CN109031527B - High-power optical fiber end cap and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
High-power optical fiber end cap and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN109031527B CN109031527B CN201810735450.3A CN201810735450A CN109031527B CN 109031527 B CN109031527 B CN 109031527B CN 201810735450 A CN201810735450 A CN 201810735450A CN 109031527 B CN109031527 B CN 109031527B
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- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012994 industrial processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
- G02B6/2551—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding using thermal methods, e.g. fusion welding by arc discharge, laser beam, plasma torch
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-power optical fiber end cap and a manufacturing method thereof, the optical fiber end cap comprises a double-clad optical fiber, a coreless optical fiber and a quartz rod which are coaxially arranged, the quartz rod comprises a first cylindrical section, a circular table section and a second cylindrical section which are coaxially connected in sequence, the diameter of the first cylindrical section is smaller than that of the second cylindrical section, the double-clad optical fiber is welded with one end of the coreless optical fiber, the other end of the coreless optical fiber is welded with one end of the first cylindrical section, the cladding diameter of the coreless optical fiber is larger than or equal to that of the double-clad optical fiber, and the cladding diameter of the coreless optical fiber is smaller than or equal to that of the first cylindrical section. Meanwhile, energy can not be output from the side surface of the coreless optical fiber, and energy loss is avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fiber laser and a laser transmission system, in particular to a high-power optical fiber end cap and a manufacturing method thereof.
Background
In recent years, a high-power fiber laser is the focus of attention in the laser field, and has the characteristics of high optical power density, high beam quality, simplicity in use and the like, so that the high-power fiber laser is widely applied to the aspects of industrial processing, weaponry, medical instruments and the like. The high-power laser is provided with a high-power energy transmission optical cable, and laser can become more flexible and controllable through the energy transmission optical cable, so that flexible three-dimensional processing is realized; meanwhile, the transmission light beam has excellent quality and high optical power density. Because the optical fiber adopted in the high-power optical fiber laser is a double-clad optical fiber with large mode field area, the diameter of the fiber core is only 10-30 μm, the optical power density in the fiber core is very high, and any fine end surface pollution and processing defects can strengthen the local electric field of the fiber core, thereby causing the damage of the end surface of the optical fiber.
In high power fiber lasers and amplifiers, the design of the fiber end face handling is a problem that must be overcome in fiber laser applications. One effective solution is to fuse a large diameter quartz end cap to the fiber end face. The optical fiber end cap is a high-power optical fiber passive device for realizing the protection of the optical fiber end face, and the optical power density of the output end is reduced by expanding the beam of the output optical fiber, so that the optical fiber end face is protected from being damaged. Therefore, the key manufacturing process of the optical fiber end cap is researched, and the manufacturing of the bearable high-power optical fiber end cap is realized, so that the key manufacturing process has important significance for the application of optical fiber lasers and amplifiers.
The end caps are pure fused quartz rods without fiber cores, coating layers and doping, and can be divided into two types according to different bearable powers: 1. coreless fiber end cap: the end cap diameter is equal to the inner cladding diameter of a double-clad fiber, which typically can carry hundreds of watts of power. 2. Glass rod fiber end cap: the diameter of the end cap is tens of times of that of the inner cladding of the double-clad optical fiber, the large-diameter end face of the end cap can better reduce the laser power density, and the end cap can bear high power of more than thousands of watts.
The high-power optical fiber laser end cap is generally formed by fusing an optical fiber and a quartz conical rod with a larger diameter, however, the size difference between the quartz conical rod and the optical fiber is large, which causes difficulty in temperature control during fusing, and thus, the fusing quality is difficult to guarantee. Meanwhile, the area of the fiber core of the single-mode fiber is small, the optical power density on the output surface of the single-mode fiber is high, and strong temperature rise is easily generated due to the tiny defect of a welding point, so that the end cap is damaged. The method of welding the optical fiber and the thin end of the conical quartz rod by adopting the conical quartz rod can solve the problem to a certain extent, but the diameter of the thin end of the quartz rod is still far larger than that of the optical fiber, so the defects of difficult welding, high optical power density of a welding point and the like still exist.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the high-power optical fiber end cap and the manufacturing method thereof, which reduce the output optical power density, reduce the preparation difficulty of the optical fiber end cap and improve the bearable laser power by expanding the area of the output end face of the laser from the optical fiber.
The present invention achieves the above-described object by the following technical means.
The utility model provides a high power optic fibre end cap, is including coaxial double-clad optic fibre, no core optic fibre and the quartz stick that sets up, the quartz stick is including coaxial coupling's first cylinder section, round platform section and second cylinder section in proper order, the diameter of an terminal surface of round platform section and the diameter D of first cylinder section1Same as that ofThe diameter of the other end surface of the circular table section and the diameter D of the second cylindrical section2Same, diameter D of the first cylindrical section1Is smaller than the diameter D of the second cylindrical section2The double-clad optical fiber is welded with one end of the coreless optical fiber, the other end of the coreless optical fiber is welded with one end of the first cylindrical section, and the cladding diameter D of the coreless optical fiberdGreater than or equal to the cladding diameter D of the double-clad fibersCladding diameter D of said coreless fiberdIs less than or equal to the diameter D of the first cylindrical section1。
Preferably, the length L of the coreless fiber satisfies:
L＝(aDd-Dcore)/(2tanβ)，
wherein a is 0.46-0.62, DcoreThe core diameter and propagation constant of the double-clad fiber
n1，n2The refractive indexes of the fiber core and the cladding of the double-clad fiber are respectively.
Preferably, the length L of the first cylindrical section1Satisfies the following conditions:
L1＝(bD1-aDd)/(2tanβ)，
wherein b is 0.51 to 0.66.
Preferably, the diameter D of the first cylindrical section1Satisfies the following conditions:
D1＜2.5Dd，D1＜2mm。
preferably, the diameter D of the second cylindrical section2Satisfies the following conditions:
3.5Dp＜D2＜7Dp，D2＜15mm，
wherein D ispTo output spot diameter.
Preferably, the cone angle α of the frustum of a circle segment is greater than or equal to 45 °.
Preferably, two end faces of the coreless fiber and the double-clad fiber which are welded are both inclined end faces, and the two inclined end faces are parallel to each other.
Preferably, the included angle between the two inclined end surfaces and the perpendicular line of the axis is an inclination angle θ, and the inclination angle θ satisfies the following condition: 9.5 degree theta > 4.5 degree, Ddtanθ＜110μm。
The manufacturing method of the high-power optical fiber end cap comprises a double-clad optical fiber, a coreless optical fiber and a quartz rod which are coaxially arranged, wherein the quartz rod comprises a first cylindrical section, a circular table section and a second cylindrical section which are coaxially connected in sequence, and the manufacturing method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1: respectively stripping coatings from two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber and the coreless optical fiber, cleaning the surfaces, cutting the two end faces to be welded orderly, and marking the positions 15-30mm away from the end faces to be welded on the coreless optical fiber;
s2: grinding two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber and the coreless optical fiber respectively to form an inclination angle theta;
s3: welding the two end faces to be welded, wherein the two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber and the coreless optical fiber are kept parallel and the centers of the end faces are aligned;
s4: determining the length of the coreless optical fiber needing to be cut according to the marked position, wherein the length L of the reserved coreless optical fiber meets the following requirements: l ═ a (aD)d-Dcore) V (2tan β), wherein a is 0.46-0.62, DcoreThe core diameter and propagation constant of the double-clad fiber
n1，n2Core and cladding refractive indices, D, of double-clad fiber, respectivelydA cladding diameter for a coreless fiber;
s5: and welding the other end of the coreless optical fiber with one end of the first cylindrical section.
Preferably, when the two end faces to be welded are welded in step S3, CO is used2Laser is used as a heat source.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the invention makes the laser expand after passing through the coreless fiber, the optical power density at the joint of the output end face and the quartz rod is reduced, and the output facula is large enough when the laser is output from the coreless fiber by selecting the proper length of the coreless fiber, thereby effectively reducing the optical power density on the output face, and meanwhile, no energy is output from the side face of the coreless fiber, and the energy loss is avoided.
2) The diameter of the coreless optical fiber can be larger than that of a double-clad optical fiber, so that the coreless optical fiber is beneficial to welding with a quartz rod.
3) When the double-clad optical fiber and the coreless optical fiber are welded, two end faces to be welded are provided with inclination angles, so that light reflection on two connecting end faces of the double-clad optical fiber and the coreless optical fiber can be reduced, and the transmission optical fiber and the laser are prevented from being damaged.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-power optical fiber end cap according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of the transmission mode field of laser light in the optical fiber end cap of the present invention, wherein: (a) is arranged on the end face of the coreless optical fiber; (b) for 2mm transmission in a coreless fiber.
Figure 3 is a schematic view of two end faces of a coreless fiber of the present invention fused to the double-clad fiber.
In the figure:
1. the optical fiber comprises a double-clad optical fiber, 2 a coreless optical fiber, 3 a first cylindrical section, 4 a circular table section and 5 a second cylindrical section.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in figure 1, the high-power optical fiber end cap comprises a double-clad optical fiber 1, a coreless optical fiber 2 and a quartz rod which are coaxially arranged, wherein the quartz rod comprises a first cylindrical section 3, a circular truncated cone section 4 and a second cylindrical section 5 which are coaxially connected in sequence, and the diameter of one end face of the circular truncated cone section 4 and the diameter D of the first cylindrical section 3 are the same1The diameter of the other end face of the circular platform section 4 is the sameWith the diameter D of the second cylindrical section 52In the same way, the diameter D of the first cylindrical section 31Is smaller than the diameter D of the second cylindrical section 52The double-clad optical fiber 1 is welded with one end of a coreless optical fiber 2, the other end of the coreless optical fiber 2 is welded with one end of a first cylindrical section 3, and the cladding diameter D of the coreless optical fiber 2dGreater than or equal to the diameter D of the double-clad optical fiber 1sThe cladding diameter D of the coreless fiber 2dIs less than or equal to the diameter D of the first cylindrical section 31。
The laser light output from the double-clad optical fiber 1 enters the coreless fiber 2, and the energy is expanded. The energy spread of the laser light after entering the coreless fiber 2 is shown in figure 2. As shown in fig. 2, after the laser enters the coreless fiber 2, the energy expands, and although the area of the mode field is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the coreless fiber 2, the energy expansion area is much larger than the area of the mode field, so as to reduce the energy loss after the laser expands to the side surface of the coreless fiber 2, the length L of the coreless fiber 2 is required to satisfy L ═ d (aD)d-Dcore) V (2tan β), where a is 0.46-0.62, where DdIs the diameter of the coreless fiber 2, DcoreThe core diameter and propagation constant of the double-clad fiber
n1，n2The core and cladding refractive indices of the double-clad fiber 1, respectively. I.e., the coreless fiber 2 is required to have a sufficient length to achieve expansion of the laser energy to reduce its optical power density at the output end face of the coreless fiber 2, while its energy field is not so large as to cause energy loss.
The input end of the quartz rod is a first cylindrical section 3, the diameter of which is smaller, so that the quartz rod can be matched and welded with the coreless optical fiber 2 in a low-loss manner. To meet this requirement, the diameter D of the first cylindrical section 31Satisfies D1＜2.5DdAnd has D1< 2mm, diameter D of the second cylindrical section 52No more than 15mm, and has a 3.5Dp＜D2＜7Dp. Where D ispAnd outputting the diameter of the light spot for the quartz rod. At the same time, the length of the first cylindrical section 3 must not be too long eitherOr too short to ensure spreading of the laser energy and to reduce energy losses. Length L of first cylindrical section 31Satisfy L1＝(bD1-aDd) And/or (2tan β), wherein b is 0.51-0.66, and the taper angle α of the circle segment 4 is greater than or equal to 45 degrees.
As shown in fig. 3, two end faces of the coreless fiber 2 and the double-clad fiber 1, which are welded together, are inclined end faces, two of the inclined end faces are parallel to each other, an included angle between each inclined end face and a perpendicular line of an axis is an inclination angle θ, and the inclination angle θ satisfies: 9.5 degree theta > 4.5 degree, Ddtan theta < 110 mu m. The tilt angle range is a comprehensive result considering the end surface reflection and heating area and the welding effect.
The double-clad optical fiber 1 in this embodiment is an 100/360 optical fiber, i.e., a core having a diameter of 100 μm and a cladding having a diameter of 360 μm. The diameter of the coreless fiber 2 is 440 μm and the length is 2.5 mm; the first cylindrical section 3 has a diameter of 1.0mm and a length of 5.1 mm. The cone angle a of the truncated cone segment 4 is 45 °, and the diameter of the second cylindrical segment 5 is D2＝10mm。
The invention relates to a manufacturing method of a high-power optical fiber end cap, which specifically comprises the following steps:
s1: respectively stripping coatings from two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber 1 and the coreless optical fiber 2, cleaning the surfaces, cutting the two end faces to be welded orderly, and marking the positions 15-30mm away from the end faces to be welded on the coreless optical fiber 2;
s2: treat to weld the terminal surface to two on double-clad optical fiber 1 and the coreless fiber 2 respectively and grind, make two treat that the butt fusion terminal surface forms inclination theta, and satisfy: 9.5 degree theta > 4.5 degree, Ddtanθ＜110μm；
S3: welding the two end faces to be welded, wherein the two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber 1 and the coreless optical fiber 2 are kept parallel and the centers of the end faces are aligned;
s4: determining the length of the coreless optical fiber 2 to be cut according to the marked position, wherein the length L of the reserved coreless optical fiber 2 satisfies the following conditions: l ═ a (aD)d-Dcore) V (2tan β), wherein a is 0.46-0.62, DcoreThe core diameter, propagation constant of the double-clad optical fiber 1
n1，n2Core and cladding refractive indices, D, of the double-clad fiber 1dIs the diameter of the cladding of the coreless fiber 2;
s5: the other end of the coreless fiber 2 is fusion-spliced to one end of the first cylindrical section 3.
The reason why the present invention causes both end surfaces of the coreless fiber 2 and the double-clad fiber 1 to be fusion-spliced to each other to be inclined end surfaces is that: the core of the double-clad fiber 1 is usually made of a doped medium, the refractive index of the core is higher than that of pure quartz, and the coreless fiber 2 is made of pure quartz, so that when laser enters the coreless fiber 2 from the double-clad fiber 1, the laser is reflected at the end face, and for high-power laser, a small amount of reflection of the laser can cause damage of the double-clad fiber 1 and damage of a laser device. For such end face fusion, a conventional optical fiber fusion splicer cannot be used because of the large area to be heated, and a laser heat source such as CO having a wide heating range can be used2The inclination angle θ of the laser used as the heat source should be determined by considering the reflection of the laser at the end faces of the double-clad optical fiber 1 and the coreless optical fiber 2 and the difficulty of welding when the longitudinal dimension of the end faces is too large.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any obvious improvements, substitutions or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a high power optic fibre end cap, its characterized in that, including coaxial double-clad optic fibre (1), no core fiber (2) and the quartz stick that sets up, the quartz stick is including coaxial coupling's first cylinder section (3), round platform section (4) and second cylinder section (5) in proper order, the diameter D of the diameter of an end face of round platform section (4) and first cylinder section (3)1The diameter of the other end surface of the circular table section (4) is the same as the diameter D of the second cylindrical section (5)2Same, the diameter D of the first cylindrical section (3)1Is smaller than the diameter D of the second cylindrical section (5)2The double-clad optical fiber (1) is welded with one end of the coreless optical fiber (2), the other end of the coreless optical fiber (2) is welded with one end of the first cylindrical section (3), and the cladding diameter D of the coreless optical fiber (2)dGreater than or equal to the cladding diameter D of the double-clad optical fiber (1)sThe cladding diameter D of the coreless fiber (2)dIs less than or equal to the diameter D of the first cylindrical section (3)1；
The length L of the coreless fiber (2) satisfies:
L＝(Dm-Dcore)/(2tanβ)，
wherein, 0.62Dd＞Dm＞0.46Dd，DcoreIs the core diameter, propagation constant of the double-clad fiber (1)
n1，n2The refractive indexes of the fiber core and the cladding of the double-clad fiber are respectively.
2. High power optical fiber end cap according to claim 1, wherein the length L of the first cylindrical section (3)1Satisfies the following conditions:
L1＝(Dr-Dm)/(2tanβ)，
wherein, 0.66D1＞Dr＞0.51D1。
3. High power optical fiber end cap according to claim 1, wherein the diameter D of the first cylindrical section (3)1Satisfies the following conditions:
D1＜2.5Dd，D1＜2mm。
4. high power optical fiber end cap according to claim 1, wherein the diameter D of the second cylindrical section (5)2Satisfies the following conditions:
3.5Dp＜D2＜7Dp，D2＜15mm，
wherein D ispAnd outputting the diameter of the light spot for the quartz rod.
5. The high power optical fiber end cap according to claim 1, wherein the cone angle α of the truncated cone segment (4) is greater than or equal to 45 °.
6. The high power optical fiber end cap according to claim 1, wherein both end faces of the coreless fiber (2) and the double-clad fiber (1) are fused together as an inclined end face, and the inclined end faces are parallel to each other.
7. The high power optical fiber end cap of claim 6, wherein the two inclined end faces are inclined from a perpendicular to the axis by an inclination angle θ satisfying: 9.5 degree theta > 4.5 degree, Ddtanθ＜110μm。
8. The manufacturing method of the high-power optical fiber end cap is characterized by comprising a double-clad optical fiber (1), a coreless optical fiber (2) and a quartz rod which are coaxially arranged, wherein the quartz rod comprises a first cylindrical section (3), a circular table section (4) and a second cylindrical section (5) which are coaxially connected in sequence, and the manufacturing method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1: respectively stripping coatings from two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber (1) and the coreless optical fiber (2), cleaning the surfaces, cutting the two end faces to be welded neatly, and marking the positions 15-30mm away from the end faces to be welded on the coreless optical fiber (2);
s2: respectively grinding two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber (1) and the coreless optical fiber (2) to form an inclination angle theta;
s3: welding the two end faces to be welded, wherein the two end faces to be welded on the double-clad optical fiber (1) and the coreless optical fiber (2) are kept parallel and the centers of the end faces are aligned;
s4: determining the length of the coreless optical fiber (2) needing to be cut according to the marked position, wherein the length L of the reserved coreless optical fiber (2) satisfies the following conditions: l ═ Dm-Dcore) V. (2tan β), where, 0.62Dd＞Dm＞0.46Dd，DcoreIs the core diameter, propagation constant of the double-clad fiber (1)
n1，n2Core and cladding refractive indices, D, of double-clad fiber, respectivelydIs the diameter of the coreless fiber (2);
s5: and the other end of the coreless optical fiber (2) is welded with one end of the first cylindrical section (3).
9. The method for manufacturing the high power optical fiber end cap according to claim 8, wherein in step S3, when the two end faces to be welded are welded, CO is used2Laser is used as a heat source.
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| CN109491016A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-03-19 | 江苏大学 | A kind of end caps and preparation method thereof |
| CN112859255A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2021-05-28 | 讯芯电子科技（中山）有限公司 | Optical communication module and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN111628397B (en) * | 2020-06-09 | 2021-12-28 | 相位光粒(北京)科技有限公司 | High-power fiber laser based on quartz waveguide coupling |
| CN112099144B (en) * | 2020-10-13 | 2022-10-11 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Device and method for realizing alignment of optical fiber and quartz end cap |
| CN112346178B (en) * | 2020-11-12 | 2022-09-02 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Integrated collimating optical fiber end cap capable of cutting off light beam and collimating optical fiber end cap array |
| CN113325517B (en) * | 2021-08-03 | 2021-10-15 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Optical fiber end cap and optical fiber laser |
| CN113777795A (en) * | 2021-09-19 | 2021-12-10 | 光惠（上海）激光科技有限公司 | High-power optical fiber shaping collimation output device |
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| CN205787210U (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2016-12-07 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Optical fiber end cap |
| CN106998031A (en) * | 2017-05-17 | 2017-08-01 | 中国兵器装备研究院 | A kind of manufacture method of the quartzy end cap of high power |
| CN107015320A (en) * | 2017-05-17 | 2017-08-04 | 中国兵器装备研究院 | A kind of manufacture method of high-power fiber end cap |
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| CN109031527A (en) | 2018-12-18 |
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