CN108713363A - A kind of Karst Rocky Desertification Region woods grass-shrub vegetation implantation methods - Google Patents
A kind of Karst Rocky Desertification Region woods grass-shrub vegetation implantation methods Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种喀斯特石漠化地区林灌草植被种植方法，它包括步骤1、根据喀斯特石漠化地区群落类型、结构、组成和物种特征的变化情况，确定喀斯特地区植被自然演替阶段；步骤2、根据喀斯特石漠化地区地质和土壤条件进行选种；步骤3、以植物功能群为单位进行植物组合搭配；步骤4、根据喀斯特石漠化地区峰丛洼地的地貌结构特点，综合考虑生态修复与产业发展，建立山体空间的立体搭配模式；步骤5、搭配后进行林灌草植被建植；解决了喀斯特石漠化地区生态系统出现退化，生物多样性急剧减少，水土流失逐步加剧等技术问题。The invention discloses a method for planting forest, shrub and grass vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area, which comprises step 1, determining the natural succession stage of the vegetation in the karst rocky desertification area according to the changes in community type, structure, composition and species characteristics in the karst rocky desertification area ; Step 2, select species according to the geology and soil conditions of the karst rocky desertification area; Step 3, carry out plant combination and collocation in units of plant functional groups; Considering ecological restoration and industrial development, establish a three-dimensional matching model of mountain space; step 5, after matching, plant forests, shrubs and grasses; solve the degradation of the ecosystem in karst rocky desertification areas, the sharp decrease in biodiversity, and the gradual intensification of soil erosion and other technical issues.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于喀斯特植被种植方法，尤其涉及一种喀斯特石漠化 地区林灌草植被种植方法。The invention belongs to a method for planting karst vegetation, in particular to a method for planting forest, shrub and grass vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area.
背景技术Background technique
喀斯特石漠化地区生态系统出现退化，生物多样性急剧减少， 水土流失逐步加剧，已经成为制约我国西南喀斯特地区区域经济社会 发展的重大生态问题。该地区的生态问题一直是我国扶贫攻坚、生态 恢复与重建的重点和难点。但是由于人为干扰，喀斯特地区原生性森 林遭到不同程度的破坏,形成不同的植物群落类型:由遭到严重破坏而 退化成的草坡，到接近原生性森林的顶极乔林，以及介于两者之间的 灌丛草坡、灌木林、乔灌林及乔林等群落。植被在遏制石漠化发生、 调节区域碳平衡、有效控制水土流失、维护脆弱生态系统稳定和物种 多样性保护等生态服务功能方面有着举足轻重的作用。因此促进喀斯特石漠化地区林灌草植被恢复尤为迫切。The ecosystem in karst rocky desertification areas has been degraded, biodiversity has decreased sharply, and soil erosion has gradually intensified, which has become a major ecological problem restricting the regional economic and social development of karst areas in Southwest my country. The ecological problems in this area have always been the focus and difficulty of my country's poverty alleviation, ecological restoration and reconstruction. However, due to human disturbance, the primary forests in karst areas have been damaged to varying degrees, forming different types of plant communities: grass slopes degraded by severe damage, to arbor forests close to primary forests, and between There are shrub grass slopes, shrub forests, arbor shrub forests and arbor forests between the two. Vegetation plays an important role in curbing rocky desertification, regulating regional carbon balance, effectively controlling soil erosion, maintaining the stability of fragile ecosystems and protecting species diversity and other ecological service functions. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to promote the restoration of forest, shrub and grass vegetation in karst rocky desertification areas.
发明内容：Invention content:
本发明要解决的技术问题：提供一种喀斯特石漠化地区林灌草植 被种植方法，以解决喀斯特石漠化地区生态系统出现退化，生物多样 性急剧减少，水土流失逐步加剧等技术问题。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for planting forest, shrub and grass vegetation in the karst rocky desertification area to solve the technical problems such as the degradation of the ecosystem in the karst rocky desertification area, the sharp decrease in biodiversity, and the gradual aggravation of soil erosion.
本发明技术方案：Technical scheme of the present invention:
一种喀斯特石漠化地区林灌草植被种植方法，它包括：A method for planting forest, shrub and grass vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area, comprising:
步骤1、根据喀斯特石漠化地区群落类型、结构、组成和物种特 征的变化情况，确定喀斯特地区植被自然演替阶段；Step 1. According to the variation of community type, structure, composition and species characteristics in karst rocky desertification area, determine the natural succession stage of vegetation in karst area;
步骤2、根据喀斯特石漠化地区地质和土壤条件进行选种；Step 2, selecting species according to the geology and soil conditions of the karst rocky desertification area;
步骤3、以植物功能群为单位进行植物组合搭配；Step 3. Carry out plant combination and collocation in units of plant functional groups;
步骤4、根据喀斯特石漠化地区峰丛洼地的地貌结构特点，综合 考虑生态修复与产业发展，建立山体空间的立体搭配模式；Step 4. According to the geomorphological structure characteristics of the fengcong depression in the karst rocky desertification area, comprehensively consider ecological restoration and industrial development, and establish a three-dimensional matching model of mountain space;
步骤5、搭配后进行林灌草植被建植。Step 5. After the matching, the vegetation of forest, shrub and grass is established.
步骤1所述喀斯特地区植被自然演替阶段分为草丛、草灌、灌丛、 乔灌、乔木林阶段。The natural succession stages of the vegetation in the karst area described in step 1 are divided into the stages of grass, grass and shrub, shrub, tree and shrub, and arbor forest.
步骤2所述根据喀斯特石漠化地区地质和土壤条件进行选种的 方法为：在负地形选择阔叶树种香椿和楸树；在坡度较大，土被薄， 岩石裸露地区，选择何首乌、金银花、葛藤藤本植物；石砾含量大的 地区选择耐旱，蒸腾量小的针叶树种。The method for selecting species according to the geology and soil conditions in the karst rocky desertification area described in step 2 is: select broad-leaved tree species Chinese toon and Chinese catalpa in negative terrain; Pueraria vines and vines; drought-tolerant, low-transpiration coniferous species should be selected in areas with high gravel content.
步骤3所述以植物功能群为单位进行植物组合搭配的方法为：对 乔木层缺失的区域选用椿树、花椒和任豆；对灌木层缺失的区域选用 杜鹃、火棘、黄栀子、黄荆、马桑和刺梨；草地的维持根据当地气候 条件选取冷季型牧草和暖季型牧草，条播或者散播，禾本科和豆科牧 草的最佳比例为3:1。The method of plant combination and collocation in the unit of plant functional group described in step 3 is: select Chinese toon tree, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Rendou for the area where the arbor layer is missing; Vitex, Masang and Rosa roxburghii; for grassland maintenance, choose cool-season pasture and warm-season pasture according to local climate conditions, drill or spread, and the optimal ratio of gramineous and leguminous pasture is 3:1.
步骤4所述建立山体空间的立体搭配模式的方法为：在陡坡地段 长期封育；在较陡坡地段种植金银花、木豆、竹子经济物种；在垭口 和山麓缓坡地区种植优质经果林并间作药材；在洼地底部发展粮食作 物种植；在土层深厚的山体下部种植冰脆李和金银花；在土层深厚 的中上部坡度采用“落叶树种+常绿树种+金银花”模式；在山顶实施 封山育林，保护原生植被。The method for establishing the three-dimensional collocation pattern of the mountain space described in step 4 is: long-term enclosure in the steep slope section; planting honeysuckle, pigeonpea, and bamboo economic species in the steeper slope section; planting high-quality commercial fruit trees and intercropping medicinal materials in the pass and foothill gentle slope areas; Develop food crop planting at the bottom of the depression; plant crisp plums and honeysuckle in the lower part of the mountain with deep soil; adopt the model of "deciduous tree species + evergreen tree species + honeysuckle" in the middle and upper slopes with deep soil layer; implement forest closure on the top of the mountain to protect the original vegetation.
步骤5所述进行林灌草植被建植的方法为：采用穴状整地，施农 家肥做基肥，每穴施肥量3-5kg；采用1年生裸根苗造林，每亩60-100 株；栽植时做到苗正根舒，分层添土、踏实，种植穴上用石块、枯枝 落叶或塑料薄膜覆盖；每年要采用松土、抚育、培土、追肥和修枝。The method for carrying out forest, shrub and grass vegetation described in step 5 is: adopt hole-shaped site preparation, apply farmyard manure to make base manure, and the fertilization rate of every hole is 3-5kg; Adopt 1-year-old bare-root seedling afforestation, 60-100 strains per mu; So that the seedlings are straight and the roots are comfortable, add soil in layers and make sure that the planting holes are covered with stones, litter or plastic film; loose soil, tending, earthing, topdressing and pruning are used every year.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
本发明通过乡土植物资源来控制水土流失；在石漠化治理过程中 权衡生态效益和经济效益，巩固石漠化治理成果；通过林灌草植被配 置的方式进行石漠化地区植被恢复与重建，通过对现有植被群落配置 进行优化调控以此加强群落的生态经济功能；解决了喀斯特石漠化地 区生态系统出现退化，生物多样性急剧减少，水土流失逐步加剧等技 术问题。The present invention controls water and soil loss through native plant resources; balances ecological benefits and economic benefits in the process of rocky desertification control, and consolidates rocky desertification control results; restores and rebuilds vegetation in rocky desertification areas through the arrangement of forest, shrub and grass vegetation, The ecological and economic functions of the community are strengthened by optimizing and regulating the configuration of the existing vegetation community; it solves the technical problems such as the degradation of the ecosystem in the karst rocky desertification area, the sharp decrease of biodiversity, and the gradual intensification of soil erosion.
具体实施方式：Detailed ways:
一种喀斯特石漠化地区林灌草植被种植方法，它包括：A method for planting forest, shrub and grass vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area, comprising:
步骤1、确定植被演替阶段Step 1. Determine the vegetation succession stage
主要是运用群落生态学原理了解喀斯特石漠化地区群落类型、结 构、组成和物种等特征的变化情况，探明不同植被生态服务功能，提 出了因地制宜的补偿搭配结构策略。喀斯特地区植被自然演替阶段分 为草丛-草灌-灌丛-乔灌-乔木林阶段，随着喀斯特植被从低级到高级 阶段演替过程中不同阶段群落特征各异(表1)。需要先确定植被演替 阶段。The main purpose is to use the principles of community ecology to understand the changes in the characteristics of community types, structures, compositions, and species in karst rocky desertification areas, to find out the ecological service functions of different vegetation, and to propose a compensation and matching structure strategy tailored to local conditions. The natural succession stages of vegetation in karst areas are divided into grassland-grass-shrub-shrub-tree-shrub-arbor forest stage, and the community characteristics of different stages are different during the succession process of karst vegetation from low-level to high-level (Table 1). The stage of vegetation succession needs to be determined first.
表1植被演替阶段特征Table 1 Characteristics of vegetation succession stages
步骤2、植被选择Step 2. Vegetation selection
喀斯特石漠化地形地貌复杂多样，植物物种的确定还要需要对不 同地质和土壤条件进行选种。在大的石沟、石坑、石槽等负地形中拥 有较厚的土壤地区，土壤含水量较高，适合速生的阔叶树种香椿、楸 树等。The topography of karst rocky desertification is complex and diverse, and the determination of plant species also requires selection of different geological and soil conditions. In areas with thicker soil and higher soil water content in negative terrain such as large stone ditches, stone pits, and stone troughs, it is suitable for fast-growing broad-leaved tree species such as Chinese toon and catalpa.
对坡度较大(>25°,<45°)，土被极薄(10cm)，岩石裸露较严重(70％ 以上)的地区，水分易沿岩面流走，只适合何首乌、金银花、葛藤等 藤本植物的攀爬。For areas with large slopes (>25°, <45°), extremely thin soil cover (10cm), and severe rock exposure (above 70%), water tends to flow away along the rock surface, so it is only suitable for Polygonum multiflorum, Honeysuckle, Pueraria vine, etc. Climbing vines.
石砾含量极大(45％以上)，保水性能极差，极不利于植被的繁殖 和成活，造林难度大，这种地区则选用极耐旱，蒸腾量小的针叶树种 如滇柏、华山松、云南松或叶子有一层蜡质层或硬质的树种如女贞、 麻栎、青冈栎等。The gravel content is very large (over 45%), and the water retention performance is extremely poor, which is extremely unfavorable for the reproduction and survival of vegetation, and it is difficult to afforestation. In this area, coniferous species such as Dian cypress and Huashan pine are selected that are extremely drought-tolerant and have low transpiration. , Yunnan pine, or leaves with a layer of waxy layer or hard tree species such as privet, Quercus japonica, Quercus qinggang, etc.
步骤3、植物组合搭配Step 3. Plant combination and matching
植物搭配以植物功能群为单位，优化配置技术，使物种的搭配形 式、密度和所处的空间位置均处于最佳状态，形成科学的空间结构配 置模式。植被恢复过程中存在着种组替代规律，缺乏天然植被群落的 组成结构，系统稳定性差，易发生退化和遭受病虫害。Plant collocation takes plant functional group as the unit, optimizes the configuration technology, makes the collocation form, density and spatial position of species in the best state, and forms a scientific spatial structure configuration mode. In the process of vegetation restoration, there is a law of species group substitution, lack of the composition structure of natural vegetation communities, poor system stability, and easy to degenerate and suffer from pests and diseases.
对于林灌草植被的立体结构不明显，部分植被层次缺失，乔木层 缺失的区域，可选取速生、适生、喜钙、耐旱的植被进行种植，如椿 树、花椒、任豆等。For areas where the three-dimensional structure of forest, shrub and grass vegetation is not obvious, some vegetation layers are missing, and the arbor layer is missing, fast-growing, suitable-growing, calcium-loving, and drought-tolerant vegetation can be selected for planting, such as Chinese toon tree, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, and Rendou.
对于灌木层缺失的区域可种植一些经济型物种，调节物种的结构， 同时解决百姓的生计问题如杜鹃、火棘、黄栀子、黄荆、马桑、刺梨。For the area where the shrub layer is missing, some economical species can be planted to adjust the structure of the species and solve the livelihood problems of the people at the same time, such as rhododendron, pyracantha, yellow gardenia, yellow jingle, horse mulberry, and prickly pear.
草地的维持可依据当地气候条件选取冷季型牧草和暖季型牧草， 条播或者散播，禾本科和豆科牧草的最佳比例为3:1。Grassland maintenance can be based on local climate conditions by selecting cool-season pastures and warm-season pastures, drill or spread, and the optimal ratio of gramineous and leguminous pastures is 3:1.
步骤4、山体空间的立体搭配Step 4. Three-dimensional collocation of mountain space
根据峰丛洼地的地貌结构特点，综合考虑生态修复与产业发展， 建立山体空间的立体搭配模式。具体为：陡坡地段，长期封育；较陡 坡地段，种植水保能力强的金银花、木豆、竹子等经济物种；垭口、 山麓等缓坡地区种植优质经果林并间作药材；洼地底部主要发展粮食 作物种植。以此构建了多种复合经营模式，如：峰丛山地果+药立体 生态模式，峰丛山地破碎地块果+菜立体生态模式等。According to the features of the geomorphic structure of the fengcong depression, comprehensively considering ecological restoration and industrial development, a three-dimensional matching model of mountain space is established. Specifically: long-term enclosure on steep slopes; economic species such as honeysuckle, pigeonpea, and bamboo with strong soil and water conservation capabilities on steeper slopes; high-quality commercial fruit forests and intercropping medicinal materials in gentle slopes such as pass and foothills; food crops are mainly grown at the bottom of depressions to plant. Based on this, a variety of compound management models have been constructed, such as: the three-dimensional ecological model of fruit + medicine in the peaks and mountains, the three-dimensional ecological model of fruits and vegetables in the broken land of the peaks and mountains, etc.
在土层深厚的山体下部以当地冰脆李品种为主，辅之以藤本、灌 木等篱带防护措施的“冰脆李+金银花”模式；中上部坡度较大，长期 耕种使岩石的裸露率变的很大，俗称“是旮旯”，采用的是“落叶树种 (楸树、香椿、桤木)+常绿树种(滇柏、女贞)+金银花”模式；山顶土壤 极稀少，无法采用人工措施恢复植被，应实施封山育林，保护原生植 被。In the lower part of the mountain with deep soil layer, the local ice-crisp plum varieties are the main species, supplemented by the "ice-crisp plum + honeysuckle" model with hedge protection measures such as vines and shrubs; It has changed a lot, and it is commonly known as "It is a corner". It adopts the model of "deciduous tree species (Calpa, Chinese toon, alder) + evergreen tree species (Dian cypress, privet) + honeysuckle"; the soil on the top of the mountain is extremely scarce, and it is impossible to use artificial Measures to restore vegetation, should implement closure of hills for afforestation, to protect native vegetation.
步骤5、林灌草植被建植Step 5. Establishment of forest, shrub and grass vegetation
经果林苗木种植，一般采用穴状整地，施农家肥做基肥，每穴施 肥量3-5kg；采用1年生裸根苗造林，每亩60-100株，栽植做到苗正 根舒，分层添土、踏实，种植穴上用石块、枯枝落叶或塑料薄膜覆盖； 每年要采用松土、抚育、培土、追肥和修枝等措施。For the planting of seedlings in fruit trees, hole-shaped soil preparation is generally used, and farmyard manure is applied as base fertilizer. The soil should be solid, and the planting hole should be covered with stones, litter or plastic film; measures such as loosening the soil, tending, cultivating, topdressing and pruning should be adopted every year.
林灌草植被的多层次，多样性的种植方式有助于植被的稳定性和 石漠化环境的治理功效。所以在土壤条件较好的地带，采取“经果林+ 花椒”、“经果林+经济型牧草”和“花椒+矮杆经济作物”的治理方式。形 成林灌草复合生态结构。The multi-level and diverse planting methods of forest, shrub and grass vegetation contribute to the stability of vegetation and the governance effect of rocky desertification environment. Therefore, in areas with better soil conditions, the management methods of "economic fruit forest + Chinese pepper", "economic fruit forest + economic pasture" and "Chinese pepper + dwarf economic crops" are adopted. Form a composite ecological structure of forest, shrub and grass.
在裸石率较大的地段应“见缝插针”，充分利用石沟、石缝、石槽 和石坑中残存的土壤密植；裸石率相对较小的地段则应该将造林密度 控制在900～1050株/hm2，以便形成林窗，实现乔、灌、草三层的立 体配置。In areas with a large bare stone rate, we should "seek needles" and make full use of the remaining soil in stone ditches, crevices, stone troughs and stone pits for dense planting; in areas with a relatively small bare stone rate, the afforestation density should be controlled at 900-1050 plant/hm2, in order to form forest gaps and realize the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs and grasses.
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