CN107646964A - 一种减菌溶液及其冷却肉减菌加工方法 - Google Patents
一种减菌溶液及其冷却肉减菌加工方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种减菌溶液,包括以下成分:乳酸8750‑16250ppm,柠檬酸3750‑10000ppm,醋酸700‑4550ppm,氢氧化钠200‑2500ppm,过氧化氢100‑400ppm,过氧乙酸200‑600ppm,其余为无菌水。本发明还涉及包含使用此减菌溶液的一种冷却肉减菌加工方法。该方法采用“栅栏技术”,对胴体同时采用高温水冲洗、减菌溶液喷淋、快速降温贮藏的方法进行减菌处理,几种减菌方法之间的作用相辅相成,从而提高整体胴体减菌效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明总地涉及肉制品减菌加工方法,具体涉及一种减菌溶液以及冷却肉减菌加工方法。
背景技术
在冷却肉生产加工过程中,肉品的质量受物理、化学、以及生物等各种因素的影响,其中,生物因素(主要是微生物污染)是影响冷却肉质量与安全的最主要因素。微生物大量繁殖不仅使肉的感官性质如颜色、气味和质地发生变化,破坏肉的营养价值,而且会导致病原体和毒素的形成,对人体健康产生潜在危害。在动物屠宰和分割过程中,胴体和分割肉的微生物污染来源包括空气、水、粪便、饲料、皮毛、内脏、淋巴结、屠宰工具及操作人员。污染的方式和程度取决于加工和处理方法、卫生控制措施及存储和配送环境。为尽量减少屠宰分割过程中的微生物污染,包装动物性食品的质量和安全,国内外众多科研机构和企业致力于减菌技术和措施的研究与应用。
目前,国内外普遍采用的冷却肉保鲜方法有保鲜剂保鲜、包装技术、紫外线杀菌技术、辐射保鲜技术、涂膜保鲜技术、高压及微波处理技术等。紫外、辐射、高压、微波等物理处理技术需要大型设备,成本较高。紫外和辐射技术本身就有较高安全隐患,而高压和微波技术在鲜肉应用上目前还不够成熟,较容易使肉表层至熟。目前国际肉企较流行使用的是保鲜液、减菌液技术。欧美国家主流的减菌液包括以纯有机酸(如乳酸、柠檬酸等)或氧化剂(如过氧乙酸、次氯酸钠等)为主的减菌液。然而,纯有机酸减菌液的减菌效果较差(特别有耐酸菌存在时),而以氧化剂为主的减菌液若要达到理想的减菌效果,需要使用较高浓度,会影响肉质及肉色的稳定性。栅栏技术是当前研发食品保鲜抑菌的主要应用技术。食品的最终减菌/抑菌效果依靠的是多个栅栏因子的协同作用,通常两个或两个以上栅栏因子的作用不仅仅是两个单一栅栏因子作用的简单累加,而是会有扩增的抑菌效果,也即一加一大于二的效果。如何利用栅栏技术设计出新的减菌/抑菌方案,结合以上两类减菌溶液的优势,发挥其协同作用,是当前冷却肉保鲜的发展方向。
我国的冷却肉生产起步较欧美国家晚,肉类加工行业相对落后,技术水平较低,品质控制管理和质量保障体系尚不完善。据调查,胴体表面菌落总数在1*105–1*106(cfu/cm2)的发生率达20%-30%,大肠杆菌总数在10-50MPN/cm2的发生率达20-50%。因冷链不连续使冷却肉在运输、储存、销售中的温度波动大,肉品质质量难以得到有效保证。由于生产过程中温度控制不够科学合理,全程质量安全管理体系还不够健全,导致胴体表面微生物污染较严重,初始菌数高,所以在生产加工及储存运输销售过程中微生物生长繁殖速度快,进而导致肉品的滴水损失大,色泽差,影响了产品的品质和安全性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种减菌溶液以及冷却肉减菌加工方法,其适用于猪、牛、羊等常见饲养肉类冷却肉加工。
本发明提供了一种减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液包括以下成分:乳酸8750-16250ppm,柠檬酸3750-10000ppm,醋酸700-4550ppm,氢氧化钠200-2500ppm,过氧化氢100-400ppm,过氧乙酸200-600ppm,其余为无菌水。
优选地,根据上述的减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液还包括以下成分:乳酸11000-13750ppm,柠檬酸6000-7500ppm,醋酸1056-1320ppm,氢氧化钠240-300ppm,过氧化氢179-224ppm,过氧乙酸244-304ppm,其余为无菌水。
优选地,根据前述的减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液由浓缩溶液1和浓缩溶液2稀释后混合制得,
所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸、柠檬酸、醋酸、氢氧化钠和无菌水,所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢、醋酸、过氧乙酸和无菌水。所述浓缩溶液1室温密闭保存。所述浓缩溶液2避光冷藏密闭保存。
更优选地,根据前述的减菌溶液,其中,
所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸35质量%-65质量%,柠檬酸15质量%-40质量%,醋酸2质量%-15质量%和氢氧化钠0.8质量%-10质量%,其余为无菌水;
所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢5质量%-20质量%,醋酸10质量%-40质量%,过氧乙酸过氧乙酸10质量%-30质量%,其余为无菌水。
优选地,根据上述的减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液由溶液A和溶液B按1:1质量比混合制得。溶液A的成分包括:乳酸1.75质量%-3.25质量%,柠檬酸0.75质量%-2.00质量%,醋酸0.10质量%-0.75质量%,氢氧化钠0.04质量%-0.50质量%,其余为无菌水。溶液B的成分包括:过氧化氢200-800ppm,醋酸400-1600ppm,过氧乙酸400-1200ppm,其余为无菌水。
其中,所述溶液A可由浓缩溶液1稀释20-25倍制得。所述溶液B可由浓缩溶液2稀释250-312倍制得。
本发明还提供了一种冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,所述减菌方法包括以下步骤:
(1)使用水对牲畜宰杀后的胴体进行清洗,清洗时水温为43-56℃,水压为110-220kPa。清洗时需从胴体上端向下端冲洗,注意观察胴体表面是否有毛发、血渍、及其它异物,仔细清除所有可能带来污染的异物,尤其是内脏部位需仔细清洗。
(2)对清洗后的所述胴体进行控水。尽可能控干胴体表面的水,确保下一步减菌溶液喷淋时,溶液各有效成分浓度不被胴体表面的水稀释,同时更好地覆盖于胴体表面,保证减菌效果。
(3)使用前述的减菌溶液对控水后的所述胴体进行喷淋,使所述胴体表面覆盖一层减菌溶液层。
(4)对喷淋后的所述胴体进行快速冷却处理,所述快速冷却处理使所述胴体的中心温度在4小时内达到4℃。
优选地,根据上述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,步骤(1)所述清洗为将所述胴体的两面进行清洗,每面与喷头的距离为25-35cm,由上至下匀速均匀冲洗2-4遍。
优选地,根据上述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,步骤(2)所述的控水为清洗后的所述胴体静置3-8分钟。
优选地,根据上述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,步骤(3)所述的喷淋为对控水后的所述胴体的两面进行喷淋,喷淋距离为25-35cm,每面匀速均匀喷淋2遍。
优选地,根据上述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,步骤(4)所述快速冷却处理为将喷淋后的所述胴体转移至-20℃冷冻库进行快速冷却处理。
优选地,根据上述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,中心温度达到4℃的胴体可进入冷藏库(0-4℃)进行冷藏排酸。
本发明提供的冷却肉减菌加工方法采用“栅栏技术”,对胴体同时采用高温水冲洗、新配方减菌溶液喷淋、快速降温的方法进行减菌处理,几种减菌方法之间的作用相辅相成,从而提高整体胴体减菌效果。
本发明提供的减菌溶液将具有减菌效果的乳酸、柠檬酸、醋酸、过氧化氢以及过氧乙酸进行联合使用,依照栅栏技术原理设计出减菌溶液配方。这些成分在一起可以发挥协同增效的作用,虽然使用了比单一成分要达到相似减菌效果低得多的浓度,但却更能有效地减少胴体组织上的细菌数。特别是过氧化氢和过氧乙酸的最优浓度可以分别控制在224ppm和304ppm以内,在这个低浓度区间不会影响肉质及肉色的稳定性。另外,相比如次氯酸钠等其它氧化消毒剂,过氧化氢和过氧乙酸在空气中很快就会还原成水和醋酸(特别是经过了1天的冷却排酸过程),没有任何残留和环境污染问题。过氧化氢和过氧乙酸已经通过美国FDA认证(USDA 21CFR173.370),可以直接应用于胴体的减菌上,也说明这两种成分是完全安全的。
本发明提供的减菌溶液最终遗留在肉体表面的是少量乳酸、柠檬酸和醋酸。这三种有机酸是大量食品中本身就存在的天然物质,可无限量安全食用,更无环境污染隐患。这三种有机酸遗留在肉体表面的浓度也很低,对肉的口味、色泽不会有影响。
具体实施方式
以下结合附表和实施例,对本发明的具体实施方式进行更加详细的说明,以便能够更好地理解本发明的方案以及其各个方面的优点。然而,以下描述的具体实施方式和实施例仅是说明的目的,而不是对本发明的限制。
本发明提供了一种减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液包括以下成分:乳酸8750-16250ppm,柠檬酸3750-10000ppm,醋酸700-4550ppm,氢氧化钠200-2500ppm,过氧化氢100-400ppm,过氧乙酸200-600ppm,其余为无菌水。
在一种实施方案中,所述减菌溶液包括以下成分:乳酸11000-13750ppm,柠檬酸6000-7500ppm,醋酸1056-1320ppm,氢氧化钠240-300ppm,过氧化氢179-224ppm,过氧乙酸244-304ppm,其余为无菌水。
在一种实施方案中,所述减菌溶液由浓缩溶液1和浓缩溶液2稀释后混合制得,所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸、柠檬酸、醋酸、氢氧化钠和无菌水,所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢、醋酸、过氧乙酸和无菌水。
在一种实施方案中,根据上述的减菌溶液,所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸35质量%-65质量%,柠檬酸15质量%-40质量%,醋酸2质量%-15质量%和氢氧化钠0.8质量%-10质量%,其余为无菌水;所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢5质量%-20质量%,醋酸10质量%-40质量%,过氧乙酸过氧乙酸10质量%-30质量%,其余为无菌水。在一种实施方案中,根据上述的减菌溶液,其中,所述减菌溶液由溶液A和溶液B按1:1质量比混合制得。溶液A的成分包括:乳酸1.75质量%-3.25质量%,柠檬酸0.75质量%-2.00质量%,醋酸0.10质量%-0.75质量%,氢氧化钠0.04质量%-0.50质量%,其余为无菌水。溶液B的成分包括:过氧化氢200-800ppm,醋酸400-1600ppm,过氧乙酸400-1200ppm,其余为无菌水。
其中,所述溶液A可由浓缩溶液1稀释20-25倍制得。所述溶液B可由浓缩溶液2稀释250-312倍制得。
本发明还提供了一种冷却肉减菌加工方法,其中,所述减菌方法包括以下步骤:
(1)使用水对牲畜宰杀后的胴体的两面进行清洗,每面由上至下匀速均匀冲洗2-4遍,清洗时水温为43-56℃,水压为110-220kPa。清洗时需注意观察胴体表面是否有毛发、血渍、及其它异物,仔细清除所有可能带来污染的异物,尤其是内脏部位需仔细清洗。
(2)清洗后的所述胴体静置3-8分钟以进行控水。尽可能控干胴体表面的水,确保下一步减菌溶液喷淋时,溶液各有效成分浓度不被胴体表面的水稀释,同时更好地覆盖于胴体表面,保证减菌效果。
(3)使用前述的减菌溶液对控水后的所述胴体的两面进行喷淋,喷淋距离为25-35cm,每面匀速均匀喷淋2遍,使所述胴体表面覆盖一层减菌溶液层。
(4)对喷淋后的所述胴体转移至-20℃冷冻库进行快速冷却处理,使所述胴体的中心温度在4小时内达到4℃。
实施例1-8
1.材料与方法
1.1试验材料
冷却猪肉:某品牌冷却猪肉按屠宰厂的标准流程屠宰、清洁、切割成500g左右肉块(以后腿肉为主,每块保证有半径2.5cm的圆形取样面积),放在无菌塑料袋中至于冰上运至实验室。此经过屠宰厂清洁程序的肉样品用于人工污染致病菌的挑战试验。另外一批冷却猪肉则不经过清洁程序,屠宰后直接运至实验室,以保证肉体表面有较高的天然污染腐败菌量,此类肉样品用于嗜冷腐败菌的试验。
1.2接种菌种准备
本实施例使用了三种致病菌菌种混合方案:a)4种大肠杆菌O157:H7菌株混合(ATCC 43895,C1-072,C1-109,C1-154);b)5种非O157STEC(产志贺毒素的大肠杆菌)菌株混合(O26,O45,O103,O111和O121);c)2种沙门氏菌菌株混合(Enteritidis I2和WeltevredenI3)。以上各单独菌种皆由BHI培养基培养至指数期,测OD值,调整成对等的浓度后混合而成。菌种混合液由蛋白胨生理盐水(0.85%氯化钠,0.1%蛋白胨)调配。
1.3试验方法
1.3.1样品处理
将上述准备的冷却猪肉放入同一只大型无菌塑料袋内,人工翻动混合,这样做的目的是使所有肉体表面的污染菌数比较均匀。
人工接种挑战试验的样品:将在屠宰厂经过标准清洁处理程序的肉块平放在托盘上,肉体表面人工接种各致病菌菌种混合体。使其致病菌在肉体表面的初始浓度达到约6.0log CFU/cm2。接种后的肉样品在5℃下放置至少半小时,使致病菌对肉体表面有一定的附着时间。取5个肉块样品进行各接种致病菌的检测(此为初始致病菌的数量)。
天然污染的嗜冷腐败菌样品:将未经过清洁处理的肉样品直接取5个肉块样品进行嗜冷腐败菌的检测(此为初始嗜冷腐败菌数量)。
1.3.2清洁减菌过程的操作
减菌溶液配制时的具体浓度:浓缩溶液1:乳酸55质量%,柠檬酸30质量%,醋酸4质量%,氢氧化钠1.2质量%,浓缩溶液2:过氧化氢11.2质量%,醋酸16质量%,过氧乙酸15.2质量%。
对上述准备的样品进行清洁减菌,其过程按照如下步骤进行。
(1)将浓缩溶液1和浓缩溶液2按下表稀释倍数进行稀释后,按质量比1:1进行混合制得灭菌溶液。
(2)使用水对样品的两面进行清洗,每面与喷头距离为30cm,由上至下匀速均匀冲洗3遍,水温水压如下表所示。
(3)将清洗后的样品静置5分钟。
(4)使用减菌溶液对样品的两面进行喷淋,喷口与样品表面保持在30cm的距离,每面匀速均匀喷淋2遍。喷洒减菌溶液时水流尽量轻柔,确保样品表面可以覆盖一层减菌溶液层。
(5)喷淋减菌溶液后的样品立刻转移至-20℃冷冻库进行快速冷却处理,使样品的中心温度达到4℃,500克的肉块半小时内即可达到4℃。
1.3.3各致病菌的检测
在模拟冷藏排酸过程完毕(0-4℃下1天)后,进行样品表面微生物数量的检测。样品表面取样依照ISO 17604中的破坏式取样法,采用内半径为2.5cm的圆形不锈钢取样器和手术刀对肉体表面取样。取得的样品稀释于50ml的蛋白胨生理盐水中(0.85%氯化钠,0.1%蛋白胨),拍击式均质器均质1分钟,并做系列10倍于蛋白胨生理盐水中的稀释液。对应不同稀释浓度,0.1ml稀释液涂布于琼脂平板。大肠杆菌O157:H7和非O157STEC菌采用含有100μg/ml利福平(Rifampicin)的TSA琼脂平板培养。沙门氏菌采用XLD选择性琼脂平板培养。
1.3.4嗜冷腐败菌检测
在模拟冷藏排酸过程完毕(0-4℃下1天)后,进行样品表面微生物数量的检测。样品肉体表面取样法和稀释液准备法同上。嗜冷腐败菌检测依照ISO 4833的微生物检测法,具体为使用PCA琼脂平板在6.5℃下培养10天。
2.结果
2.1减菌方法对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌菌的减菌效果
表1显示在不同处理条件下,样品表面大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的减菌效果。
表1人工接种挑战试验的各病原菌杀灭能力比较
*每一项中上方数字为重复样品的平均值,下方数字为标准偏差。其中清洁前取样5个重复样品,清洁后每个实施例取样3个重复样品。
从实验结果可看出,清洗用水高温(56℃)相比低温(43℃)的减菌效果要显著提高;高浓度减菌溶液的减菌效果比低浓度减菌溶液显著提高;而水压强度的高(220kPa)和低(110kPa)对减菌效果影响不明显。因此,首先用高温(56℃)热水进行冲洗,冲洗的水压110kPa-220kPa,之后用稀释20倍的减菌液1和稀释250倍减菌液2的混合溶液对胴体进行灭菌喷淋的工艺方法,对致病菌的减菌效果最好。其中对非O157STEC的减菌效果可达1.62-1.71log CFU/cm2,相当于97.6%-98.1%;对大肠杆菌O157:H7的减菌效果可达1.40-1.60log CFU/cm2,相当于96.0%-97.5%;对沙门氏菌的减菌效果可达2.56-2.61log CFU/cm2,相当于99.7%-99.8%。
2.2减菌方法对嗜冷腐败菌的减菌效果
表2显示在不同处理条件下,样品表面嗜冷腐败菌的减菌效果。
表2天然污染的嗜冷腐败菌杀灭能力比较
*每一项中上方数字为重复样品的平均值,下方数字为标准偏差。其中清洁前取样5个重复样品,清洁后每个实施例取样3个重复样品。
从实验结果可看出,高温(56℃)相比低温(43℃)的减菌效果要显著提高;高浓度减菌溶液的减菌效果比低浓度减菌溶液显著提高;而水压强度的高(220kPa)和低(110kPa)对减菌效果影响不明显。因此,首先用高温(56℃)热水进行冲洗,冲洗的水压选择110kPa-220kPa,之后用稀释20倍的减菌液1和稀释250倍减菌液2的混合溶液对胴体进行灭菌喷淋的工艺方法,对嗜冷腐败菌的减菌效果最好,减菌效果可达1.81-1.85log CFU/cm2,相当于98.5%-98.6%。
实施例9-10
使用与实施例1-8相同的减菌溶液配方、减菌加工方法和实验方法,并采用下表减菌方法条件以及减菌溶液稀释倍数对牛肉样品进行处理。
嗜冷腐败菌检测结果可知,实施例9和实施例10对嗜冷腐败菌的减菌效果分别为1.68和1.77(logCFU/cm2),达到了和处理猪肉样品时的近似效果。说明本发明也可用于如牛肉等其它冷却肉胴体的清洁灭菌。
最后应说明的是:显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之中。
Claims (10)
1.一种减菌溶液,其特征在于,所述减菌溶液包括以下成分:乳酸8750-16250ppm,柠檬酸3750-10000ppm,醋酸700-4550ppm,氢氧化钠200-2500ppm,过氧化氢100-400ppm,过氧乙酸200-600ppm,其余为无菌水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的减菌溶液,其特征在于,所述减菌溶液包括以下成分:乳酸11000-13750ppm,柠檬酸6000-7500ppm,醋酸1056-1320ppm,氢氧化钠240-300ppm,过氧化氢179-224ppm,过氧乙酸244-304ppm,其余为无菌水。
3.根据权利要求1所述的减菌溶液,其特征在于,所述减菌溶液由浓缩溶液1和浓缩溶液2稀释后混合制得,
所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸、柠檬酸、醋酸、氢氧化钠和无菌水,所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢、醋酸、过氧乙酸和无菌水。
4.根据权利要求3所述的减菌溶液,其特征在于,
所述浓缩溶液1的成分包括:乳酸35质量%-65质量%,柠檬酸15质量%-40质量%,醋酸2质量%-15质量%和氢氧化钠0.8质量%-10质量%,其余为无菌水;
所述浓缩溶液2的成分包括:过氧化氢5质量%-20质量%,醋酸10质量%-40质量%,过氧乙酸过氧乙酸10质量%-30质量%,其余为无菌水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的减菌溶液,其特征在于,所述减菌溶液由溶液A和溶液B按1:1质量比混合制得,
所述溶液A的成分包括:乳酸1.75质量%-3.25质量%,柠檬酸0.75质量%-2.00质量%,醋酸0.10质量%-0.75质量%,氢氧化钠0.04质量%-0.50质量%,其余为无菌水;
所述溶液B的成分包括:过氧化氢200-800ppm,醋酸400-1600ppm,过氧乙酸400-1200ppm,其余为无菌水。
6.一种冷却肉减菌加工方法,其特征在于,所述减菌方法包括以下步骤:
(1)使用水对牲畜宰杀后的胴体进行清洗,清洗时水温为43-56℃,水压为110-220kPa;
(2)对清洗后的所述胴体进行控水;
(3)使用权利要求1-5中任一项所述的减菌溶液对控水后的所述胴体进行喷淋,使所述胴体表面覆盖一层减菌溶液层;
(4)对喷淋后的所述胴体进行快速冷却处理,所述快速冷却处理使所述胴体的中心温度在4小时内达到4℃。
7.根据权利要求6所述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述清洗为将所述胴体的两面进行清洗,每面与喷头的距离为25-35cm,由上至下匀速均匀冲洗2-4遍。
8.根据权利要求6所述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述的控水为清洗后的所述胴体静置3-8分钟。
9.根据权利要求6所述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述的喷淋为对控水后的所述胴体的两面进行喷淋,喷淋距离为25-35cm,每面匀速均匀喷淋2遍。
10.根据权利要求6所述的冷却肉减菌加工方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)所述快速冷却处理为将喷淋后的所述胴体转移至-20℃冷冻库进行快速冷却处理。
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