CN108720025A - 25-羟基维生素d3在食品中的应用 - Google Patents
25-羟基维生素d3在食品中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108720025A CN108720025A CN201810584276.7A CN201810584276A CN108720025A CN 108720025 A CN108720025 A CN 108720025A CN 201810584276 A CN201810584276 A CN 201810584276A CN 108720025 A CN108720025 A CN 108720025A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/15—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了25‑羟基维生素D3在食品中的应用,添加25‑羟基维生素D3的食品有助于增加骨密度、有利于提高免疫力、有助于保护因肝功能低下造成的骨密度降低,具有开发为新一代营养强化剂和/或强化食品的潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品领域,具体涉及25-羟基维生素D3在食品中的应用以及包含25-羟基维生素D3的营养强化剂和/或强化食品。
背景技术
营养强化剂(nutritional fortification substances)指为了增加食品中的营养成分而加入到食品中的天然或人工合成的营养素和其他营养物质。强化食品(fortificated food)指按照《食品营养强化剂使用标准》规定加入了一定量的营养强化剂的食品。
维生素D是甾醇类衍生物。人体皮下存在的7-脱氢胆固醇经紫外线照射产生的维生素D3,麦角固醇紫外线照射后产生维生素D2。二者来源不同,功能一致,在人类营养中维生素D的重要性在于调节钙和磷的代谢作用。维生素D促进钙和磷在肠道吸收,影响骨骼钙化过程,缺乏维生素D会引起儿童佝偻病,成人软骨和骨质疏松。维生素D的数量单位,以往用国际单位(I.U)表示,近来用重量表示,二者之间的关系如下:1I.U=0.025μg。
维生素D缺乏被证明是广泛存在的营养素缺乏,通过添加营养强化剂的维生素D制剂可以改善维生素D缺乏导致的健康影响。
目前用于食品强化剂的维生素D只有维生素D2和维生素D3。维生素D2和维生素D3脂溶性比较强,吸收需要借助脂肪微乳,吸收较差,不同个体的差异性较大。吸收后的维生素D3或维生素D2,大部分存储于脂肪中,使用效率极低,体重超标者使用效率更低。少部分进入血液中的维生素D3或维生素D需要运输到肝脏,再经肝脏代谢后才能变成能被人体利用的25-羟基维生素D,肝脏功能低下人群不能产生足够的维生素D储存形式的维生素D,导致体内的25-羟基维生素D的浓度偏低。肾脏、胰岛细胞、巨噬细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及全身的普通细胞均需要25-羟基维生素D来参与和介导正常的细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及正常的细胞功能。维生素D3的推荐剂量每天不高于600I.U,但是国外发达国家的产品用量已经超过1000I.U每天,低推荐量的维生素D3已经不能满足人体每天的需求。然而,每天食用过多的维生素D3和维生素D2,因为维生素D3和维生素D2半衰期较长为40天左右,大部分有储存于脂肪等组织中,突然的释放或转运到肝脏,会造成积蓄中毒,表现为中毒表现主要有恶心、食欲下降、多尿、皮肤搔痒、肾衰竭,继而造成心血管系统的异常,
25-羟基维生素D3,化学名:(3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-开环胆甾-5,7,10(19)-三烯-3,25-二醇,其结构式如下:
维生素D缺乏症是全世界最常见的健康状况之一。据估计,在美国、加拿大、墨西哥、欧洲、亚洲、新西兰、和澳大利亚,孩子和成人中超过30-50%的人都患维生素D缺乏症。在世界上阳光照射最强烈的地区也是非常常见,这些地区包括中东地区包括沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔、阿拉伯联合酋长国和印度。
据文献J ClinEndocrinol Metab.2005;90:3215–24报道,公认的血浆中的25-羟基维生素D(25-(OH)D)的含量低于5ng/ml的人被认为维生素D严重缺乏;血浆中的25-羟基维生素D的含量5~20ng/ml的人被认为维生素D缺乏;血浆中的25-羟基维生素D的含量20~30ng/ml的人被认为维生素D不足;血浆中的25-羟基维生素D的含量30~150ng/ml的人被认为维生素D正常;推荐的有利于身体健康的含量为40~100ng/ml;血浆中的25-羟基维生素D的含量高于150ng/ml的人有可能维生素D中毒。
最新研究发现维生素D缺乏症即人体血液中的25-羟基维生素D含量低于30ng/ml,会显著增加了慢性疾病的风险,包括骨密度降低、自身免疫病比如I型糖尿病、多发性硬化症和类风湿性关节炎;致命的癌症包括前列腺癌、结肠癌和乳腺癌;心血管疾病,还有中风,这些将调节免疫系统并对抗包括肺结核、上呼吸道感染的传染病。
25-羟基维生素D的血浓度大于30ng/ml被建议对健康有益,更优的是高于40ng/ml。研究发现身体中的许多组织和细胞有能力局部产生1,25-二羟基维生素D。局部产生的1,25-二羟基维生素D被认为去直接或间接控制负责细胞生长、血管生成、免疫调节、血管平滑肌和心肌细胞增殖、炎症活动的2000个基因。
25-羟基维生素D3少量存在于食物中,如肉、鱼、奶、蛋黄及动物内脏中。其中鸡蛋的含量只有1~65μg/kg,吃鸡蛋获取足够的25-羟基维生素D3是不可取的,文献AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition,2016,104(3):629报道,每天食用2枚25-羟基维生素D3加强的鸡蛋只能维持冬天光照降低导致的体内25-羟基维生素D浓度下降,而不能将体内的25-羟基维生素D3提高到30ng/ml及以上。每个鸡蛋中含量都不一样,食用过量的鸡蛋来补充25-羟基维生素D3会造成其他营养物质过剩,如胆固醇和卵磷脂过剩。
马蒂拉等人检测了几个海洋和淡水鱼类的肉中的25-羟基维生素D3的含量,以及冷冻和罐装鱼。仅在一些鲑鱼中发现了少量的25-羟基维生素D3,接近0.1μg/100克的测定限。来自英国MAFF的一份内部分析报告发现,生鲑鱼肉中的25-羟基维生素D3的含量为0.11μg/g,原鳟鱼中的为0.22μg/100g,虽然一些鱼类中的肝脏和鱼油中含有非常大量的维生素D3,但在肝脏和其他脏器中通常只有不显著的25-羟基维生素D3的含量。
Koshy和VanDerSlik测定美国密歇根饲养的奶牛组织中25-羟基维生素D3的含量,发现肝脏中的浓度为0.27~0.53μg/100g,肌肉中的浓度为0.15~0.34μg/100g,肾中的浓度为0.51~0.98μg/100g。汤普森和普劳夫测定每天食用2~3mg持续2~3周的猪的脂肪中含有0.7~2μg/100g的25-羟基维生素D3,肉皮的浓度高达0.20~0.42μg/100g,猪肉瘦肉部分的浓度则在0.05~0.15μg/100g之间,鸡肉中的含量是0.25μg/100g,动物血液中的25-羟基维生素D3的含量极低,含量仅为5~50μg/kg。
人的母乳中25-羟基维生素D3含量为0.01~0.1μg/100ml,随着哺乳期进行含量逐渐升高。
牛奶中含有维生素D3,几乎所有牛奶中均添加食品强化剂维生素D3,弥补加工过程中维生素D3的损失及改善维生素D缺乏导致的健康影响。牛奶含有维生素D3的含量为50.4±4.1pg/ml维生素D(n=10),25-羟基维生素D3的含量则是499±47pg/ml,未经加工的牛奶中的25-羟基维生素D3的含量是维生素D3的10倍。经加工后的婴儿配方奶粉中25-羟基维生素D3的平均含量为299±35pg/ml,加工过程中降低了近40%。初乳和成熟母乳中的25-羟基维生素D3的含量在哺乳期从294±50.6pg/ml(n=10)增加到845±190pg/ml(n=14)。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是:为了解决现有技术中维生素D食物来源不足,而直接补充骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇会带来高血钙和高血磷的副作用,提供了25-羟基维生素D3在制备保健食品中的应用。
本发明的第一目的在于提供25-羟基维生素D3在食品中的应用。
优选的,所述的食品包括乳及乳制品,脂肪、油和乳化脂肪制品,冷冻饮品,水果、蔬菜(包括块根类)、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类等,可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品(包括类巧克力和代巧克力)以及糖果,粮食和粮食制品,发酵面制品,肉及肉制品,水产及其制品(包括鱼类、甲壳类、贝类、软体类、棘皮类等水产及其加工制品),蛋及蛋制品,甜味料包括蜂蜜,调味品,特殊膳食用食品,饮料,固体饮料、酒类和其他类。
所述的乳及乳制品包括纯乳(全脂、部分脱脂、脱脂)、复原乳、调制乳、调味乳、发酵乳、原味发酵乳(全脂、部分脱脂、脱脂)、调味和果料发酵乳、乳粉(包括加糖乳粉)和奶油粉及其调制产品、乳粉(全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉和部分脱脂乳粉)和奶油粉、调制乳粉和调制奶油粉(包括调味乳粉和调味奶油粉)、炼乳及其调制产品、淡炼乳(原味)、调制炼乳(包括甜炼乳、调味甜炼乳及其他使用了非乳原料的调制炼乳)、稀奶油(淡奶油)及其类似品、稀奶油、凝固稀奶油、调味稀奶油、稀奶油类似品、干酪、非熟化干酪、熟化干酪、乳清干酪、再制干酪、普通再制干酪、调味再制干酪、干酪类似品、乳清蛋白干酪、以乳为主要配料的即食风味甜点或其预制产品(不包括冰淇淋和调味酸奶)、其他乳制品(如乳清粉、酪蛋白粉等)。所述的乳及乳制品包括纯乳的25-羟基维生素D3的添加剂量为100~5000I.U/kg,更优选的为200~2500I.U/kg,更优选的为160~1000I.U/kg。
所述的脂肪,油和乳化脂肪制品包括基本不含水的脂肪和油、植物油脂、植物油、氢化植物油、动物油脂(猪油、牛油、鱼油和其他动物脂肪)、无水黄油,无水乳脂、水油状脂肪乳化制品、脂肪含量80%以上的乳化制品、黄油和浓缩黄油、人造黄油及其类似制品(如,黄油和人造黄油混合品)、脂肪含量80%以下的乳化制品、02.02类以外的脂肪乳化制品,包括混合的和/或调味的脂肪乳化制品、脂肪类甜品、其他油脂或油脂制品等。所述的脂肪,油和乳化脂肪制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为100~5000I.U/kg,更优选的为500~2500I.U/kg,更优选的为1000~1250I.U/kg。
所述的冷冻饮品包括冰淇淋类、雪糕类、风味冰、冰棍类、食用冰及其他冷冻饮品等。所述的脂肪,油和乳化脂肪制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~800I.U/kg,更优选的为80~800I.U/kg,更优选的为80~160I.U/kg。
所述的水果、蔬菜(包括块根类)、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类等,包括水果、新鲜水果、未经加工的鲜果、经表面处理的鲜水果、去皮或预切的鲜水果、加工水果、冷冻水果、水果干类、醋、油或盐渍水果、水果罐头、果酱、果泥、蜜饯凉果、蜜饯类、凉果类、果脯类、话化类(甘草制品)、果丹(饼)类、果糕类、装饰性果蔬、水果甜品,包括果味液体甜品、发酵的水果制品、煮熟的或油炸的水果、其他加工水果、鲜蔬菜、未经加工鲜蔬菜、经表面处理的新鲜蔬菜、去皮、切块或切丝的蔬菜、豆芽菜、加工蔬菜、冷冻蔬菜、干制蔬菜、腌渍的蔬菜、酱渍的蔬菜、盐渍的蔬菜、糖醋渍的蔬菜、其他腌渍的蔬菜、蔬菜罐头、蔬菜泥(酱),除外番茄沙司、发酵蔬菜制品、经水煮或油炸的蔬菜、其他加工蔬菜、新鲜食用菌和藻类、未经加工鲜食用菌和藻类、经表面处理的鲜食用菌和藻类、去皮切块或切丝的食用菌和藻类、加工食用菌和藻类、冷冻食用菌和藻类、干制食用菌和藻类、腌渍的食用菌和藻类、酱渍的食用菌和藻类、盐渍的食用菌和藻类、糖醋渍的食用菌和藻类、其他腌渍的食用菌和藻类、食用菌和藻类罐头、经水煮或油炸的藻类、其他加工食用菌和藻类、非发酵豆制品、豆腐类(北豆腐、南豆腐、内酯豆腐、冻豆腐)、豆干类、豆干再制品、炸制半干豆腐、卤制半干豆腐、薰制半干豆腐、其他半干豆腐、腐竹类(包括腐竹、油皮)、新型豆制品(大豆蛋白膨化食品、大豆素肉等)、熟制豆类、发酵豆制品、腐乳类、豆豉及其制品(包括纳豆)、新鲜坚果与籽类、加工坚果与籽类、烘焙/炒制坚果与籽类、带壳烘焙/炒制坚果与籽类、脱壳烘焙/炒制坚果与籽类、包衣的坚果和籽类、坚果与籽类罐头、坚果与籽类的泥(酱),包括花生酱等、其他方法(如腌渍的果仁)。所述的水果、蔬菜(包括块根类)、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类等的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~200I.U/kg。
所述的可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品(包括类巧克力和代巧克力)以及糖果,更详细包括可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品,包括类巧克力和代巧克力、可可制品(以可可为主要原料的脂、粉、浆、酱、馅)、巧克力和巧克力制品、类巧克力和代巧克力及使用可可代用品的巧克力类似产品、硬质糖果、硬质夹心糖果、乳脂糖果、压片糖果、凝胶糖果、抛光糖果、充气糖果、胶基糖果、无糖胶基糖果、含糖胶基糖果其他糖果、糖果巧克力制品包衣、装饰糖果(如,工艺造型,或用于蛋糕装饰)、顶饰(非水果材料)和甜汁等。所述的可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品(包括类巧克力和代巧克力)以及糖果的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~200I.U/kg。
所述的粮食和粮食制品,更详细的包括包括大米、面粉、杂粮、块根植物、豆类和玉米提取的淀粉等、原粮、大米及其制品(大米、米粉、米糕)、大米、大米制品、米粉(包括汤圆粉等)、米粉制品、小麦粉及其制品、小麦粉、自发粉、饺子粉、蛋糕预拌粉、其他专用粉、小麦粉制品、生湿面制品(如面条、饺子皮、馄饨皮、烧麦皮)、生干面制品等。所述的粮食和粮食制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~4000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~800I.U/kg。
所述的发酵面制品,更详细的包括面糊(如,用于鱼和禽肉的拖面糊)、裹粉、煎炸粉杂粮粉(包括豆粉)及其制品、杂粮粉、杂粮制品、八宝粥罐头、其他杂粮制品、淀粉及淀粉类制品、食用淀粉、淀粉制品、粉丝、粉条、虾味片、藕粉、即食谷物,包括碾轧燕麦(片)、方便米面制品、冷冻米面制品、谷类和淀粉类甜品(如米布丁、木薯布丁)、粮食制品馅料等。所述的发酵面制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~500I.U/kg,更优选的为100~300I.U/kg。
所述的焙烤食品,更详细的指面包、糕点、中式糕点(除外月饼)、西式糕点、月饼、糕点上彩装、饼干、夹心及装饰类饼干、威化饼干、蛋卷、其他饼干、焙烤食品馅料、其他焙烤食品。所述的焙烤食品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1500I.U/kg,更优选的为133~266I.U/kg。
所述的肉及肉制品,更详细的包括生、鲜肉、生鲜肉、冷却肉(排酸肉、冰鲜肉、冷鲜肉)、冻肉、预制肉制品、调理肉制品(生肉添加调理料)、腌腊肉制品类(如:咸肉、腊肉、板鸭、中式火腿、腊肠等)、熟肉制品、酱卤肉制品类、白煮肉类、酱卤肉类、糟肉、熏烧烤肉类、西式火腿(熏烤、烟熏、蒸煮火腿)类、肉灌肠类、高温蒸煮肠、低温蒸煮肠、其他肉肠、发酵肉制品类、熟肉干制品、肉松类、肉干类、肉脯类、肉罐头类、可食用动物肠衣类、其他肉及肉制品等。所述的肉及肉制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1500I.U/kg,更优选的为133~266I.U/kg。
所述的水产及其制品(包括鱼类、甲壳类、贝类、软体类、棘皮类等水产及其加工制品),更详细的指鲜水产、冷冻水产品及其制品、冷冻制品、冷冻挂桨制品、冷冻鱼糜制品(包括鱼丸等)、预制水产品(半成品)、醋渍或肉冻状水产品、腌制水产品、鱼子制品、风干、烘干、压干等水产品、其他预制水产品(鱼肉饺皮)、熟制水产品(可直接食用)、熟干水产品、经烹调或油炸的水产品、熏烤水产品发酵水产品、水产品罐头、其他水产品及其制品等。所述的水产及其制品(包括鱼类、甲壳类、贝类、软体类、棘皮类等水产及其加工制品)的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1500I.U/kg,更优选的为100~300I.U/kg。
所述的蛋及蛋制品,更详细的指鲜蛋、再制蛋(不改变物理性状)、卤蛋、糟蛋、皮蛋、咸蛋、其他再制蛋、蛋制品(改变其物理性状)、脱水蛋制品(如蛋白粉、蛋黄粉、蛋白片)、热凝固蛋制品(如蛋黄酪、松花蛋肠)、冷冻蛋制品(如冰蛋)、液体蛋及其他蛋制品等。所述的蛋及蛋制品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~300I.U/kg。
所述的甜味料包括蜂蜜,更详细的指食糖、白糖及白糖制品(如甘蔗糖、甜菜糖、冰糖、果糖等)、其他糖和糖浆(如红糖、赤砂糖、槭树糖浆)、淀粉糖(果糖,葡萄糖、饴糖;部分转化糖,包括糖蜜等)、蜂蜜及花粉、蜂蜜、花粉、餐桌甜味料、调味糖浆、水果调味糖浆、其他调味糖浆、其他甜味料等。所述的甜味料包括蜂蜜的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~300I.U/kg。
所述的调味品,更详细的指盐及代盐制品、鲜味剂和助鲜剂、醋、酿造食醋、配制食醋、酱油、酿造酱油、配制酱油、酱及酱制品、酿造酱、配制酱、料酒及制品、香辛料类、香辛料及粉、香辛料油、香辛料酱(如芥末酱、青芥酱)、其他香辛料加工品、复合调味料固体复合调味料、固体汤料、鸡精、鸡粉、其他固体复合调味料、半固体复合调味料、蛋黄酱、沙拉酱、以动物性原料为基料的调味酱、以蔬菜为基料的调味酱、其他液体复合调味料、浓缩汤(罐装、瓶装)、肉汤、调味清汁、蚝油、虾油、鱼露等及其他调味料等。所述的调味品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~300I.U/kg。
所述的特殊膳食用食品,更详细的指婴幼儿配方食品、婴儿配方食品、较大婴儿和幼儿配方食品、特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品、婴幼儿辅助食品、特殊医学用途配方食品、其他特殊膳食用食品、运动营养食品、其他特殊膳食用食品等。所述的特殊膳食用食品的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为100~600I.U/kg。
所述的饮料类,更详细的指包装饮用水类、饮用天然矿泉水、自然来源饮用水、饮用纯净水、饮用矿物质水、其他饮用水、果蔬汁类、果蔬汁(浆)、浓缩果蔬汁(浆)、果蔬汁(肉)饮料、蛋白饮料类、含乳饮料、植物蛋白饮料、水基调味饮料类、碳酸饮料、可乐型碳酸饮料、其他型碳酸饮料、非碳酸饮料、特殊用途饮料(包括“运动饮料”、“营养素饮料”等)、风味饮料(包括果味饮料、乳味、茶味及其他味饮料)、茶、咖啡、植物饮料类、茶饮料类、咖啡饮料类、植物饮料(除果蔬汁以外)类等。所述的饮料的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为15~500I.U/kg。
所述的固体饮料类,更详细的指果香型固体饮料、蛋白型固体饮料、速溶咖啡、其他固体饮料、乳酸菌饮料、其他饮料类等。所述的固体饮料的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为15~500I.U/kg。
所述的酒类,更详细的指蒸馏酒、白酒、调香蒸馏酒、白兰地、威士忌、伏特加、朗姆酒、其他蒸馏酒、配制酒、发酵酒、葡萄酒、无汽葡萄酒、起泡葡萄酒、调香葡萄酒、特种葡萄酒(按特殊工艺加工制作的葡萄酒,如在葡萄原酒中加入白兰地,浓缩葡萄汁等)、黄酒、果酒、蜂蜜酒、啤酒和麦芽饮料、其他发酵酒类(充气型)等。所述的酒类的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为15~500I.U/kg。
所述的其他类,更详细的指果冻、茶叶、咖啡、胶原蛋白肠衣(肠衣)、酵母类制品、干酵母、其他酵母类制品、油炸食品、油炸小食品、其他油炸食品、膨化食品等。所述的固体饮料的25-羟基维生素D3添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg,更优选的为10~1000I.U/kg,更优选的为15~500I.U/kg。
优选的,所述应用具体的是指将25-羟基维生素D3以固态、液态或气态的形式,在制作强化食品的过程中的任何时间段加入到食品中;优选的是液态和固态的形式;更优选的是固态的形式。
所述的液态形式25-羟基维生素D3,更详细的指将25-羟基维生素D3溶解于液态物质中的液态食品强化剂形式。具体的指将25-羟基维生素D3溶解于食物可接受添加的液态物质,更具体的指乙醇和食用油中的一种或多种。所述的食用油包括粟米油、菜籽油、花生油、火麻油、玉米油、橄榄油、山茶油、棕榈油、芥花子油、葵花子油、大豆油、芝麻油、亚麻籽油(胡麻油)、葡萄籽油、核桃油、牡丹籽油等。优选食用油为牡丹籽油、粟米油、核桃油,更优选的为牡丹籽油。所述的液态食品强化剂的含量包括0.1~4000万I.U/g,优选的为0.1万~800万I.U/g,更优选的1万~400万I.U/g,更优选为1万~10万I.U/g。
所述的固态形式的25-羟基维生素D3,更详细的指以纯品或任何含量的固体的25-羟基维生素D3的固体制剂加入到食品中。所述的固体制剂,更详细的指含有25-羟基维生素D3的粉末、微囊、片状固体等制剂上可接受的剂型。优选的是粉末和微囊,更优选的是粉末。
所述的含25-羟基维生素D3的粉末制剂食品强化剂,制备方法包括将液态的25-羟基维生素食品强化剂用包囊剂,通过制粒、微囊化、喷雾干燥、滚筒干燥等常规手段制备得到的固体制剂,优选的是微囊化和喷雾干燥,更优选的指喷雾干燥。
所述的包囊剂包括淀粉、糊精、变性淀粉、预胶化淀粉、羟甲基淀粉钠、纤维素衍生物、阿拉伯明胶、明胶等高分子材料中的一种或者多种。优选的为淀粉、糊精、变性淀粉
本发明的第二目的在于提供一种营养强化剂,其特征在于包含25-羟基维生素D3和辅料。
优选的,所述营养强化剂还包含叶酸,所述的叶酸在液态状态下,能显著提高25-羟基维生素D3的稳定性。所述的叶酸的和25-羟基维生素D3的比例为1000:1,优选的为100:1,更优选的为10~20:1。
优选的,所述营养强化剂还包含抗氧化剂,所述的抗氧化剂更详细的指丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、没食子酸丙酯(PG)、特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)等食品中可接受的抗氧化剂,优选的为丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT),更优选的为丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)。
所述的抗氧化剂的和25-羟基维生素D3的比例为1~10:1,优选的是2~8:1,更优选的为3~5:1。
所述的营养强化剂中25-羟基维生素D3的含量为0.1~1000万I.U/g,优选的为0.1万~100万I.U/g,更优选的5万~50万I.U/g。
本发明的第三目的在于提供一种强化食品,其特征在于包含25-羟基维生素D3和食品。
所述食品包括乳及乳制品,脂肪、油和乳化脂肪制品,冷冻饮品,水果、蔬菜(包括块根类)、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类等,可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品(包括类巧克力和代巧克力)以及糖果,粮食和粮食制品,发酵面制品,肉及肉制品,水产及其制品(包括鱼类、甲壳类、贝类、软体类、棘皮类等水产及其加工制品),蛋及蛋制品,甜味料包括蜂蜜,调味品,特殊膳食用食品,饮料,固体饮料、酒类和其他类。
所述强化食品中还可以包含其他成分,例如叶酸、抗氧化剂及其他合法的食品添加剂。
所述强化食品中还可以包含无机盐和/或其他维生素。
进一步的,所述无机盐包括钙盐、镁盐、钾盐、锰盐、铁盐、锌盐、硒盐或铜盐。
进一步的,所述钙盐包括碳酸钙、乙酸钙、氯化钙、柠檬酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙、乳酸钙、磷酸氢钙、磷酸二氢钙、磷酸三钙、硫酸钙、L-乳酸钙或甘油磷酸钙;优选的是碳酸钙和葡萄糖酸钙,更优选的是碳酸钙。
进一步的,所述镁盐包括碳酸镁、硫酸镁、氧化镁或氯化镁;优选的是碳酸镁。
进一步的,所述钾盐包括磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾、柠檬酸钾或碳酸钾;优选的是磷酸氢二钾。
进一步的,所述锰盐的包括硫酸锰或葡萄糖酸锰;优选的是葡萄糖酸锰。
进一步的,所述铁盐的包括葡萄糖酸亚铁、富马酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁、乳酸亚铁或琥珀酸亚铁;优选的是葡萄糖酸亚铁。
进一步的,所述锌盐包括硫酸锌、枸橼酸锌、柠檬酸锌(三水)、葡萄糖酸锌、氧化锌或乳酸锌;优选的是葡萄糖酸锌。
进一步的,所述硒盐包括亚硒酸钠、硒酵母或L-硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸,优选的是硒酸钠。
进一步的,所述铜盐包括硫酸铜或葡萄糖酸铜,优选的是葡萄糖酸铜。
优选的,所述维生素包括维生素A、视黄醇乙酸酯、棕榈酸视黄酯、β-胡萝卜素、维生素D2、维生素D3、维生素B1、盐酸硫胺素、硝酸硫胺素、维生素B2、核黄素、核黄素-5’-磷酸钠、维生素B6(盐酸吡哆醇)、维生素B12(氰钴氨酸)、烟酸、烟酰胺、叶酸(喋酰谷氨酸)、D-生物素、重酒石酸胆碱、维生素C(抗坏血酸)、抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸钙、L-抗坏血酸-6-棕榈酸盐(抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯)、维生素K1、泛酸钙、天然维生素E(D-α-生育酚)、天然维生素E(D-α-醋酸生育酚)、天然维生素E(D-α-琥珀酸生育酚)、维生素E(dl-α-醋酸生育酚)、维生素E(dl-α-生育酚)或维生素E琥珀酸钙
本发明的有益效果是在于首次发现和证实了添加25-羟基维生素D3的食品有助于增加骨密度、有利于提高免疫力、有助于保护因肝功能低下造成的骨密度降低,具有开发为新一代营养强化剂和/或强化食品的潜力。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步作具体描述,但不局限于此。
实施例1:含有25-羟基维生素D3的液态强化食品的制备
在氩气保护下,将含量99.8%的一水合25-羟基维生素D3重量100g溶于600g无水乙醇中,加300克BHA制备得到重量比为10%的乙醇溶液,加入一定量的叶酸。再向其中加入99kg的食用油,制备得到含4万I.U/g的一水合25-羟基维生素D3的油性溶剂,并用高效液相检测含量,相对偏差控制在3%以内。氮气氛围下,分装成1kg/瓶,常温保存。
含量测定方法:
液相条件:
装置:高相液相,配UV检测器。
色谱柱:waters C18,4.6mm×150mm,5μm。
流动相:甲醇:水=800:200(V:V)。
流速:1.5ml/min。
检测波长:265nm。
进样量:20uL。
计算:
F:前-25-羟基维生素D3校正因子;
As,pre:本品中预25-羟基维生素D3峰面积;
As:中25-羟基维生素D3的峰面积;
A:标准溶液中25-羟基维生素D3的峰面积;
Apre:标准溶液中预25-羟基维生素D3的峰面积;
m:称取试料的质量,单位为克(g);
c:标准溶液的浓度,单位为I.U每毫升(I.U/mL);
n:试料的稀释倍数。
实施例2:含25-羟基维生素D3的强化剂的人造奶油的制备
将实施例1中的第16个试验制备出的25-羟基维生素D3的液态强化剂产品2.5g(4万I.U/kg),添加到制备人造奶油的脂溶性添加物(80kg)中,再入所有水溶性的添加物(20kg),用均质机大力搅拌乳化,控制温度到70~80℃,使水状物成为小水珠均匀地散布在油状物中将乳浊物泵入热交换器中,再使乳浊物通过经冷却的结晶器连续地用挤压器压制成块并进行包装,得含有1000I.U/kg25-羟基维生素D3的人造奶油。
实施例3:固态形式的25-羟基维生素D3的食品强化剂的制备
固态形式的25-羟基维生素D3的食品强化剂的制备,包括以下步骤:
(1)在氩气保护下,将含量99.8%的一水合25-羟基维生素D3重量100g溶于200g无水乙醇中,加300克BHA制备得到重量比为16.6%的乙醇溶液,加入一定量1.5kg叶酸。再向其中加入7.9kg的食用油,制备得到含40万I.U/g的一水合25-羟基维生素D3的油性溶剂,并用高效液相检测含量,相对偏差控制在3%以内,得到A液;
(2)取麦芽糊精11kg、变性淀粉77kg、山梨酸1kg、苯甲酸钠1kg溶于110kg水中,混合均匀,水温保持在45℃左右,得到B液;
(3)将A液与B液混合均匀,混合后再进行涡流震荡,涡流震荡时间为10min,震荡结束后获得25-羟基维生素D3的乳液。
通过喷雾干燥制备粉末:
进口温度150℃
出口温度72℃
Microclone Inlet 4.1
通风进气口14.6
二氧化硅加料器在干的产品中提供1%的二氧化硅
雾化器RPM 17000A部件
15000B部件
泵速 17A部件(转速8000r/min)
21B部件
产品湿度 ≤5.0%
干燥损失-2.7%
另外,通过粉末的UV吸收率测定显示微囊化组合物具有高度的均一性。
测含量为4.01万I.U/g。
实施例4:一种含有维生素A、25-羟基维生素D3的钙奶饮品的制备
将牛奶原粉100kg,加纯净水666kg加热到50℃溶解,加入葡萄糖酸钙1.5kg,加入421.3g维生素A,加入2。6g通过实施例三的方法制备得到的含量为4万I.U/g的25-羟基维生素D3。冷却到室温后,包装。含25-羟基维生素D3为136I.U/kg。
实施例5:含有25-羟基维生素D3的奶粉的制备
制备含有25-羟基维生素D3的通用办法是,将实施例三制备得到的固体的25-羟基维生素D3加入到奶粉原粉中,搅拌均一即可。根据奶粉的食用人群不同,添加不同重量的食品强化剂25-羟基维生素D3,老年奶每吨奶粉中添加15.8g,25-羟基维生素D3的含量为632I.U/kg;学生奶每吨添加12.4g,25-羟基维生素D3的含量为496I.U/kg;婴儿奶每吨奶粉中添加15.8g,25-羟基维生素D3的含量为632I.U/kg。
实施例6:含25-羟基维生素D3的食品对骨密度影响实验
(1)实验原理:机体中的钙绝大部分储存于骨骼及牙齿中,大鼠若摄入钙量不足会影响机体和骨骼的生长发育,表现为体重、身长、骨长、骨重、骨钙含量及骨密度低于摄食足量钙的正常大鼠。生长期大鼠在摄食饲料的基础上分别食用普通大豆油(对照组)或实施例1制备得到的25-羟基维生素D3的大豆油(实验组),比较两组动物在机体及骨骼的生长发育,骨矿物质含量和骨密度功能上的区别,从而对受试样品增加骨密度的功能进行评价。
(2)仪器和试剂
仪器:原子吸收分光光度计、骨密度仪(单光子骨密度仪或双能,线骨密度仪或相关仪器)、精密卡尺、动物解剖器械、动物天平、105℃烘箱
试剂
硝酸,优级纯
高氯酸,优级纯
氧化镧,2%氧化镧溶液;称取分析纯氧化镧(含量大于99.98%)25克,加75ml优级纯盐酸,加去离子水至1000ml。
钙标准溶液
称取1.2486克分析纯碳酸钙(纯度大于99.99%),加50ml去离子水,加盐酸使之溶解。移入1000ml容量瓶中,加2%氧化镧溶液至刻度。此溶液1.00ml相当于500μg钙。储于聚乙烯瓶中,4℃保存,临用时稀释。
实验方法
(3)实验动物:出生2周左右的断乳大鼠,体重约60~75克,同一性别,每组10只。每组10只/笼群养,共分实验组和对照组。购于上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司,实验动物质量许可证号:SCXK(沪)2007-0005,饲养于清洁级动物房,喂养条件包括标准饲料,自来水,室温保持在(24±2)℃,湿度50-60%,每日光照与黑暗时间各12h。
基础饲料:用此基础饲料配制实验组和对照组。
表1基础饲料配方(Ca2+计,调整Ca2+为150mg/100g饲料)
①需高压处理后用
②混合盐:每kg混合盐中各组份含量:KH2PO4501.4g;NaCl74.0g;MgCO350.2g;乳酸亚铁54g;乳酸锌4.16g;MnCO33.5g;CuSO4-5H2O0.605g;Na2SeO36.6mg;KI7.76mg;CrCl3-6H2O0.292g;加蔗糖到1kg。
③实验组喂食实施例1制备得到的大豆油,含4万I.U/g的一水合25-羟基维生素D3;对照组喂食普通大豆油。
④混合维生素:每kg混合维生素中各组份含量:维生素A400,000I.U;维生素D3,100,000I.U;维生素E500I.U;维生素K5mg;维生素B1600mg;维生素B2600mg;维生素B6700mg;维生素B121mg;尼克酸3g;叶酸200mg;泛酸钙1.6g;生物素20mg;加蔗糖到1kg。
(4)实验步骤
出生4周的断乳大鼠经适应期一周后,禁食12小时,称体重,按体重随机分组,分笼饲养。饮用去离子水以避免从饮水中获得钙。
(5)观察指标
体重测定:禁食12小时后,测定体重。每周一次。
股骨重量测定:
动物喂养3个月后处死,剥离出右侧股骨,于105℃烤箱中烤至恒重,称量骨干重。
股骨骨密度测定:
用骨密度仪,(单光子骨密度仪或双能X线骨密度仪或其它相关仪器)测量股骨中点及股远心端的骨密度。
在股骨远心端及股骨中点画出标记以确定测量点。
股骨中点测量点的确定:测量股骨全长,通过其中点,沿横截面方向画一直线,此为股骨中点测量点(截面)。
股骨远心端测量点的确定:于股骨远心端关节凹槽最下缘处确定测量点,通过此点,画一与上述股骨中点处标记平行的直线,此为股骨远心端测量点(截面)。
测量前用骨模型对仪器进行校准。
经校准可以使用后,继续测定骨模型并与其标准值进行比较,误差不得超过3%。
单光子骨密度仪或双能X线骨密度仪参数设定:测定方式:精密
扫描次数:2次
扫描方式:自动
探测域值:99%
测量股骨中点及股骨远心端骨密度
将待测骨放置于测量台上与骨密度仪探测头移动方向垂直;移动待测骨,令其待测点标记线与探测头移动轨迹于测量台上的垂直投影重合。开始测量,每点应重复测定两次,如两次结果不平行(误差大于10%),应当重新测量。将两次结果取平均值,以BW(骨宽)除BMC(骨矿物质含量),其结果即为BMD(骨密度)。
(7)骨钙含量及饲料含钙量测定:
用原子吸收法测量。
样品采集与制备
饲料样品经均匀混合并过20目筛,在烘箱中烘干,置干燥器中冷却后称重,磨细。注意防止在样品制备过程中的污染。
取大鼠一侧股骨在105℃烘箱中烘干至恒重后,置于三角瓶中进行消化。
样品消化
根据样品中钙的含量,准确称取0.300~1.00克,置于150ml三角瓶中,上盖小漏斗,加入混合酸(硝酸:高氯酸4:1)15~20ml,在电热板上加热消化直至冒白烟并透明无色。酸液不够时可以再加入少量混合酸。消化液透明无色后加数毫升去离子水,煮沸以赶除剩余的酸,重复两次,最后消化液的体积不超过1ml。
消化样品时应同时作空白试验,加入与样品消化时相同体积的混合酸,在相同条件下消化。
测定
按照原子吸收分光光度计仪器说明书的步骤进行。测定液、标准溶液和空白均用0.5%氧化镧溶液稀释,定容。
数据处理及结果判定
实验数据采用方差分析,但需按方差分析的程序先进行方差齐性检验,方差齐,计算F值,F值<F0.05,结论:各组均数间差异无显著性;F值≥F0.05,P≤0.05,用多个实验组和一个对照组间均数的两两比较方法进行统计;对非正态或方差不齐的数据进行适当的变量转换,待满足正态或方差齐要求后,用转换后的数据进行统计;若变量转换后仍未达到正态或方差齐的目的,改用秩和检验进行统计。
结果判定
骨钙含量或骨密度显著高于低钙对照组且不低于相应剂量碳酸钙对照组,钙的吸收率不低于碳酸钙对照组,可判定受试物具有增加骨密度功能的作用。
试验结果:
实验组F值大于F0.05,食用含有25-羟基维生素D3的食品有助于增加骨密度
实施例7:25-羟基维生素D3食品强化剂提高免疫力验证
原理:用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验(半体内法),在体内腹腔巨噬细胞能吞噬鸡红细胞。据此判断巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。如果两个剂量组为阳性,则判断本品有提高免疫力的功能。
仪器和材料
显微镜、鸡红细胞、丙酮、甲醇、生理盐水、Giemsa染液。
实验步骤:鸡红细胞悬液制备取鸡血置于有玻璃珠的锥形瓶中,朝一个方向充分摇动,以脱纤维。用生理盐水洗涤2~3次,离心(2000r/min,10min),去上清,用生理盐水配成20%(v/v)的鸡红细胞悬液。
实验动物:出生2周左右的断乳大鼠,体重约60~75克,同一性别,每组8~12只。每组10只/笼群养,共分8组。购于上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司,实验动物质量许可证号:SCXK(沪)2007-0005,饲养于清洁级动物房,喂养条件包括标准饲料,自来水,室温保持在(24±2)℃,湿度50-60%,每日光照与黑暗时间各12h。
试验分组:
共7个组喂养基础食量加经胃部灌食25-羟基维生素D3的由实施例1制备得到的牡丹籽油液态食品强化剂,喂养8周后,用于试验见表3:
表3实施例2试验分组和剂量
吞噬功能测定
每鼠腹腔注射20%鸡红细胞悬液1ml。间隔30min,颈椎脱臼处死动物,将其仰位固定于鼠板上,正中剪开腹壁皮肤,经腹腔注入生理盐水2ml,转动鼠板1min。然后吸出腹腔洗液1ml,平均分滴于2片载玻片上,放入垫有湿沙布的搪瓷盒内,移置37℃孵箱温育30min。孵毕,于生理盐水中漂洗,以除去未贴片细胞。晾干,以1:1丙酮甲醇溶液固定,4%(v/v)Giemsa磷酸缓冲液染色3min,再用蒸馏水漂洗晾干。
油镜下计数巨噬细胞,每张片计数100个,按下式计算吞噬百分率和吞噬指数。
吞噬鸡红细胞的巨噬细胞数:
在计数时,同时观察鸡红细胞被消化的程度。借以判定巨噬细胞吞噬与消化功能,通常分为4级:
1级:未消化。被吞噬的鸡红细胞完整,胞质浅红或浅黄带绿色,胞核浅紫色。
2级:轻度消化。胞质浅黄绿色、胞核固缩呈紫蓝色。
3级:重度消化。胞质淡染,胞核淡浅灰色。
4级:完全消化。巨噬细胞内仅见形态类似鸡红细胞大小的空泡,边缘整齐,胞核隐约可见。
25-羟基维生素D含量测定:
取眼球血,-70℃液氮保存,以25-羟基维生素D2为内标,用LC-MS/MS测量,25-羟基维生素D包含25-羟基维生素D2和25-羟基维生素D3。测定值如表4所示:
表4各组大鼠体内25-羟基维生素D含量
数据处理及结果判定
以吞噬百分率或吞噬指数表示小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。吞噬百分率需进行数据转换,式中P为吞噬百分率,用小数表示。在进行方差分析时,需按方差分析的程序先进行方差齐性检验,方差齐,计算F值,F值<F0.05,结论:各组均数间差异无显著性;F值≥F0.05,P≤0.05,用多个实验组和一个对照组间均数的两两比较方法进行统计;对非正态或方差,不齐的数据进行适当的变量转换,待满足正态或方差齐要求后,用转换后的数据进行统计:若变量转换后仍未达到正态或方差齐的目的,改用秩和检验进行统计。受试样品组的吞噬百分率或吞噬指数与对照组比较,差异均有显著性,方可判定该项实验结果阳性。
试验结果:
试验结果表明,食用25-羟基维生素D3牡丹籽油食品强化剂的2~7组大鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬能力显著区别于对照组。
以上述依据本发明的理想实施例为启示,通过上述的说明内容,相关工作人员完全可以在不偏离本项发明技术思想的范围内,进行多样的变更以及修改。本项发明的技术性范围并不局限于说明书上的内容,必须要根据权利要求范围来确定其技术性范围。
Claims (13)
1.25-羟基维生素D3在食品中的应用。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述食品包括乳及乳制品,脂肪、油和乳化脂肪制品,冷冻饮品,水果、蔬菜、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类,可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品以及糖果,粮食和粮食制品,发酵面制品,肉及肉制品,水产及其制品,蛋及蛋制品,甜味料,调味品,特殊膳食用食品,饮料,固体饮料、酒类和其他类。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述25-羟基维生素D3在食品中的添加剂量为10~2000I.U/kg。
4.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述应用具体的是指将25-羟基维生素D3以固态、液态或气态形式,在制作食品的过程中的任何时间段加入到食品中。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于:所述固态形式的25-羟基维生素D3是指以纯品或任何含量的25-羟基维生素D3的固体制剂加入到食品中;所述的固体制剂,是指含有25-羟基维生素D3的粉末、微囊或片状固体;
所述液态形式的25-羟基维生素D3是指以任何含量的25-羟基维生素D3的液体制剂加入到食品中;所述的液体制剂,是指含有25-羟基维生素D3的油的液体制剂。
6.一种营养强化剂,其特征在于包含25-羟基维生素D3和辅料。
7.如权利要求6所述的营养强化剂,其特征在于:所述营养强化剂还包含叶酸。
8.如权利要求6所述的营养强化剂,其特征在于:所述营养强化剂还包含抗氧化剂。
9.如权利要求8所述的营养强化剂,其特征在于:所述营养强化剂中25-羟基维生素D3的含量为0.1万~100万I.U/g。
10.一种强化食品,其特征在于包含25-羟基维生素D3和食品。
11.如权利要求10所述的强化食品,其特征在于:所述食品包括乳及乳制品,脂肪、油和乳化脂肪制品,冷冻饮品,水果、蔬菜、豆类、食用菌、藻类、坚果以及籽类,可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品以及糖果,粮食和粮食制品,发酵面制品,肉及肉制品,水产及其制品,蛋及蛋制品,甜味料,调味品,特殊膳食用食品,饮料,固体饮料、酒类和其他类。
12.如权利要求10所述的强化食品,其特征在于:所述强化食品中还包括叶酸和/或抗氧化剂。
13.如权利要求10所述的强化食品,其特征在于:所述强化食品中还可以包含无机盐和/或其他维生素。
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