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CN107483340B - A kind of dynamic routing notifying method and SDN controller and network system - Google Patents

A kind of dynamic routing notifying method and SDN controller and network system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107483340B
CN107483340B CN201710725094.2A CN201710725094A CN107483340B CN 107483340 B CN107483340 B CN 107483340B CN 201710725094 A CN201710725094 A CN 201710725094A CN 107483340 B CN107483340 B CN 107483340B
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address
terminal
network segment
sdn
rule
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CN107483340A (en
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王家业
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Maipu Communication Technology Co Ltd
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Maipu Communication Technology Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/09Mapping addresses
    • H04L61/10Mapping addresses of different types
    • H04L61/103Mapping addresses of different types across network layers, e.g. resolution of network layer into physical layer addresses or address resolution protocol [ARP]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

The embodiment of the present invention discloses a kind of dynamic routing notifying method and SDN controller and network system, is related to the communications field, SDN can be noticed applied to dynamic routing, improve the flexibility of flow scheduling, reduce broadband resource waste.This method comprises: terminal sends Address Resolution Protocol ARP request message to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch, SDN controller receives ARP request message, and obtains the IP address of terminal;SDN controller determines whether the IP address of terminal is provided with and summarizes rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Summarize rule if being provided with, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued, if having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule, is otherwise communicated to network segment address in routing device by SDN switch, and recording network segment address is issued state.

Description

A kind of dynamic routing notifying method and SDN controller and network system
Technical field
The embodiment of the present invention is related to the communications field more particularly to a kind of route advertising method and SDN (Software Defined Networking, software defined network) controller and network system.
Background technique
As shown in Figure 1, under financial grid point wide area network scene, using active and standby between site and the egress router of head office Mode backs up the link between production and office network, passes through operation OSPF Routing Protocol between egress router (Open Shortest Path First, a kind of ospf, dynamic routing protocol), will by ospf link Each network segment and host address are noticed.In this scenario backup link (such as: wired backup link or wireless 4G backup Link etc.) bandwidth cannot rationally utilize, cause flow scheduling mode not flexible, so that broadband resource be caused to waste.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of dynamic routing notifying method and SDN controller and network system, can be by SDN It is noticed applied to dynamic routing, improves the flexibility of flow scheduling, reduce broadband resource waste.
In a first aspect, providing a kind of dynamic routing notifying method, comprising:
Terminal sends Address Resolution Protocol ARP (Address to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch Resolution Protocol) request message;SDN controller receives ARP request message, and obtains the IP of the terminal (Internet Protocol, network interconnection agreement) address;SDN controller determines whether the IP address of terminal is provided with and summarizes Rule summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Summarize rule if being provided with, it is determined that network segment address is No publication, if having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule, is otherwise communicated to network segment address by SDN switch In routing device, and recording network segment address is issued state.
Second aspect provides a kind of SDN controller, comprising:
Receiving unit, the ARP request message sent for receiving terminal by software defined network SDN switch;Address Extraction unit, for obtaining the IP address of terminal;Processing unit, for determining whether the IP address of terminal of address acquisition is arranged Have and summarize rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Processing unit is also used to if it is determined that being provided with Summarize rule, it is determined that whether the network segment address is issued;If having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule;It sends Unit, if determining that network segment address is not issued no, is communicated to routing by SDN switch for network segment address and sets for processing unit In standby, it is issued state that processing unit, which is also used to record network segment address,.
The third aspect provides a kind of network system, including as described in second aspect SDN controller and at least one SDN switch;Wherein SDN controller is used to control the data forwarding of at least one SDN switch, at least one SDN switch In any SDN switch connect PC host, any SDN switch at least one SDN switch connects routing device.
In the above scheme, terminal sends address resolution protocol to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch ARP request message;SDN controller receives ARP request message, and obtains the IP address of terminal;SDN controller determines the IP of terminal Whether address, which is provided with, is summarized rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Summarize rule if being provided with Then, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued, if having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule, otherwise by network segment address It is communicated in routing device by SDN switch, and recording network segment address is issued state.It is of the invention by the above method During SDN has been applied to dynamic routing notice by embodiment, the flexibility of flow scheduling is improved, reduces broadband resource wave Take.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to illustrate the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, below will be in embodiment or description of the prior art Required attached drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only some realities of the invention Example is applied, it for those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, can also be according to these attached drawings Obtain other attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is the structure chart for the financial grid point wide area network scene that the prior art provides;
Fig. 2 is a kind of structure chart for network system that the embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 3 is a kind of structure chart for network system that another embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 4 is a kind of structure chart for SDN controller that the embodiment of the present invention provides.
Specific embodiment
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete Site preparation description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.It is based on Embodiment in the present invention, it is obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts every other Embodiment shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The system architecture and business scenario of description of the embodiment of the present invention are to more clearly illustrate implementation of the present invention The technical solution of example, does not constitute the restriction for technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art It is found that technical solution provided in an embodiment of the present invention is for similar with the differentiation of system architecture and the appearance of new business scene The technical issues of, it is equally applicable.
The technical term that the embodiment of the present invention uses includes the following:
Routing (routing): when referring to grouping from source to destination, the process of the network range of end-to-end path is determined. Work is routed in OSI (Open System Interconnection, open system interconnection) reference model third layer --- net The data packet forwarding device of network layers.Router realizes network interconnection by forwarding data packet.Router can support a variety of associations Discuss (such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, transmission control protocol/Yin Te Net interconnection protocol), IPX/SPX ((Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequences Packet Exchange, Packet switch/sequential packet exchange), the agreements such as AppleTalk (set of network protocols of A p p l e company creation)).Routing Device usually connects two or more logic ports identified by IP subnet or peer-peer protocol, at least possesses 1 physical port.Road By device according to receive in data packet network layer address and router interior maintenance routing table determine output port and under One jumps address, and rewrites link layer data packet header and realize forwarding data packet.Router is reflected by Dynamic Maintenance routing table Current network topology, and routing table is safeguarded by other routers exchanges routing on network and link information.
Notice:, may be in same net using a variety of Routing Protocols are arrived, in order to realize a variety of routings in large-scale enterprise The collaborative work of agreement, what router can be used a kind of Routing Protocol that advertising of route is learnt is routed through another kind Routing Protocol is broadcasted, and all parts of such network can be just connected to.In order to realize notice, router must be simultaneously A variety of Routing Protocols are run, in this way, every kind of Routing Protocol can just take the routing of other all or part of agreements in routing table To be broadcasted.
SDN (Software Defined Network, software defined network): being a kind of new network wound of Emulex network New architecture, is a kind of implementation of network virtualization, and core technology OpenFlow is by by network equipment control plane and number It is separated according to face, to realize the flexible control of network flow, network is made to become more intelligent as pipeline.
OSPF is an Interior Gateway Protocol (Interior Gateway Protocol, abbreviation IGP), for single The interior decision routing of autonomous system (Autonomous System, AS).It is a kind of realization to link-state routing protocol, is subordinate to Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), therefore operate on inside autonomous system.It is two versions of OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 that OSPF, which is divided to, wherein OSPFv2 is used in IPv4 network, and OSPFv3 is used in IPv6 network.OSPFv2 is defined by RFC 2328, and OSPFv3 is by RFC 5340 definition;
The above method is described in detail combined with specific embodiments below.Referring to shown in Fig. 2, the embodiment of the present invention is answered For following network system, which supports that dynamic routing protocol, such as OSPF Routing Protocol, the network system include: SDN controller and at least one SDN switch;The data that wherein SDN controller is used to control at least one SDN switch turn It sends out, any SDN switch at least one SDN switch connects terminal (such as PC PC), at least one SDN exchange Any SDN switch in machine connects routing device (for example, OSPF equipment).A SDN exchange is wherein illustrated only in legend 2 Machine, it is to be understood that SDN controller also can control the data forwarding between multiple SDN switches, therefore the network system Also multiple SDN switches be may include, terminal and routing device can connect the same SDN switch in concrete application scene Or different SDN switch.
When applied to financial grid point Wide Area Network scene, referring to shown in Fig. 3, the network system of the embodiment of the present invention offer System, comprising: SDN controller, two SDN switches, the position of two of them SDN switch are original wide area network (Fig. 1 institute of replacement Show) outlet operation state Routing Protocol egress router (egress router of head office and the egress router of site).SDN Controller is used to control the data forwarding of two SDN switches, and the SDN switch of head office and the SDN switch of site are by extremely A few link connection, and the SDN switch of head office connects an at least terminal, and the SDN switch link road of site is by setting Standby (such as the dynamic routings such as OSPF equipment equipment).In following scheme, to run network system (the following letter of OSPF Routing Protocol Claim ospf network) for be illustrated, referring to shown in Fig. 3, according to above-mentioned network scenarios, embodiments herein needs to realize Two functions: function one, OSPF equipment are needed by network segment information announcement into ospf network, so that SDN controller is according to network segment The routing of information learning OSPF equipment and the data forwarding flow table for generating SDN switch;SDN controller runs OSPF Routing Protocol The control flow table of SDN switch is generated, dependent routing information is handed down to SDN switch by SDN controller by way of flow table, So that SDN switch forwards corresponding data.Function two, SDN controller lead to the IP address of the associated terminal of the SDN switch second line of a couplet It accuses in ospf network.In this way, the router that former WAN outlet uses, it is only necessary to SDN controller supports dynamic routing protocol, Reduce whole net configuration to change, cash is adapted to this and melts network service demand.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of dynamic routing notifying method, includes the following steps:
S101, terminal send Address Resolution Protocol ARP request to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch Message.
The IP address of ARP request message carried terminal.
S102, SDN controller receive ARP request message, and obtain the IP address of terminal.
Specific SDN controller extracts the IP address of terminal in ARP request message.
S103, SDN controller determine whether the IP address of terminal is provided with and summarize rule, summarize the IP that rule includes terminal Network segment address belonging to address.
It wherein, further include that SDN controller determines whether terminal accesses in the legal port of SDN switch before step 103, It determines whether the IP address of terminal is provided with the process for summarizing rule if so, entering, is specially examined according to port security strategy The IP address of terminal is looked into, such as: SDN controller can check the IP address and MAC of terminal, or check the IP address IP of terminal Network segment and port.If the IP address of certain terminal is in legal port, access thens follow the steps S103, if not set port security plan Slightly, then directly skip terminal IP address whether legal port access inspection directly execute S103.
In addition, in step S103, summarize network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal, such as the IP of terminal Location is 192.168.1.1, then the network segment address belonging to it can be 192.168.1.0/24.
If S104, being provided with and summarizing rule, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued, if having issued, resetting summarizes in rule Ageing timer, otherwise network segment address is communicated in routing device by SDN switch, and record network segment address for publication State.
If it is determined that the IP address of any terminal in network segment address has not been obtained before ageing timer time-out, then to network segment address Route withdraw notice is carried out to the routing device;And recording network segment address is non-issued state.Such as: for example 192.168.1.0/24 the entry-into-force time is 1 day, and ageing timer has not timed out during this period of time, if not in the network segment address Active terminals, it will route withdraw notice is carried out to the 192.168.1.0/24 network segment address of notice, unnecessary stream can be reduced Amount is introduced externally into network.In the program, it whether there is active terminals by detecting specified network segment address, determine whether Give this network segment address route distribution to dynamic routing equipment, and by the activationary time control of notice network segment address, preferably The effect of route distribution on demand is realized, unnecessary flow can be reduced and be externally introduced network.
In embodiments of the present invention, if SDN controller, which determines that the IP address of terminal is not set, summarizes rule, by terminal IP address is communicated in routing device by SDN switch.
In the above scheme, terminal sends address resolution protocol to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch ARP request message;SDN controller receives ARP request message, and obtains the IP address of terminal;SDN controller determines the IP of terminal Whether address, which is provided with, is summarized rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Summarize rule if being provided with Then, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued, if having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule, otherwise by network segment address It is communicated in routing device by SDN switch, and recording network segment address is issued state.It is of the invention by the above method During SDN has been applied to dynamic routing notice by embodiment, the flexibility of flow scheduling is improved, reduces broadband resource wave Take.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of dynamic routing notifying method, in addition to including above-mentioned steps S101-S104 Outside, the embodiment of the invention also includes following steps:
S105, SDN controller operation state Routing Protocol, and dynamic routing protocol neighbours are established with routing device.
S106, SDN controller obtain the network segment information of routing device, and are routed according to the network segment information learning of routing device The routing iinformation of equipment.
S107, SDN controller generate flow table according to routing iinformation and are issued to SDN switch.Flow table is used for SDN switch According to the destination address of flow table self terminal in future by the message of dynamic routing network segment be forwarded to corresponding destination.
Specifically, SDN switch is according to belonging to IP address of the flow table generated in step S107 by terminal in step S103 Network segment address be communicated in routing device.
Referring to shown in Fig. 4, the embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of SDN controller, notices applied to above-mentioned dynamic routing Method, comprising:
Receiving unit 41, the ARP request message sent for receiving terminal by software defined network SDN switch;Ground Location extraction unit 42, for obtaining the IP address of terminal;Processing unit 43, the IP address of terminal for determining that address obtains are No be provided with summarizes rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Processing unit 43, if being also used to really Surely it is provided with and summarizes rule, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued;If having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule; Transmission unit 44, if for processing unit 43 determine network segment address do not issue it is no, by network segment address by SDN switch notice Into routing device, it is issued state that processing unit 43, which is also used to record network segment address,.
Optionally, processing unit 43, are also used to determine whether terminal accesses in the legal port of SDN switch, if so, The process for summarizing rule whether is provided with into the IP address for determining terminal.
Optionally, network segment has not been obtained before ageing timer time-out if being also used to processing unit 43 and determining in transmission unit 44 The IP address of any terminal in address then carries out route withdraw notice to routing device to network segment address;Processing unit 43 is also used It is non-issued state in recording network segment address.
Optionally, SND controller further include:
Connection unit 45 is used for operation state Routing Protocol, and establishes dynamic routing protocol neighbours with routing device;It obtains Unit 46, for obtaining the network segment information of routing device, and the routing of the network segment information learning routing device according to routing device Information;Transmission unit 44, the routing iinformation for being also used to be obtained according to acquiring unit 46 generate flow table and are issued to SDN switch, So as to SDN switch according to the destination address of flow table self terminal in future by the message of dynamic routing network segment be forwarded to corresponding mesh Ground.
Transmission unit 44, if being also used to, the determination of processing unit 43 is not set to summarize rule, and the IP address of terminal is passed through SDN switch is communicated in routing device.
In the above scheme, terminal sends address resolution protocol to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch ARP request message;SDN controller receives ARP request message, and obtains the IP address of terminal;SDN controller determines the IP of terminal Whether address, which is provided with, is summarized rule, summarizes network segment address belonging to the IP address that rule includes terminal;Summarize rule if being provided with Then, it is determined that whether network segment address is issued, if having issued, resetting summarizes the ageing timer in rule, otherwise by network segment address It is communicated in routing device by SDN switch, and recording network segment address is issued state.It is of the invention by the above method During SDN has been applied to dynamic routing notice by embodiment, the flexibility of flow scheduling is improved, reduces broadband resource wave Take.
In addition, a kind of calculating readable media (or medium) is also provided, including carrying out in above-described embodiment when executed The computer-readable instruction of the operation of method.
In addition, also providing a kind of computer program product, including above-mentioned computer-readable media (or medium).
It should be understood that in various embodiments of the present invention, magnitude of the sequence numbers of the above procedures are not meant to execute suitable Sequence it is successive, the execution of each process sequence should be determined by its function and internal logic, the implementation without coping with the embodiment of the present invention Process constitutes any restriction.
Those of ordinary skill in the art may be aware that list described in conjunction with the examples disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure Member and algorithm steps can be realized with the combination of electronic hardware or computer software and electronic hardware.These functions are actually It is implemented in hardware or software, the specific application and design constraint depending on technical solution.Professional technician Each specific application can be used different methods to achieve the described function, but this realization is it is not considered that exceed The scope of the present invention.
It is apparent to those skilled in the art that for convenience and simplicity of description, the system of foregoing description, The specific work process of device and unit, can refer to corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiment, and details are not described herein.
In several embodiments provided herein, it should be understood that disclosed system, apparatus and method, it can be with It realizes by another way.For example, apparatus embodiments described above are merely indicative, for example, the unit It divides, only a kind of logical function partition, there may be another division manner in actual implementation, such as multiple units or components It can be combined or can be integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed.Another point, it is shown or The mutual coupling, direct-coupling or communication connection discussed can be through some interfaces, the indirect coupling of equipment or unit It closes or communicates to connect, can be electrical property, mechanical or other forms.
The unit as illustrated by the separation member may or may not be physically separated, aobvious as unit The component shown may or may not be physical unit, it can and it is in one place, or may be distributed over multiple In network unit.It can select some or all of unit therein according to the actual needs to realize the mesh of this embodiment scheme 's.
It, can also be in addition, the functional units in various embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit It is that each unit physically exists alone, can also be integrated in one unit with two or more units.
It, can be with if the function is realized in the form of SFU software functional unit and when sold or used as an independent product It is stored in a computer readable storage medium.Based on this understanding, technical solution of the present invention is substantially in other words The part of the part that contributes to existing technology or the technical solution can be embodied in the form of software products, the meter Calculation machine software product is stored in a storage medium, including some instructions are used so that a computer equipment (can be a People's computer, server or network equipment etc.) it performs all or part of the steps of the method described in the various embodiments of the present invention. And storage medium above-mentioned includes: USB flash disk, mobile hard disk, read-only memory (full name in English: read-only memory, English letter Claim: ROM), random access memory (full name in English: random access memory, English abbreviation: RAM), magnetic disk or light The various media that can store program code such as disk.
The above description is merely a specific embodiment, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, any Those familiar with the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, can easily think of the change or the replacement, and should all contain Lid is within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the described claims.

Claims (11)

1. a kind of dynamic routing notifying method characterized by comprising
Terminal sends Address Resolution Protocol ARP request message to SDN controller by software defined network SDN switch;
The SDN controller receives the ARP request message, and obtains the IP address of the terminal;
The SDN controller determines whether the IP address of the terminal is provided with and summarizes rule, and the rule that summarizes includes described Network segment address belonging to the IP address of terminal;
Summarize rule if being provided with, it is determined that whether the network segment address is issued, if having issued, summarizes in rule described in resetting Otherwise the network segment address is communicated in routing device by the SDN switch, and records the network segment by ageing timer Address is issued state.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein whether the IP address of the determination terminal is provided with remittance Before general rule, further includes: the SDN controller determines whether the terminal accesses in the legal port of the SDN switch, Determine whether the IP address of the terminal is provided with the process for summarizing rule if so, entering.
3. the method according to claim 1, wherein the method also includes:
If it is determined that the IP address of any terminal in the network segment address has not been obtained before the ageing timer time-out, then to described Network segment address carries out route withdraw notice to the routing device;And recording the network segment address is non-issued state.
4. the method according to claim 1, wherein the method also includes:
The SDN controller operation state Routing Protocol, and dynamic routing protocol neighbours are established with the routing device;
The SDN controller obtains the network segment information of the routing device, and according to the network segment information learning of the routing device The routing iinformation of the routing device;
The SDN controller generates flow table according to the routing iinformation and is issued to the SDN switch, so as to SDN friendship Change planes according to the flow table by the destination address from the terminal by the message of dynamic routing network segment be forwarded to corresponding mesh Ground.
5. method according to claim 1-4, which is characterized in that the method also includes: if not set summarize The IP address of the terminal is then communicated in the routing device by rule by SDN switch.
6. a kind of SDN controller characterized by comprising
Receiving unit, the ARP request message sent for receiving terminal by software defined network SDN switch;
Address extraction unit, for obtaining the IP address of the terminal;
Processing unit summarizes rule for determining whether the IP address of the terminal of the address acquisition is provided with, the remittance General rule includes network segment address belonging to the IP address of the terminal;
The processing unit is also used to summarize rule if it is determined that being provided with, it is determined that whether the network segment address is issued;If having sent out Cloth summarizes the ageing timer in rule described in resetting;
The network segment address is passed through institute if determining that the network segment address is not issued for the processing unit by transmission unit It states SDN switch to be communicated in routing device, it is issued state that the processing unit, which is also used to record the network segment address,.
7. SDN controller according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the processing unit is also used to determine the terminal Whether accessed in the legal port of the SDN switch, determines whether the IP address of the terminal is provided with remittance if so, entering The process of general rule.
8. SDN controller according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the transmission unit, if it is single to be also used to the processing Member determines the IP address that any terminal in the network segment address has not been obtained before the ageing timer time-out, then to the network segment Address carries out route withdraw notice to the routing device;It is not issue that the processing unit, which is also used to record the network segment address, State.
9. SDN controller according to claim 6, which is characterized in that further include:
Connection unit is used for operation state Routing Protocol, and establishes dynamic routing protocol neighbours with the routing device;
Acquiring unit, for obtaining the network segment information of the routing device, and according to the network segment information learning of the routing device The routing iinformation of the routing device;
The transmission unit, the routing iinformation for being also used to be obtained according to the acquiring unit generate flow table and are issued to described SDN switch, so as to the SDN switch according to the flow table by the destination address from the terminal to be learned dynamic routing The message of network segment is forwarded to corresponding destination.
10. according to the described in any item SDN controllers of claim 6-9, which is characterized in that further include:
Transmission unit, if be also used to the processing unit determine it is not set summarize rule, the IP address of the terminal is passed through SDN switch is communicated in the routing device.
11. a kind of network system, which is characterized in that including the described in any item SDN controllers of such as claim 6-10 and extremely A few SDN switch;
Wherein the SDN controller is used to control the data forwarding of at least one SDN switch, at least one described SDN Any SDN switch in interchanger connects terminal, any SDN switch link road at least one described SDN switch By equipment.
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