CN108362469A - Size based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera and surface pressure measurement method and apparatus - Google Patents
Size based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera and surface pressure measurement method and apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
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- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 title description 6
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- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of measurement methods of the three-dimensional dimension based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera and surface pressing, comprise the steps of：Picture obtaining step：The pressure signal light field picture and depth signal light field picture of model are obtained respectively；Surface pressure distribution calculates step：Model surface pressure-plotting is calculated from pressure signal light field picture；Case depth distribution calculates step：Model surface depth profile is calculated from depth signal light field picture；Three-dimensional pressure is distributed generation step：The information of the information and model surface depth profile of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure generates threedimensional model pressure-plotting.The present invention also provides a kind of measuring devices for realizing above-mentioned measurement method.The present invention can realize that the shooting of separate unit light-field camera single-point obtains the fused data of model three-dimensional dimension and surface pressure distribution, compared to other pressure sensitive paints and three-dimensionalreconstruction photographing request, hence it is evident that the complexity for reducing system improves the efficiency of measurement.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to aerodynamic measurement technical fields, and in particular, to one kind being based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera
Size and surface pressure measurement method and apparatus.
Background technology
Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) is as a kind of contactless and high-resolution surface pressure measuring technique, from twentieth century eight
Since the ten's were suggested, it has been widely used in always in air stage combustion research.It is passed with traditional pressure gauge or pressure
Sensor can only obtain pressure data difference point by point, and pressure sensitive paint can disposably measure the pressure distribution on complex model surface.The skill
The oxygen quenching feature of fluorescent molecular is utilized in art, and under suitable shooting condition, measurement accuracy is theoretically limited only by and is used up
The precision of electric explorer.By using suitable pressure sensitive paint substrate and imaging device, static state can adapt to or comprising dynamic fluctuation
Pressure measurement.
Pressure sensitive paint technology is developed so far constantly improve, but fixed by paint vehicle temperature sensitivity, model offset deformation, flashing
Error can not accomplish to completely eliminate caused by the factors such as property and light degradation.In addition to improving precision in low speeds flow and in high velocity stream
It is improved other than response frequency in dynamic, how to obtain the pressure distribution of a complex three-dimensional model overall surface is also in the field
Research emphasis.
In recent years, the threedimensional model pressure sensitive paint measurement that develops into of optical field imaging provides a kind of potential polyphaser imaging
Alternative solution.The set of Free propagation light in " light field " representation space, usually by five dimension parametric equationsDescribe, wherein L is the measurement of light radiation density, (x, y, z) andLight is indicated respectively
Space and angle information.Five dimension light fields can be reduced to the four-dimension by two parallel sample planes, i.e. L=L (u, v, s, t),
In (u, v) and (s, t) be respectively light and the two planes intersecting point coordinate.In order to record four-dimensional light field, need in camera light
One piece of microlens array is placed at electric transducer the last period distance, if this distance is equal to the focal length of lenticule, obtained new camera
Structure is referred to as to defocus type light-field camera (Defocused Plenoptic Camera), is disambiguation, mentioned below
Light field or light-field camera all refer to the optical imaging system built on this architecture basics.Spatially arbitrary light can
It is uniquely determined with camera main lens and the intersection point of lenticule plane by it.If remembering, main lens plane is (u, v), and lenticule is flat
Face is then (s, t).By the light of lenticule be considered as having after lenticule re-sampling the four-dimensional light field L of acquisition (u,
V, s, t) ability, light field original photo is done to certain processing, can obtain shooting object depth information.
Now measure complex geometry Aerodynamics Model three-dimensional dimension and pressure distribution be mostly by polyphaser at
The mode of picture is realized.The pressure sensitive paint technology of various visual angles formula to the installation of model and polyphaser, arrangement, calibrate and open up optics
The quantity of window is proposed very high requirement.These requirements test especially large tunnel experiment for aerodynamics
It is very unfavorable.
Invention content
For the defects in the prior art, the size based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera that the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of
With surface pressure measurement method and apparatus.
According to the measurement method of the three-dimensional dimension based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera and surface pressing provided by the invention, packet
Containing following steps：
Picture obtaining step：The pressure signal light field picture and depth signal light field picture of model are obtained respectively；
Surface pressure distribution calculates step：Model surface pressure-plotting is calculated from pressure signal light field picture；
Case depth distribution calculates step：Model surface depth profile is calculated from depth signal light field picture；
Three-dimensional pressure is distributed generation step：The information of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure and model surface depth profile
Information, generate threedimensional model pressure-plotting.
Preferably, the picture obtaining step comprises the steps of：
Pressure signal light field picture obtaining step：Wind-tunnel is closed operating mode and is opened under operating mode, is shot using light-field camera purple
The model for being coated with pressure sensitive paint of outer light source excitation, respectively obtains pressure signal light field picture, and be denoted as first pressure light field respectively
Picture, second pressure light field picture；
Depth signal light field picture obtaining step：Wind-tunnel is closed under operating mode, and pattern is projected using light-field camera shooting
Model.
Preferably, the surface pressure distribution calculates step and comprises the steps of：
Centre visual angle picture obtaining step：It takes out all micro- in first pressure light field picture and second pressure light field picture
The pixel of all taking-ups is pressed the position distribution split of lenticule, respectively obtains the first center by the corresponding pixel of mirror projection centre
Multi-perspective picture and the second centre visual angle picture；
Rotation translation correction step：First centre visual angle picture and the second centre visual angle picture are rotated and translated
Correction, the first centre visual angle picture after being rectified a deviation respectively and the second centre visual angle picture after correction；
Light intensity ratio chart piece obtaining step：Using the first centre visual angle picture after correction as refer to picture, after correction
The first centre visual angle picture respective pixel value with correction after the second centre visual angle picture respective pixel value do division, obtain light
Strong ratio picture；
Model surface calculation of pressure step：It is calculated based on light intensity ratio chart piece and obtains model surface pressure.
Preferably, in centre visual angle picture obtaining step, using pinhole imaging system principle, by shooting blank under minimum aperture
Obtain lenticule projection centre；
In rotation translation correction step, rotation translation parameters is obtained based on following formula：
In formula：W ＇onFor the picture matrix after rotation translates；T(Δx,Δy)For translation matrix；Δ x, Δ y are that translation is joined
Number；RΔθFor spin matrix；Δ θ is rotation parameter；WonThe picture matrix of operating mode is opened for wind-tunnel；(Δ θ, Δ x, Δ y) are rotation
Translation parameters；argminΔ θ, Δ x, Δ yΔ θ when () represents bracket Nei Daishi minimalizations, Δ x, Δ y values；Sum () is to seek bracket
The algorithm of the sum of interior matrix element value；WoffThe picture matrix of operating mode is closed for wind-tunnel；× represent the element phase of corresponding position
Multiply；
In light intensity ratio chart piece obtaining step, light intensity ratio chart piece passes through Woff./W ＇onIt obtains, wherein/representative corresponds to position
The element set is divided by；
In model surface calculation of pressure step, is calculated based on following formula and obtain model surface pressure：
In formula：I is the fluorescence intensity got off by cameras record；Ref is reference value, and it is ginseng to choose numerical value when wind-tunnel is closed
Examine value；IrefTo refer to fluorescence intensity；A1With A2It is the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance；A1(T) and A2(T) it is the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance
Function about temperature；P is surface pressure；PrefFor reference surface pressure.
Preferably, the case depth distribution calculates step and comprises the steps of：
Deep vision picture obtaining step：Centre visual angle picture is carried out to depth signal light field picture and obtains operation, is obtained
Lenticule projection centre is distributed for symmetrical centre, and size is the depth multi-perspective picture of a × a；
EPI slopes export step：Export the EPI slope ks of each pixel in deep vision pictureepi；
Depth calculation step：According to kepiCalculate the actual grade d on model.
Preferably, the EPI slopes output step comprises the steps of：
Step S1：Sub-pix translation, translation vector are done to all visual angles in addition to centre visual angleIt counts as follows
It calculates：
In formula：labelindFor the index number of current label；labeltotalFor the total number of labels of setting；labelind∈[0,
labeltotal] and labelindFor integer；labelstepFor the label step-length of setting；kconstFor the translation constant term of setting；
Vector for a non-central view position relative to centre visual angle position；
Step S2：Often translate a labelind, the cost value of a × a displacement images collection is calculated, is calculated according to following formula
Slope k of the pixel in EPI at (x, y) in centre visual angle pictureepi(x,y)：
In formula：Label when representing bracket Nei Daishi minimalizationsindValue；α is proportionality coefficient；CDIt is flat
Absolute value the sum of of the pictures compared to center picture pixel value difference after shifting；CGIt is that pictures after translation are terraced compared to center picture
Spend the sum of absolute difference.
Preferably, in depth calculation step, actual grade d is calculated according to following formula：
In formula：K is the number of pixels shared by the corresponding primary mirror area of bed in unit visual angle；D be main lens light hole straight
Diameter；A is the microimage size of main lens；SpxFor the length of side of single pixel；F is the focal length of main lens；fnFor the f- of main lens
Number,U is object distance；F is main lens focus；R is by the pixel number pantograph ratio of original image to view transformation image
Example,OrWherein, the size of the picture at unit visual angle is m × n, and the size of original image is M × N.
Preferably, the value of u and K are sought using measurement calibration：Repeatedly shooting calibration plate will be calibrated every time before shooting
Plate moves the distance, delta d of a setting along the direction for being parallel to camera primary optical axis；Obtain the k of characteristic point on calibration plateepi, in u
With in set interval, the residual values quadratic sum of u and K expression formulas of d under estimated value are sought with least square method near K estimated values
The value of S (i, j), u and K when to take S (i, j) be minimum value are match value：
In formula：KfinalFor the match value of K；ufinalFor the match value of u；() represents bracket Nei Daishi and takes pole
K when small valueiWith ujValue；KiFor near K estimated values in section i-th of K value；ujFor near u estimated values in section
The value of j-th of u；S is residual values quadratic sum；(i, j) is the coordinate position of u and characteristic point in K estimated values nearby set interval.
Preferably, using spline curve fitting, the model surface of discrete distribution is deep in three-dimensional pressure distribution generation step
Degree result is converted into continuously distributed by different cross section fitting；
The information of the information of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure and model surface depth profile is pressed into corresponding position coupling
It closes, obtains threedimensional model pressure-plotting.
Above-mentioned three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera are realized the present invention also provides a kind of
Measurement method measuring device, including tested model, ultraviolet source, light-field camera and projecting apparatus, only include a light field
Camera, the projecting apparatus can be in tested model projection patterns.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following advantageous effect：
1, the present invention can realize that the shooting of separate unit light-field camera single-point obtains model three-dimensional dimension and surface pressure distribution
Fused data, compared to other pressure sensitive paints and three-dimensionalreconstruction photographing request, hence it is evident that the complexity for reducing system improves measurement
Efficiency.
2, the present invention can realize the acquisition of single-point shooting formula threedimensional model pressure distribution under certain shooting condition, effectively
Existing three-dimensional measurement technology and incompatibility of the pressure sensitive paint technology in experimental facilities, experimentation are avoided, for subsequently into one
Step simplifies technical sophistication degree, raising measurement efficiency opens a new road.
3, the present invention is realized using only a camera to being measured while model three-dimensional dimension and surface pressure distribution, can
To effectively improve wind-tunnel operational paradigm.
Description of the drawings
Upon reading the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings, other feature of the invention,
Objects and advantages will become more apparent upon：
Fig. 1 is the installation drawing for obtaining model surface pressure in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the installation drawing for obtaining model surface depth in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the application example that the present invention is measured for a particular model；
Fig. 4 is the depth error Distribution value on application example model axis；
Fig. 5 is the measurement method stream of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing provided by the invention based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera
Cheng Tu；
It is shown in figure：Tested model 1；Ultraviolet source 2；Light-field camera 3；Projecting apparatus 4；Picture obtaining step 101；It presses on surface
Power distribution calculates step 102；Case depth distribution calculates step 103；Three-dimensional pressure is distributed generation step 104.
Specific implementation mode
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.Following embodiment will be helpful to the technology of this field
Personnel further understand the present invention, but the invention is not limited in any way.It should be pointed out that the ordinary skill of this field
For personnel, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made.These belong to the present invention
Protection domain.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that, term "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", " perpendicular
Directly ", the orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outside" is orientation based on ... shown in the drawings or position
Relationship is set, is merely for convenience of description of the present invention and simplification of the description, device is not indicated or implied the indicated or element is necessary
With specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore be not considered as limiting the invention.
As shown in figure 5, the measurement of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing provided by the invention based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera
Method comprises the steps of：Picture obtaining step：The pressure signal light field picture and depth signal light field figure of model are obtained respectively
Piece；Surface pressure distribution calculates step：Model surface pressure-plotting is calculated from pressure signal light field picture；Surface is deep
Degree distribution calculates step：Model surface depth profile is calculated from depth signal light field picture；Three-dimensional pressure distribution life
At step：The information of the information and model surface depth profile of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure generates threedimensional model pressure
Power distribution map.
The picture obtaining step comprises the steps of：Pressure signal light field picture obtaining step：Wind-tunnel close operating mode with
It opens under operating mode, using the model for being coated with pressure sensitive paint of light-field camera shooting ultraviolet source excitation, respectively obtains pressure signal light
Field picture, and it is denoted as first pressure light field picture, second pressure light field picture respectively；Depth signal light field picture obtaining step：
Wind-tunnel is closed under operating mode, and the model of pattern is projected using light-field camera shooting.In embodiment, picture obtaining step is used and is based on
The pressure measurement means of pressure sensitive paint excitation intensity, 3 d light fields pressure sensitive paint technology are made of two parts.It is model surface first
Fluorescence light field image obtains and calculation of pressure, and followed by model surface 3 d light fields image obtains and depth reconstructs.Model is waited for
The region of survey is positioned over the somewhere within focal plane, opens ultraviolet source so that pressure sensitive paint is sent out fluorescence by excitation, utilizes
Light-field camera come obtain wind-tunnel opening and closing when model surface fluorescent image.As shown in Figure 1,3 d light fields pressure sensitive paint technology is the same as two dimension
Pressure sensitive paint system is more similar, unique the difference is that the former is to replace the tradition that the latter uses using light-field camera when wind-tunnel is opened and closed
Camera obtains picture.Model surface 3 d light fields image is obtained obtains no strict sequence with pressure information image.Such as
Shown in Fig. 2, ultraviolet source is closed, opens projecting apparatus, the stain white background pattern for selecting density proper is projected on model table to be measured
Face so that stain is uniformly distributed in cellular hexagon, and the stain gross area accounts for about the 40% to 50% of total projection area.It does not move
The position of light-field camera, shooting obtain the model surface figure under this projection.
The surface pressure distribution calculates step and comprises the steps of：Centre visual angle picture obtaining step：Take out the first pressure
Power light field picture pixel corresponding with all lenticule projection centres in second pressure light field picture, the pixel of all taking-ups is pressed
The position distribution split of lenticule respectively obtains the first centre visual angle picture and the second centre visual angle picture；Rotation translation correction
Step：To the correction that the first centre visual angle picture and the second centre visual angle picture are rotated and translated, after being rectified a deviation respectively
The first centre visual angle picture with correction after the second centre visual angle picture；Light intensity ratio chart piece obtaining step：After correction
First centre visual angle picture, which is used as, refers to picture, to the first centre visual angle picture respective pixel value after correction and the after correction
Two centre visual angle picture respective pixel values do division, obtain light intensity ratio chart piece；Model surface calculation of pressure step：Based on light intensity
Ratio picture, which calculates, obtains model surface pressure.
In embodiment, before doing respective pixel division and obtaining light intensity scaled image, need to do light field original image
Pretreatment.The pretreated first step is the projection centre for obtaining each lenticule on camera photoelectric sensor.Uniformly by one piece
Blank be placed on camera before, aperture is adjusted to the picture that shooting after minimum obtains blank, using 9 × 9 Gaussian Profile to each
Bright spot is fitted, and calculates the lenticule projection centre coordinate of sub-pix.Using the coordinate at each center, can will thereafter pair
The pixel set answered artificially is encoded.It is micro- if the size of original image is M × N under conditions of length is as unit of pixel
The length of side of the external square of circle where lens is A；The quantity of lenticule is X × Y.According to the four-dimension referred in background technology
The principle L=L (u, v, s, t) of optical field imaging, each pixel under lenticule are represented relative to the coordinate of its projection centre
One determining (u, v) value, and projection centre of the lenticule on pixel planes determines the value of (s, t).(u, v) value
Meaning can be regarded as light and pass through the different position of main lens, thus take out (u, v) value under all lenticules it is identical some
It is combined by arrangement rule of the lenticule center in photoelectric sensor plane, just can obtain a visual angle by pixel
Image, do not fall the lenticule projection centre position the case where in anabolic process, used based on neighbour for actual picture pixel
The interpolation algorithm of nearly sampled point calculates the pixel value at the point.The size of some multi-perspective picture generated can be manually set, this
Place is set as m × n.For theoretically, for the optical field imaging system, the figure at all visual angles on A × a-quadrant inscribed circle can be obtained
Picture.The model light field original image obtained under the conditions of being opened and closed for wind-tunnel only takes the centre visual angle of the two to do subsequent processing, that is, uses
The picture that picture element interpolation at lenticule projection centre obtains.
Pretreated second step needs model translation and rotation caused by considering to open due to wind-tunnel.First by the area of model
Domain is marked off using Threshold segmentation come by background zero setting, if the picture matrix that wind-tunnel opens operating mode is Won, wind-tunnel switch close operating mode
Picture matrix be Woff.Deflection angle when appraising model is closed when wind-tunnel is opened relative to wind-tunnel, with anti-under the angle
To Two Dimensional Rotating matrix RθRotating model eliminates the angle difference of the two model；Translation distance is estimated again, introduces translation matrix
T(Δ x, Δ y), the model after rotating through is translated, if WonIn certain put coordinate beThen by translating postrotational coordinateTraverse WonModel translation is postrotational when obtaining wind-tunnel unlatching after upper all non-zero points is distributed as Won′.It is right
WoffAnd Won' corresponding position seek dot product, take the element of result to sum, then deflecting translation parameters, (Δ θ, Δ x, Δ y) reply should
With parameter of value when maximum, i.e.,：
In formula：W ＇onFor the picture matrix after rotation translates；T(Δx,Δy)For translation matrix；Δ x, Δ y are that translation is joined
Number；RΔθFor spin matrix；Δ θ is rotation parameter；WonThe picture matrix of operating mode is opened for wind-tunnel；(Δ θ, Δ x, Δ y) are rotation
Translation parameters；argminΔθ,Δx,ΔyΔ θ when () represents bracket Nei Daishi minimalizations, Δ x, Δ y values；Sum () is to seek bracket
The algorithm of the sum of interior matrix element value；WoffThe picture matrix of operating mode is closed for wind-tunnel；× represent the element phase of corresponding position
Multiply.
After deflection translation parameters is determined, light intensity scaled image is sought using the result after deflection, that is, passes through Woff./
W′onIt acquires, wherein the element of/represent corresponding position is divided by.
Based on the Stern-Volmer equations after improvement, operating mode and the two operating modes of unlatching operating mode are closed by calculating wind-tunnel
The ratio of hypograph corresponding position pixel value calculates three-dimensional in conjunction with the calibration equation and parameter to pressure sensitive paint under experimental temperature
The pressure of model surface is distributed：
In formula：I is the fluorescence intensity got off by cameras record；Ref is reference value, and it is ginseng to choose numerical value when wind-tunnel is closed
Examine value；IrefTo refer to fluorescence intensity；A1With A2It is the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance；A1(T) and A2(T) it is the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance
Function about temperature；P is surface pressure；PrefFor reference surface pressure.
Case depth distribution calculates step and comprises the steps of：Deep vision picture obtaining step：To depth signal light field
Picture carries out centre visual angle picture and obtains operation, obtains lenticule projection centre and is distributed for symmetrical centre, and size is the depth of a × a
Spend multi-perspective picture；EPI slopes export step：Export the EPI slope ks of each pixel in deep vision pictureepi, EPI
(Epipolar Plane Image) be pole geometric graph, EPI slopes for same object with visual angle change one kind of displacement
Measurement；Depth calculation step：According to kepiCalculate the actual grade d on model.
In embodiment, with above-mentioned tonogram as processing procedure is similar, before handling depth information, estimate for successive depths
The demand of calculating method needs the visual angle for taking out the part in all visual angles to be used, these viewing angle distributions are with lenticule
Projection centre be symmetrical centre, size be (a on the square of a × a<A, and a is integer).It is deep by these pictures cooperations
After spending the input quantity of algorithm for estimating, the result formats of estimation of Depth are to output using centre visual angle picture as model, Centered Graphs
The EPI slope ks of on piece every bitepi, the meaning of this slope can regard the displacement pixel number of per unit visual angle point as, be located at pair
It takes just, otherwise takes negative within focal plane.The depth estimation algorithm main body divides the following steps：
Step S1：Sub-pix translation, translation vector are done to all visual angles in addition to centre visual angle Wherein labelindFor the index number of current label, labelind∈[0,labeltotal] and be
Integer；labeltotalIt is the total number of labels being manually set, generally takes 60-100；labelstepIt is the label step-length being manually set；
kconstIt is the translation constant term being manually set, the purpose is to make final involved translation distance by the depth occupied by model
While degree range is included, and it is unlikely to too many beyond the range；It is the view position relative to centre visual angle position
Vector, for centre visual angle,It can be regarded as zero.
Step S2：Often translate a labelind, calculate the cost value (Cost volume) of a × a displacement images collection, cost
The size of value is divided into two parts：First part is set of pixels at pictures (x, y) compared to pixel value difference at center picture (x, y)
Absolute value and CD, second part be pictures (x, y) at ladder compared at center picture (x, y) gradient absolute value and CG.Two
Person is α C by the cost value that proportionality coefficient α couples finallyD+(1-a)CG, α ∈ [0,1], α generally takes 0.5.It is right
labelindLower center image all pixels seek cost value, and to all labelindTraverse, obtain m × n ×
labeltotalMulti-tag cost collection.For kepi(x,y), i.e., slope of the pixel in EPI at (x, y) in centre visual angle picture
Have：
In formula：Label when representing bracket Nei Daishi minimalizationsindValue；α is proportionality coefficient；CDFor translation
Absolute value the sum of of the pictures compared to center picture pixel value difference afterwards；CGIt is pictures after translation compared to center picture gradient
The sum of absolute difference.
Using the thin-lens equation and the design feature of light-field camera, k can be releasedepiBetween actual grade d
Relationship is
In formula：K is the number of pixels shared by the corresponding primary mirror area of bed in unit visual angle；D be main lens light hole straight
Diameter；A is the microimage size of main lens；SpxFor the length of side of single pixel；F is the focal length of main lens；fnFor the f- of main lens
Number,U is object distance；F is main lens focus；R is by the pixel number pantograph ratio of original image to view transformation image
Example,OrWherein, the size of the picture at unit visual angle is m × n, and the size of original image is M × N.It is theoretical
For upperWithThe two should be equal, but due in practice and not all camera photoelectric sensor can be covered by lenticule
Lid also or the lenticule quality defect at edge leads to side second-rate in the original image for needing to remove M × N in use
Edge point, if the image size behind removal edge is M ' × N ', then actual image scaling size should be：
In above formula, F and fnIt can accurately be read from the parameter of main lens, SpxIt, also can be from camera as the size of pixel
It is accurately read in manufacturing parameter.Object distance u values are unknown in formula, and the value that lenticule projects the external square length of side A of spot can be by estimating
The diameter of lenticule projection round spot under the aperture size is calculated to obtain, subsequent metric calibration can be by this estimated value meter in calculating
The K got seeks the optimum solution of u and K as initial value.
The purpose of measurement calibration is to seek accurate u and A values, and way is that multiple shooting is easily obtained kepiCalibration plate, and
Calculate the k of certain characteristic points on calibration plateepi, every time before shooting, calibration plate is moved along the direction for being parallel to camera primary optical axis
Move a known distance, delta d.The pattern of calibration plate must be conducive to kepiAccurate acquisition, the pattern that uses is normal in the present invention
Black and white checkerboard fashion used in the camera calibrated seen.Displacement distance Δ d is freely set by high-precision linear displacement platform, initially
Position is generally set to slightly certain far from focal plane, i.e.,It is slightly less than zero, final position generally artificially adjusts=2-2.5, if the sum of shooting is G, then the total distance moved is (G-1) Δ d, in the estimated value K of KestiIt is worth attached
Some close section such as (95%Kesti, 105%Kesti) in take Ki, solve about corresponding estimation object distance uestiEquation：
In the estimated value u of uestiSome section such as (95%u near valueesti, 105%uesti) in take uj, according to known
The different k of G groupsepi, (K is sought using least square methodi,uj) parameter following formula (4) residual sum of squares (RSS), S (i, j) is denoted as, when residual
When poor quadratic sum minimum, you can it is closest with actual value to regard fitting result as, i.e.,：
In formula：KfinalFor the match value of K；ufinalFor the match value of u；() represents bracket Nei Daishi and takes pole
K when small valueiWith ujValue；KiFor near K estimated values in section i-th of K value；ujFor near u estimated values in section
The value of j-th of u；S is residual values quadratic sum；(i, j) is the coordinate position of u and characteristic point in K estimated values nearby set interval.
Three-dimensional pressure is distributed in generation step, using spline curve fitting, by the model surface depth results of discrete distribution
By different cross section fitting be converted into it is continuously distributed, by the information of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure and model surface depth distribution
The information of figure is coupled by corresponding position, obtains threedimensional model pressure-plotting.
Due to the discreteness of label, depth distribution cannot be well matched with curved surface, take the spline curve in Matlab quasi-
Close, by the model surface depth results of discrete distribution by different cross section fitting be converted into it is continuously distributed, improve due to discrete tags
Presence and the sampling precision that reduces.Finally pressure is merged with the depth data after post-processing can obtain final three-dimensional
Model pressure distribution results, as shown in Figure 3, corresponding point in Matching Model, used involved in fusion process for concrete application example
Method it is similar with above-mentioned mode.
Fig. 4 gives depth calculations described in the embodiment of the present invention and pair in true model size in a model axis
Ratio error distribution map, the wherein direction of X-axis are the direction of the top meaning of model.As can be seen that the feelings larger in model sectional area
Under condition, the error of estimation of Depth can be efficiently controlled within ± 1mm, top close to model partially due to sectional area becomes
It is small, cause model surface curvature to increase considerably, since global camera resolution is definite value, therefore sectional area becomes smaller and causes reality
The decline of resolution capability so that it is more that depth calculations deviate actual value.
But generally, the present invention can realize single-point shooting formula threedimensional model pressure distribution under certain shooting condition
It obtains, effectively prevents existing three-dimensional measurement technology and incompatibility of the pressure sensitive paint technology in experimental facilities, experimentation, be
Subsequently it is further simplified technical sophistication degree, raising measurement efficiency opens a new road.
The present invention provides a kind of above-mentioned three-dimensional dimension based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera and surface pressings realized
The measuring device of measurement method, including tested model, ultraviolet source, light-field camera and projecting apparatus, and only include a light field
Camera, the projecting apparatus can be in tested model projection patterns.In pressure signal light field picture obtaining step, ultraviolet light is opened
Source is closed projecting apparatus, and is taken pictures using light-field camera；In depth signal light field picture obtaining step, ultraviolet source is closed, is opened
Projecting apparatus projects on tested model, and is taken pictures using light-field camera.
Specific embodiments of the present invention are described above.It is to be appreciated that the invention is not limited in above-mentioned
Particular implementation, those skilled in the art can make various deformations or amendments within the scope of the claims, this not shadow
Ring the substantive content of the present invention.In the absence of conflict, the feature in embodiments herein and embodiment can arbitrary phase
Mutually combination.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera, which is characterized in that include
Following steps：
Picture obtaining step：The pressure signal light field picture and depth signal light field picture of model are obtained respectively；
Surface pressure distribution calculates step：Model surface pressure-plotting is calculated from pressure signal light field picture；
Case depth distribution calculates step：Model surface depth profile is calculated from depth signal light field picture；
Three-dimensional pressure is distributed generation step：The letter of the information and model surface depth profile of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure
Breath generates threedimensional model pressure-plotting.
2. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 1 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, the picture obtaining step comprises the steps of：
Pressure signal light field picture obtaining step：Wind-tunnel is closed operating mode and is opened under operating mode, and ultraviolet light is shot using light-field camera
The model for being coated with pressure sensitive paint of source excitation respectively obtains pressure signal light field picture, and be denoted as respectively first pressure light field picture,
Second pressure light field picture；
Depth signal light field picture obtaining step：Wind-tunnel is closed under operating mode, and the model of pattern is projected using light-field camera shooting.
3. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 2 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is comprised the steps of it is characterized in that, the surface pressure distribution calculates step：
Centre visual angle picture obtaining step：First pressure light field picture is taken out to throw with all lenticules in second pressure light field picture
The pixel of all taking-ups is pressed the position distribution split of lenticule, respectively obtains the first centre visual angle by the corresponding pixel in shadow center
Picture and the second centre visual angle picture；
Rotation translation correction step：First centre visual angle picture is rotated with the second centre visual angle picture and what is translated entangles
Partially, the first centre visual angle picture after being rectified a deviation respectively and the second centre visual angle picture after correction；
Light intensity ratio chart piece obtaining step：Using the first centre visual angle picture after correction as picture is referred to, to the after correction
One centre visual angle picture respective pixel value does division with the second centre visual angle picture respective pixel value after correction, obtains beam intensity ratio
Illustration piece；
Model surface calculation of pressure step：It is calculated based on light intensity ratio chart piece and obtains model surface pressure.
4. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 3 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, in centre visual angle picture obtaining step, using pinhole imaging system principle, obtained by shooting blank under minimum aperture
Lenticule projection centre；
In rotation translation correction step, rotation translation parameters is obtained based on following formula：
W′on=T(Δ x, Δ y)RΔθWon
In formula：W′onFor the picture matrix after rotation translates；T(Δ x, Δ y)For translation matrix；Δ x, Δ y are translation parameters；RΔθ
For spin matrix；Δ θ is rotation parameter；WonThe picture matrix of operating mode is opened for wind-tunnel；(Δ θ, Δ x, Δ y) are rotation translation ginseng
Number；argminΔ θ, Δ x, Δ yΔ θ when () represents bracket Nei Daishi minimalizations, Δ x, Δ y values；Sum () is to seek matrix in bracket
The algorithm of the sum of a element value；WoffThe picture matrix of operating mode is closed for wind-tunnel；× represent the element multiplication of corresponding position；
In light intensity ratio chart piece obtaining step, light intensity ratio chart piece passes through Woff./W′onIt obtains, wherein/represent corresponding position
Element is divided by；
In model surface calculation of pressure step, is calculated based on following formula and obtain model surface pressure：
In formula：I is the fluorescence intensity got off by cameras record；Ref is reference value, and it is reference to choose numerical value when wind-tunnel is closed
Value；IrefTo refer to fluorescence intensity；A1With A2It is the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance；A1(T) and A2(T) it is that the pressure sensitive paint coefficient of performance closes
In the function of temperature；P is surface pressure；PrefFor reference surface pressure.
5. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 2 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, the case depth distribution calculates step and comprises the steps of：
Deep vision picture obtaining step：Centre visual angle picture is carried out to depth signal light field picture and obtains operation, is obtained micro-
Mirror projection centre is distributed for symmetrical centre, and size is the depth multi-perspective picture of a × a；
EPI slopes export step：Export the EPI slope ks of each pixel in deep vision pictureepi；
Depth calculation step：According to kepiCalculate the actual grade d on model.
6. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 5 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, the EPI slopes output step comprises the steps of：
Step S1：Sub-pix translation, translation vector are done to all visual angles in addition to centre visual angleIt calculates as follows：
In formula：labelindFor the index number of current label；labeltotalFor the total number of labels of setting；labelind∈ [0,
labeltotal] and labelindFor integer；labelstepFor the label step-length of setting；kconstFor the translation constant term of setting；
Vector for a non-central view position relative to centre visual angle position；
Step S2：Often translate a labelind, the cost value of a × a displacement images collection is calculated, center is calculated according to following formula
Slope k of the pixel in EPI at (x, y) in multi-perspective pictureEpi (x, y)：
In formula：Label when representing bracket Nei Daishi minimalizationsindValue；α is proportionality coefficient；CDTo scheme after translation
Absolute value the sum of of the piece collection compared to center picture pixel value difference；CGIt is pictures after translation compared to center picture gradient difference value
The sum of absolute value.
7. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 6 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, in depth calculation step, actual grade d is calculated according to following formula：
In formula：K is the number of pixels shared by the corresponding primary mirror area of bed in unit visual angle；D is the clear aperture diameter of main lens；A
For the microimage size of main lens；SpxFor the length of side of single pixel；F is the focal length of main lens；fnFor the f-number of main lens,U is object distance；F is main lens focus；R be by the pixel number scaling of original image to view transformation image,OrWherein, the size of the picture at unit visual angle is m × n, and the size of original image is M × N.
8. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 7 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, seeking the value of u and K using measurement calibration：Repeatedly shooting calibration plate, every time before shooting, by calibration plate edge
The distance, delta d for direction one setting of movement for being parallel to camera primary optical axis；Obtain the k of characteristic point on calibration plateepi, in u and K
In set interval, the residual values quadratic sum S of u and K expression formulas of d under estimated value are nearby sought with least square method for estimated value
The value of (i, j), u and K when to take S (i, j) be minimum value are match value：
In formula：KfinalFor the match value of K；ufinalFor the match value of u；Represent bracket Nei Daishi minimalizations
When KiWith ujValue；KiFor near K estimated values in section i-th of K value；ujFor the jth in section near u estimated values
The value of a u；S is residual values quadratic sum；(i, j) is the coordinate position of u and characteristic point in K estimated values nearby set interval.
9. the measurement method of three-dimensional dimension and surface pressing according to claim 1 based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera,
It is characterized in that, in three-dimensional pressure distribution generation step, using spline curve fitting, by the model surface depth knot of discrete distribution
Fruit is converted into continuously distributed by different cross section fitting；
The information of Fusion Model surface pressure distribution figure is coupled with the information of model surface depth profile by corresponding position, is obtained
Obtain threedimensional model pressure-plotting.
10. a kind of three-dimensional dimension based on pressure sensitive paint and light-field camera realized described in any one of claim 1 to 9 and surface
The measuring device of the measurement method of pressure, including tested model, ultraviolet source, light-field camera and projecting apparatus, which is characterized in that
Only include a light-field camera, the projecting apparatus can be in tested model projection pattern.
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