CN108549986B - Method for measuring ecological water demand of degraded wetland based on water level gradient - Google Patents
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Abstract
Discloses a method for measuring the ecological water demand of a degraded wetland based on a water level gradient. The method comprises the steps of collecting original data of a preset area, wherein the original data comprise topographic data, a land utilization type graph and meteorological data, and the meteorological data comprise air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data; setting sample plots under different water level gradients, selecting target species, measuring vegetation data, carrying out sample square investigation to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data; determining a water level threshold value suitable for vegetation growth based on vegetation parameter data and different water level gradient conditions of plants, obtaining vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold value, topographic data and a land utilization type map in a preset area, carrying out annual potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of water conservancy, in particular to a method for measuring ecological water demand of a degraded wetland based on a water level gradient.
Background
The wetland is a unique ecological system formed by the interaction of land and water on the earth, is one of ecological landscapes which are most rich in biological diversity in the nature and the most important living environment of human beings, and has huge functions and value. But the wetland area is sharply reduced and the function is seriously degraded under the dual influence of climate change and human activities. The protection of the existing wetland, the restoration of the degraded wetland and the reasonable utilization of the wetland become the most effective means for bringing ecological, social and economic benefits into play. The estimation of the water demand of the ecological environment of the degraded wetland is a problem which needs to be solved urgently for ecological and environmental protection of the degraded wetland and is also a requirement for reasonable allocation of water resources. The ecological water demand of the degraded wetland refers to the water quantity which needs to be supplemented when the wetland is used for ecological consumption every year, and mainly supplements the water quantity needed by the evaporation and emission of a wetland ecosystem.
The method for calculating the ecological water demand of the flooded swamp plant based on in-situ evapotranspiration monitoring disclosed in patent document 1 comprises the following steps:
firstly, monitoring the evapotranspiration of flooded swamp plants in growing seasons: in the plant germination period of the flooded marsh to be detected, digging out soil with the sprouts of the flooded marsh plants from the distribution area of the flooded marsh plants to be detected, putting the soil into an evaporation barrel until the soil depth in the evaporation barrel is 40 cm-60 cm, the sprouts of the flooded marsh plants in the evaporation barrel have the same density as the original sprouts of the flooded marsh plants in the excavated soil, filling water into the evaporation barrel until the water level is 10 cm-15 cm higher than the soil, then putting the evaporation barrel filled with the sprouts of the flooded marsh plants back to the original position of the excavated soil, periodically filling water into the evaporation barrel to keep the water level in the evaporation barrel higher than the soil by 10 cm-15 cm, monitoring and recording the water level change value m of the flooded marsh plants in the evaporation barrel in the whole growth season every day, wherein the m is not less than 0, monitoring and recording the daily precipitation n by using a rain gauge in the same area, if the water level in the flooded marsh plants in the evaporation barrel is higher than the water level in the previous day, the evaporation capacity ET of the swamp plants flooded in the evaporation barrel on the day is n-m; if the water surface in the evaporation barrel on the day is lower than or equal to the water surface on the previous day, the evaporation capacity ET of the swamp plants flooded in the evaporation barrel on the day is n + m; synchronously arranging a plurality of groups in parallel for testing, and averaging by taking an average value ET; the evaporation barrel is made of waterproof materials, and the diameter of the inner wall of the evaporation barrel is 60cm, and the depth of the inner wall of the evaporation barrel is 80 cm; the units of ET, n and m are all mm;
and secondly, calculating the annual ecological water demand of the flooded marsh plant to be detected, wherein the annual ecological water demand Wp of the flooded marsh plant to be detected is ET annual × A/1000, ET growth season × (1+ E non-growth season/E growth season) × A/1000, the evapotranspiration water consumption of the flooded marsh of the wetland to be detected is accurately recorded through a simply manufactured evaporation barrel, and the evapotranspiration consumption of the northern marsh over-wintering in the non-growth season can be converted by combining evaporation monitoring data of a regional gas station where the wetland to be detected is located.
Patent document 2 discloses a method for planning and utilizing water resources in a river basin, which includes the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: acquiring rainfall value of a river basin, and performing spatial interpolation on the rainfall value of the river basin by adopting an inverse distance weight interpolation method to obtain a rainfall distribution graph and an isogram so as to obtain the rainfall of the river basin, namely the total water resource amount; step two: acquiring latent heat of vaporization, the highest air temperature, the lowest air temperature, saturated vapor pressure, canopy surface net radiation, air density, soil heat flux, air constant pressure specific heat, canopy conductivity, saturated vapor pressure, actual vapor pressure, aerodynamic conductivity, leaf area index, ground surface albedo and ground surface coverage in the river basin, and estimating the vegetation transpiration value of the river basin, wherein the third step is as follows: estimating the soil evaporation value of the river basin, and step four: estimating the evaporation capacity of the land area of the river basin, and estimating the evaporation capacity of the water surface in the basin of the river basin, namely the evaporation capacity of the river basin, so as to obtain a real-time distribution contour map of the total evaporation capacity of the basin; step five: estimating the evaporation of the water surface in the river basin, namely the evaporation capacity of the river basin, so as to obtain a real-time distribution contour map of the total evaporation capacity of the river basin; the method adopts a device-based catadioptric algorithm, a model calculation method and an empirical formula method to calculate the evaporation capacity of the water surface of the watershed, but the method is poor in calculation precision, large in error of the obtained evaporation capacity, and not beneficial to restoration and protection of the degraded wetland due to the fact that the influence of the water level gradient is not considered.
Documents of the prior art
Patent document
Patent document 1: chinese patent publication No. CN105868548A
Patent document 2: chinese patent publication No. CN104992376A
Disclosure of Invention
Problems to be solved by the invention
The influence of the water level gradient is considered, and the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland with high measuring and calculating precision is provided.
Means for solving the problems
The present inventors have conducted intensive studies to achieve the above object, and specifically, a method for measuring an ecological water demand of a degraded wetland based on a water level gradient, comprising the steps of:
in a first step: collecting raw data of a preset area, wherein the raw data comprises topographic data, a land use type map and meteorological data of the preset area, and the meteorological data comprises air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data;
in a second step: setting sample plots under different water level gradients, selecting target species, measuring vegetation data, carrying out sample square investigation to obtain vegetation parameters comprising vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data;
in a third step: determining a water level threshold value suitable for vegetation growth based on vegetation parameter data and different water level gradient conditions of plants, obtaining vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold value, topographic data and a land utilization type map in a preset area,
in the fourth step: in vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions, carrying out year-round potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation on a preset area, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, wherein:
based on the topographic data, extracting topographic boundaries and dividing the predetermined area into a number of 100m by 100m grids,
inputting the processed land utilization type map, meteorological data and vegetation distribution data,
respectively calculating the potential emission (PT) of the whole-year vegetation coverage area of the preset area and the Potential Evaporation (PE) of the soil area,
where ρ isaIs the air density; c. CpIs the specific heat capacity of air; e.g. of the typesIs the saturated vapor pressure; e.g. of the typezIs a reference highly saturated vapor pressure; Δ represents the slope of the saturated vapor pressure versus temperature curve; γ is humidity; air temperature at a Tz reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the soil surface;
is the aerodynamic resistance between the average leaf surface and the average canopy surface;
is canopy pore resistance, As soil area energy, As＝Ae‐kcLAc vegetation regional energy, Ac＝A‐AsA is total radiant quantity of the earth surface, L is leaf area index, and kc extinction constant; fr is vegetation coverage, i.e. the ratio of vegetation coverage area to total area;
and calculating the total Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) of the predetermined region all the year, wherein the Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is the sum of the Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) of the soil and the potential evapotranspiration (PT) of the vegetation, and the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland is greater than or equal to the total Potential Evapotranspiration (PET).
In the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in the second step: measuring vegetation data, selecting bulrush or scirpus planiculmis as a target species, setting a sample plot, carrying out sample survey to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data.
In the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in the third step: the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis is the total biomass in the survey sample divided by the number of plants in the sample, and the water level threshold values suitable for the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis in different seasons are obtained based on the data of the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis under different water level gradients along with the seasonal changes.
In the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in the fourth step: air resistance between canopy height and average air flow at soil surface
Is composed of
Wherein h is the vegetation height; z'mIs the momentum transfer roughness length of the soil surface; z'HThe control transfer of the heat and water vapor transmission soil surface roughness is adopted; k is von Karman constant; u. ofh(α) mean wind speed at crown height.
In the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in the fourth step: air resistance between altitude and average airflow at reference altitude
Wherein (α) represents vegetation coverage area, (0) represents soil area, z is height for measuring wind speed, 2m plus vegetation height, d is zero plane displacement height, 0.67 times vegetation height, zmThe vegetation roughness control momentum transfer is obtained by multiplying 0.123 by the vegetation height; z'mThe soil roughness control momentum transfer is taken as 0.005; zHThe vegetation roughness of heat and water vapor is controlled and transferred, and Z is takenmDividing by 12; z'HIs the controlled transfer of soil roughness of heat and moisture, and is taken as 0.1 by z'm(ii) a k is von Karman constant, taken as 0.41; uz is the wind speed.
The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient Ac＝Fr(λEc+Hc)，As＝(1-Fr)(λEs+Hs) Wherein A is the available energy in unit area, and comprises latent heat and sensible heat; ac and As are the energy available on the allocated vegetation canopy and soil, respectively; λ E is the energy of the latent heat fraction per unit area; h is the energy per unit area of sensible heat fraction.
According to the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the water level gradient is set on a land utilization type diagram, and the proper water level of the wetland vegetation in the early growing season is set as a first gradient; the rise of the water level of the full water year is set as a second gradient; and the water level reduction of the dry year and the extra dry year is set as a third gradient and a fourth gradient, and a threshold value interval of the ecological water demand of the wetland is determined according to the water level fluctuation range of the wetland for many years.
According to the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, a first gradient is set based on surface water level monitoring and meteorological station precipitation, a second gradient is set to enable the water level of the wetland to rise by 50cm, a third gradient is set to enable the water level of the wetland to fall by 40cm, and a fourth gradient is set to enable the water level of the wetland to fall by 60 cm.
The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient is characterized in that the air density rhoaIs 1.29Kg/m3(ii) a Specific heat capacity c of airp1.003kJ/(kg. K); the humidity gamma is approximately 66 Pa/K and the extinction coefficient kc is 0.4.
According to the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the vegetation coverage is the mean value of the vegetation coverage of each sample, the value range is from 0 representing no vegetation coverage to 1 representing all vegetation coverage, the vegetation height is measured by three plants in the random sample, the mean value is the height of the sample, the vegetation leaf area index is measured by adopting an LI-3000C portable leaf area meter, the instrument obtains the leaf area, the length, the width and the accumulated leaf area data through scanning and data processing, and the accumulated leaf area data is divided by the area of the sample to obtain the leaf area index. .
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION
The measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient considers the influence of the water level gradient on the total amount of the potential evapotranspiration, measures vegetation data under different water level gradients through topographic data, a land utilization type map and meteorological data of a preset area to obtain annual vegetation parameter data, determines a water level threshold suitable for vegetation growth under different water level gradient conditions based on the vegetation parameter data and plants, obtains vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold, the topographic data and the land utilization type map in the preset area, and measures and calculates the annual potential evapotranspiration amount of the preset area in the vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions to obtain the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient. The invention obviously improves the measurement precision of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland in the predetermined area, considers the influence of vegetation parameters on evapotranspiration, can more accurately estimate the evapotranspiration in the annual research area, and can better recover and protect the degraded wetland.
The above description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical means of the present invention more clearly apparent, and to make the implementation of the content of the description possible for those skilled in the art, and to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious, the following description is given by way of example of the specific embodiments of the present invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a step diagram of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 2a shows a schematic response diagram of reed ecological indexes under a first gradient of the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient of the invention to the water level change.
FIG. 2b shows a schematic response diagram of reed ecological indexes under a second gradient of the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient of the invention to the water level change.
FIG. 2c shows a schematic diagram of response of reed ecological indexes to water level change under a third gradient of the measuring method of the water level gradient-based degraded wetland ecological water demand of the invention.
FIG. 2d shows a schematic diagram of response of reed ecological indexes to water level change under a fourth gradient of the measuring method of the water level gradient-based degraded wetland ecological water demand of the invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the change of the biomass on the ground of a single reed plant with the water depth based on the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland of the water level gradient.
FIG. 4a shows a vegetation distribution diagram under a first water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 4b shows a vegetation distribution diagram under a second water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 4c shows a vegetation distribution diagram under a third water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 4d shows a vegetation distribution diagram under a fourth water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 5a shows a schematic view of the monthly potential evapotranspiration under the first water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 5b shows a schematic view of the monthly potential evapotranspiration under the second water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 5c shows a schematic view of the monthly potential evapotranspiration under the third water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 5d shows a schematic view of the monthly potential evapotranspiration under the fourth water level gradient of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 6a shows a schematic diagram of response of scirpus planiculmis ecological index under a first gradient to water level change in the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 6b shows a schematic diagram of response of scirpus planiculmis ecological index to water level change under a second gradient of the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 6c shows a schematic diagram of response of scirpus planiculmis ecological index to water level change under a third gradient of the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 6d shows a schematic diagram of response of scirpus planiculmis ecological index to water level change under a fourth gradient of the measuring method for the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the change of biomass on a scripus triqueter single plant along with water depth in the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient.
Detailed Description
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While specific embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
It should be noted that certain terms are used throughout the description and claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, various names may be used to refer to a component. This specification and claims do not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the invention, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
For the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, the following description will be made in terms of several specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the drawings are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, the step schematic diagram of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient of the present invention, the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient comprises the steps of:
in a first step S1: raw data of a predetermined area is collected, wherein the raw data comprises topographic data, land use type maps and meteorological data of the predetermined area, and the meteorological data comprises air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data.
In a second step S2: setting sample plots under different water level gradients, selecting target species, measuring vegetation data, carrying out sample square investigation to obtain vegetation parameters including vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data.
In a third step S3: determining a water level threshold value suitable for vegetation growth based on vegetation parameter data and different water level gradient conditions of plants, and obtaining vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold value, topographic data in a preset area and a land utilization type map.
In the fourth step S4: in vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions, carrying out year-round potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation on a preset area, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, wherein:
s4-1 extracting a topographic boundary and dividing the predetermined area into a number of 100m x 100m grids based on the topographic data,
s4-2 inputting processed land use type map, meteorological data and vegetation distribution data,
s4-3 respectively calculating the potential emission PT of the annual vegetation covered area of the preset area and the Potential Evaporation (PE) of the soil area,
where ρ isaIs the air density; c. CpIs the specific heat capacity of air; e.g. of the typesIs the saturated vapor pressure; e.g. of the typezIs a reference highly saturated vapor pressure; Δ represents the slope of the saturated vapor pressure versus temperature curve; γ is humidity; air temperature at a Tz reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the soil surface;
is the aerodynamic resistance between the average leaf surface and the average canopy surface;
is canopy pore resistance, As soil area energy, As＝Ae‐kcLAc vegetation regional energy, Ac＝A‐AsA is total radiant quantity of the earth surface, L is leaf area index, and kc extinction constant; fr is vegetation coverage, i.e. the ratio of vegetation coverage area to total area;
s4-4, calculating the total potential evapotranspiration PET of the preset area all the year around, wherein the potential evapotranspiration PET is the sum of the potential evapotranspiration PE of the soil and the potential evapotranspiration PT of the vegetation, and the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland is greater than or equal to the total potential evapotranspiration PET.
The measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient considers the influence of the water level gradient on the total amount of the potential evapotranspiration, measures vegetation data under different water level gradients through topographic data, a land utilization type map and meteorological data of a preset area to obtain annual vegetation parameter data, determines a water level threshold suitable for vegetation growth under different water level gradient conditions based on the vegetation parameter data and plants, obtains vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold, the topographic data and the land utilization type map in the preset area, and measures and calculates the annual potential evapotranspiration amount of the preset area in the vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions to obtain the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient. The method provided by the invention obviously improves the measurement precision of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland in the predetermined area, and can better protect the degraded wetland.
In a preferred embodiment of the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in the second step S2: measuring vegetation data, selecting bulrush or scirpus planiculmis as a target species, setting a sample plot, carrying out sample survey to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data.
In a preferred embodiment of the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in a third step S3: the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis is the total biomass in the survey sample divided by the number of plants in the sample, and the water level threshold values suitable for the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis in different seasons are obtained based on the data of the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis under different water level gradients along with the seasonal changes.
In a preferred embodiment of the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in a fourth step S4: air resistance between canopy height and average air flow at soil surface
Is composed of
Wherein h is the vegetation height; z'mThe roughness length of the soil surface for controlling momentum transmission and transfer; z'HThe roughness length of the soil surface for controlling heat and water vapor transmission; k is von Karman constant; u. ofh(α) mean wind speed at crown height.
In a preferred embodiment of the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, in a fourth step S4: air resistance between altitude and average airflow at reference altitude
Wherein (α) represents vegetation coverage area, (0) represents soil area, z is height for measuring wind speed, 2m plus vegetation height, d is zero plane displacement height, 0.67 times vegetation height, zmThe roughness length of the vegetation canopy for controlling momentum transmission is obtained by multiplying 0.123 by the height of the vegetation; z'mThe roughness length of soil for controlling momentum transfer is 0.005; zHThe roughness length of the vegetation canopy for controlling heat and water vapor transmission is taken as ZmDividing by 12; z'HIs the roughness length of the soil surface for controlling heat and water vapor transmission, and is taken as 0.1 times z'm(ii) a k is von Karman constant, taken as 0.41; uz is the wind speed.
In the preferred embodiment of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, Ac＝Fr(λEc+Hc)，As＝(1-Fr)(λEs+Hs) Wherein A is the available energy in unit area, and comprises latent heat and sensible heat; ac and As are the energy available on the allocated vegetation canopy and soil, respectively; λ E is the energy of the latent heat fraction per unit area; h is the energy per unit area of sensible heat fraction.
In the preferable embodiment of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the water level gradient is set on the land use type graph, and the proper water level at the early stage of the growing season of the vegetation of the wetland is set as a first gradient; the rise of the water level of the full water year is set as a second gradient; and the water level reduction of the dry year and the extra dry year is set as a third gradient and a fourth gradient, and a threshold value interval of the ecological water demand of the wetland is determined according to the water level fluctuation range of the wetland for many years.
In the preferred embodiment of the method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the first gradient is set based on surface water level monitoring and meteorological station precipitation, the second gradient is set to enable the wetland water level to rise by 50cm, the third gradient is set to enable the wetland water level to fall by 40cm, and the fourth gradient is set to enable the wetland water level to fall by 60 cm.
In the preferred embodiment of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the air density rhoaIs 1.29Kg/m3(ii) a Specific heat capacity c of airp1.003kJ/(kg. K); the humidity gamma is approximately 66 Pa/K and the extinction coefficient kc is 0.4.
In the preferable embodiment of the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, the vegetation coverage is the mean value of the vegetation coverage of each sample, the value range is from 0 representing no vegetation coverage to 1 representing all vegetation coverage, the vegetation height is measured by three plants in the random sample, the mean value is the sample height, the vegetation leaf area index is measured by adopting an LI-3000C portable leaf area meter, the meter obtains the leaf area, the length, the width and the accumulated leaf area data through scanning and data processing, and the accumulated leaf area data is divided by the sample area to obtain the leaf area index. .
In order to better understand the invention, in one embodiment, reeds are selected as target species, the lake-side wetland is taken as a predetermined area, the reeds are one of common species of degraded wetland, are widely distributed at the edge of swamps such as lakes and marshes, are distributed in a water-land strip shape at the interface of the water and the land, and only carry out vegetative growth in the growth period of 5-10 months. The reed population grows better along with the increase of water depth, and the height, the coverage and the aboveground biomass are all increased. The method comprises the steps of collecting original data of the wetland beside the lake, wherein the original data comprise topographic data, a land utilization type map and meteorological data of the wetland beside the lake, and the meteorological data comprise air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data.
Setting sample plots under the first, second, third and fourth water level gradients, measuring reed vegetation data, carrying out sample square investigation to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data, and the vegetation parameter data are obtained in 5 months, wherein at the initial stage of the growth period of the reeds, the reeds germinate and emerge, the optimum water level interval is 0.3-0.4 m, the population, the height, the coverage and the overground biomass generally show the trend of increasing along with the increase of water depth, the ecological index change is not obvious from 0.4-0.5 m, and the coverage and the biomass are reduced. The 6-7 months are the middle stage of the growth period of the reed, and the reed forms overwintering buds. The abundance, height, coverage and aboveground biomass are all higher than 5 months, and show the trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing along with the water level. The growth amplitude of each ecological index in the water level-0.1-0.3 m interval is faster than that in the water level-0.3-0.5 m interval. The last stage of the growth period of the reed is 8-10 months. And after 9 months and 19 days, a 9-month sample square is adopted to carry back to measure the above-ground biomass, and after 10 months of sampling, a response graph of the ecological indexes of the reeds to the water level change under the first, second, third and fourth water level gradients shown in figures 2 a-d respectively can be obtained, a water level threshold value suitable for vegetation growth is determined based on vegetation parameter data and plant conditions under different water level gradients, in order to eliminate the influence of the density of the reed population, the seasonal changes of the above-ground biomass of a single reed (namely, the total biomass in the survey sample square is divided by the number of plants in the sample square) under different water level gradients are adopted to reflect the seasonal change rules of the reed population under different water levels, and further the suitable water level threshold values of the reed population in different seasons are obtained. The change of the aboveground biomass of a single plant of reed with the depth of water is shown in figure 3. Based on the water level threshold value and the terrain data and land use type map in the predetermined area, vegetation distribution data under different water level gradients are obtained, for example, a vegetation distribution schematic diagram under a first water level gradient, a second water level gradient, a third water level gradient and a fourth water level gradient can be obtained, which are shown in fig. 4 a-d.
In vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions, carrying out year-round potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation on a preset area, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, wherein:
s4-1 extracting a topographic boundary and dividing the predetermined area into a number of 100m x 100m grids based on the topographic data,
s4-2 inputting processed land use type map, meteorological data and vegetation distribution data,
s4-3 respectively calculating the potential emission PT of the annual vegetation covered area of the preset area and the Potential Evaporation (PE) of the soil area,
where ρ isaIs the air density; c. CpIs the specific heat capacity of air; e.g. of the typesIs the saturated vapor pressure; e.g. of the typezIs a reference highly saturated vapor pressure; Δ represents the slope of the saturated vapor pressure versus temperature curve; γ is humidity; air temperature at a Tz reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the soil surface;
is the aerodynamic resistance between the average leaf surface and the average canopy surface;
is canopy pore resistance, As soil area energy, As＝Ae‐kcLAc vegetation regional energy, Ac＝A‐AsA is total radiant quantity of the earth surface, L is leaf area index, and kc extinction constant; fr is vegetation coverage, i.e. the ratio of vegetation coverage area to total area;
s4-4, calculating the total potential evapotranspiration PET of the preset area all the year around, wherein the potential evapotranspiration PET is the sum of the potential evapotranspiration PE of the soil and the potential evapotranspiration PT of the vegetation, and the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland is greater than or equal to the total potential evapotranspiration PET. As shown in fig. 5 a-d, the potential evapotranspiration of each month under the first, second, third and fourth water level gradients shows a single peak characteristic in the lake year, and the potential evapotranspiration of 7 months is the annual maximum. As the water level rises, the potential boil-off increases; when the water level fallsThe potential evapotranspiration is reduced. In 2006-2015, the annual average potential evaporation capacity tends to increase year by year, and the annual average increment under four water level gradients is 28.13mm a-1、24.54mm a-1、25.77mm a-1、25.65mma-1. The average potential evapotranspiration of years under the first water level gradient is
815.06 mm; the water level of the full water year is increased by 50cm, and the average potential evapotranspiration of the full water year is increased by 225.86 mm; the water level of the dry year and the extra dry year is reduced by 40cm and 60cm, and the average potential evapotranspiration of years is reduced by 9.32mm and 183.91mm respectively. Therefore, the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient obviously improves the measuring precision of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland in the predetermined area, and can better protect the degraded wetland.
In order to better understand the invention, in another embodiment, scirpus planiculmis is selected as a target species, the lake-side wetland is selected as a predetermined area, and the scirpus planiculmis is one of common species of degraded wetland and is distributed at the edge of swamps such as lakes and marshes in a ring water surface strip-shaped distribution at the water-land boundary, wherein the growth period is 5-8 months. When the land elevation exceeds the water surface by 0.1m, only sporadic scirpus planiculmis can be found. After the elevation is reduced, the plants are increased successively, the growth vigor is improved, the coverage is gradually increased to about 60%, and when the water level exceeds 0.3m, the growth quantity of the scirpus planiculmis is reduced sharply and is replaced by the reeds, the cattail and the scirpus triquetrum. The method comprises the steps of collecting original data of the wetland beside the lake, wherein the original data comprise topographic data, a land utilization type map and meteorological data of the wetland beside the lake, and the meteorological data comprise air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data.
Setting sample plots under the first, second, third and fourth water level gradients, measuring scirpus planiculmis vegetation data, carrying out sample survey to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data, and the optimal water level interval is 0 m-0.1 m at the early stage of the growing period of scirpus planiculmis. The height of the water level is increased along with the water level, the water depth reaches 42cm at the maximum value when the water level is increased, the multi-degree and the cover degree are increased firstly and then reduced along with the water level, the water level reaches the maximum value when the water level is increased to 0.1m, and the biomass is less than 10g on all places. The period of 6-7 months is the middle period of the growing period of the scirpus planiculmis, and the optimal water level interval is 0.1-0.2 m. The overground part starts to flower in 6 months, the height, the coverage and the overground biomass are all higher than 5 months, and the trend that the water level increases firstly and then decreases reaches the maximum value between 0.1m and 0.2m of the water level is presented. The growth vigor of 7 months is the most vigorous period in the growing season, and the change and trend of each ecological index along with the water level are similar to those of 6 months. The optimal water level interval is 0.1-0.2 m at the last stage of the growth period of scirpus planiculmis. The multi-degree, the height, the coverage and the aboveground biomass show the trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing along with the rise of the water level, the multi-degree reaches the maximum value at the position of 0.2m, and the height and the aboveground biomass do not obviously change along with the change of the water level. And in 9 months, due to the fact that the water level of the agrimony lake suddenly rises due to the fact that the farmland is drained and rains continuously, the scirpus planiculmis is dead in large batch, finally, a response graph of scirpus planiculmis ecological indexes to the water level change under the first water level gradient, the second water level gradient, the third water level gradient and the fourth water level gradient shown in the figures 6 a-d can be obtained, water level thresholds suitable for vegetation growth are determined based on vegetation parameter data and plant water level gradient conditions, in order to eliminate the influence of scirpus planiculmis population density, the seasonal changes of the overground biomass (namely, the total biomass in an investigation sample prescription is divided by the number of plants in the sample prescription) of a single scirpus planiculmis under different water level gradients are adopted to reflect the seasonal change rules of the scirpus planiculmis population under different water levels, and. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the variation of aboveground biomass of a single plant of Phragmites communis with water depth. And acquiring vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold value, the terrain data in the preset area and the land utilization type map.
In vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions, carrying out year-round potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation on a preset area, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, wherein:
s4-1 extracting a topographic boundary and dividing the predetermined area into a number of 100m x 100m grids based on the topographic data,
s4-2 inputting processed land use type map, meteorological data and vegetation distribution data,
s4-3 respectively calculating the potential emission PT of the annual vegetation covered area of the preset area and the Potential Evaporation (PE) of the soil area,
where ρ isaIs the air density; c. CpIs the specific heat capacity of air; e.g. of the typesIs the saturated vapor pressure; e.g. of the typezIs a reference highly saturated vapor pressure; Δ represents the slope of the saturated vapor pressure versus temperature curve; γ is humidity; air temperature at a Tz reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the soil surface;
is the aerodynamic resistance between the average leaf surface and the average canopy surface;
is canopy pore resistance, As soil area energy, As＝Ae‐kcLAc vegetation regional energy, Ac＝A‐AsA is total radiant quantity of the earth surface, L is leaf area index, and kc extinction constant; fr is vegetation coverage, i.e. the ratio of vegetation coverage area to total area;
s4-4, calculating the total potential evapotranspiration PET of the preset area all the year around, wherein the potential evapotranspiration PET is the sum of the potential evapotranspiration PE of the soil and the potential evapotranspiration PT of the vegetation, and the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland is greater than or equal to the total potential evapotranspiration PET. The annual average potential evapotranspiration at the first, second, third and fourth water level gradients shown in the following table,
TABLE 2006 + 2015 annual average annual potential evapotranspiration under four water level gradients of degraded wetland at lake edge
Therefore, the measuring method of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient remarkably improves the measuring precision of the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland in the predetermined area, and the method considers the influence of vegetation parameters on evapotranspiration, can more accurately estimate the evapotranspiration in a research area all the year around, and can better protect the degraded wetland.
Industrial applicability
The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient can be used in the field of water conservancy.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and application fields, and the above-described embodiments are illustrative, instructive, and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, may effect numerous modifications thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for measuring ecological water demand of degraded wetland based on water level gradient comprises the following steps:
in the first step (S1): collecting original data of a predetermined region of the degraded wetland, wherein the original data comprises topographic data, a land utilization type map and meteorological data of the predetermined region, and the meteorological data comprises air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and total earth surface radiation data;
in the second step (S2): setting sample plots under different water level gradients, selecting target species, measuring vegetation data, carrying out sample survey to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, vegetation coverage and leaf area index, carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data, the vegetation coverage is an average value of the vegetation coverage of each sample, the value range is from 0 representing no vegetation coverage to 1 representing all vegetation coverage, and the average value of the vegetation height is the sample height after the height is measured by three plants in a random sample;
in the third step (S3): determining a water level threshold value suitable for vegetation growth based on vegetation parameter data and different water level gradient conditions of plants, obtaining vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions based on the water level threshold value, topographic data and a land utilization type map in a preset area,
in the fourth step (S4): in vegetation distribution data under different water level gradient conditions, carrying out year-round potential evapotranspiration measurement and calculation on a preset area, and obtaining the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient, wherein:
(S4-1) extracting a topographic boundary and dividing the predetermined area into a number of 100m by 100m grids based on the topographic data,
(S4-2) inputting the processed land utilization type map, meteorological data and vegetation distribution data,
(S4-3) respectively calculating the potential emission (PT) of the annual vegetation coverage area of the preset area and the Potential Evaporation (PE) of the soil area,
where ρ isaIs the air density; c. CpIs the specific heat capacity of air; e.g. of the typesIs the saturated vapor pressure; e.g. of the typezIs a reference highly saturated vapor pressure; Δ represents the slope of the saturated vapor pressure versus temperature curve; γ is humidity; air temperature at a Tz reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the reference height;
is the air resistance between the canopy height and the average air flow at the soil surface;
is the aerodynamic resistance between the average leaf surface and the average canopy surface;
is canopy pore resistance, As soil area energy, As＝Ae-kcLAc vegetation regional energy, Ac＝A-AsA is total radiant quantity of the earth surface, L is leaf area index, and kc extinction constant; fr is vegetation coverage, i.e. the ratio of vegetation coverage area to total area, where the air resistance between canopy height and average air flow at the soil surface
Is composed of
Wherein h is the vegetation height; z'mIs the roughness length of the momentum transfer of the soil surface; z'HThe roughness length of the heat and water vapor transmission on the surface of the soil; k is von Karman constant; u. ofh(α) mean wind speed at crown height;
(S4-4) calculating the total Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) of the predetermined area all the year around, wherein the total Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is the sum of the Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) of the soil and the Potential Transpiration (PT) of the vegetation, and the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland is greater than or equal to the total Potential Evapotranspiration (PET).
2. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the second step (S2): measuring vegetation data, selecting bulrush or scirpus planiculmis as a target species, setting a sample plot, carrying out sample survey to obtain vegetation parameters, wherein the vegetation parameters comprise vegetation height, coverage and leaf area index, and carrying out linear interpolation on the measured vegetation parameters to obtain annual vegetation parameter data.
3. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the third step (S3): the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis is the total biomass in the survey sample divided by the number of plants in the sample, and the water level threshold values suitable for the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis in different seasons are obtained based on the data of the above-ground biomass of the single reed or the scirpus planiculmis under different water level gradients along with the seasonal changes.
4. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fourth step (S4): air resistance between altitude and average airflow at reference altitude
Wherein (α) represents a vegetation coverage area, (0) represents a soil area, and z is a measurementMeasuring the height of the wind speed, and taking 2m plus the height of vegetation; d is the zero plane displacement height, 0.67 times the vegetation height; z is a radical ofmThe vegetation roughness length for controlling momentum transmission is obtained by multiplying 0.123 by the vegetation height; z'mThe roughness length of momentum transfer of the soil surface is taken as 0.005; zHControlling the roughness length of vegetation transmission of heat and water vapor, and taking ZmDividing by 12; z'HIs the roughness length of soil, 0.1 by z ', which controls heat and water vapor transmission'm(ii) a k is von Karman constant, taken as 0.41; uz is the wind speed.
5. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: a. thec＝Fr(λEc+Hc)，As＝(1-Fr)(λEs+Hs) Wherein A is the available energy in unit area, and comprises latent heat and sensible heat; ac and As are the energy available on the allocated vegetation canopy and soil, respectively; λ E is the energy of the latent heat fraction per unit area; h is the energy per unit area of sensible heat fraction.
6. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: setting a water level gradient on the land utilization type graph, and setting a proper water level at the early stage of the growing season of the wetland vegetation as a first gradient; the rise of the water level of the full water year is set as a second gradient; and the water level reduction of the dry year and the extra dry year is set as a third gradient and a fourth gradient, and a threshold value interval of the ecological water demand of the wetland is determined according to the water level fluctuation range of the wetland for many years.
7. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 6, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and setting a first gradient based on surface water level monitoring and meteorological station precipitation, setting a second gradient as the wetland water level rising by 50cm, setting a third gradient as the wetland water level falling by 40cm and setting a fourth gradient as the wetland water level falling by 60 cm.
8. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: air density ρaIs 1.29Kg/m3(ii) a Specific heat capacity c of airp1.003kJ/(kg. K); the humidity gamma is 66 Pa/K and the extinction coefficient kc is 0.4.
9. The method for measuring the ecological water demand of the degraded wetland based on the water level gradient as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the vegetation leaf area index is measured by adopting a leaf area meter, the meter obtains the leaf area, the length, the width and accumulated leaf area data through scanning and data processing, and the accumulated leaf area data is divided by the area of a sample to obtain the leaf area index.
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