实施例
接着,通过实施例、比较例具体说明本发明,以下“份”及“%”只要没有特别说明,则以质量为基准。需要说明的是,GPC、13CNMR、FD-MS光谱、高效液相色谱(以下、HPLC)采用以下条件测定。
<GPC测定条件>
测定装置:东曹株式会社制“HLC-8320GPC”、
柱:东曹株式会社制保护柱“HXL-L”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G2000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G2000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G3000HXL”
+东曹株式会社制“TSK-GEL G4000HXL”
检测器:RI(差示折光计)
数据处理:东曹株式会社制“GPC工作站EcoSEC-WorkStation”
测定条件:柱温度 40℃
展开溶剂 四氢呋喃
流速 1.0ml/分钟
标准:根据前述“GPC工作站EcoSEC-WorkStation”的测定手册,使用分子量已知的下述单分散聚苯乙烯。
(使用聚苯乙烯)
东曹株式会社制“A-500”
东曹株式会社制“A-1000”
东曹株式会社制“A-2500”
东曹株式会社制“A-5000”
东曹株式会社制“F-1”
东曹株式会社制“F-2”
东曹株式会社制“F-4”
东曹株式会社制“F-10”
东曹株式会社制“F-20”
东曹株式会社制“F-40”
东曹株式会社制“F-80”
东曹株式会社制“F-128”
试样:使用微滤器对以树脂固体成分换算计为1.0质量%的四氢呋喃溶液进行过滤所得的物质(50μl)。
<13C-NMR的测定条件>
装置:日本电子株式会社制AL-400
测定模式:反转门控去偶
溶剂:氘化二甲基亚砜
脉冲角度:45°脉冲
试样浓度:30wt%
累积次数:4000次
<FD-MS光谱的测定条件>
FD-MS光谱使用日本电子株式会社制的双聚焦型质量分析装置“AX505H(FD505H)”测定。
<HPLC测定条件>
东曹株式会社制“Agilent 1220Infinity LC”、
柱:东曹株式会社制“TSK-GELODS-120T”
检测器:VWD
数据处理:东曹株式会社制“Agilent EZChrom Elite”
测定条件:柱温度 40℃
展开溶剂 A液:水/乙腈=50/50wt%
B液:乙腈
展开条件 A液/B液=95/5(15分钟)
线性梯度(20分钟)
A液/B液=0/100(20分钟)
流速 1.0ml/分钟
测定波长 254nm
合成例1环氧树脂(A-1)的合成
一边对安装有温度计、冷却管、搅拌器的烧瓶实施氮气吹扫,一边投入4-叔丁基邻苯二酚164.7g、3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚1.3g、环氧氯丙烷555g(6.0摩尔)、正丁醇165g使其溶解。升温至50℃后,用3小时添加20%氢氧化钠水溶液440g(2.2摩尔),之后,进一步在50℃下反应1小时。反应结束后,在150℃减压下馏去未反应环氧氯丙烷。接着,向得到的粗环氧树脂中加入甲基异丁基酮300g和正丁醇50g并溶解。进而向该溶液中添加10质量%氢氧化钠水溶液15份,在80℃下反应2小时后,用水100g重复水洗3次,直至清洗液的pH变成中性。接着,通过共沸将体系内脱水,经过精密过滤后,在减压下馏去溶剂,得到环氧树脂(A-1)240g。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为209g/eq。将所得环氧树脂的GPC谱图示于图1,将FD-MS的光谱示于图2,将13C-NMR光谱示于图3,将HPLC谱图示于图4。环氧树脂中的化合物(α)的面积比率在GPC测定中为0.70%,基于HPLC测定的(β1+β2)/(γ)为0.24。
合成例2环氧树脂(A-2)的合成
将4-叔丁基邻苯二酚变更为165.5g、3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚变更为0.5g、环氧氯丙烷变更为370g(4.0摩尔)、正丁醇变更为110g,除此之外,与合成例1同样地操作,得到环氧树脂(A-2)。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为371g/eq。将所得环氧树脂的GPC谱图示于图5,将HPLC谱图示于图6。环氧树脂中的化合物(α)的面积比率为0.21%,基于HPLC测定的(β1+β2)/(γ)为0.92。
合成例3环氧树脂(A-3)的合成
一边对安装有温度计、冷却管、搅拌器的烧瓶实施氮气吹扫,一边投入4-叔丁基邻苯二酚165.0g、3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚1.0g、环氧氯丙烷555g(6.0摩尔)、正丁醇165g使其溶解。升温至70℃后,添加50%四甲基氯化铵水溶液5g反应6小时。然后,用3小时添加20%氢氧化钠水溶液440g(2.2摩尔),之后,进一步在50℃下反应1小时。反应结束后,在150℃减压下馏去未反应环氧氯丙烷。接着,向得到的粗环氧树脂中加入甲基异丁基酮300g和正丁醇50g并溶解。进而,向该溶液中添加10质量%氢氧化钠水溶液15份,在80℃下反应2小时后,用水100g重复水洗3次,直至清洗液的pH变成中性。接着,通过共沸将体系内脱水,经过精密过滤后,在减压下馏去溶剂,得到环氧树脂(A-3)。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为179g/eq。将所得环氧树脂的GPC谱图示于图7,将HPLC谱图示于图8。环氧树脂中的化合物(α)的面积比率为0.55%,基于HPLC测定的(β1+β2)/(γ)为0.14。
合成例4环氧树脂(A-4)的合成
将作为叔丁基邻苯二酚的市售品的DIC-TBC变更为166.0g(DIC株式会社制)、环氧氯丙烷变更为740g(8.0摩尔)、正丁醇变更为222g,除此之外,与合成例1同样地操作,得到环氧树脂(A-4)。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为198g/eq,25℃下的粘度为1,030mPa·s。将所得环氧树脂的HPLC谱图示于图9。环氧树脂中的基于HPLC的(β1+β2)/(γ)面积比率为0.19。
比较合成例1环氧树脂(A’-1)的合成
一边对安装有温度计、冷却管、搅拌器的烧瓶实施氮气吹扫,一边投入DIC-TBC166.0g、环氧氯丙烷555g(6.0摩尔)使其溶解。升温至110℃后,添加50%四甲基氯化铵水溶液5g反应3小时。之后,用3小时添加20%氢氧化钠水溶液440g(2.2摩尔),之后,进一步在50℃下反应1小时。反应结束后,在150℃减压下馏去未反应环氧氯丙烷。接着,向得到的粗环氧树脂中加入甲基异丁基酮300g和正丁醇50g并溶解。进而,向该溶液中添加10质量%氢氧化钠水溶液15份,在80℃下反应2小时后,用水100g重复水洗3次,直至清洗液的pH变成中性。接着,通过共沸将体系内脱水,经过精密过滤后,在减压下馏去溶剂,得到环氧树脂(A’-1)。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为240g/eq,25℃下的粘度为2,690mPa·s。将所得环氧树脂的HPLC谱图示于图10。环氧树脂中的基于HPLC的(β1+β2)/(γ)的面积比率为0.44。
比较合成例2环氧树脂(A’-2)的合成
一边对安装有温度计、冷却管、搅拌器的烧瓶实施氮气吹扫,一边投入DIC-TBC166.0g、环氧氯丙烷1110g(12.0摩尔)使其溶解。升温至40℃后,添加苄基三甲基氯化铵7.4g反应48小时。然后,用3小时添加20%氢氧化钠水溶液440g(2.2摩尔),之后,进一步在50℃下反应1小时。反应结束后,在150℃减压下馏去未反应环氧氯丙烷。接着,向得到的粗环氧树脂中添加甲基异丁基酮300g和正丁醇50g并溶解。进而,向该溶液中添加10质量%氢氧化钠水溶液15份,在80℃下反应2小时后,用水100g重复水洗3次,直至清洗液的pH变成中性。接着,通过共沸将体系内脱水,经过精密过滤后,在减压下馏去溶剂,得到环氧树脂(A’-2)。所得环氧树脂的环氧当量为205g/eq,25℃下的粘度为3,560mPa·s。将所得环氧树脂的HPLC谱图示于图11。环氧树脂中的基于HPLC的(β1+β2)/(γ)的面积比率为0.09。
将下述化合物按照表1所示的组成配混后,使用2根辊在90℃的温度下熔融混炼5分钟,制备目标固化性树脂组合物。需要说明的是,表1中的缩写是指下述化合物。
·环氧树脂A-1:合成例1中得到的环氧树脂
·环氧树脂A-2:合成例2中得到的环氧树脂
·环氧树脂A-3:合成例3中得到的环氧树脂
·环氧树脂A-4:合成例4中得到的环氧树脂
·环氧树脂A’-1:比较合成例1中得到的环氧树脂
·环氧树脂A’-2:比较合成例2中得到的环氧树脂
·N-655-EXP-S:甲酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂(DIC株式会社制“N-655-EXP-S”、环氧当量:201g/eq)
·N-770:苯酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂(DIC株式会社制“N-770”、环氧当量:190g/eq)
·HP-5000:甲氧基萘改性酚醛清漆型环氧树脂(DIC株式会社制“HP-5000”、环氧当量:250g/eq.)
·NC-3000:联苯芳烷基型环氧树脂(日本化药株式会社制“NC-3000”、环氧当量:278g/eq)
·NC-2000L:苯酚芳烷基型环氧树脂(日本化药株式会社制“NC-2000L”、环氧当量:238g/eq)
·YX-4000:联苯型环氧树脂(三菱化学株式会社制“YX-4000”、环氧当量:188g/eq)
·固化剂TD-2131:苯酚酚醛清漆树脂(DIC株式会社制“TD-2131”、羟基当量:104g/eq)
·固化剂Me-THPA:甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐
·固化促进剂1,2-DMZ:1,2-二甲基咪唑
·TPP:三苯基膦
·熔融二氧化硅:球状二氧化硅“FB-560”电气化学株式会社制
·硅烷偶联剂:γ-环氧丙氧基三乙氧基硅烷“KBM-403”信越化学工业株式会社制
·巴西棕榈蜡:“PEARL WAX No.1-P”电气化学株式会社制
<玻璃化转变温度、热时弹性模量的测定>
将前述中制作的成型物以宽度5mm、长度54mm的尺寸切出厚度0.8mm的固化物,将其作为试验片1。对于该试验片1,使用粘弹性测定装置(DMA:Rheometric公司制固体粘弹性测定装置“RSAII”、矩形拉伸法:频率1Hz、升温速度3℃/分钟),将弹性模量变化变为最大(tanδ变化率最大)的温度作为玻璃化转变温度、260℃下的贮存弹性模量作为热时弹性模量进行测定。
<成型时的收缩率的测定>
使用传递成型机(KOHTAKI Corporation制、KTS-15-1.5C),在金属模具温度150℃、成型压力9.8MPa、固化时间600秒的条件下,将树脂组合物注入成型,制作长110mm、宽12.7mm、厚1.6mm的试验片。之后,将试验片在175℃下后固化5小时,测定金属模具模腔的内径尺寸和室温(25℃)下的试验片的外径尺寸,通过下述式算出收缩率。
收缩率(%)={(金属模具的内径尺寸)-(25℃下的固化物的长度方向的尺寸)}/(175℃下的金属模具模腔的内径尺寸)×100(%)
将所述结果示于表1。
<耐热性的评价>
使前述得到的固化性组合物流入宽度90mm、长度110mm、高度2mm的模板内,在75℃下固化2小时后,进而在120℃下固化3小时。用钻石切割机将所得固化物切成宽度5mm、长度50mm,将其作为试验片。接着,使用粘弹性测定装置(SII NanoTechnology Inc.制“DMS6100”)测定试验片的基于两端固定弯曲的动态粘弹性,将tanδ变为最大的值的温度评价为玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。需要说明的是,动态粘弹性测定的测定条件设为温度条件室温~260℃、升温速度3℃/分钟、频率1Hz、应变振幅10μm。
<弯曲强度及弯曲弹性模量的测定>
使前述得到的环氧树脂组合物流入宽度90mm、长度110mm、高度4mm的模板内,在90℃下固化2小时后,进而在110℃下固化3小时。根据JIS K6911,测定固化物的弯曲强度及弯曲弹性模量。
<挥发性的评价>
在金属培养皿中称量环氧树脂1g,在125℃或150℃的干燥机内加热1小时,通过加热前后的质量变化评价挥发成分。
[表1]
[表2]
[表3]
[表4]
环氧树脂(A’-1)由于环状化合物(β1)的含有率比较高,因此树脂的挥发性高,不适于在高温下使其加热固化的用途,另外,固化物的机械强度、耐热性也不足。另一方面,环状化合物(β1)的含有率比较低的环氧树脂(A’-2)虽然关于挥发性没有问题,但是室温(25℃)下的粘度高,因此,较难应用于需要混合填充剂等的半导体密封材料、需要向增强纤维的浸渗工序的纤维增强复合材料等。
Claims (23)
2.根据权利要求1所述的环氧树脂,具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯、与具有2个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的二烷基二羟基苯的质量比即单烷基二羟基苯/二烷基二羟基苯为99.1/0.9~99.9/0.1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的环氧树脂,其中,所述单烷基二羟基苯为具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚。
4.一种环氧树脂,其是将具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚、与具有2个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的二烷基二羟基苯作为反应原料,
以具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚的环氧化物作为主成分,
具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)及单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的合计含量、与单烷基邻苯二酚的二缩水甘油醚化物(γ)的含量的比率在高效液相色谱中为(β1+β2)/(γ)=(0.10~0.40)的范围,
所述具有包含源自单烷基邻苯二酚的2个相邻氧原子作为构成原子的环状结构的环状化合物(β1)的代表性结构为下述
式中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基,
所述单烷基邻苯二酚的单缩水甘油醚化物(β2)的结构为下述所示的物质
式中,R1为碳数4~8的烷基。
5.根据权利要求4所述的环氧树脂,具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基邻苯二酚、与具有2个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的二烷基二羟基苯的质量比即单烷基邻苯二酚/二烷基二羟基苯为99.1/0.9~99.9/0.1。
7.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的环氧树脂,其中,芳香环上的取代基为丁基或辛基。
8.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的环氧树脂,其中,芳香环上的取代基为叔丁基。
9.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的环氧树脂,其中,所述环氧树脂的环氧当量为170g/eq~400g/eq。
10.根据权利要求8所述的环氧树脂,其中,所述环氧树脂的环氧当量为170g/eq~250g/eq。
11.根据权利要求8所述的环氧树脂,其中,所述环氧树脂的25℃下的粘度为300~2500mPa·s。
12.一种环氧树脂组合物,其含有权利要求1~11中任一项所述的环氧树脂和固化剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的环氧树脂组合物,还含有除了前述环氧树脂以外的其他环氧树脂。
14.权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物的固化物。
15.一种半导体密封材料,其含有权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物和无机填充材料。
16.一种半导体装置,其含有权利要求15所述的半导体密封材料的固化物。
17.一种预浸料,其是具有权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物和加强基材的浸渗基材的半固化物。
18.一种电路基板,其包含权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物的板状赋形物和铜箔。
19.一种积层薄膜,其包含权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物的固化物和基材薄膜。
20.一种纤维增强复合材料,其含有权利要求12或13所述的环氧树脂组合物和增强纤维。
21.一种纤维增强成形品,其是权利要求20所述的纤维增强复合材料的固化物。
22.一种如权利要求1所述的环氧树脂的制造方法,其特征在于,将具有1个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的单烷基二羟基苯、与具有2个碳数4~8的烷基作为芳香环上的取代基的二烷基二羟基苯以其质量比即单烷基二羟基苯/二烷基二羟基苯为99.1/0.9~99.9/0.1的范围使用,使其与环氧氯丙烷反应。
23.根据权利要求22所述的环氧树脂的制造方法,其中,所述单烷基二羟基苯为单烷基邻苯二酚,所述二烷基二羟基苯为二烷基邻苯二酚。
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