CN107056671A - 脂肪代谢障碍的治疗 - Google Patents
脂肪代谢障碍的治疗 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107056671A CN107056671A CN201610875009.6A CN201610875009A CN107056671A CN 107056671 A CN107056671 A CN 107056671A CN 201610875009 A CN201610875009 A CN 201610875009A CN 107056671 A CN107056671 A CN 107056671A
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- Prior art keywords
- compound
- lipodystrophy
- hiv
- formula
- fat
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/33—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/333—Radicals substituted by oxygen or sulfur atoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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Abstract
本发明涉及脂肪代谢障碍的治疗。具体而言,本发明提供了式(I)的治疗化合物和它们的药用盐,通过在HIV患者中消除脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常,用于预防和治疗脂肪代谢障碍,该脂肪代谢障碍起因于HIV感染或HIV‑1蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)和/或逆转录酶抑制剂(nRTI)的联合治疗。
Description
本申请是申请日为2012年01月30日的题为“脂肪代谢障碍的治疗”的中国专利申请号201280006760.2的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及开发用于预防和治疗脂肪代谢障碍的治疗性化合物。尤其是,本发明涉及开发用于在HIV感染患者(LDHIV)中预防和治疗脂肪代谢障碍的治疗性化合物。具体地说,本发明进一步提供了在HIV感染患者(LDHIV)中在治疗或预防或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状方面有效的合适的组合物。
背景技术
脂肪代谢障碍是非常可怕的疾病并已成为主要的全球性健康问题。它是脂肪代谢的失调,其引起脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。此外,脂肪增生包括颈背面脂肪垫的增大(通常被称为"水牛背")、颈部周围扩张5-10cm、发生于胸部的肥大、由腹部内脏脂肪堆积导致的中央躯干肥胖、对称和非对称的脂肪过多症。脂质堆积的一种罕见模式涉及形成自胸部对称并横向生长至(laterally to)腋窝的带状组织脂肪过多症、耻骨上脂肪垫(耻骨脂肪瘤)以及多发性血管脂肪瘤的发展。
皮下脂肪萎缩包括来自颊部的皮下脂肪(颊脂垫)的暂时性消瘦和缺失,其产生伴随突出的鼻唇沟折痕的瘦弱外表。另外的皮下组织从手臂、肩膀、大腿、和臀部处消减(四肢消瘦),伴随在这些部位中浅表静脉的凸出。
代谢异常包括升高的胆固醇和甘油三酯水平和降低的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)胆固醇水平、胰岛素抗性、II型糖尿病、和高乳酸血症(lactic academia)。
脂肪代谢障碍普遍与HIV患者相关,这些患者正接受抗逆转录病毒药物治疗。这些药物可以包括HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)、核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI)、非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI)、融合抑制剂、进入抑制剂-CCR5共受体拮抗剂、HIV整合酶链转移抑制剂等。这些药物会增加患者的生存,但也产生脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和其它代谢异常。
在HIV感染患者LDHIV中,HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)似乎是与脂肪代谢障碍的连接最强物,因为它抑制固醇响应元件结合蛋白(SREBP)的成熟,其影响细胞内脂肪酸和葡萄糖代谢以及脂肪细胞分化(Mallon et al,J Infect Dis,2005)。此外,PI还下调过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ),一种重要的核转录因子,其受到SREBP的影响并且是脂肪细胞分化和功能以及脂肪酸代谢所必要的。
其它因素,如HIV感染的持续时间、年龄、和性别,也可以有助于LDHIV的发展的风险。LDHIV的分子基础仍然未知并且没有可用于LDHIV的特定疗法。
逆转录酶抑制剂(nRTI)如司他夫定、去羟肌苷和齐多夫定通过在脂肪和其它组织中抑制线粒体DNA聚合酶-γ可以引起线粒体毒性,并因此干扰呼吸链复合物。结果是脂肪酸氧化减弱以及甘油三酯和乳酸酯的细胞内积累。
此外,在急性HIV感染中也观测到脂肪代谢障碍,其也支持病毒直接作用。潜在的宿主危险因素包括年龄、性别、和种族或族裔(ethnicity)。在老年患者中脂肪代谢障碍是更常见的;在女性中脂肪堆积是更常见的;并且在男性中皮下脂肪萎缩是更常见的;并且非西班牙裔黑人患者似乎处于皮下脂肪萎缩的较低风险。在AIDS Clinical Trials Group(ACTG)研究5005s中的最近的分析指出一种遗传组成提示了与线粒体DNA多态性相关的易感性或保护。Hulgan et al,J Infect Dis,2008描述了对于在HFE187基因座处C/C纯合子的患者(n=71)在48至64周时具有0.6-kg和12.5%的四肢脂肪损失,其中71位患者中的37位(52%)被确诊患有临床皮下脂肪萎缩。通过比较,具有HFE187C/G的杂合子患者具有0.2-kg和6.1%的四肢脂肪增加,其中23位患者中的6位(26%)患有临床皮下脂肪萎缩(对于所有比较P<0.05)。
已研究了用于降低向心性肥胖的一系列的策略如停止PI治疗,但它不是有效的。饮食和运动方面的改变已经产生了改善,但对于大多数患者来说坚持生活方式改变的方案是困难的。脂肪抽吸术可以特别应用于颈背面脂肪堆积,即,“水牛背”。
根据若干研究显而易见的是,在VAT中噻唑烷二酮类并没有显示出变化(Pathogenesis and treatment of lipodystrophy,vol.16,issue 4,Oct/November,2004)。
在具有上身肥胖和低睾酮水平的老年非HIV感染男性中睾酮回复(replacement)到生理水平减少了内脏脂肪组织(VAT)、总脂肪、和腹部脂肪,并改善胰岛素敏感性和脂肪分布(profile)。在最近的一项研究中,将具有向心性肥胖(腰围>100cm)和低睾酮水平(<400ng/dL)的88位HIV感染男性随机分组,以透皮凝胶形式接受10g/日的剂量的睾酮或安慰剂,持续24周(Bhasin et al,J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007)。睾酮组具有腹部脂肪(–1.5%对+4.3%)、腹部皮下脂肪组织(SAT)(–7.2%对+8.1%)、躯干脂肪(–9.9%对+4.6%)、和四肢脂肪(–10.1%对+3.1%)的统计上的显著减少;在易患皮下脂肪萎缩的群体中后者发现是潜在的关注。没有观测到在VAT中的变化(+0.9%与+2.3%)方面统计上的显著差异,并且没有观测到在血脂水平、空腹血糖水平、胰岛素水平、或胰岛素抗性上的变化方面的统计上的显著差异。
如同睾酮一样,生长激素(GH)具有脂肪氧化和分解脂肪的特性。相当大比例的患有向心性肥胖的HIV患者(大约30%-40%)具有受损的GH生物学状态,包括GH大量分泌减少、对GH释放激素(GHRH)和游离脂肪酸的响应降低、和生长激素抑制素(somatostatintone)升高,其抑制GH。一些最近的研究已评估了在具有脂肪堆积的HIV患者中的GH治疗。在一项研究中,接收了具有增加的腰臀比和增加的VAT测量结果的325位HIV患者。
虽然,由于它们具有脂肪氧化和分解脂肪的特性,生长激素(GH)和GH释放激素(GHRH)疗法显示出一些有前途的结果,然而,它们的用途存在局限性。它们是非肠道疗法并且是昂贵的(rhGH)或未得到FDA认可(替莫瑞林(tesamorelin))。到目前为止,有证据表明:存在着在它们停止以后减少VAT的逐渐减弱的耐久性、关于rhGH的胰岛素抗性的短期增加、以及较小的短期减小。
因为对脂肪代谢障碍具有一些有益效果,最近的研究出版物已经示出了使用两种降脂类药物:他汀类和纤维酸类药物,抗逆转录病毒切换策略,和使用胰岛素增敏药物。然而,对于与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍,没有单一疗法能够达到理想的临床终点。
因此,期望开发可以克服现有技术的上述讨论的缺点的化合物并且开发用于与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的疗法。
在WO 91/19702、WO 94/01420、WO 94/13650、WO 95/03038、WO 95/17394、WO 96/04260、WO 96/04261、WO 96/33998、WO 97/25042、WO 97/36579、WO 98/28534、WO 99/08501、WO 99/16758、WO 99/19313、WO99/20614、WO 00/23417、WO 00/23445、WO 00/23451、WO 01/53257已经披露了降血脂剂(其是PPAR调节剂)。
WO 03009841披露了以下通式的化合物
据报道,这些化合物是降血脂剂。此文献还披露了其中披露的一些化合物的钠盐和钙盐。然而,由于快速降解,难以分离本发明的化合物的钠盐,而钙盐则吸收不良,限制了它的功效和进一步开发的可能性。进一步,在长期存储以后还发现了钙盐降解。现在已经令人惊讶地发现,某些化合物和它们的选定盐在治疗HIV患者的脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常中有效。
本发明的实施方式
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了适用于治疗和预防脂肪代谢障碍的式(I)的化合物。
在一个实施方式中,与脂肪代谢障碍相关的病症包括以下症状:脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和其它代谢异常。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物用于治疗和预防或减轻HIV患者的以下症状:脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。
在又一个实施方式中,本发明提供了单独地或与其它合适适合制剂作为治疗剂一起来给予的式(I)的化合物和它们的药用盐,用于治疗和预防或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状。
在又一个实施方式中,本发明提供了包含式(I)的化合物合适或它们的合适的药物组合物,用于治疗和预防或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物的某些药用盐。
发明内容
本发明提供了式(I)的化合物和它们的药用盐,用于预防和治疗或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状。本发明提供了式(I)的化合物和它们的药用盐,用于预防和治疗或减轻由HIV感染或由于使用抗逆转录病毒制剂进行治疗引起的脂肪代谢障碍的症状。这些抗逆转录病毒制剂可以包括HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)、核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI)、非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI)、融合抑制剂、进入抑制剂-CCR5共受体拮抗剂、HIV整合酶链转移抑制剂等,或涉及一种或多种抗逆转录病毒制剂的联合治疗。在HIV患者中式(I)的化合物抑制脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。此外,本发明还提供了包含式(I)的化合物的合适组合物,在治疗或预防或减轻HIV感染患者(LDHIV)的脂肪代谢障碍的症状中有效。
在一个进一步的实施方式中,披露了对应于式(I)的化合物的某些新盐,其中M表示K或Mg。
具体实施方式
本发明描述了式(I)的化合物,其适用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍或与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍。
其中‘R’选自羟基、羟烷基、酰基、烷氧基、烷硫基、硫代烷基、芳氧基、芳硫基,并且M+表示合适的金属阳离子如Na+、K+、Ca+2、Mg+2、等。
在一个优选的实施方式中,‘R’表示硫代烷基、烷氧基或羟烷基;在一个更优选的实施方式中,‘R’表示–SCH3或-OCH3基团。
在一个实施方式中,提供了包含式(I)的化合物的用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍或与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的合适药物组合物。本发明的药物组合物包含式(I)的化合物以及如在下文中定义的用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍或与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的合适的赋形剂。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明提供了用于治疗患有脂肪代谢障碍或与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的受试者的方法,该方法包括使用式(I)的化合物或包含它们的合适的药物组合物来治疗需要这种疗法的患者。
在进一步的实施方式中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或它们的合适的药物组合物用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍或与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的用途。
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了式(Ia)的化合物的某些新盐。
其中‘R’选自羟基、羟烷基、酰基、烷氧基、烷硫基、硫代烷基、芳氧基、芳硫基,并且M+表示选自K+、Mg+2的合适的金属阳离子。
在一个优选的实施方式中,‘R’表示硫代烷基和烷氧基或羟烷基;在一个更优选的实施方式中,‘R’表示–SCH3或-OCH3基团。在另一个优选的实施方式中,M+表示Mg+2。
所述式(I)的化合物的有效量选自从1mg至500mg、优选1mg至250mg、并且更优选4mg至50mg。在需要治疗的受试者中,通过口服、静脉内、肠道途径给予式(I)的化合物或它的合适的盐。
在一个实施方式中,式(I)的化合物对于治疗或预防或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状有效。在一个优选的实施方式中,式(I)的化合物对于治疗或预防或减轻与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的症状有效。在这样的实施方式中,脂肪代谢障碍是脂肪代谢失调,其引起脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。
在一个实施方式中,式(1)的化合物治疗或防止或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的至少一种症状,包括但不限于,作为用于降低和/或控制血糖水平的药剂、用于控制血脂水平的药剂例如,作为用于降低和/或控制胆固醇的药剂、抗氧化剂、食欲抑制剂、抗肥胖剂、益生菌剂或抗炎剂。在另一个实施方式中,式(1)的化合物治疗或防止或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的至少一种症状,包括但不限于血清中的甘油三酯水平、VLDL水平和Apo B水平。在另一个实施方式中,式(1)的化合物通过改善选自HDL水平、Apo A1水平、从c-肽衍生的β细胞功能的HOMA的至少一种状态来治疗或预防脂肪代谢障碍。
在一个实施方式中,本发明还提供了式(I)的化合物或它们的衍生物的合适的药物组合物。本发明的药物组合物基本上包含:
-药学活性物质;
-合适的缓冲剂;
-合适的稳定剂;
-可选地包含一种或多种药用赋形剂。
在药物组合物中使用的合适的稳定剂选自聚克立林钾、氯化钾、硬脂酰醇富马酸钠并且优先选自硬脂酰醇富马酸钠。合适的缓冲剂选自乙酸钠、氨溶液、碳酸铵、硼酸钠、己二酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸一钠并且优先选自氨溶液。
药用赋形剂选自以下至少一种:载体、粘合剂、抗氧化剂、崩解剂、润湿剂、润滑剂、螯合剂、表面活性剂、等。
稀释剂包括但不限于乳糖一水合物、乳糖、选自尤特奇(Eudragit,药用丙烯酸树脂)的聚甲基丙烯酸酯、氯化钾、磺丁基醚β-环糊精、氯化钠、喷雾干燥乳糖,并且优选磺丁基醚β-环糊精。载体包括但不限于乳糖、白糖、氯化钠、葡萄糖、尿素、淀粉、碳酸钙和高岭土、结晶纤维素、和硅酸。粘合剂包括但不限于选自聚羧乙烯的卡波姆、结冷胶、阿拉伯树胶、氢化植物油、选自尤特奇的聚甲基丙烯酸酯、黄原胶、乳糖和玉米醇蛋白。抗氧化剂包括但不限于次磷酸、甲醛钠、甲醛合次硫酸氢钠、二氧化硫、酒石酸、麝香草酚和蛋氨酸。崩解剂包括但不限于碳酸氢盐、几丁质、结冷胶、波拉克林钾和多库酯钠。润湿剂包括但不限于甘油、乳糖、多库酯钠和甘氨酸。使用的润滑剂包括但不限于山嵛酸甘油酯、氢化植物油、硬脂酰醇富马酸钠和肉豆蔻酸。螯合剂包括但不限于麦芽酚和喷替酸。表面活性剂包括但不限于选自烷基多葡糖苷、椰油酰胺DEA、椰油酰胺MBA、椰油酰胺TEA、癸基麦芽糖苷和辛基葡糖苷的非离子型表面活性剂;选自花生酸和花生四烯酸的阴离子型表面活性剂;选自溴化十六烷基三甲基铵和氯化十六烷基吡啶的阳离子型表面活性剂。
在一个实施方式中,制剂对于治疗或预防或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的症状有效。在一个优选的实施方式中,所述制剂在治疗或预防或减轻与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的症状中有效。
脂肪代谢障碍是脂肪代谢失调,其引起脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。此外,脂肪增生包括颈背面脂肪垫的增大(通常被称为"水牛背")、颈部周围的扩张5-10cm,发生于胸部的肥大,由腹部内脏脂肪堆积导致的中央躯干肥胖、对称和非对称的脂肪过多症。脂质堆积的一种罕见模式涉及形成自胸部对称并横向生长至腋窝的带状组织脂肪过多症,耻骨上脂肪垫(耻骨脂肪瘤)以及多发性血管脂肪瘤的发展。
皮下脂肪萎缩包括来自颊部的皮下脂肪(颊脂垫)的暂时性消瘦和缺失,其产生伴随突出的鼻唇沟折痕的瘦弱外表,皮下组织从手臂、肩膀、大腿、和臀部处消减(四肢消瘦),伴随在这些部位中浅表静脉的凸出
代谢异常包括胆固醇和甘油三酯水平的升高和降低的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)胆固醇水平、胰岛素抗药性、II型糖尿病、和高乳酸血症。
由于它们对脂肪代谢障碍的有益效果,本发明的化合物将对身体脂肪的再分配(皮下脂肪萎缩或肥大或异常分布)、血脂异常、葡萄糖内稳态、前炎症病症发挥有益效果,对发病率和死亡率产生影响,对生活质量产生影响,对患者报告的结果如自我感觉等产生影响。
此外,没有很好地理解这种综合征的根本的确切机制,基于体外和人研究的若干假设可以解释变化的发病机制。一些专家认为,HIV1型(HIV-1)蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)和核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI),尤其是司他夫定和齐多夫定,牵涉如下:
(i)降低的视黄酸的产生和甘油三酯的摄取:PI对HIV-1蛋白酶的催化位点具有高亲和力,其与涉及脂质代谢的两种蛋白、细胞质视黄酸结合蛋白1型(CRABP-1)和低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LDLR-RP)共享60%序列同源性。抑制CRABP-1会减少视黄酸的产生,从而导致减少的脂肪储存和脂肪细胞凋亡伴随着随后将脂质释放进入循环。抑制LDLR-RP导致高脂血症,其继发于从肝和内皮去除乳糜微粒以及从循环去除甘油三酯的失败。
(ii)抑制线粒体DNA(mtDNA)聚合酶γ:NRTI抑制mtDNA聚合酶γ,导致mtDNA耗尽、呼吸链功能紊乱、并减少的能量生产,其反过来引起胰岛素抗性和继发性异常脂肪血症。有趣的是,仅在正常氧水平下,耗尽mtDNA—除了在用NRTI处理以后,缺氧脂肪细胞并不接收甘油三酯并且耐mtDNA引起的损伤。
(iii)抑制脂质代谢:一些PI,尤其是利托那韦,抑制脂质代谢中的关键酶细胞色素P450 3A。
(iv)阻碍脂肪细胞的发育:沙奎那韦、利托那韦、和奈非那韦(均是PI)直接抑制脂肪细胞从干细胞的发育并增加在现有脂肪细胞中脂肪的代谢破坏。
在一个实施方式中,式(I)的化合物或包含式(I)的化合物的药物组合物治疗或防止或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的至少一种症状,包括但不限于,作为用于降低血糖水平的制剂和/或用于控制血糖水平的药剂,用于控制血脂水平的药剂,例如,作为用于降低和/或控制胆固醇的药剂、抗氧化剂、食欲抑制剂、抗肥胖剂、抗生素剂/益生菌剂或抗炎剂。在另一个实施方式中,药物组合物治疗或防止或减轻脂肪代谢障碍的至少一种症状,包括但不限于在血清中的甘油三酯水平、VLDL水平和Apo B水平。在另一个实施方式中,药物组合物通过改善选自HDL水平、Apo A1水平、从c-肽衍生的β细胞功能的HOMA的至少一个状态来治疗或预防脂肪代谢障碍。
在另一个实施方式中,可以单独地或例如,作为辅助治疗与至少一种其它治疗药剂组合使用根据式(I)的化合物。可以与用于减弱脂肪代谢障碍的一种或多种症状的治疗性药剂一起共同给予根据式(I)的化合物,治疗性药剂包括但不限于,用于控制血糖水平的药剂、用于控制血脂水平的药剂例如,用于降低和/或控制胆固醇的药剂、抗氧化剂、食欲抑制剂、抗肥胖剂、抗生素剂/益生菌剂或抗炎剂。这种联合治疗可以辅助抗逆转录病毒治疗。在一个优选的实施方式中,单独或以组合形式给予式(I)的化合物用于在HIV患者中治疗的脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常。
可以通过下文披露的方法以及技术人员已知的合适的修改,来制备其中M+表示K、Mg的本发明的化合物。
实施例1
制备(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯-丙酸乙酯
在干燥的5L圆底烧瓶中,在氮气氛下加入2.1L甲苯。在室温下向其中加入366.1g的(S)-α-2-乙氧基-3-(4-羟基苯基)丙酸乙酯。
利用迪安-斯达克(Dean-stark)装置并在加热条件下搅拌反应混合物以共沸地除去水。将反应混合物冷却至50℃。向其加入319g无水碳酸钾,并在90-92℃下搅拌1小时。冷却至65℃并加入500g的甲磺酸2-(2-甲基-5-(4-(甲硫基)苯基)-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙酯和22g溴化四丁基铵。将反应混合物加热至87-92℃并搅拌46小时。冷却至70-75℃,加入1.5L甲苯,利用75g炭来炭化并冷却至室温。滤液以碱性溶液洗涤、以水洗涤、经硫酸钠干燥并在真空下浓缩以获得(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯-丙酸乙酯。
产量:650g,HPLC纯度:84.10%;%产率76.0%。
实施例2
制备(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯丙酸镁盐
在干燥的250mL圆底烧瓶中加入80mL甲醇。在室温并在氮气氛下向其加入20g的(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯-丙酸乙酯。向其加入溶解在20mL水中的1.89g氢氧化钠并在室温下搅拌3小时以完成水解。在减压下除去溶剂。加入150mL水以浓缩材料。通过溶剂洗涤来除去杂质。向水层加入5g乙酸镁四水合物(溶解于20mL水中)并搅拌15分钟。使用二氯甲烷萃取粘性物质,并随后加入正庚烷以沉淀(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯丙酸镁盐。过滤固体,并干燥。
产量:10.3g;HPLC纯度:98.32%;手性纯度:97.64%。
按照类似于在实施例1和2中描述的那些方法,制备了以下批次的(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯丙酸镁盐。
本发明进一步披露了所述式(I)的化合物或它们的合适药物组合物用于在HIV患者中治疗脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常的用途。
实施例9
(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯丙酸钾盐
在干燥的250mL圆底烧瓶中加入72mL乙酸乙酯。在室温下,向其中加入10g的(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯-丙酸的(S)-(-)α-1-苯基乙胺盐,其后加入50mL水和4.8mL稀盐酸(水1:1:35%HCl)并且在室温下搅拌直到固体溶解。分离各层并用水洗涤有机层。经硫酸钠干燥并除去溶剂。获得9.2g油性物质。向其中加入50mL甲醇并在氮气氛下搅拌。向其中加入1.81g叔丁醇钾并在室温下搅拌15分钟。除去溶剂并加入正己烷。再一次,除去正己烷并加入甲醇。在真空下除去溶剂。获得吸湿材料。在真空下干燥它以获得(S)-α-乙氧基-4-[2-[-甲基-5-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-1H-吡咯-1-基]乙氧基]苯丙酸钾盐。
产量7.6g,(92.77%),HPLC纯度98.60%,手性纯度99.56%
实施例10
研究题目:前瞻性、多中心、开放标签、单组研究以评价4mg的式(I)的化合物在与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍中的高甘油三酯血症方面的安全性和功效。
目的:这项研究的目的是评价4mg的式(I)的化合物在与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍中的高甘油三酯血症方面的安全性和功效。
方法论:这是前瞻性、多中心、开放标签、单组研究以评估4mg的式(I)的化合物在与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍中的高甘油三酯血症方面的安全性和功效。
在用HAART治疗至少18个月并满足纳入和排除标准以后,患有与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的高甘油三酯血症的受试者在获得知情同意书以后入选本研究。受试者口服接受4mg的式(I)的化合物片剂,每天一次,持续12周的时期。在此12周计划期间,在第2、6、和12周评估安全参数以及在第6和12周评价功效。
患者数目:计划:50,分析:50
测试产物:式(I)的化合物
剂量4mg
治疗的持续时间:12周
给予方式:口服
批号:EMK328
评估标准:功效:
主要功效终点是评估从基线至第6周和第12周TG水平方面的百分比变化。次要功效终点是针对HOMA β和HOMA IR评估LDL、VLDL、HDL、非HDL胆固醇、总胆固醇、Apo A1、ApoB、和C肽和空腹胰岛素。
安全性:
在所有调查(visit)中进行不良事件(AE)的临床检查和记录。在筛检调查和在第12周时记录心电图。在筛检调查时进行尿妊娠试验。
血液学检查包括血红蛋白、血细胞比容、红细胞(RBC)计数、白细胞(WBC)计数(中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜伊红细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞)和血小板计数。
生物化学试验包括AST、ALT、ALP、总胆红素、血清蛋白、总白蛋白和球蛋白、γ-GTT、BUN、血清肌酸酐、血清尿酸、CPK、和尿R/M(包括微量白蛋白尿和酮尿)。
在登记调查(第0周)和在第2、第6、和第12周时,评价所有实验室参数。
统计方法
对于功效终点,利用具有针对基线和治疗的因子的方差分析(ANOVA)模型的分析来评价治疗效果。使用来自ANOVA模型的最小二乘法(LSM)和95%置信区间(CI)来估计治疗效果。统计显著性被定义为双侧p值<0.05。利用适当的统计方法来分析所有其它次要终点。
对于安全性分析,针对每个调查提供异常体检和异常临床实验室参数的频率表。针对每个调查,提供临床实验室参数和生命体征的总结统计。总结了在研究期间使用的合并用药的清单。
利用用于规范活动的医学词典(Medical Dictionary for RegulatoryActivities)(MedDRA)(版本14)编码不良事件。通过系统器官分类(SOC)和通过用于治疗紧急不良事件(TEAE)的MedDRA的优选术语整体概述不良事件和SAE。在清单中包括所有AE,其包括治疗前后产生的AE。为导致研究停止的SAE和AE提供单独的清单。
研究设计
这是用于在与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍的高甘油三酯血症方面评价4mg的式(I)的化合物的安全性和功效研究。这是用于在拟定群体中评估安全性和功效的证据概念研究的试探性证据。在血脂异常受试者中,来自II期研究的式(I)的化合物的结果表明:4mg式(I)的化合物是耐受良好的,并且每天一次的剂量是有效的。I期研究表明,食物显著影响式(I)的化合物的吸收,所以推荐优选在空腹条件下使用药物。基于这些观测结果,选择在空腹状态下每天一次4mg用于本研究。
研究群体的选择
入选标准
在本研究中,满足所有以下标准的受试者可登记:
1.18-65岁的男性和女性。
2.确诊HIV1并使用HAART至少18个月。
3.在包括在本研究中以前至少8周使用稳定的ART方案,并且在接下来的3个月中预计不会改变ART方案。
4.临床诊断为HIV脂肪代谢障碍(由医生和患者确定的至少一种中度或重度脂肪代谢障碍特称,除了独立的腹部肥胖)的受试者
5.甘油三酯>200至500mg%。
6.CD4计数>50/mm3
7.已经提交参与此试验的知情同意书的受试者。
治疗
给予的治疗
这项研究进行单组。在早晨,在早餐以前,受试者口服接受4mg的式(I)的化合物,每天一次,持续12周的时期。
一种或多种试验药物的确定(Identity)
式(I)的化合物是羧酸的二价镁盐,形式为白色无定形粉末,其易溶于二甲亚砜、二氯甲烷,微溶于甲醇并且不溶于水。以4mg的活性组分的无包衣片剂提供药物。
在研究中使用于自批号EMK328的供料。在cGMP工厂中制造和包装该研究药物。
一个或多个主要疗效变量
主要疗效终点是确定从基线至第6周和第12周的TG水平的百分比变化。
次要疗效变量
次要疗效终点是确定从基线至第6周和第12周的针对HOMA β的LDL、VLDL、HDL、总胆固醇、非HDL胆固醇(测量值)、Apo A1、Apo B、C肽和空腹胰岛素以及HOMA IR水平的百分比变化。
在治疗方案和测定样本大小中计划的统计方法
统计和分析计划
对于式(I)的化合物4mg治疗组总结人口统计特征和基线特征。对于连续测量值如年龄,将均值、中位数、标准偏差(SD)和范围制成表格。对于分类测量值如性别,则计算频率。
疗效分析
主要疗效变量是,和基线相比,在治疗期间的第6周和第12周时TG的减少。与基线的变化确定为对于治疗期间(第6周/第12周)的平均值和基线之间的差异。
对于疗效终点,使用具有针对基线和治疗的因素的方差分析(ANOVA)模型来评价治疗效果。由ANOVA模型使用最小二乘法(LSM)和95%置信区间(CI)来估计治疗效果。统计显著性被定义为双侧p值<0.05。利用适当的统计方法来分析所有其它次要终点。
对于上述研究,进行意向性治疗(ITT)分析和/或按方案(PP)分析。在试验分析中,PP分析被认为是明确的而ITT分析则被认为是支持性的。
个别患者数据的疗效结果和表列结果
分析疗效
在研究中,标识为EHT004的一位受试者,35岁男性,在调查1时报道具有异常低水平的HDL(3.95mg/L)和LDL(6.25mg/L)。虽然该受试者完成了研究并且疗效是可评价的,但决定从疗效分析中排除该受试者。因此,分析了总共49位受试者的疗效。
主要终点
在式(I)的化合物4mg后的第6周和第12周,血清TG水平自基线的百分比变化是统计上显著的(分别为-40.98±4.89和-45.11±3.60[各自的p值:<0.0001])(表1)。
次要终点
HDL胆固醇:
在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后,HDL胆固醇水平会升高。在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后的第6周和第12周,HDL胆固醇自基线的百分比变化是统计上显著的(分别为29.92±5.73和34.56±6.13[各自的p值:<0.0001])(表2)。
胰岛素抗性的C肽HOMA:
在用式(I)的化合物治疗之后胰岛素抗性提高。在给予4mg式(I)的化合物之后的第6周和第12周,HOMA IR自基线的百分比变化是统计上显著的(分别为27.87±4.22和58.29±5.74[各自的p值:<0.0001])(表3)。
胰岛素(空腹):
在用式(I)的化合物进行治疗之后胰岛素抗性提高。在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后的第6周和第12周,胰岛素自基线的百分比变化是统计上显著的(分别为23.71±3.55和47.10±4.21[各自的p值:<0.0001])(表4)。
β细胞功能的胰岛素HOMA:
在用式(I)的化合物进行治疗以后,增加了从胰岛素衍生的β细胞功能的HOMA。在第6周和12周时,从胰岛素衍生的β细胞功能的HOMA自基线的百分比变化是统计上显著的(分别为52.50±14.94和45.64±6.22[p值分别为0.0010和<0.0001])(表5)。
疗效结论
主要终点:
·在给予4mg式(I)的化合物之后的第6周和第12周,存在血清TG水平自基线的统计上的显著降低(百分比变化分别为-40.98±4.89和-45.11±3.60[各自的p值:<0.0001])
次要终点:
·在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后的第6周和第12周,没有非HDL胆固醇水平自基线的统计上显著的变化(p值分别为0.3963和0.4646)
·在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后的第6周和第12周,存在HDL胆固醇水平自基线的统计上显著的增加(百分比变化分别为29.92±5.73和34.56±6.13[各自的p值:<0.0001])。
·在给予4mg式(I)的化合物以后的第6周和第12周,存在从C肽衍生的β细胞功能的HOMA自基线的统计上显著的增加(分别为68.25±25.58和71.67±16.20[p值分别为0.0104和<0.0001])。
·在用式(I)的化合物进行治疗以后的第6周和第12周,存在从胰岛素衍生的胰岛素抗性的HOMA自基线的统计上显著的增加(百分比变化分别为29.10±3.94和42.65±3.79[各自的p值:<0.0001])。
因此,发现本发明的化合物包括包含本发明的化合物的药物组合物对于治疗HIV患者的脂肪增生、皮下脂肪萎缩和代谢异常有效。
Claims (5)
1.式(Ia)的化合物
其中‘R’是–SCH3,并且M+表示Mg+2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,用于治疗脂肪代谢障碍。
3.根据权利要求2所述的化合物,其中,所述脂肪代谢障碍是与HIV相关的脂肪代谢障碍。
4.根据权利要求2至3中任一项所述的化合物,所述化合物降低甘油三酯、极低密度脂蛋白、Apo B水平的浓度。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的化合物,所述化合物提高高密度脂蛋白、Apo A1水平。
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