CN108269475B - Teaching model for suture and knotting exercise of anorectal operation - Google Patents
Teaching model for suture and knotting exercise of anorectal operation Download PDFInfo
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- CN108269475B CN108269475B CN201810273777.3A CN201810273777A CN108269475B CN 108269475 B CN108269475 B CN 108269475B CN 201810273777 A CN201810273777 A CN 201810273777A CN 108269475 B CN108269475 B CN 108269475B
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- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 210000004400 mucous membrane Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 210000000436 anus Anatomy 0.000 description 19
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003872 anastomosis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 210000000664 rectum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010019233 Headaches Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000000683 abdominal cavity Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008451 emotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000869 headache Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000023597 hemostasis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004877 mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002980 postoperative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001835 viscera Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
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Abstract
The invention relates to a teaching model for anorectal operation suturing and knot tying practice, which comprises an operating table, a fixed support, an intestinal canal, a silica gel mucous membrane and a light source, wherein the operating table is arranged on the operating table; lifting rods are arranged around the bottom of the operating platform; the fixed brackets are arranged at the front end and the rear end of the surface of the operating platform; the surface of the middle part of the intestinal canal is provided with a fixed switch; the intestinal canal is arranged on the fixed bracket; the silica gel mucous membrane is arranged around the inner wall of the intestinal canal; the light sources are arranged on two sides of the fixed support at the front end of the surface of the operating platform. The advantages are as follows: by using the intestinal canal to simulate the internal environment of the anorectum of the human body, students can perform simulated anorectum suturing and knotting exercise in three-dimensional angles and directions in the intestinal canal, the environment during operation is restored to the greatest extent, the substituting sense of the students as a main knife during exercise is enhanced, repeated exercise and repeated experience can be realized, and a solid foundation is laid for the students to truly perform operation anorectum suturing and knotting operation in the future.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of medical teaching tools, in particular to a teaching model for suturing and knotting practice of anorectum operation.
Background
Suturing refers to the involution or reconstruction of the passage of a tissue or organ that has been cut or traumatically ruptured, restoring its function. Knotting is the last step of ending the suture, and plays a role in fixing and reinforcing. The two are basic conditions for ensuring good healing, are one of important basic operation techniques of surgical operation, and each emotion becomes a necessary lesson for medical students of surgeons.
At present, the practice of suturing in clinic adopts a two-dimensional plane mode, namely practice operation is carried out on a piece of horizontally placed silica gel, and a needle holding forceps is generally used for clamping a suture needle for suturing, so that the suture scope and the operation visual field are not limited. The knotting exercise can be performed simultaneously on the basis of stitching, and can be performed without time and place limitation, as long as the hand has a surgical suture. However, in clinical practice, the wound on the surface of the human body is a two-dimensional plane, and the suturing is relatively difficult. Once the device is deep into the abdominal cavity and deep into the viscera, the suturing and knotting environment is changed into a three-dimensional environment from a two-dimensional plane, and a depth is formed, so that higher requirements are imposed on the suturing and knotting operation. Students have a three-dimensional operation environment which is difficult to practice at ordinary times, so even if the skills of suturing and knotting are mastered very well on a two-dimensional plane, the situation of elbow making still exists when the students transfer to the deep part of the human body for operation, such as mastering the depth of an in-out needle, whether the deep knotting is slipped or not, and the like. In particular for anorectal surgery, the surgical scope is limited to the anorectum (narrow space and depth), and both the surgical field and the procedure are somewhat limited. Under the guidance of a minimally invasive concept, more and more surgical instruments are used in operations (such as PPH, TST and the like) for perianal diseases, the most critical steps of the surgical operation are to suture and tie the purse string in the rectum under the guidance of an anus dilator, and once the phenomenon of massive hemorrhage occurs, hemostasis in a narrow space is also a headache problem. At the present time of accurate medical treatment, how to perfect surgery and how to provide better postoperative experience for patients all require clinicians to lay a solid clinical operation foundation in the beginning.
Chinese patent literature: CN201320602438.8, filing date: 2013.09.27, patent name: a shaft type anorectal suture device. The utility model discloses a shaft type anorectal suture device, which comprises a fixed rod, a movable rod, a needle holding disc, a special needle and a thread hooking device, wherein one ends of the movable rod and the fixed rod are connected with the needle holding disc, the middle parts of the fixed rod and the movable rod are fixed in a fixed piece, the movable rod is shorter than the fixed rod, the special needle is fixed on the needle holding disc, the special needle is arc-shaped, and a needle hole is arranged at a position close to a needle point.
The shaft type anorectal suture device disclosed in the patent document breaks through the difficult problems that the traditional needle holder in the prior art cannot suture in the direction perpendicular to the transverse axis of an intestinal canal and anastomoses at the end of the rectum in anus, intestinal cavity or narrow gap, and the defects that the anastomosis of a tubular digestive tract anastomat fails, the anastomosis is not exact, the bleeding of an anastomotic stoma is difficult to remedy, and the shaft type anorectal suture device is easy to operate and stable in performance. However, regarding an anorectal suture operation suitable for anorectal suture and PPH, TST and other operations, the model is convenient for students to simulate the anorectal three-dimensional suture and knot, improves the anorectal suture and knot tying technology of the students, furthest restores the environment of the students during the operation, enhances the substituting sense of the students as a main knife during the exercise, can repeatedly exercise and repeatedly experience, and provides precious experience for the students to truly implement the anorectal suture and knot operation, so that no relevant report exists at present on a teaching model for the anorectal suture and knot tying exercise.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for an anorectal suturing method suitable for anorectal suturing and PPH, TST and other operations, which is convenient for students to simulate anorectal three-dimensional suturing and knot tying, improves the anorectal suturing and knot tying technology of students, maximally restores the operation environment, enhances the substitution sense of the students as a main knife during practice, can repeatedly practice and repeatedly experience, and provides valuable experience for students to truly implement the anorectal suturing and knot tying operations.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the teaching model for the anorectal operation suturing and knotting exercise, which is suitable for the anorectal operation suturing and PPH, TST and other operation anorectal suturing, is convenient for students to simulate the anorectal three-dimensional suturing and knotting, improves the anorectal suturing and knotting technology of the students, furthest restores the environment during the operation, enhances the substitution sense of the students as a main knife during the exercise, can repeatedly exercise and repeatedly experience, and provides precious experience for the students to truly implement the anorectal operation suturing and knotting.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
The teaching model for the anorectal operation suturing and knot tying exercise comprises an operation table, a fixed support, an intestinal canal, a silica gel mucous membrane and a light source; the operation table is of a cuboid structure, and lifting rods are arranged on the periphery of the bottom; the fixed brackets are arranged at the front end and the rear end of the surface of the operating platform; the intestinal canal is of an inner hollow expandable structure; the front end of the intestinal canal is of an open type, the tail end of the intestinal canal is of a semi-closed type structure, and a fixed switch is arranged on the surface of the middle part of the intestinal canal; the fixed switch comprises a fixed buckle and a fixed belt; the intestinal canal is arranged on the fixed bracket, and the periphery of the bottom of the intestinal canal is matched with the surface of the fixed bracket; the silica gel mucous membrane is of a cuboid structure and is arranged around the inner wall of the intestinal canal.
As a preferred technical scheme, the length of the intestinal canal is 10cm, and the diameter is 3.6cm.
As a preferable technical scheme, the silica gel mucous membrane is replaceable.
As a preferable technical scheme, the fixing belt is an elastic fixing belt.
As a preferable technical scheme, the light sources are arranged on two sides of the front end fixing support of the surface of the operating platform.
As a preferable technical scheme, the light source is connected with the fixed bracket through a supporting arm.
As a preferable technical scheme, the light source is an LED lamp.
As a preferred technical scheme, the supporting arm adopts a 360-degree rotatable spring tube.
As a preferred technical scheme, the intestinal canal is made of medical PVC material.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. By using the intestinal canal to simulate the internal environment of the anorectum of the human body, students can perform simulated anorectum suturing and knot tying practice of three-dimensional angles and directions in the intestinal canal, and the simulated anorectum suturing and knot tying practice environment is close to that of normal operation anorectum suturing and knot tying practice environment, so that the teaching quality of teachers and the practice quality of students are improved.
2. The silica gel mucous membrane placed in the intestinal canal can be replaced, so that after the used silica gel mucous membrane in the intestinal canal is conveniently taken, a new silica gel mucous membrane is placed in the intestinal canal, and further, students can conveniently and continuously suture and tie knots in the anus on the new silica gel mucous membrane.
3. The intestinal canal front end is open type structure for the entering of operation anus internal suture needle, and the terminal design of semi-closed structure, then when the intestinal canal is closed for the inside dim environment that produces of intestinal canal body is close with the operation environment that sewed up and tie a knot in the anus in the operation of reality, more effectual improvement student's exercise effect.
4. The light sources arranged on the two sides of the front end fixing support on the surface of the operating table are LED lamps, and the supporting arm connecting the light sources and the fixing support adopts a 360-degree rotatable spring tube, so that the position of the light sources can be adjusted according to the needs of students during practice, the practice of the students is more similar to real operation, and experience is provided for the students during real operation.
5. The lifting rods are arranged on the periphery of the bottom of the operating platform and used for increasing or decreasing the height of the operating platform, so that the operating platform is suitable for the sight height of an operator and is convenient to practice.
6. The internal environment of the anorectum of the human body is simulated by utilizing the intestinal canal, students can restore the environment during operation to the greatest extent by utilizing the light source through internal suturing and knotting exercise of three-dimensional angles and directions in the intestinal canal 3, the substitution sense of the students as a main knife during exercise is enhanced, the exercise is repeated, the repeated experience is realized, and a solid foundation is laid for real internal anal suturing and knotting operation in the future.
7. The internal environment of the anorectum of the human body is simulated through the intestinal canal, the intestinal canal is opened in an auxiliary mode through the anus dilator instrument, and students can realize the practice of suturing and knotting in the anus without the assistance of the instrument and the practice of suturing and knotting in the anus with the assistance of the instrument, so that the practice effect of the students is greatly improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic front view of a teaching model for anorectal surgical suturing and knot tying practice of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a rear schematic view of a teaching model for anorectal surgical stapling and knot tying practice of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure of a silica gel mucous membrane of a teaching model for suturing and knotting practice in anorectum.
Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of a teaching model silicone mucous membrane placed in the inner wall of the intestinal canal for an anorectal surgical stapling and knot tying exercise according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic front view of a prior art anal dilator.
Fig. 6 is a rear schematic view of a prior art anal dilator.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the invention provides specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Reference numerals and components referred to in the drawings are as follows:
1. operating table 11. Liftable rod
2. Fixed support 3. Intestinal canal
31. Fixed switch 311. Fixed buckle
312. Fixing band 4. Silicone mucosa
5. Light source 51. Support arm
6. Anus dilator
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, fig. 1 is a schematic front side view of a teaching model for performing suturing and knot tying exercises for anorectal operations according to the present invention, and fig. 2 is a schematic rear side view of a teaching model for performing suturing and knot tying exercises for anorectal operations according to the present invention. The teaching model for the anorectal operation suture and knot tying exercise comprises an operation table 1, a fixed support 2, an intestinal canal 3, a silica gel mucous membrane 4 and a light source 5; the operation table 1 is of a cuboid structure, and lifting rods 11 are arranged on the periphery of the bottom; the fixed brackets 2 are arranged at the front end and the rear end of the surface of the operating platform 1; the intestinal canal 3 is of an inner hollow expandable cylindrical structure; the front end of the intestinal canal 3 is of an open type, the tail end of the intestinal canal 3 is of a semi-closed type structure, and a fixed switch 31 is arranged on the surface of the middle part of the intestinal canal 3; the fixed switch 31 comprises a fixed buckle 311 and a fixed belt 312; the intestinal canal 3 is arranged on the fixed bracket 2, and the periphery of the bottom of the intestinal canal 3 is matched with the surface of the fixed bracket 3; the silica gel mucous membrane 4 is in a cuboid structure and is arranged around the inner wall of the intestinal canal 3; the light sources 5 are arranged on two sides of the fixed support 2 at the front end of the surface of the operating platform 1; the light source 5 is connected with the fixed bracket 2 through a supporting arm 51.
It should be noted that: the intestinal canal 3 is made of medical PVC materials, has the length of 10cm and the diameter of 3.6cm, and can simulate the internal anal suturing and knot tying practice of three-dimensional angles and directions in the intestinal canal 3 by students, so that the intestinal canal 3 is close to the normal operation internal anal suturing and knot tying implementation environment, and the teaching quality of teachers and the practice quality of students are improved; the silica gel mucous membrane 4 arranged in the intestinal canal 3 can be replaced, so that after the used silica gel mucous membrane 4 in the intestinal canal 3 is conveniently taken, a new silica gel mucous membrane 4 is arranged, and further, students can conveniently and continuously carry out in-anus suturing and knotting exercise on the new silica gel mucous membrane 4; the intestinal canal 3 adopts the design of an inner hollow expandable structure, so that on one hand, teaching of a teacher and practice of students are facilitated, on the other hand, the intestinal canal 3 body can be opened through the fixed switch 31 arranged on the surface position of the middle part of the intestinal canal 3, and the placement and the taking of the silica gel mucous membrane 4 are facilitated, so that the intestinal canal is used for practice of students; the fixing belt 312 in the fixing switch 31 is an elastic fixing belt, so that the fixing effect is more stable; the design of matching the periphery of the bottom of the intestinal canal 3 with the surface of the fixed bracket 3 can ensure the stability of the intestinal canal 3 and prevent students from moving the intestinal canal 3 in the process of performing anorectal suturing and knotting exercise in the intestinal canal 3, thereby influencing the exercise effect; the front end of the intestinal canal 3 is of an open structure and is used for the entrance of an operation anorectal suture needle, and the tail end of the intestinal canal 3 is of a semi-closed structure, so that when the intestinal canal 3 is closed, a dim environment is generated in the intestinal canal 3 body, and the operation environment is similar to the operation environment of the anorectal suture and knotting in the actual operation, thereby more effectively improving the practice effect of students; the light sources 5 arranged on the two sides of the fixed support at the front end of the surface of the operation table 1 are LED lamps, and the supporting arm 51 connecting the light sources 5 and the fixed support 2 adopts a 360-degree rotatable spring tube, so that students can conveniently adjust the positions of the light sources 5 according to own needs during practice, the practice of the students is more similar to real operation, and experience is provided for the students during real operation; the lifting rods 11 are arranged on the periphery of the bottom of the operation table 1 and are used for increasing or decreasing the height of the operation table 1, so that the operation table 1 is suitable for the sight height of an operator and is convenient to practice; according to the training teaching model, the intestinal canal 3 is utilized to simulate the internal environment of the anorectum of a human body, the light source 5 is utilized to simulate the light source brightness during the intra-anal suturing, so that important help is provided for teaching of teachers and training of students, the students can restore the environment during operation to the greatest extent through performing intra-anal suturing and knotting training in the intestinal canal 3, substituting sense of the students as a main knife during training is enhanced, repeated training and repeated experience are realized, and a solid foundation is laid for real intra-anal suturing and knotting operation in the future.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 5 and 6, fig. 5 is a front schematic view of a conventional anal dilator, and fig. 6 is a rear schematic view of a conventional anal dilator. The embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, and is different in that in the embodiment, the existing instrument anus dilator 6 is placed in the intestinal canal 3, the diameter of the anus dilator 6 is 36mm, the intestinal canal 3 can be gradually unfolded through the anus dilator 6, and when a normal operation is simulated, the anorectum of a human body is opened by means of the external instrument, so that the operation of suturing and knotting in the anus is facilitated, students can simulate the operation of suturing and knotting in the anus on the silica gel mucous membrane 4 arranged on the inner wall of the intestinal canal 3 in the anus dilator, and the effect of the practice of suturing and knotting in the anus of the students is improved.
According to the teaching model for the anorectal operation suturing and knot tying exercise, which is disclosed by the invention, the intestinal canal is utilized to simulate the internal environment of the anorectal of a human body, students can perform the simulated anorectal suturing and knot tying exercise in the intestinal canal at three-dimensional angles and directions, and the teaching model is close to the normal operation anorectal suturing and knot tying implementation environment, so that the teaching quality of teachers and the exercise quality of students are improved; the silica gel mucous membrane placed in the intestinal canal can be replaced, so that after the used silica gel mucous membrane in the intestinal canal is conveniently taken, a new silica gel mucous membrane is placed in the intestinal canal, and further, students can conveniently and continuously carry out in-anus suturing and knotting exercise on the new silica gel mucous membrane; the front end of the intestinal canal is of an open structure and is used for entering an operation anorectal suture needle, the tail end of the intestinal canal is of a semi-closed structure, so that when the intestinal canal is closed, a dim environment is generated in the intestinal canal body, and the operation environment is similar to the operation environment of the anorectal suture and knotting in the actual operation, and the training effect of students is improved more effectively; the light sources arranged on the two sides of the fixed support at the front end of the surface of the operating platform are LED lamps, and the supporting arm connecting the light sources and the fixed support adopts a 360-degree rotatable spring tube, so that the position of the light sources can be adjusted according to the needs of students during practice, the practice of the students is more similar to the actual operation, and experience is provided for the students during actual operation; the lifting rods are arranged on the periphery of the bottom of the operating platform and are used for increasing or decreasing the height of the operating platform, so that the operating platform is suitable for the sight height of an operator and is convenient to practice; the internal environment of the anorectum of the human body is simulated by utilizing the intestinal canal, and the light source students can restore the environment during operation to the greatest extent by carrying out internal suturing and knotting exercises of three-dimensional angles and directions in the intestinal canal 3, so that the substituting sense of the students as a main knife during the exercises is enhanced, the exercises are repeated, the experiences are repeated, and a solid foundation is laid for real internal anal suturing and knotting operations in the future; the internal environment of the anorectum of the human body is simulated through the intestinal canal, the intestinal canal is opened in an auxiliary mode through the anus dilator instrument, and students can realize the practice of suturing and knotting in the anus without the assistance of the instrument and the practice of suturing and knotting in the anus with the assistance of the instrument, so that the practice effect of the students is greatly improved.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that modifications and additions may be made to those skilled in the art without departing from the method of the present invention, which modifications and additions are also to be considered as within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The teaching model for the anorectal operation suturing and knot tying exercise is characterized by comprising an operation table, a fixed support, an intestinal canal, a silica gel mucous membrane and a light source; the operation table is of a cuboid structure, and lifting rods are arranged on the periphery of the bottom; the fixed brackets are arranged at the front end and the rear end of the surface of the operating platform; the intestinal canal is of an inner hollow expandable cylindrical structure; the front end of the intestinal canal is of an open type, the tail end of the intestinal canal is of a semi-closed type structure, and a fixed switch is arranged on the surface of the middle part of the intestinal canal, so that a dim environment is generated inside the intestinal canal body when the intestinal canal is closed; the fixed switch comprises a fixed buckle and a fixed belt; the intestinal canal is arranged on the fixed bracket, and the periphery of the bottom of the intestinal canal is matched with the surface of the fixed bracket; the utility model discloses a medical PVC medical device, including operation panel surface front end fixed bolster, silica gel mucous membrane, the silica gel mucous membrane be the cuboid structure, locate around the intestinal canal inner wall, silica gel mucous membrane be the replaceable, the light source locate the both sides of operation panel surface front end fixed bolster, the intestinal canal be made by medical PVC material.
2. The teaching model for anorectal surgical suturing and knot tying practice according to claim 1, wherein the intestinal canal is 10cm long and 3.6cm in diameter.
3. The teaching model for anorectal surgical suturing and knot tying practice according to claim 1, wherein the fixing strap is an elastic fixing strap.
4. The teaching model for anorectal surgical suturing and knot tying practice according to claim 1, wherein the light source is connected with the fixing bracket through a supporting arm.
5. The teaching model for anorectal surgical suturing and knot tying practice of claim 4 wherein the light source is an LED lamp.
6. The teaching model for anorectal surgical stapling and knot tying practice of claim 4 wherein said support arm is a 360 ° rotatable spring tube.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810273777.3A CN108269475B (en) | 2018-03-29 | 2018-03-29 | Teaching model for suture and knotting exercise of anorectal operation |
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| CN201810273777.3A CN108269475B (en) | 2018-03-29 | 2018-03-29 | Teaching model for suture and knotting exercise of anorectal operation |
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| CN108269475B true CN108269475B (en) | 2024-05-31 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111179720B (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2021-03-26 | 吉林大学 | Teaching model for anus and rectum internal operation suture and knotting practice |
| CN111508325B (en) * | 2020-05-25 | 2024-08-09 | 西安医学院 | Teaching device for demonstrating development of middle intestinal loop |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20140030682A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | William Jackson THILENIUS | Training device and method for spaying and/or suturing animals |
| JP5759055B1 (en) * | 2014-05-26 | 2015-08-05 | サンアロー株式会社 | Organ model |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101756744A (en) * | 2008-11-26 | 2010-06-30 | 苏州天臣国际医疗科技有限公司 | Anorectal surgical instrument |
| CN201725474U (en) * | 2009-12-02 | 2011-01-26 | 天津市医学堂科技有限公司 | Intestinal canal anastomosis model |
| CN202677649U (en) * | 2012-06-06 | 2013-01-16 | 咸阳西北医疗器械(集团)有限公司 | Oral cavity simulation teaching video device |
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| CN108269475A (en) | 2018-07-10 |
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