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CN107748229B - A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality - Google Patents

A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality Download PDF

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CN107748229B
CN107748229B CN201710959542.5A CN201710959542A CN107748229B CN 107748229 B CN107748229 B CN 107748229B CN 201710959542 A CN201710959542 A CN 201710959542A CN 107748229 B CN107748229 B CN 107748229B
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sodium selenite
partial size
curve
ideal curve
mesh
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任宇齐
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0078Testing material properties on manufactured objects
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N5/00Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
    • G01N5/04Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder

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Abstract

The present invention relates to the detection methods that a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries quality, belong to feed addictive detection technique field.The present invention, which weighed by sample, sieved, sieves material weighs, detection Se percentage composition, firmness determine and etc. so that manufacturing enterprise and user is had a feasible evaluation method to the identification of product quality, compensate for the omission of existing examination criteria, if the above detection method and the detection project in existing standard HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " shared, more complete description can be carried out to the quality of mixed feed additive sodium selenite, form more complete appraisement system.

Description

A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of detection methods of feed addictive, it is more particularly related to which a kind of mixed type is raised Feed additives sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, belongs to feed addictive detection technique field.
Background technique
In feed processing technology, the additive amount of sodium selenite is very small, the highest limitation of mixed feed or adequate diet Also only 0.5 mg/kg(is announced No. 1224 regulation by The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, MOA in terms of selenium);To guarantee selenium in feed In be uniformly distributed, need to improve its dispersion degree, the higher sodium selenite original powder of concentration carried with carrier, refines and dilutes At the mixed feed additive sodium selenite of low content, subsequent additive premix, mixed feed are then just allowed access into Production.
If according to particle technology principle and studies have shown that certain component additive amount is too micro when powder material mixing, volume When density (bulk density) differs too big again with other components, its mixing is not ensured that using solid phase mixing step by step, diluted method The uniformity, because the particle radix of this component materials is not increased because diluting the increase of number in mixed process Add, each particle will go to correspond to up to ten thousand or than upper primary more other component powders in each dilution No matter grain, the so particle of great disparity are wanted to directly obtain height than the bulk density plus great disparity using which type of mixing apparatus The mixture of quality is nearly impossible.In production practice it has been found that the mixed feed additive being simply mixed is sub- Sodium selenate product some sodium selenite particles from getting loose in transport, storage process, and agglomerate has occurred.
Agglomerate occurs for sodium selenite particle, not only reduces granule number, also makes product coarse granule section Se content is excessively high (to fall off The sodium selenite agglomerate got off), being easy to cause animal selenium excess intake, (because coarse granule granule number is few, dispersion degree is bad, institute The sodium selenite to be become larger with particle after agglomerate will be got higher in coarse granule section content).Therefore each manufacturing enterprise is just using spraying, liquid Mutually the methods of coating is mounted in sodium selenite on carrier, does not allow particle that agglomerate occurs and increases granule number, sodium selenite is made to exist Granule number mixing ratio maximizes in subsequent premix, mixed feed processing, to guarantee the mixture homogeneity of final products.But How to go to determine that sodium selenite is firmly mounted on carrier, and carrying is uniformly that this is always enterprise Want to solve the problems, such as.
In the mixed feed additive sodium selenite of existing market sale supply, there are mixing oxides method, spray-on process, liquid phase The product of carrying method (coating dilution) three kinds of preparation method production, manufacturer claim and are uniformly mounted in sodium selenite On carrier granular, but they do not have a set of feasible evaluation method, are all with reference to 2008 " trace element premix of GB/T10649- Expect the measurement of mixture homogeneity " method in standard will measure iron and is changed to measurement selenium and detect to mixture homogeneity.If by should Method is detected, and testing result can only also reflect the dispersion situation of sodium selenite in the sample, it cannot be said that bright sodium selenite is It is securely mounted on carrier, no evidence is able to demonstrate that the Se content detected is exactly that sodium selenite is entrenched in different-grain diameter section The amount on grain surface, therefore can not illustrate the carrying quality of these products;If electricity consumption microscopy is surveyed, expense is high, and general enterprises will not Using but saying although the image of Electronic Speculum shooting can will become apparent from variant between the product of different preparation methods production Do not know that sodium selenite is that locked engagement is on carrier or the random firmness for being attached to carrier surface, being mounted on carrier Also can not quantify.And presently preferred Electronic Speculum also can't accurately measure the sodium selenite content for being fitted into or adhering on particle, So can not judge whether each partial size section particle surface sodium selenite content is uniform.
Sodium selenite carries the quality of quality and mainly by the firmness that is mounted on carrier and is mounted in uniform on carrier Two technical indicator compositions are spent, but can not be directly acquired since the product carries firmness, can not be indicated with percentage, so From the point of view of the existing examination criteria of the industry, the demand that industry technology is constantly brought forth new ideas, is constantly progressive is no longer satisfied.From the industry The carrying quality progress to mixed feed additive sodium selenite is also found no in disclosed academic documents and patent document The method of detection.
Summary of the invention
Present invention seek to address that can not detect mixed feed additive sodium selenite in the prior art carries quality The problem of, a kind of detection method of the carrying quality of mixed feed additive sodium selenite is provided.This method is simple, does not need Expensive instrument can control well and quantify the firmness that sodium selenite is mounted on carrier.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned object of the invention, specific technical solution is as follows:
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, it is characterised in that: including following step It is rapid:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product is weighed, screening sample and comprehensive sample are divided into;
B, it sieves
Screening sample weighed in step A is sieved with the sieve of different meshes, mechanical force when by screening will carry Firm mixed feed additive sodium selenite product is not carried firmly and is all fixed on partial size corresponding with itself granularity In section;
C, screening material weighs
According to the sieve of different meshes described in step B, several partial size sections are marked off, then will belong to each partial size section Material distinguishes Weighing;
D, Se percentage composition is detected
Then the Se percentage composition for measuring each partial size section material in step C respectively measures comprehensive sample described in step A The Se percentage composition of material;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: comparing the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material and most coarse grain diameter section material, if most coarse grain diameter The Se percentage composition of section material is greater than the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material, i.e. expression firmness is unqualified;If The most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is less than the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material, with regard to carrying out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, the Se with sample comprehensive in step C Percentage composition compares, as long as error within the allowable range, can determine that the firmness that sodium selenite is mounted on carrier closes Lattice.
It is currently preferred, proportionally the weight of partial size section material each in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis, The Se percentage composition of partial size section material each in step D is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, mark same partial size section weight and The intersection point of Se percentage composition, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;First is handed over again Point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;It is all on actual curve In intersection point, a minimum point relative to ideal curve is chosen in the lower section of ideal curve, chooses one in the top of ideal curve Vertical line is made to ideal curve respectively from minimum point and highest point in a highest point relative to ideal curve;Measure and calculate from Length of perpendicular of the minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from highest point to ideal curve;Two length The absolute value of addition is converted into departure, is compared by the allowance of the departure and pre-determined departure, as long as partially Residual quantity just can determine that the uniformity of sodium selenite is qualified within the scope of allowance.
Further, if all intersection points on actual curve are all on the ideal curve and ideal bent relative to ideal curve The lower section of line, then only choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve, from minimum point to ideal Curve makees vertical line, measures and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, and length value is departure.
Further, if all intersection points on actual curve are all on the ideal curve and ideal bent relative to ideal curve The top of line, then only choose a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from highest point to ideal Curve makees vertical line, measures and calculate the length of perpendicular from highest point to ideal curve, and length value is departure.
In step A of the present invention, the screening sample is more than or equal to 100g.
In step A of the present invention, the comprehensive sample is more than or equal to 5g.
In step B of the present invention, the sieve of the different meshes is the sieve of 60-300 mesh.
In step B of the present invention, the time of the screening is 5-16 minutes.
In step C of the present invention, several partial size sections are 3-7 partial size section.
Bring advantageous effects of the present invention
1, technical solution of the present invention makes manufacturing enterprise and user have a feasible evaluation to the identification of product quality Method compensates for the omission of existing examination criteria, if by the above detection method and existing standard HG2937-1999 " feed grade Sodium selenite " in detection project share, the quality of mixed feed additive sodium selenite can more completely be retouched It states, forms more complete appraisement system.
2, technical solution of the present invention can pass through curvilinear characteristic, calculating content and synthesis to sodium selenite carrying firmness Sample content allowable error emerges from;Sodium selenite, which carries homogeneity deviation, to be quantified, and by the adjustment to manufacturing parameter, make Allowable error and deviation reach quality necessary requirement, have guiding value to production control.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is that the present invention illustrates that the Electronic Speculum striograph of agglomerate occurs for sodium selenite particle in the background technology;
Fig. 2 is the Electronic Speculum striograph of the product of present invention mixing oxides method preparation stated in the background;
Fig. 3 is the Electronic Speculum striograph of the product of present invention spray-on process preparation stated in the background;
Fig. 4 is the Electronic Speculum striograph for the product that present invention liquid phase stated in the background carries method preparation;
Fig. 5 is that the product of Se >=0.45% carrying for the liquid phase carrying method preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 1 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Fig. 6 is that the product of Se >=0.45% carrying for the liquid phase carrying method preparation that the present invention provides in example 2 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Fig. 7 is that the product of Se >=0.45% for the spray-on process preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 3 carries uniformity curve Figure;
Fig. 8 is that the product of Se >=0.45% carrying for the mixing oxides method preparation that the present invention provides in example 4 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Fig. 9 is that the product of Se >=1.0% carrying for the mixing oxides method preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 5 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Figure 10 is the product of the Se >=0.45% carrying uniformity that the liquid phase that the present invention provides in embodiment 6 carries method preparation Curve graph;
Figure 11 is that the product of Se >=1.0% carrying for the liquid phase carrying method preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 7 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Figure 12 is that the product of Se >=2.3% carrying for the liquid phase carrying method preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 8 is uniformly write music Line chart;
Figure 13 is the product of the Se >=0.45% carrying uniformity that the liquid phase that the present invention provides in embodiment 9 carries method preparation Curve graph;
Figure 14 is that the product of Se >=2.3% for the spray-on process preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 10 carries uniformity curve Figure;
Figure 15 is that the product of Se >=0.45% for the spray-on process preparation that the present invention provides in embodiment 11 carries uniformity curve Figure.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 1000g is weighed, as screening Sample;200g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
1000g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, Sieving time is set as 12 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80 mesh oversizes, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections Weighing respectively, weighing results are as follows: 29.1g in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 63.9g;120-160 mesh 106.3g;160-200 mesh 114.4g;679.7g under 200 meshes;(screening loss 6.6g)
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 0.138% in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 0.154%;120-160 mesh 0.179%;160-200 Mesh 0.25%;0.575% under 200 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 200g in step A with " quartering ", then measures containing for Se Measure percentage, testing result are as follows: 0.456%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 0.575%, most coarse grain diameter section (80 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 0.138%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is less than most fine grain section The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Fig. 5.
G, the uniformity determines
Due to all intersection points in figure on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and ideal curve Lower section, so choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve, from minimum point to ideal curve Make vertical line, measure and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, length value 0.033 is scaled departure 0.033%;And the allowance for the departure arranged in advance is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.138%), i.e., 0.069%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.033% is in 0.069% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates percentage composition and contains with comprehensive sample Se in step E Amount percentage only differs 0.001%, and within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly entrenched in carrier On grain, it is qualified to carry firmness;Step G is measured, calculated departure is within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, I Determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine the production Product carry up-to-standard.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 2
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 1000g is weighed, as screening Sample;160g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
1000g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, Sieving time is set as 12 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80 mesh oversizes, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections Weighing respectively, weighing results are as follows: 46.6g in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 107.3g;120-160 mesh 113.9g;160-200 Mesh 95.3g;636.9g under 200 meshes;
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 0.133% in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 0.16%;120-160 mesh 0.21%;160-200 mesh 0.309%;0.61% under 200 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 160g in step A with " quartering ", then measures the content of Se Percentage, testing result are as follows: 0.462%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 0.61%, most coarse grain diameter section (80 mesh On sieve) the Se percentage composition of material is 0.133%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is less than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Fig. 6.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.046, is scaled departure 0.046%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is the 1/2 of product name content (0.45%), i.e., 0.225%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.046% is in 0.225% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates percentage composition and contains with comprehensive sample Se in step E Amount percentage only differs 0.003%, and within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly entrenched in carrier On grain, it is qualified to carry firmness;Step G is measured, calculated departure is within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, I Determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine the production Product carry up-to-standard.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 3
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product of spray-on process preparation) 1000g is weighed, as screening sample;Again 150g is weighed as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
1000g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, Sieving time is set as 12 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80 mesh oversizes, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections Weighing respectively, weighing results are as follows: 13.1g in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 157g;120-160 mesh 167.3g;160-200 mesh 182.6g;480g under 200 meshes;
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 1.268% in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 0.515%;120-160 mesh 0.435%;160-200 Mesh 0.23%;0.43% under 200 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 150g in step A with " quartering ", then measures the content of Se Percentage, testing result are as follows: 0.443%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 0.43%, most coarse grain diameter section (80 mesh On sieve) the Se percentage composition of material is 1.268%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is greater than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material, it is stated that the sodium selenite carrying firmness of the product is unqualified;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is unqualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Fig. 7.
G, the uniformity determines
Due to all intersection points in figure on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and ideal curve Lower section, so choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve, from minimum point to ideal curve Make vertical line, measure and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, length value 0.473 is scaled departure 0.473%;And the allowance for the departure arranged in advance is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.23%), i.e., 0.115%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.473% is outside 0.115% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is unqualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph curve actually made above is downward, does not meet this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample in step E Se content difference 0.024%, exceeds allowable error range, the sodium selenite particle of agglomerate is thicker, has focused on coarse granule section.It is real Border upper curve feature is not met, and allowable error has lost meaning, we determine that sodium selenite could not firmly be entrenched in carrier On grain, it is unqualified to carry firmness;Step G measurement, calculated departure are far beyond the tolerance model decided through consultation with client It encloses, actually curvilinear characteristic is not met, and is measured, is calculated deviation and lost meaning, we determine the carrying uniformity of product Se not It is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all unqualified, and it is off quality that we determine that the product carries.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 4
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product of mixing oxides method preparation) 1000g is weighed, as screening Sample;120g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
1000g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, Sieving time is set as 12 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80 mesh oversizes, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections Weighing respectively, weighing results are as follows: 53.7g in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 104g;120-160 mesh 116.2g;160-200 mesh 59.5g;666.6g under 200 meshes;
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 1.069% in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 1.259%;120-160 mesh 0.589%;160-200 Mesh 0.169%;0.239% under 200 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 120g in step A with " quartering ", then measures containing for Se Measure percentage, testing result are as follows: 0.445%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 0.239%, most coarse grain diameter section (80 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 1.069%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is greater than most fine grain section The Se percentage composition of material, it is stated that the sodium selenite carrying firmness of the product is unqualified;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is unqualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Fig. 8.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.702, is scaled departure 0.702%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.169%), i.e., 0.0845%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.702% is outside 0.0845% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is unqualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph curve actually made above is downward, does not meet this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample in step E Se content difference 0.019%, exceeds allowable error range, the sodium selenite particle of agglomerate is thicker, has focused on coarse granule section.It is real Border upper curve feature is not met, and allowable error has lost meaning, we determine that sodium selenite could not firmly be entrenched in carrier On grain, it is unqualified to carry firmness;Step G measurement, calculated departure are far beyond the tolerance model decided through consultation with client It encloses, actually curvilinear characteristic is not met, and is measured, is calculated deviation and lost meaning, we determine the carrying uniformity of product Se not It is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all unqualified, and it is off quality that we determine that the product carries.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 5
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product of mixing oxides method preparation) 1000g is weighed, as screening Sample;100g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
1000g weighed in step A screening sample is carried out with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh, 200 mesh and 300 mesh sieve Screening, set sieving time as 15 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh, 200-300 mesh and 300 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections divides Nickname metering, weighing results are as follows: 80-120 mesh 23.4g;120-160 mesh 64.8g;160-200 mesh 109.9g;200-300 mesh 502.9g;299g under 300 meshes;
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 80-120 mesh 2.50%;120-160 mesh 1.672%;160-200 mesh 1.111%;200-300 Mesh 0.794%;1.062% under 300 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 100g in step A with " quartering ", then measures containing for Se Amount " point ratio, testing result are as follows: 1.033%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 300 meshes) material is 1.062%, most coarse grain diameter section (80- 120 mesh) material Se percentage composition be 2.50%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material be greater than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material, it is stated that the sodium selenite carrying firmness of the product is unqualified;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is unqualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Fig. 9.
G, the uniformity determines
Due to all intersection points in figure on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and ideal curve Lower section, so choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve, from minimum point to ideal curve Make vertical line, measure and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, length value 1.12 is scaled departure 1.12%;And the allowance for the departure arranged in advance is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.794%), i.e., 0.397%.
Conclusion: since departure 1.12% is outside 0.397% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite produces The uniformity of product is unqualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph curve actually made above is downward, does not meet this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample in step E Se content difference 0.027%, exceeds allowable error range, the sodium selenite particle of agglomerate is thicker, has focused on coarse granule section.It is real Border upper curve feature is not met, and allowable error has lost meaning, we determine that sodium selenite could not firmly be entrenched in carrier On grain, it is unqualified to carry firmness;Step G measurement, calculated departure are far beyond the tolerance model decided through consultation with client It encloses, actually curvilinear characteristic is not met, and is measured, is calculated deviation and lost meaning, we determine the carrying uniformity of product Se not It is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all unqualified, and it is off quality that we determine that the product carries.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 6
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 500g is weighed, as screening Sample;50g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
500g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 80 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, if Determining sieving time is 8 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80 mesh oversizes, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the material of 5 partial size sections Weighing respectively, weighing results are as follows: 29.6g in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 63.35g;120-160 mesh 52.65g;160-200 Mesh 24.45g;329.95g under 200 meshes;
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 0.118% in 80 meshes;80-120 mesh 0.148%;120-160 mesh 0.187%;160-200 Mesh 0.262%;0.591% under 200 meshes;A point sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 50g in step A with " quartering ", then measures containing for Se Measure percentage, testing result are as follows: 0.451%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 0.591%, most coarse grain diameter section (80 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 0.118%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is less than most fine grain section The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 10.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.036, is scaled departure 0.036%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.118%), i.e., 0.059%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.036% is in 0.059% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates percentage composition and contains with comprehensive sample Se in step E Amount percentage only differs 0.003%, and within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly entrenched in carrier On grain, it is qualified to carry firmness;Step G is measured, calculated departure is within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, I Determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine the production Product carry up-to-standard.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 7
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 250g is weighed, as screening Sample;30g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
It is sieved with the analysis of 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh, 200 mesh and 300 mesh to weighed 250g in step A Screening sample is sieved, and sets sieving time as 16 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By 60-80 mesh, 80-100 mesh, 100-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh, 200-300 mesh and 300 meshes Under, the material of 7 partial size sections distinguishes Weighing, weighing results are as follows: 60-80 mesh 8.2g;80-100 mesh 13.5g;100-120 mesh 43.5g;120-160 mesh 26.4g;160-200 mesh 52.3g;200-300 mesh 92.6g;12.8g under 300 meshes;(screening loss 0.7g)
D, Se content is detected
7 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 60-80 mesh 0.214%;80-100 mesh 0.434%;100-120 mesh 0.471%;120-160 Mesh 0.672%;160-200 mesh 0.883%;200-300 mesh 1.486%;1.52% under 300 meshes;To the comprehensive sample of 30g in step A into Row sampling, then measures the percentage composition of Se, testing result are as follows: 1.005%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 300 meshes) material is 1.52%, most coarse grain diameter section (60- 80 mesh) material Se percentage composition be 0.214%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material be less than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 7 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 7 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 11.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.213, is scaled departure 0.213%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is the 25% of product name content (1.0%), i.e., 0.25%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.213% is in 0.25% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite produces The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates percentage composition and contains with comprehensive sample Se in step E Amount percentage only differs 0.006%, and within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly entrenched in carrier On grain, it is qualified to carry firmness;Step G is measured, calculated departure is within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, I Determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine the production Product carry up-to-standard.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 8
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 200g is weighed, as screening Sample;20g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
200g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 100 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh and 200 mesh sieve, Sieving time is set as 8 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 100 mesh oversizes, 100-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh and 200 meshes, the object of 5 partial size sections Material difference Weighing, weighing results are as follows: 2.92g in 100 meshes;100-120 mesh 21.5g;120-160 mesh 37.8g;160- 200 mesh 50.8g;86.8g under 200 meshes;(0.18 g of screening loss)
D, Se content is detected
5 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 2.126% in 100 meshes;100-120 mesh 1.80%;120-160 mesh 2.06%;160-200 Mesh 2.35%;2.45% under 200 meshes;The comprehensive sample of 20g in step A is sampled, the percentage composition of Se is then measured, detects As a result are as follows: 2.36%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 200 meshes) material is 2.45%, most coarse grain diameter section (100 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 2.126%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is less than most fine grain section The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error second after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error second after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 5 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 5 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 12.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.404, is scaled departure 0.404%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is minimum Se percentage composition, i.e., 1.80%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.404% is in 1.80% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite produces The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates percentage composition and contains with comprehensive sample Se in step E Amount percentage only differs 0.08%, and within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly entrenched in carrier granular It is upper, it is qualified to carry firmness;Step G is measured, calculated departure is within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, we Determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine the product It carries up-to-standard.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 9
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product that liquid phase carries method preparation) 100g is weighed, as screening Sample;5g is weighed again as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
Sample is sieved to 100g weighed in step A with the analysis sieve of 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh, 160 mesh, 200 mesh and 250 mesh It is sieved, sets sieving time as 5 minutes;
C, screening material weighs
By under 80-100 mesh, 80-120 mesh, 120-160 mesh, 160-200 mesh, 200-250 mesh, 250 meshes, 6 partial size sections Material distinguish Weighing, weighing results are as follows: 80-100 mesh 4.39g;100-120 mesh 9.75g;120-160 mesh 9.28g; 160-200 mesh 3.67g;200-250 mesh 30.4g;42.5g under 250 meshes;(0.01 g of screening loss)
D, Se content is detected
6 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 80-100 mesh 0.125%;100-120 mesh 0.145%;120-160 mesh 0.176%;160- 200 mesh 0.216%;200-250 mesh 0.420%;0.659% under 250 meshes;Molten sample is carried out to the comprehensive sample of 5g in step A, is then surveyed The percentage composition of Se out, testing result are as follows: 0.454%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 250 meshes) material is 0.659%, most coarse grain diameter section (80- 100 mesh) material Se percentage composition be 0.125%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material be less than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material carries out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is qualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 6 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 6 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 13.
G, the uniformity determines
Due to all intersection points in figure on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and ideal curve Lower section, so choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve, from minimum point to ideal curve Make vertical line, measure and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, length value 0.048 is scaled departure 0.048%;And the allowance for the departure arranged in advance is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (0.125%), i.e., 0.063%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.048% is in 0.063% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is qualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph actually made above meets this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample Se content phase in step E Poor 0.002%, within the scope of allowable error, we determine that sodium selenite is firmly fitted on the carrier particles, carry jail Soundness is qualified;Within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, we determine product Se for step G measurement, calculated departure The carrying uniformity it is qualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all qualified, we determine that the product carries quality and closes Lattice.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 10
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product of spray-on process preparation) 215g is weighed, as screening sample;Again 10g is weighed as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
215g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with the analysis of 170 mesh, 230 mesh and 270 mesh sieve, setting sieve It is 7 minutes between timesharing;
C, screening material weighs
By in 170 meshes, under 170-230 mesh, 230-270 mesh and 270 meshes, the material of 4 partial size sections distinguishes poidometer Amount, weighing results are as follows: 42.17g in 170 meshes;170-230 mesh 116.95g;230-270 mesh 36.65g;Under 270 meshes 19.07g;(screening loss 0.16g)
D, Se content is detected
4 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 2.89% in 170 meshes;170-230 mesh 2.31%;230-270 mesh 1.99%;270 meshes Lower 2.01%;The comprehensive sample of 10g in step A is sampled, then measures the percentage composition of Se, testing result are as follows: 2.35%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 270 meshes) material is 2.01%, most coarse grain diameter section (170 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 2.89%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is greater than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material, it is stated that the sodium selenite carrying firmness of the product is unqualified;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error second after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error second after decimal point, although within the scope of allowable error, due to the The judgement of one step is unqualified, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product is unqualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 4 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 4 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 14.
G, the uniformity determines
In all intersection points on actual curve, one is chosen relative to the minimum of ideal curve in the lower section of ideal curve Point chooses a highest point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from minimum point and highest point respectively to ideal Curve makees vertical line;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve;It measures and calculates from highest point to reason Think the length of perpendicular of curve;The absolute value that two values are added is 0.133, is scaled departure 0.133%;And the deviation arranged in advance The allowance of amount is the 1/2 of minimum Se percentage composition (1.99%), i.e., 0.995%.
Conclusion: although departure 0.133% in 0.995% range of allowance of departure, due to firmness determine First step judgement is unqualified, it is determined that the uniformity of the sodium selenite product is unqualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph curve actually made above is downward, does not meet this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample in step E Se content difference 0.01%, though actually curvilinear characteristic is not met within the scope of allowable error, allowable error has lost meaning, We determine that sodium selenite could not be firmly fitted on the carrier particles, and it is unqualified to carry firmness;Step G measurement calculates Departure curvilinear characteristic is not met within the scope of the tolerance decided through consultation with client, but actually yet, measure, calculated deviation Meaning is lost, we determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is unqualified;The product, which carries firmness and carries the uniformity, all not to be conformed to Lattice, it is off quality that we determine that the product carries.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).
Embodiment 11
A kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries the detection method of quality, including following detecting step:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product (product of spray-on process preparation) 500g is weighed, as screening sample;Again 5g is weighed as comprehensive sample;
B, it sieves
500g weighed in step A screening sample is sieved with 140 mesh and 270 mesh analysis sieve, sets sieving time as 7 Minute;
C, screening material weighs
By in 140 meshes, under 140-270 mesh and 270 meshes, the material of 3 partial size sections distinguishes Weighing, weighing results Are as follows: 72.9g in 140 meshes;140-270 mesh 309.2g;116.3g under 270 meshes;(1.6 g of screening loss)
D, Se content is detected
3 partial size section Se in step C are measured respectively by the detection method of HG2937-1999 " feed grade sodium selenite " standard Percentage composition, testing result are as follows: 0.54% in 140 meshes;140-270 mesh 0.55%;0.468% under 270 meshes;To step A The comprehensive sample of middle 5g carries out molten sample, then measures the percentage composition of Se, testing result are as follows: 0.460%;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section (under 270 meshes) material is 0.468%, most coarse grain diameter section (140 In mesh) the Se percentage composition of material is 0.54%, the most Se percentage composition of coarse grain diameter section material is greater than most fine grain section object The Se percentage composition of material, it is stated that the sodium selenite carrying firmness of the product is unqualified;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se of partial size section material each in step D Percentage composition obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then by the weight phase of Se in the material of each partial size section Add, then divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, it is desirable that obtained result and step The percentage composition of the synthesis sample Se measured in D is equal, allowable error third position after decimal point.The data obtained is listed as follows:
Conclusion: due to arranging allowable error third position after decimal point, it is determined that the firmness of the sodium selenite product It is unqualified.
F, make Se and carry uniformity curve graph
The weight of 3 partial size section materials in step C is marked in the X-axis of reference axis by a certain percentage, step D is obtained The Se percentage composition of 3 partial size section materials is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se content percentage of same partial size section The intersection point of ratio, is then connected with line segment, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and last A intersection point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;Mapping such as Figure 15.
G, the uniformity determines
Due to all intersection points in figure on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and ideal curve Top, so choose a minimum point relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve, from highest point to ideal curve Make vertical line, measure and calculate the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, length value 0.061 is scaled departure 0.061%;And the allowance for the departure arranged in advance is the 10% of product name content (0.45%), i.e., 0.045%.
Conclusion: since departure 0.061% is outside 0.045% range of allowance of departure, it is determined that the sodium selenite The uniformity of product is unqualified.
In summary: if sodium selenite be it is uniform carry on the surface of the carrier, then its surface Se content number It should be related with carrier granular size, surface area.According to powder substance of the same race under identical weight, " partial size is bigger, specific surface area With regard to smaller, partial size is smaller, and specific surface area is bigger " this theorem, it is concluded that diameter of carrier is bigger, the specific surface of every kg carrier Product is just smaller, and the selenium being entrenched on particle is fewer, detects that the degree of selenium just should be lower;Diameter of carrier is smaller, The specific surface area of every kg carrier is bigger, and the selenium being entrenched on particle just should be more, detects that the degree of selenium is got over It is high;Increase again since the specific surface area of each partial size section particle of carrier is not into phase equimultiple, by the work of curve graph in step F Method, it should be the curve to climb upwards that Se, which carries uniformity curve,.In order to simplify measurement and calculating, we are by coordinate first A intersection point is connected with the last one intersection point with straight line, carries uniformity ideal curve using this straight line as Se, Se is carried Actual curve should be one against ideal curve and the curve that climbs upwards, more close to ideal curve, illustrate to carry uniform Degree is better.
The curve graph curve actually made above is downward, does not meet this feature, and Se calculates content and comprehensive sample in step E Se content difference 0.069%, exceeds allowable error range, and actually curvilinear characteristic is not met, and allowable error has lost meaning, I Determine sodium selenite could not firmly be fitted on the carrier particles, carry firmness it is unqualified;Step G is measured, is calculated Departure also exceeds the tolerance range decided through consultation with client, and actually curvilinear characteristic is not met, and measures, calculates deviation and lost Meaning, we determine that the carrying uniformity of product Se is unqualified;The product carries firmness and the carrying uniformity is all unqualified, I Determine the product carry it is off quality.
In the present embodiment, for the ease of mapping and measuring, the ratio on X and Y-axis can be different;Survey calculation length of perpendicular It can be carried out by means of software (the measurement function of such as AutoCAD).

Claims (9)

1. the detection method that a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite carries quality, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
A, sample weighs
Mixed feed additive sodium selenite product is weighed, screening sample and comprehensive sample are divided into;
B, it sieves
Screening sample weighed in step A is sieved with the sieve of different meshes, mechanical force when by screening is secured by carrying And do not carry firm mixed feed additive sodium selenite product and be all fixed in partial size section corresponding with itself granularity;
C, screening material weighs
According to the sieve of different meshes described in step B, several partial size sections are marked off, then will belong to the material of each partial size section Weighing respectively;
D, Se percentage composition is detected
Then the Se percentage composition for measuring each partial size section material in step C respectively measures comprehensive sample material described in step A Se percentage composition;
E, firmness determines
Step 1: comparing the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material and most coarse grain diameter section material, if most coarse grain diameter section object The Se percentage composition of material is greater than the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material, i.e. expression firmness is unqualified;If most thick The Se percentage composition of partial size section material is less than the Se percentage composition of most fine grain section material, with regard to carrying out second step;
Step 2: with the weight of material of partial size section each in step C respectively multiplied by the Se content of partial size section material each in step D Percentage obtains the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section;Then the weight of Se in the material of each partial size section is added, then Divided by the sum of the weight of material of each partial size section, obtained result is scaled percentage, the Se content hundred with sample comprehensive in step C Ratio is divided to compare, as long as error within the allowable range, can determine that the firmness that sodium selenite is mounted on carrier is qualified.
2. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: proportionally the weight of partial size section material each in step C being marked in the X-axis of reference axis, by grain each in step D The Se percentage composition of diameter section material is marked in the Y-axis of reference axis, marks the weight and Se percentage composition of same partial size section Then intersection point is connected with line segment, form sodium selenite and carry uniformity actual curve;Again by first intersection point and the last one friendship Point is connected with straight line, is formed sodium selenite and is carried uniformity ideal curve;In all intersection points on actual curve, ideal bent A minimum point relative to ideal curve is chosen in the lower section of line, chooses one relative to ideal curve in the top of ideal curve Highest point, make vertical line to ideal curve respectively from minimum point and highest point;It measures and calculates from minimum point to ideal curve Length of perpendicular;It measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from highest point to ideal curve;The absolute value conversion that two length are added It at departure, is compared by the allowance of the departure and pre-determined departure, as long as departure is in allowance range It is interior, it just can determine that the uniformity of sodium selenite is qualified.
3. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 2 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: if all intersection points on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and the lower section of ideal curve, A minimum point relative to ideal curve only so is chosen in the lower section of ideal curve, is hung down from minimum point to ideal curve Line, measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from minimum point to ideal curve, and length value is departure.
4. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 2 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: if all intersection points on actual curve relative to ideal curve all on the ideal curve and the top of ideal curve, A highest point relative to ideal curve only so is chosen in the top of ideal curve, is hung down from highest point to ideal curve Line, measures and calculates the length of perpendicular from highest point to ideal curve, and length value is departure.
5. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: in step, the screening sample is more than or equal to 100g.
6. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: in step, the comprehensive sample is more than or equal to 5g.
7. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: in stepb, the sieve of the different meshes is the sieve of 60-300 mesh.
8. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: in stepb, the time of the screening is 5-16 minutes.
9. a kind of mixed feed additive sodium selenite according to claim 1 carries the detection method of quality, special Sign is: in step C, several partial size sections are 3-7 partial size section.
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