CN107847330B - 多元生物可吸收血管内支架 - Google Patents
多元生物可吸收血管内支架 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种多元生物可吸收血管支架可用于维持或增强血管的通畅。该支架可在外周血管中使用,这些外周血管可以是长的和/或曲折的。通过使用球囊可扩张的多个单独支架元件,由于其多元构造,该多元支架可比传统自膨胀支架更坚固,但也可比传统球囊可扩张支架更柔性。因此,在此所述的该多元生物可吸收血管支架可尤其有利于治疗曲折外周血管中的较长病灶。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2015年3月3日提交的标题“多元生物可吸收血管内支架(MULTI-ELEMENT BIORESORBABLE INTRAVASCULAR STENT)”的美国临时专利申请号62/127370的权益和优先权,以上所引用申请的全部披露内容通过引用结合在此。
发明领域
本申请总体上涉及医疗装置的领域。更确切地,本申请涉及用于曲折血管的生物可吸收血管支架。
背景
动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病是世界上死亡和残废的主导原因,占全部人类死亡率的几乎三分之一。在过去五十年中,动脉粥样硬化的理解和一级预防已经显著进步。仍然,当患者年龄和他们的动脉变得脆且狭长时,早期动脉粥样硬化斑块势必发展至它们的闭塞晚期并诱发心绞痛(胸痛)、暂时性缺血发作(向心脏的血液流动减少)和跛行(由于不良循环的腿痛)的临床综合征以及心肌梗塞(“心脏病发作”)、中风和截肢的其凶险晚期。
在现代,针对已形成的血管病灶的疗法的主要依靠是经皮球囊血管成形术(利用球囊导管使收缩的动脉扩张)和支架植入。该过程被广泛使用,每年执行超过2,000,000次过程,并且短期结果对于>95%的患者是有利的。然而,关于血管成形术和支架置入术的显著问题仍包括当动脉痊愈时对于连续抗血小板药物的需求、对于针对再狭窄(当所支撑动脉再次关闭时)的早期再干预的频繁需要和血栓形成(血块形成)。此外,尽管血管内支架开发已经明显进步,但支架仍然产生惊人数量的长期并发症,包括破裂和后期血栓形成。
为了避免与永久金属植入物相关联的无数问题,一直设想并研究在部署后缓慢溶解的支架。由于它们的暂时性质,此类装置还被称为“支撑架”而不是永久地保持在身体中的“支架”。生物可吸收血管支撑架(BVS或“生物可吸收支架”)潜在地提供若干关键生物和生理学优点,包括:(1)在不具有永久性金属植入物的情况下的有效支撑;(2)慢性炎症和异物反应的衰减;(3)适应性血管重塑的促进;(4)生理学血管活性功能的恢复;以及(5)随访期间的成像和监视的协助。然而,尽管它们的承诺,这些装置证明成功地设计、开发和制造是挑战性的。当前,在欧洲仅两个冠状装置和单个外周装置可商购,并且没有装置已经被批准用于在美国使用。
血管内支架的关键限制是它们不能符合并适应血管在人类移动过程中的自然弯曲和扭曲。这在根据人类运动的类型、程度和快度以不可预测的方式弯曲和扭曲的四肢血管中尤其成问题。例如,程等人使用磁共振血管造影术定量体内动脉变形并发现在从仰卧向胎方位移动的过程中,股浅动脉(SFA)平均缩短13%并且平均扭曲60°。年长受试者的后续研究发现挠曲缩短的程度较小,但随后弯度和曲度较大。其他研究具有类似地显著结果。
还已经研究了植入实际人类SFA中的支架的运动和变形。例如,尼科诺夫等人在八具尸体的股腘动脉中部署十一个100mm自膨胀镍钛诺支架并经由在模拟挠曲过程中获得的侧视图射线照片估定长度和挠度。结果示出植入SFA和腘动脉中的支架根据挠曲的程度展示高达10.7%的压缩。更值得注意地,当腿部完全挠曲时,植入中间腘动脉中的支架平均弯曲54°。
植入较短的不运动动脉中的支架典型地是刚性且不可变形的。所谓的“球囊可扩张”支架通过在目标病灶内使它们的输送球囊胀大并将刚性支撑架嵌入血管壁内来部署。最终支架形状由其周围血管的轮廓固定、铸造和约束。其体系结构是永久的;随时间推移再次成像该装置一般揭示在该过程期间实现的直径不变化。
相反地,较长四肢血管的长度和运动要求用于这个解剖学位置设计的支架具有柔性和适应性的性质。用于四肢设计的大多数装置由被称为“镍钛诺”的镍-钛合金制成,其具有超弹性和形状记忆的固有性质。镍钛诺支架是“自膨胀的”,它们通过从容纳它们的长管渐进地释放装置来部署。输送系统不包括球囊(尽管该装置常规地使用单独插入的球囊“后膨胀”)。不同于球囊可扩张的支架,自膨胀镍钛诺支架既不是刚性的也不是固定的。它们的柔性允许它们在变形时恢复,
这是对于植入四肢动脉的较长装置的决定性性质。在这个方面中,镍钛诺支架与旁路移植物类似:携带血液通过阻塞病灶的柔性长导管。
然而,对外周血管支架的柔性和适应性的必需意味着这些支架历史上比典型球囊可扩张支架具有小很多的径向强度。在这个方面中,此类柔性的可适应支架几乎不能实际上“支撑”(或“撑开”)动脉;不受支撑架约束,动脉随时间推移自由崩溃。此外,以此方式设计的支架必须“过大”以保持在适当位置中并继续在血管上施加“慢性向外的力”,直到达到该装置的标称直径的这个时候。一些人推理认为慢性力向动脉赋予连续伤害,从而导致不良的长期通畅。因此,有效的自膨胀柔性支架的设计根本上不同于传统的刚性“球囊可扩张”金属支架,这些支架在植入时施加单数“拉伸”并且然后当血管恢复并重塑时保持惰性。
四肢动脉的长度和持久运动还导致倾向于植入那些动脉中的支架断裂。股腘植入后的支架断裂是惊人地常见的。腿部的移动是复杂运动;髋和膝在步行期间的负荷重复地轴向压缩动脉并且甚至可以产生多维弯曲、扭曲和扭结。这导致单个或多个支柱断裂,或在严重情况下,完全的支架横断。可能地在更活跃的患者中,断裂在较长和/或重叠支架的植入后更常见。血管内支架的断裂与再狭窄密切相关联。
因此,具有用于在外周脉管系统中使用的比当前可获得的支架更易于设计、开发和制造的生物可吸收支架将是有利的。理想地,这种支架将具有所希望的柔性和适应性轮廓,同时还具有足以经受放置在外周血管支架上的应力的强度,如以上所述。这将使得支架更有用和有效,并且对于较长的曲折血管的治疗是安全的。理想地,这种支架还将提供以上列出的可吸收(或“生物可吸收”)支架的优点中的至少一些。这些目的中的至少一些将由以下所述的实施例满足。
概述
在此的实施例描述了一种用于通过多个独立的重复刚性支撑架单元的同时部署维持较长的自然可移动和柔性人类血管的管腔完整性的装置。实施例还可包括多个刚性重复单元,该多个刚性重复单元在血管内紧密间隔但不接触彼此,甚至当骨骼肌运动或心肌收缩引起血管移动时。
在一些实施例中,支架可包括多个刚性的、潜在分节的元件,这些分节的元件经由球囊胀大沿着血管的长度同时植入。支架的每个元件可具有相对较高的径向力(刚性),在数值上与传统球囊可扩张支架类似或更大。每个元件还可相对较短或刚性,这样使得将在球囊胀大后立即达到其标称直径,并且因此其将不在血管上施加慢性力。另外地,由于每个元件在长度上相对较短,各自可与其植入其中的动脉区段一致独立地移动。以此方式,可在身体的任何血管中安全地使用这种支架,不管血管的长度、对关节的接近度或运动范围。最后,在一些实施例中,支架的所有元件可形态上相等,这样使得其制作可比用于当前可获得支架的制作更简单。
在一个方面中,制造多元生物可吸收血管支架的方法可涉及由球囊可扩张并且不自膨胀的生物可吸收材料形成一段生物可吸收血管支架,以及切割该段生物可吸收血管支架以形成支架的多个支架元件。在一些实施例中,形成该段生物可吸收血管支架包括使用添加制造方法。例如,添加制造方法可以是微立体光固化成型。在一些实施例中,添加制造方法可以是3D打印。在不同实施例中,生物可吸收材料可以是聚(L-乳酸)(PLLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)或聚(碘化脱氨基酪氨酰-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯。一些实施例可进一步涉及向生物可吸收材料施加涂层。在一些实施例中,涂层可以是聚-D,L-丙交酯(PDLLA)。任选地,该方法可进一步涉及向支架施加药物。例如,在不同实施例中,药物可以是依维莫司或任何其他抗增殖药物。
在另一个方面中,用于放置在血管内以维持或增强穿过血管的血液流动的装置可包括多个球囊可扩张的生物可吸收血管支架元件,这些支架元件被构造成作为多元支架植入血管中,其中这些多个支架元件彼此不接触。在一些实施例中,支架元件由添加制造方法制作。
在一些实施例中,支架元件包括第一组闭合孔和第二组闭合孔,其中第一组闭合孔具有与第二组闭合孔不同的形状或大小。第一组闭合孔可具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案。第二组闭合孔也可具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案。第一组闭合孔和第二组闭合孔可圆周偏移并具有螺旋对齐的交替图案。
在一个实施例中,第一组闭合孔是具有第一开口尺寸的较大孔,并且第二组闭合孔是具有小于第一开口尺寸的第二开口尺寸的较小孔。较大闭合孔中的每一个可由相邻纵向对齐的较大闭合孔之间的至少一个较宽的支柱和相邻圆周对齐的较大闭合孔之间的至少一个较细支柱形成。较大闭合孔还可由至少一个中间宽度的支柱形成,其中中间宽度的支柱在相邻螺旋对齐的较大闭合孔与较小闭合孔之间。
在另一个实施例中,第一组闭合孔具有第一叶片状形状,并且第二组闭合孔具有第二叶片状形状。第一组闭合孔可包括纵向对齐的叶片和圆周对齐的叶片。纵向对齐的叶片可比圆周对齐的叶片更大。相邻纵向对齐的叶片可由纵向连接支柱连接,并且相邻圆周对齐的叶片可由圆周连接支柱连接。
在一个实施例中,第一组闭合孔是包括纵向对齐的棘齿支柱的棘齿孔。棘齿支柱的一部分上的齿可被构造成在使元件膨胀时在空腔内移动并啮合棘爪。
在一个实施例中,第一组闭合孔是包括具有双稳态弹簧箍构造的圆周对齐的双稳态支柱的双稳态孔。双稳态支柱可具有凹凸形状,其中凹曲线纵向定向。
在替代实施例中,支架元件可具有波形圆柱形构造,该构造具有交替凸脊和凹槽。波形元件可具有实心壁或非实心壁,这些非实心壁具有孔图案。
在另一个实施例中,支架元件包括交替顺序的两个较大孔和一组较小孔,其中两个较大孔由两个较大孔之间的枢转支柱形成。枢转支柱可被构造成从较不刚性状态枢转到更刚性的状态。
在另一个方面中,用于维持或增强穿过血管的血液流动的方法可涉及将球囊导管推进到血管中,在球囊导管上使球囊膨胀以使安装在球囊上的多个生物可吸收的血管支架元件膨胀以便接触血管的内壁,收缩球囊,同时将血管支架元件留在血管中的适当位置中,并且将球囊导管从血管移除。在一些实施例中,血管可以是外周血管。在一些实施例中,使支架元件膨胀包括使至少四个元件膨胀。在一个实施例中,这些元件沿着球囊彼此分开,其中使元件膨胀包括以间隔开的构造将元件输送到血管的内壁。
在此描述本披露的这个和其他方面。
附图简要说明
当结合附图时,本实施例具有将从以下详细说明和随附权利要求书更容易明显的其他优点和特征,在附图中:
图1A-1C是在不同量的腿部挠曲期间示出的放置在远端SFA和腘动脉中的自膨胀镍钛诺支架的侧视图。
图2A和2B对应地是根据一个实施例的全长生物可吸收血管支撑架的侧视图和放大视图。
图3A和3B对应地是根据一个实施例的设计具有多个刚性独立元件的生物可吸收血管支撑架的侧视图和放大视图。
图4A-4D是根据一个实施例的沿着弯曲管的适当位置示出的图3A和3B的生物可吸收血管支撑架的不同视图,以示出支架元件符合血管中的曲线的能力。
图5A-5C对应地是根据一个实施例的支架的侧视图、端视图和放大视图。
图6A和6B对应地是根据替代实施例的支架的侧视图和放大视图。
图7是根据一个实施例的用于制造支架的微立体光固化成型的示意图。
图8A是具有叶片状孔结构的元件的二维描绘。图8B是图8A中的孔的放大视图。图8C示出了以圆柱形形式的图8A的支架元件。
图9A是具有替代叶片状孔结构的元件的二维描绘。图9B是图9A中的孔的放大视图。
图10A是具有棘齿构造的元件的二维描绘。图10B是图10A中的孔的放大视图。图10C是图10A中的孔的等距视图。图10D是图10C中的孔的示出棘齿的截面图。图10E是图10D中的棘齿的放大视图。图10F是棘齿在截面中的替代视图。
图11A是具有双稳态弹簧箍构造的元件的二维描绘。图11B是图11A中的孔的放大视图。图11C是图11A中的孔的等距视图。图11D是图11C中的孔的示出双稳态支柱1103的截面图。图11E是图11D中的双稳态支柱1103的放大视图。图11F是双稳态1103在截面中的替代视图。
图12A是具有枢转构造的元件的二维描绘。图12B是图12A中的孔的放大视图。
图13A是具有波形或拱形构造的圆柱形元件的侧视图。图13B是波形元件的顶视图。图13C是图13B中的元件的放大视图。图13D是具有波形构造的圆柱形元件的等距视图。图13E是图13D中的元件的放大视图。
详细说明
虽然已经参考某些实施例披露了本发明,但是本领域技术人员将理解的是,在不背离本发明的范围的情况下,可以进行各种改变并且能以多种等价物替代。此外,在不背离其范围的情况下,可以进行许多修改以使特定情况或材料适于本发明的传授内容。
贯穿说明书和权利要求书,除非上下文另外清楚地指示,否则以下术语采用明确地与在此相关联的含义。“一个”、“一种”和“该”的含义包括复数引用。“在……中”的含义包括“在……中”和“在……上”。参考附图,贯穿这些视图中的相同的数字表示相同部分。另外地,除非另外说明或与在此的披露内容不一致,否则单数的引用包括复数的引用。
词语“示例性”在此用于意指“充当一个实例、例子或说明”。在此描述为“示例性的”任何实现方式不一定被解释为是比其他实现方式有利的。
在此参考附图描述不同实施例。附图未按比例绘制并且仅旨在促进实施例的描述。它们并不旨在作为本发明的穷尽性描述或作为本发明的范围的限制。另外,所示实施例不必具有所示出的所有方面或优点。结合具体实施例描述的方面或优点不必限制于所述实施例并且可在任何其他实施例中实践,即使未示出。
图1A-1C是在不同量的腿部挠曲期间示出的放置在远端SFA和腘动脉A中的自膨胀镍钛诺支架200的侧视图。图1A示出了腿部处于中间位置的最小挠曲/最大伸展的支架200。图1B示出了在部分挠曲期间的支架200,其中圆和弯曲半径202示出了挠曲角度和支架200的弯曲变形。图1C示出了在更大挠曲期间的支架200。如图1A-1C所示,支架200通过腿部的挠曲显著地变形。
现在参考图7,在一个实施例中,可使用微立体光固化成型系统100(或“3D打印系统”)制造生物可吸收血管支撑架(BVS)。可在不同实施例中使用的当前可获得系统的若干实例包括但不限于:香港Makible有限公司的MakiBox A6;南卡罗来纳的圆石山(CircleRock Hill)的3D系统公司的CubeX;以及3D-Bioplotter(德国,格拉德贝克的EnvisionTEC股份有限公司)。
微立体光固化成型系统可包括照明器、动态图案生成器、图像形成器和Z-工作台。照明器可包括光源、滤光器、电快门、准直透镜和将均匀强度的光投影在数字镜装置(DMD)上的反射镜,该数字镜装置生成动态掩模。图7示出微立体光固化成型系统100的一个实施例的这些部件中的一些,包括DMD板、Z-工作台、灯、平台、树脂槽和物镜。在此将不描述3D打印/微立体光固化成型系统和其他添加制造系统的细节,因为它们是本领域熟知的。然而,根据不同实施例,无论当前已知或此后开发的,任何添加制造系统或方法可潜在地用于在本发明的范围内制作BVS。换言之,本发明的范围不限于任何具体的添加制造系统或方法。
在一个实施例中,系统100可被配置成使用动态掩模投影微立体光固化成型制作BVS。在一个实施例中,制作方法可包括首先通过利用计算机程序分割3D模型
并在系统中逐层固化和堆叠图像来产生3D微结构支撑架。在一个实施例中,系统的反射镜用于将均匀强度的光投射在DMD上,该DMD生成动态掩模。动态图案生成器通过产生类似于掩模的黑白区域来制造制作模型的分割区段的图像。最后,为了堆叠图像,分辨率Z-工作台上下移动以为下一次固化刷新树脂表面。在一个实施例中,Z-工作台建筑子系统具有约100nm的分辨率并包括用于附接衬底的平台、用于包含聚合物液体溶液的槽以及用于控制溶液温度的热板。Z-工作台通过深入地向下移动、向上移动到预定位置并且然后等待溶液均匀地分布的某个时间制造具有所需层厚度的新溶液表面。
在任何所述实施例中,支架或支架元件可作为片材并包裹为圆柱形形式制造。可替代地,可使用添加制造方法以圆柱形形式制造支架或支架元件。
在图6A-6B所示的实施例中,可使用非生物可吸收材料制作支架或支架元件,该材料包括具有2%DMPA作为光引发剂和0.10%廷纳芬327作为光吸收剂的1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯。在不同替代实施例中,支架或支架元件可由任何适合的生物可吸收材料制成,诸如但不限于:聚(L-乳酸)(PLLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚(碘化脱氨基酪氨酰-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯等。
在替代实施例中,任何适合的聚合物可用于构造支架。术语“聚合物”旨在包括聚合反应的产物,包括均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物等,无论天然的或合成的,包括无规、交替、嵌段、接枝、支链、交联的混合物、混合物的组合物以及其变体。聚合物可以是呈真溶液形式、饱和的或作为颗粒悬浮或在有益药剂中过饱和。聚合物可以是可生物相容或可生物降解的。为了说明的目的而非限制,聚合物材料可包括但不限于:磷酰胆碱、聚己酸内酯、聚-D,L-乳酸、聚-L-乳酸、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(羟基丁酸)、聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-羟基戊酸酯)、聚二氧杂环己酮、聚原酸酯、聚酐、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乙醇酸-共-三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚磷酸酯、聚磷酸酯聚氨酯、聚(氨基酸)、氰基丙烯酸酯、聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(亚氨基碳酸酯)、聚草酸亚烷基酯、聚磷腈、聚亚胺基碳酸酯以及脂肪族聚碳酸酯、纤维蛋白、纤维蛋白原、纤维素、淀粉、胶原蛋白、聚氨基甲酸酯(包括聚碳酸酯聚氨酯)、聚乙二醇、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯乙烯醇、有机硅(包括聚硅氧烷和取代聚硅氧烷)、聚环氧乙烷、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯-共-PEG、PCL-共-PEG、PLA-共-PEG、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酰胺以及其组合。其他适合的聚合物的非限制性实例一般包括热塑性弹性体、聚烯烃弹性体、EPDM橡胶和聚酰胺弹性体以及双稳态塑性材料(包括丙烯酸聚合物及其衍生物)、尼龙、聚酯和环氧树脂。在一些实施例中,支架可包括具有如聚-D,L-丙交酯(PDLLA)的材料的一个或多个涂层。另外地,一些支架可包括具有如抗增殖药物依维莫司的材料的涂层。然而,这些材料仅是实例,并且不应该被视为限制本发明的范围。
支架中的部分或全部可包括通过交叉支柱形成的闭合孔结构。闭合孔结构可包括菱形、正方形、长方形、平行四边形、三角形、五边形、六边形、七边形、八边形、三叶草、叶片状、圆形、椭圆形和/或卵形几何形状。闭合单元还可包括狭槽形状,诸如H形狭槽、I形狭槽、J形狭槽等。另外地或可替代地,支架可包括开放单元结构,诸如螺旋结构、蛇形结构、之字形结构等。支架交叉可形成尖的、垂直的、圆的、牛鼻形的、扁平的、倾斜的和/或倒角的孔角。在一个实施例中,支架可包括具有不同孔形状、取向和/或大小的多个不同孔。
一般而言,在此所述的实施例是多元生物可吸收的血管支架(或“血管支撑架”)。这些支架包括彼此分开但可一起被称为多元支架的多个支架区段或“元件”。总体上,在此所述的多元支架的支架元件将是充分刚性的以提供承受它们放置在其中的血管(诸如曲折外周血管)的应力所需的强度水平。同时,由于其由多个单独元件组成的事实,多元支架还将是柔性的,因此允许放置在弯曲的曲折血管内。另外地,在此所述的多元支架将通常是球囊可扩张而不是自膨胀的,因为球囊可扩张支架典型地比自膨胀支架更坚固。由于所描述的结构,支架的每个球囊可扩张聚合物元件可具有相对较高的径向力(刚性)。元件可具有显著高于自膨胀支架的径向强度,该强度与传统金属球囊可扩张支架(诸如由钢或钴-铬制成的那些支架)的强度在数值上类似或更大。
图3A、3B和4A-4D示出如在此所述的多元支架的一个实施例。图2A、2B、5A-5C、6A和6B示出了更长的支架区段。出于示例性目的提供这些更长的支架区段。在一些实施例中,更长的支架区段(诸如图2A、2B、5A-5C、6A和6B所示的那些)可在制造过程中形成并且然后切割为较小的支架区段/元件以提供多元支架。在其他实施例中,多元支架可由多个更长的支架区段制成,诸如这些图所示的那些。
如图2A-6B所示,在一个实施例中,血管内支架可包括闭合孔重复菱形图案。在替代实施例中,可使用任何其他适合的支架图案。在这个实施例中,支架可具有约300-400μm的支柱厚度,尽管该系统可潜在地制造具有约50μm薄的支柱的支架(当前冠状BVS具有约158μm的支柱厚度)。
如图5A-5C所示,在一个实施例中,支架10可具有约22.53mm的长度、约3mm的外径、约2.6mm的内径以及约0.2mm的壁厚度。然而,这些测量值仅出于示例性目的而提供。在替代实施例中,支架可具有任何适合的长度、直径和壁厚度。如图5A-5C所示,在一个实施例中,支架可具有菱形或其他闭合孔图案。在这个实施例中,支架包括混杂的大孔和小孔。大孔可呈重复图案形式在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。类似地,小孔可呈重复图案形式在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。另外地或可替代地,小孔和大孔可呈交替图案形式螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,小孔和大孔圆周偏移。另外地,小孔可在四个相邻大孔之间的中心位置处形成。在图5A-5C所示的实施例中,较大闭合孔的第一开口尺寸(1)是约0.68mm,相邻较小闭合孔的第二开口尺寸(2)是约0.39mm,纵向对齐的较大闭合孔的两个上对下角之间的支柱的宽度的第三尺寸(3)是约0.25mm,螺旋对齐的较大闭合孔与较小闭合孔的两个笔直部分之间的支柱的宽度的第四尺寸(4)是约0.2mm,并且圆周对齐的较大闭合孔的两个侧对侧角之间的支柱的宽度的第五尺寸(5)是约0.12mm。再次,这些测量值仅出于示例性目的而提供并不旨在限制本发明的范围。
在一些实施例中,至少一个较宽的支柱在多个孔之间延伸以沿着支架元件的长度形成螺旋以便增强支架元件中的每一个的径向强度。在一些实施例中,较宽的支柱从支架元件中的一个的一端延伸到相对端。在其他实施例中,较宽的支柱不从支架元件中的一个的一端延伸到相对端。
图6A和6B对应地是经由显微镜截取的支架10的侧视图和放大视图。所示尺寸以微米为单位并且再次仅作为实例提供。
现在参考图3A-4D,在一个实施例中,多元生物可吸收的血管支架20(或“多支架系统”)可包括多个支架元件22,在一些实施例中,该多个支架元件可通过切割更长的支架件(诸如图2A、2B、5A-5C、6A和6B所示的更长的支架件)形成以形成多个元件22。在一个实施例中,多个支架元件22包括具有相同孔形状、取向和/或大小的孔。在另一个实施例中,多个支架元件22包括具有不同孔形状、取向和/或大小的孔。支架20和独立支架元件22可具有较高径向强度,这样使得支架20和独立支架元件22是径向刚性的并且不在血管上施加慢性向外力。支架20和/或独立支架元件22还可沿着支架20的纵向轴线是柔性的。支架元件22典型地放置在血管中,其中每个相邻支架元件22之间具有一定距离。多元支架20可在销钉或其他支撑装置上制作和/或容纳在其上。多元支架20可例如用于治疗血管中的较长病灶。在一些实施例中,多元支架20中的支架元件22的数量可由医师用户根据血管病灶的长度选择。在图3A和3B所示的实施例中,多元支架20包括14个支架,其中相邻支架元件22之间的间隔为约1mm。多元支架20的总长度是约66mm,并且单个支架元件22具有约3.07mm的长度、约2.6mm的内径和约3mm的外径。再次,这些尺寸仅是一个实例,并且在替代实施例中可使用任何其他适合的尺寸。
现在参考图4A-4D,在一些实施例中,多元支架20的支架元件22可被设计成适应围绕角的弯曲,如所示。一些支架元件22保持在其笔直未弯曲的构造中,而其他顺从弯曲。在替代实施例中,一个支架可被设计成围绕角弯曲。
图8A-8C示出了具有三叶草或叶片状孔构造的支架元件的实施例。尽管图8A-8C描述了具有四个叶片的孔,但孔可具有任何数量的叶片。图8A是具有叶片状孔结构的元件的二维描绘。图8B是图8A中的孔的放大视图。图8C示出了以圆柱形形式的图8A的支架元件,其中图8A的二维孔从左向右包裹以形成圆柱形。在这个实施例中,元件800包括混杂的叶片状闭合孔801、802。叶片状孔801可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。类似地,叶片状孔802可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。另外地或可替代地,叶片状孔802和叶片状孔801可呈交替图案螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,叶片状孔802和叶片状孔801圆周偏移。另外地,叶片状孔802可在四个相邻叶片状孔801之间的中心位置处形成。在图8A-8C所示的实施例中,纵向对齐的纵向叶片803比圆周对齐的圆周叶片804更大。可替代地,纵向叶片803可与圆周叶片804相同大小。相邻纵向对齐的叶片状孔801的纵向叶片803可由纵向连接支柱805连接。相邻圆周对齐的叶片状孔801的圆周叶片804可由圆周连接支柱806连接。在一个实施例中,纵向连接支柱805比圆周连接支柱806更宽。可替代地,纵向连接支柱805可具有与圆周连接支柱806相同的宽度。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件800可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件800可采取膨胀形式。当叶片状孔801从卷曲状态移动到膨胀状态时,凹陷807移动远离叶片状元件800的中心。
图9A-9B示出了具有三叶草或叶片状孔构造的支架元件的替代实施例。尽管图9A-9B描述了具有四个叶片的孔,但孔可具有任何数量的叶片。图9A是具有这种叶片状孔结构的元件的二维描绘。图9B是图9A中的孔的放大视图。具有图9A的孔结构的支架元件将具有从左向右的包裹取向以形成圆柱形。在这个实施例中,元件900包括混杂的叶片状闭合孔901、902。叶片状孔901可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。类似地,叶片状孔902可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。另外地或可替代地,叶片状孔902和叶片状孔901可呈交替图案螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,叶片状孔902和叶片状孔901圆周偏移。另外地,叶片状孔902可在四个相邻叶片状孔901之间的中心位置处形成。在一个实施例中,纵向对齐的纵向叶片903可比圆周对齐的圆周叶片904更大。可替代地,纵向叶片903可与圆周叶片904相同大小。相邻纵向对齐的叶片状孔901的纵向叶片903可由纵向连接支柱905连接。相邻圆周对齐的叶片状孔901的圆周叶片904可由圆周连接支柱906连接。在一个实施例中,纵向连接支柱905比圆周连接支柱906更宽。可替代地,纵向连接支柱905可具有与圆周连接支柱906相同的宽度。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件900可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件900可采取膨胀形式。当叶片状元件900从卷曲状态移动到膨胀状态时,凹陷907移动远离叶片状孔901的中心。
图10A-10F示出了具有棘齿构造的支架元件的实施例。尽管图10A-10F描述了具有菱形构造的孔,但孔可具有任何闭合孔构造。图10A是具有棘齿构造的元件的二维描绘。图10B是图10A中的孔的放大视图。图10C是图10A中的孔的等距视图。图10D是图10C中的孔的示出棘齿1007的截面图。图10E是图10D中的棘齿1007的放大视图。图10F是棘齿1007在截面中的替代视图。具有图10A的孔结构的支架元件将具有从左向右的包裹取向以形成圆柱形。在这个实施例中,元件1000包括混杂的棘齿孔1001和非棘齿孔1002。棘齿孔1001可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。类似地,非棘齿孔1002可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。另外地或可替代地,非棘齿孔1002和棘齿孔1002可呈交替图案螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,非棘齿孔1002和棘齿孔1001圆周偏移。另外地,非棘齿孔1002可在四个相邻棘齿孔1001之间的中心位置处形成。在图10A-10F所示的实施例中,棘齿孔1001可具有与非棘齿孔1002相同或类似的大小。可替代地,棘齿孔1001可比非棘齿孔1002更大或更小。相邻纵向对齐的棘齿孔1001可由纵向连接支柱1005连接。相邻圆周对齐的棘齿孔1001可由圆周连接支柱1006连接。在一个实施例中,纵向连接支柱1005可具有比圆周连接支柱1006更大的长度或宽度。可替代地,纵向连接支柱1005可具有与圆周连接支柱1006相同的长度或宽度。棘齿孔1001包括纵向对齐的棘齿支柱1003。棘齿孔1001和/或纵向连接支柱1005的纵向对齐的角可包括用于将线性齿条1009容纳在棘齿支柱1003上的空腔1008。棘爪1010啮合线性齿条1009的齿1011。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件1000可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件1000可采取膨胀形式。当棘齿元件1000从卷曲状态移动到膨胀状态时,线性齿条1007在纵向上移动到空腔1008中(图10E中描绘为从下向上并且图10F中描绘为从右向左)。棘齿1007从而将增加元件1000的径向强度。
图11A-11F示出了具有双稳态弹簧箍构造的支架元件的实施例。尽管图11A-11F描述了具有菱形构造的孔,但孔可具有任何闭合孔构造。图11A是具有双稳态弹簧箍构造的元件的二维描绘。图11B是图11A中的孔的放大视图。图11C是图11A中的孔的等距视图。图11D是图11C中的孔的示出双稳态支柱1103的截面图。图11E是图11D中的双稳态支柱1103的放大视图。图11F是双稳态1103在截面中的替代视图。具有图11A的孔结构的支架元件将具有从左向右的包裹取向以形成圆柱形。在这个实施例中,元件1101包括混杂的双稳态孔1101和非双稳态孔1102。双稳态孔1101可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。类似地,非双稳态孔1102可呈重复图案在纵向和/或圆周方向上对齐。另外地或可替代地,非双稳态孔1102和和双稳态孔1101可呈交替图案螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,非双稳态孔1102和和双稳态孔1101圆周偏移。另外地,非双稳态孔1102可在四个相邻双稳态孔1101之间的中心位置处形成。在图11A-11F所示的实施例中,双稳态孔1101可具有与非双稳态孔1102相同或类似的大小。可替代地,双稳态孔1101可比非双稳态孔1102更大或更小。相邻纵向对齐的双稳态孔1101可由纵向连接支柱1105连接。相邻圆周对齐的双稳态孔1101可由圆周连接支柱1106连接。在一个实施例中,纵向连接支柱1105可具有比圆周连接支柱1106更大的长度或宽度。可替代地,纵向连接支柱1105可具有与圆周连接支柱1106相同的长度或宽度。双稳态孔1101包括圆周对齐的双稳态支柱1103。双稳态支柱1103具有双稳态弹簧箍构造。在一个实施例中,双稳态支柱1103具有凹凸形状。双稳态支柱1103可采取笔直形式或弯曲形式,其中双稳态支柱1103在凹方向上弯曲。以笔直形式的双稳态支柱1103的刚性增加元件1101的径向强度。如图11C-11F中所描绘,双稳态支柱1103的凹曲线在纵向上定向并且将面对圆柱形元件1101的近端或远端开口。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件1101可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件1101可采取膨胀形式。双稳态支柱1103将具有以卷曲形式的弯曲构造。在膨胀状态下,双稳态支柱将具有笔直构造。
图12A-12B示出了具有枢转构造的支架元件的实施例。图12A是具有枢转构造的元件的二维描绘。图12B是图12A中的孔的放大视图。具有图12A的孔结构的支架元件将具有从左向右的包裹取向以形成圆柱形。在这个实施例中,元件1200包括交替顺序的2个较大孔1201和一组较小孔1202。两个较大孔1201允许将两个较大孔1201分开的自由移动枢转的支柱1203弯曲。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件1200可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件1200可采取膨胀形式。图12A-12B描绘了当元件1200在卷曲状态中时存在的在不稳定的较不刚性构造中的枢转支柱1203。当膨胀时,枢转支柱1203的顶点1204将从右向左移位(基于图12A-12B中的取向),从而增加枢转支柱1203的刚性并增加元件1200的径向强度。
图13A-13E示出了具有波形或拱形构造的支架元件的实施例。图13A是具有波形构造的圆柱形元件的侧视图。图13B是波形元件的顶视图。图13C是图13B中的元件的放大视图。图13D是具有波形构造的圆柱形元件的等距视图。图13E是图13D中的元件的放大视图。元件1300包括交替的凸脊1301和凹槽1302。在一个实施例中,如图13A、13D和13E所示,元件1300可包括实心壁。在一个实施例中,波形元件1300可具有大约3mm的纵向长度。可替代地,波形元件可具有1-2mm的纵向长度。较短纵向长度允许支架元件1300与实心壁一起放置。在另一个实施例中,波形元件1300可具有切割为波形圆柱体的孔图案。可替代地,可使用添加制造方法将元件1300制造有拱、脊和孔图案。当安装在未膨胀球囊上时,元件1300可采取卷曲形式。同样地,当由球囊膨胀时,元件1300可采取膨胀形式。当波形孔1300从卷曲状态移动到膨胀状态时,脊1301和/或谷1302将变宽。
在不同实施例中,任何适合的治疗剂(或“药物”)可结合到支架中、涂布在其上或以另外的方式附接到其上。此类治疗剂的实例包括但不限于:抗血栓药、抗凝血剂、抗血小板剂、抗脂类剂、血栓溶解剂、抗增殖剂、抗炎药、抑制增生的药剂、平滑肌细胞抑制剂、抗生素、生长因子抑制剂、细胞粘附抑制剂、细胞粘附促进剂、抗有丝分裂剂、抗纤维蛋白剂、抗氧化剂、抗肿瘤剂、促进内皮细胞恢复的药剂、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂、抗代谢剂、抗过敏物质、病毒载体、核酸、单克隆抗体、酪氨酸激酶反义化合物的抑制剂、寡核苷酸、细胞渗透增强剂、降血糖剂、降血脂剂、蛋白质、核酸、可用于红细胞刺激的药剂、抗血管生成剂、抗溃疡/抗返流剂以及止吐药/止吐剂、PPARα激动剂、肝素钠、LMW肝素、类肝素(heparoids)、水蛭素、阿加曲班、福司可林、vapriprost、前列环素和前列环素类似物、葡聚糖、D-phe-pro-arg-氯甲基酮(合成的抗凝血酶)、糖蛋白Ilb/IIIa(血小板膜受体拮抗剂抗体)、重组水蛭素、凝血酶抑制剂、吲哚美辛、水杨酸苯酯、β-雌二醇、长春碱、ABT-627(阿曲生坦)、睾酮、黄体酮、紫杉醇、甲氨蝶呤、fotemusine、RPR-101511A、环孢菌素A、长春新碱、卡维地洛、长春地辛、潘生丁、甲氨蝶呤、叶酸、血小板反应蛋白类似物、雌二醇、地塞米松、甲泛葡胺、碘帕醇、碘海醇、碘普罗胺、碘比醇、碘美普尔、碘喷托、碘佛醇、碘昔兰、碘克沙醇和碘曲仑。
抗血栓剂、抗凝血剂、抗血小板剂和血栓溶解剂的实例包括但不限于:肝素钠、低分子量肝素、类肝素、水蛭素、阿加曲班、福司可林、vapriprost、前列环素和前列环素类似物、葡聚糖、D-phe-pro-arg-氯甲基酮(合成的抗凝血酶)、潘丁生、糖蛋白Ilb/IIIa(血小板膜受体拮抗剂抗体)、重组水蛭素、凝血酶抑制体剂以及溶血栓剂。
细胞抑制剂或抗增殖剂的实例包括但不限于:雷帕霉素及其类似物(包括依维莫司、佐他莫司、他克莫司和吡美莫司)、血管抑肽、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(诸如卡托普利、西拉普利或赖诺普利)、钙通道阻断剂(诸如硝苯地平、氨氯地平、西尼地平、盐酸乐卡地平、贝尼地平、三氟拉嗪、地尔硫卓和维拉帕米)、成纤维细胞生长因子拮抗剂、鱼油(ω3-脂肪酸)、组胺拮抗剂、洛伐他汀、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(诸如依托泊苷和拓扑替康)以及抗雌激素(诸如他莫昔芬)。
抗炎剂的实例包括但不限于:秋水仙碱和糖皮质激素,诸如倍他米松、可的松、地塞米松、布地缩松、泼尼松龙、甲基强的松龙和氢化可的松。非甾体抗炎剂包括但不限于:氟比洛芬、布洛芬、酮洛芬、非诺洛芬、萘普生、双氯芬酸、二氟苯水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、吲哚美辛、舒林酸、依托度酸、双氯芬酸、酮咯酸、甲氯芬那酸、吡罗昔康和保泰松。
抗肿瘤剂的实例包括但不限于:烷化剂(包括六甲蜜胺、bendamucine、卡铂、卡莫司汀、顺铂、环磷酰胺、福莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、环己亚硝脲、嘧啶亚硝脲、松龙苯芥和曲奥苏凡)、抗有丝分裂剂(包括长春新碱、长春碱、紫杉醇、多西他赛)、抗代谢剂(包括甲氨喋呤、巯基嘌呤、喷司他丁、三甲曲沙、吉西他滨、咪唑巯嘌呤和氟尿嘧啶)以及抗生素(诸如盐酸阿霉素和丝裂霉素)。抗过敏剂包括但不限于:吡嘧司特钾、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、前列腺素抑制剂、苏拉明、羟色胺阻滞剂、类固醇、硫蛋白酶抑制剂、三唑并嘧啶以及一氧化氮。
尽管已经示出并描述了特定实施例,但它们不旨在限制本发明。在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对任何实施例做出不同的变化和修改。本发明旨在覆盖替代方案、修改和等效物。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于放置在血管内以维持或增强穿过该血管的血液流动的装置,该装置包括多个球囊可扩张的生物可吸收血管支架元件,这些支架元件被构造成作为多元支架植入该血管中,其中这些多个支架元件彼此不接触;
其中这些支架元件包括第一组闭合孔和第二组闭合孔,其中该第一组闭合孔具有与该第二组闭合孔不同的形状或大小;
其中该第一组闭合孔具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案,其中该第二组闭合孔具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案,其中该第一组闭合孔和该第二组闭合孔圆周偏移,并且其中该第一组闭合孔和该第二组闭合孔具有螺旋对齐的交替图案;
其中该第一组闭合孔是具有第一开口尺寸的较大孔,并且该第二组闭合孔是具有小于该第一开口尺寸的第二开口尺寸的较小孔;
其中这些较大闭合孔中的每一个由至少一个较宽支柱和至少一个较细支柱形成,其中该较宽支柱具有第一宽度,并且该较细支柱具有小于该第一宽度的第二宽度;并且
其中这些较宽支柱在相邻纵向对齐的较大闭合孔的角之间,并且其中这些较细支柱在相邻圆周对齐的较大闭合孔的角之间。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中这些较大闭合孔中的每一个进一步由至少一个中间宽度的支柱形成,其中该中间宽度的支柱具有小于该第一宽度并大于该第二宽度的第三宽度;并且
其中这些中间宽度的支柱在相邻螺旋对齐的较大闭合孔与较小闭合孔之间。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中该第一组闭合孔是棘齿孔,并且该第二组闭合孔是非棘齿孔。
4.如权利要求3所述的装置,其中这些棘齿孔中的每一个包括纵向对齐的棘齿支柱;其中该棘齿支柱的一部分上的齿被构造成在空腔内移动并啮合棘爪。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中该第一组闭合孔是双稳态孔,并且该第二组闭合孔是非双稳态孔,其中这些双稳态孔包括具有双稳态弹簧箍构造的圆周对齐的双稳态支柱。
6.如权利要求5所述的装置,其中这些双稳态支柱具有凹凸形状,其中凹曲线纵向定向。
7.一种制造多元生物可吸收血管支架的方法,该方法包括:
使用添加制造方法由球囊可扩张并且不自膨胀的生物可吸收材料形成一段生物可吸收血管支架,其中这些支架元件包括第一组闭合孔和与该第一组闭合孔具有不同形状或大小的第二组闭合孔,其中该第一组闭合孔具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案,其中该第二组闭合孔具有重复的纵向对齐图案和重复的圆周对齐图案,其中该第一组闭合孔和该第二组闭合孔圆周偏移,并且其中该第一组闭合孔和该第二组闭合孔具有螺旋对齐的交替图案;以及
切割该段生物可吸收血管支架以形成该支架的多个支架元件;
其中该第一组闭合孔是具有第一开口尺寸的较大孔,并且该第二组闭合孔是具有小于该第一开口尺寸的第二开口尺寸的较小孔;
其中这些较大闭合孔中的每一个由至少一个较宽支柱和至少一个较细支柱形成,其中该较宽支柱具有第一宽度,并且该较细支柱具有小于该第一宽度的第二宽度;并且
其中这些较宽支柱在相邻纵向对齐的较大闭合孔的角之间,并且其中这些较细支柱在相邻圆周对齐的较大闭合孔的角之间。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中该添加制造方法包括微立体光固化成型。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中该添加制造方法包括3D打印。
10.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中该生物可吸收材料选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:聚(L-乳酸)(PLLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚(碘化脱氨基酪氨酰-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,进一步包括向该生物可吸收材料施加涂层。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中该涂层包括聚-D,L-丙交酯(PDLLA)。
13.如权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括向该支架施加药物。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中该药物选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:依维莫司和其他抗增殖药物。
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