CN106620914B - 体外循环人造肺 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种体外循环人造肺,其特征是引流人体表浅较大静脉血管内的静脉血,在体外由排气囊腔、吸氧囊腔、隔膜和毛细管束组成的肺囊腔内进行气体交换,产生过饱和氧含量的动脉血,返输回静脉血管参与人体的代谢循环,本发明与人体生理肺气体交换过程相比,以单向、分段持续的方式,替代呼与吸在同一套通气管路和功能单位内双向往返,间断交替进行的气体交换模式,效率更高、交换更彻底,与现行医疗中通过改善供气质量,增加数量等对症疗法相比,从源头上改变机体缺氧状况的内在本质缺陷,具有独立、独特、不依赖生理肺完成气体交换特点,具有取代和补偿,肺功能缺损和不足的显著优点。
Description
一、技术领域:
本发明属于人体医学人造器官,具体的说是一种体外循环人造肺。
二、背景技术:
呼吸运动和功能是人体生命存在的最重要和首要的显性体征。呼吸系统的核心主体是肺,而肺是现代医学可移植和替代的脏器中实施操作中技术含量高、难度大,而效果尚不理想的治疗手段。因此,因肺的疾病和损伤威胁生命的患者,其生存希望更渺茫和淡泊。现有技术应对缺氧和呼吸困难的患者,主要是从呼吸的动力及气体供给的质和量等方面对症处置,但对因肺的结构和功能造成的气体交换障碍患者收效不大。
三、发明内容
本发明的目的是针对以上问题和现状,从生理学的角度提供一种改善血氧含量、满足机体代谢氧需求的体外循环人造肺。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种体外循环人造肺,包括肺囊腔、隔膜、静脉血入口、动脉血出口、毛细管、排气口、氧气输入口、负压控制滤过阀和正压控制滤过阀,其特征是肺囊腔为具有弹性定型支撑力的柔性囊腔,由隔膜横向分隔为排气囊腔和吸氧囊腔两部分;排气囊腔设置有负压控制滤过阀的排气口,吸氧囊腔设置有正压控制滤过阀的氧气输入口;排气囊腔的起始端设置静脉入口,进入排气囊腔后立即分流为毛细血管束;吸氧囊腔末端设置动脉血出口,动脉血出口汇集由排气囊腔系数穿过隔膜并贯穿吸氧囊腔全程的毛细管;毛细管为由透气不透水的半透膜制作具有弹性支撑功能;由静脉血入口输入的静脉血在毛细管内流动,由于排气囊腔的负压环境影响,血液内溶解的,以二氧化碳为主的气体迅速弥散于囊腔并由排气口排出;低气体溶解浓度的血液经隔膜进入吸氧囊腔,由于吸氧囊腔内的正压纯氧环境影响,及红细胞及血红蛋白的主动亲和作用和血液的溶解作用,氧气迅速弥散进入毛细管形成动脉血,众多毛细管汇集后由动脉血出口排出;连接于排气口的负压控制滤过阀维持排气囊腔内持续稳定的负压环境并防止微生物及杂尘返流进入排气囊腔;连接于氧气输入口的正压控制滤过阀维持吸氧囊腔内持续稳定的正压环境并防止微生物及杂尘进入吸氧囊腔。
所述的体外循环人造肺,其特征是通过氧气输入口进入吸氧囊腔的氧气于输入前进行加湿处置。
所述的体外循环人造肺,其特征是肺囊腔内充盈等渗液体,排气囊腔内毛细管血液所含二氧化碳为主的废气先行弥散溶解于等渗液体,再由等渗液体溢出游离间接排出,或以循环等渗液体方式直接排出,吸氧囊腔内低气体含量的血液在正压过饱和纯氧等渗液体中,通过毛细血管半透膜壁弥散,间接结合和溶解氧气经动脉血出口排出;所述充满等渗液体的排气囊腔和吸氧囊腔上部允许出现气体空泡。
所述的体外循环人造肺,其特征是对人造肺形态和弹性性能进行与人体胸腔的匹配适应性设置,将囊腔肺植入部分或全部切除肺叶的胸腔,氧气输入口及正负控制过滤阀由胸壁引出,排气口与气管吻合,静脉血入口与肺动脉吻合,动脉血出口与肺静脉吻合,实现体内循环,体外控制的人造肺。
动物进化过程中肺的发生和发展完善,能够直接从气态环境中捕获氧气完成代谢过程,大大提高了有肺动物的活动范围和适应环境的能力,是动物从海洋走向陆地的关键。但是通过肺获取氧气的生理过程是通过复杂的固定通道、功能单位吸与呼的往返过程实现的,极大的局限了气体代谢的功能和效率。不能不说是动物进化过程中发生的方向性缺陷,为其后进化出的多样性高级动物,特别是顶端的人类遗留的重大遗憾。
本发明的体外循环人造肺仿照现存高级水生有腮动物和高级陆生动物离水前获取氧气的代谢方式:通过单向的、分段连续的、具有负正压动力的技术方案,完成呼吸的代谢过程,具有突出的实质性特点和显著的进步:
1、与人体呼吸的正常生理过程和机能相比,本发明的肺囊腔消除了人体生理肺存在的:(1)吸气与呼气过程是不间断交替进行的,多数时间都损耗在气体的流动过程之中,给气体交替提供的时间极其短暂。(2)吸入的新鲜空气向血液内的弥散,血液内以二氧化碳为主的废气向肺泡内的溢散,是在肺泡内的混合过程中同时实现的,其混合过程首先是降低了所有气体的分压差,而气体分压差是弥散和溢散速率的最主要动力来源。(3)由于吸气与呼气过程在同一套通道和功能单位中交替进行,基本固定的气管通道容积和依赖弹性张缩的肺泡积存着大量无功能死腔气,或称残气,使进入肺泡进行交换的新鲜气体量占比明显减少。(4)人体完成吸气与呼气的动力是胸腔变形造成的腔负正压实现的,但这种负正压仅局限于气体的流动,较少存在与气体的内在交换存在匹配性。本发明的肺囊腔在所有时间和空间范围内,以最大气体分压差保证气体的溢散和弥散过程,外加负、正压的辅助动力,能够以高速度、高质量、大数量完成气体交换,能以较少量体表静脉血部分血流通过肺囊腔内的气体交换,获得和携带大量氧气,取代或补偿人体生理肺的气体交换功能。
2、与现行医疗体系中应对呼吸困难、缺氧患者所采用的提高供气氧含量或机械性增加潮气量等措施相比:本发明完全或部分撇开机能或功能不全的生理肺,直接对运输氧气至组织的载体血液供氧,不受或少受生理肺功能状态的限制,更积极主动、有效和可靠。
3、本发明的体外循环人造肺在与生理肺不发生联系的状态下独立完成机体与环境的气体交换,对生理肺机械动作不产生关联,生理肺尚还具备的残余功能仍可照常进行,其附带的发声交流功能不受影响。
四、附图说明:
图1为体外循环人造肺的肺囊腔侧剖面示意图。
图2为体外循环人造肺的肺囊腔横断面示意图。
图中:1肺囊腔、2排气囊腔、3吸氧囊腔、4隔膜、5静脉血入口、 6动脉血出口、7毛细管、8排气口、9氧气输入口、10负压控制滤过阀、11正压控制滤过阀。
五、具体实施方式:
下面结合说明书附图对本发明作进一步详细说明:
如图 1、图2所示,肺囊腔1为用具有弹性定型支持力材料制作的长筒状柔性囊腔,囊腔中部设置一隔膜4分隔为排气囊腔2和吸氧囊腔3。肺囊腔1的起始端设置静脉血入口5和排气口8,静脉血进入肺囊腔1后即分流为众多毛细管7组成的毛细管束,毛细管7为用透气不透水的半透膜制作为具有弹性支撑功能的并列毛细管。毛细管7由排气囊腔2系数穿过隔膜4进入吸氧囊腔3。毛细管7于肺囊腔1末端汇集经由动脉血出口6排出返回。肺囊腔1的末端上设置氧气输入口9。排气口8排出气体的管线上设置负压控制滤过阀10,氧气输入口9输入氧气的管线上设置正压控制滤过阀11。
使用时,整套体外循环人造肺进行杀菌消毒处理,血液流经部位进行致热源消除处理并充注等渗盐水至无气泡残存,通过管线将表浅大静脉血液经静脉血入口5导入肺囊腔1内的毛细管束,完成气体交换后汇集经动脉血出口6输出返回表浅大静脉。排气囊腔2通过负压控制滤过阀10保持稳定负压状态并防止异物逆向进入排气囊腔2,氧气经正压控制滤过阀11通过氧气输入口5进入吸氧囊腔3并保持稳定正压供给和防止异物随同进入。
除说明书所述的技术特征外,均为本专业技术人员的已知技术。
Claims (3)
1.一种体外循环人造肺,包括肺囊腔、隔膜、静脉血入口、动脉血出口、毛细管、排气口、氧气输入口、负压控制滤过阀和正压控制滤过阀,其特征是肺囊腔为具有弹性定型支撑力的柔性囊腔,由隔膜横向分隔为排气囊腔和吸氧囊腔两部分;排气囊腔设置有负压控制滤过阀的排气口,吸氧囊腔设置有正压控制滤过阀的氧气输入口;排气囊腔起始端设置静脉血入口,静脉血入口进入排气囊腔后立即分流为毛细管束;毛细管束穿过排气囊腔、隔膜和吸氧囊腔后汇集为动脉血出口;毛细管为由透气不透水的半透膜制作、具有弹性支撑功能;由静脉血入口输入的静脉血在毛细管内流动,由于排气囊腔的负压环境,血液内溶解的以二氧化碳为主的气体迅速弥散于囊腔并由排气口排出;低气体溶解浓度的血液经隔膜进入吸氧囊腔,由于吸氧囊腔内的正压纯氧环境,及红细胞及血红蛋白的主动亲和作用和血液的溶解作用,氧气迅速弥散进入毛细管形成动脉血,动脉血由众多毛细管汇集后由动脉血出口排出;连接于排气口的负压控制滤过阀维持排气囊腔内持续稳定的负压环境并防止微生物及杂尘返流进入排气囊腔;连接于氧气输入口的正压控制滤过阀维持吸氧囊腔内持续稳定的正压环境并防止微生物及杂尘进入吸氧囊腔。
2.根据权利要求1所述的体外循环人造肺,其特征是通过氧气输入口进入吸氧囊腔的氧气于输入前进行加湿处置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的体外循环人造肺,其特征是肺囊腔内充盈等渗液体,排气囊腔内毛细管血液所含二氧化碳为主的废气先行弥散溶解于等渗液体,再由等渗液体溢出游离间接排出,或以循环等渗液体方式直接排出,吸氧囊腔内低气体含量的血液在正压过饱和纯氧等渗液体中,通过毛细管半透膜壁弥散间接结合和溶解氧气并经动脉血出口排出。
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