CN106536520B - 芳基受体调制剂及其制备和使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明总体上涉及能够结合芳基烃受体并调制其活性的化合物,使用这些化合物治疗炎症如克罗恩病的方法,以及包含这些化合物的药物组合物。还提供了增加受试者中IL‑22水平和/或降低受试者中IFN‑γ水平的方法。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求美国临时申请号62/017,959(提交于2014年6月27日)和美国临时申请号62/056,054(提交于2014年9月26日)的权益,其各自都通过引用整体并入本文。
发明背景
芳基烃受体(AhR)是一种碱性螺旋-环-螺旋蛋白质,是Per-ARNT-Sim(PAS)超家族蛋白质的成员。生理学上,这些蛋白质中许多都通过感受来自细胞/组织的微环境的分子和刺激而起作用,从而启动必要的信号传导级联以引发适当的细胞反应。
在失活状态下,AhR驻留在细胞溶胶中,结合于数个共蛋白伴侣,但活化后,它迁移到细胞核中并结合其二聚体伙伴,ARNT(另一种bHLH-PAS蛋白质),从而引发具有含二噁英(DRE)或异质物保守序列(XME)的启动子的多个基因的转录。在AhR缺陷小鼠中的先驱研究都强调了AhR在多个器官的发育和功能中的作用。最近的研究已经表明,AhR控制特异性免疫应答(参见,例如,Stockinger等人,Semin.Immunol.2011,23,99-105)。
AhR由T细胞高表达并控制Th1/Th2/Th17细胞相关免疫。在人类和在炎性肠病的小鼠模型中,AhR的活化导致IFN-γ和T-bet表达的减弱,这是驱动Th1极化的主要转录因子。AhR抑制IFN-γ产生的基本机制仍有待确定,但是,已证明AhR信号传导增强Ikaros家族的成员Aiolos,其在小鼠中对IFN-γ产生和结肠炎进行负调控。淋巴细胞中的AhR活化也可以调控白细胞介素22(IL-22)的产生,该细胞因子可以在多种器官中发挥保护作用,并且时间进程的研究表明,对IFN-γ和T-bet的抑制在IL-22诱导前发生。
鉴于选择性AhR调制剂可能潜在影响免疫和炎症,从而治疗各种炎性病况,存在对调制AhR活性的有效的选择性化合物的需要。
发明概述
本公开内容,在一个实施方案中,提供了有效的选择性结合AhR的化合物。在一个方面,本公开提供根据式I的化合物:
其中变量在下文定义。
在一个方面,本公开涉及根据式I-A的化合物:
其中变量在下文定义。
在一个方面,本公开涉及根据式II的化合物:
其中变量在下文定义。
在一个方面,本公开涉及根据式III的化合物:
其中变量在下文定义。
在一个方面,本公开涉及根据式IV的化合物:
其中变量在下文定义。
本公开还提供了治疗炎性疾病或病况的方法,包括对有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的上述化合物。在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病况选自炎性肠病、软骨炎、骨退化、溃疡性结肠炎、银屑病、关节炎、银屑病关节炎、类风湿关节炎、幼年型关节炎、幼年型类风湿关节炎,自身免疫性肝炎、克罗恩病、红斑狼疮、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默氏病、皮炎、特应性皮炎、痤疮、I型糖尿病、雷诺氏现象、格雷夫斯病(Graves’disease)和爱迪生氏病(Addison’s disease)。
在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病况选自克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、改道性结肠炎、贝赛特氏症(disease)、特发性炎性肠病、肠易激综合征、局限性肠炎、痉挛性结肠、显微镜下结肠炎、克罗恩结肠炎、肛周疾病、不确定性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性胃炎和嗜酸性肠炎。
在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病症是克罗恩病。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病选自回肠结肠炎、回肠炎、胃十二指肠克罗恩病、空肠回肠炎和肉芽肿回肠结肠炎。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病包括肠纤维化。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病是纤维狭窄性克罗恩病。
在另一个方面,本公开内容提供了预防、治疗或减少受试者纤维狭窄或肠纤维化的方法,其包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的本文公开的化合物。在某些实施方案中,纤维狭窄或肠纤维化与克罗恩病相关。
在另一个方面,本发明提供如上文所述的化合物用作药品。本发明进一步提供了上述化合物用于治疗炎性疾病或病况的方法。该方法包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的所述化合物。在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病况选自炎性肠病、软骨炎、骨退化、溃疡性结肠炎、银屑病、关节炎、银屑病关节炎、类风湿关节炎、幼年型关节炎、幼年型类风湿关节炎,自身免疫性肝炎、克罗恩病、红斑狼疮、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默氏病、皮炎、特应性皮炎、痤疮、I型糖尿病、雷诺氏现象、格雷夫斯病和爱迪生氏病。在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病况选自克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、改道性结肠炎、贝赛特氏症、特发性炎性肠病、肠易激综合征、局限性肠炎、痉挛性结肠、显微镜下结肠炎、克罗恩结肠炎、肛周疾病、不确定性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性胃炎、嗜酸性肠炎。在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病症是克罗恩病。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病选自回肠结肠炎、回肠炎、胃十二指肠克罗恩病、空肠回肠炎和肉芽肿回肠结肠炎。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病包括肠纤维化。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病是纤维狭窄性克罗恩病。
在又一方面,本发明提供了上述化合物用于预防、治疗或减少受试者的纤维狭窄(fibrostenosis)或肠纤维化的方法的用途。所述方法包含向有需要的受试者中施用有效量的所述化合物。在某些实施方案中,所述纤维狭窄或肠纤维化与克罗恩病相关。
附图简述
图1显示一系列的1-芳基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉衍生物。
图2显示对1-芳基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉骨架进行的修饰,以研究SAR并提供改进的特性。
图3显示对1-芳基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉骨架进行的修饰,以研究SAR并提供改进的特性。
图4显示对1-芳基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉骨架进行的修饰,以研究SAR并提供改进的特性。
图5显示对来氟米特(Leflunomide)骨架进行的修饰,以研究SAR并提供改进的特性。
图6显示用于本公开中的ADMET及其他特性进行评估的多种化合物的化学结构。
图7显示用于本公开中的ADMET及其他特性进行评估的多种化合物的化学结构。
图8显示用于本公开中的ADMET及其他特性进行评估的多种化合物的化学结构。
图9显示用于本公开中的ADMET及其他特性进行评估的多种化合物的化学结构。
图10显示对本公开的化合物计算的生物利用度。所有ADME数据都使用ADME软件组v4.95.3进行计算。人类口服生物利用度(%F)是口服施用后到达体循环的化合物部分。药物必须符合以下要求才是生物可利用的:在变动的pH条件下溶于胃或肠;承受pH<2的酸水解;通过被动或主动运输渗透肠膜;承受与肠道中的代谢酶协同作用的P-gp的外排;以及承受肝脏中的首过代谢。
图11显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的水溶解度(Sw对数值)。对在25℃以及在各种重要的生理pH值,在纯水中的化合物的溶解度(Sw对数值)进行预测。
图12显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的pH值依赖性溶解度。
图13显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的人肠道的被动吸收。人类肠道通透性是通过考虑到跨细胞和旁细胞途径的渗透率,对化合物的最大肠被动吸收的估计进行评估。吸收相关特性,如空肠和Caco-2的渗透性和吸收率(ka)的值也使用亲脂性(P的对数值)和电离(pKa值)的常数进行计算。
图14显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的跨越肠屏障的主动转运。所计算的转运包括对PepT1(寡肽转运体)和ASBT(胆汁酸转运体)底物预测的估计。
图15显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的P-糖蛋白特异性。该算法鉴定P-gp底物和/或抑制剂。底物是由P-gp转运(输出)的化合物。抑制剂是阻断P-gp转运标准底物(钙黄绿素及其他)的化合物。
图16显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的组织分布。软件预测血浆中蛋白质结合的程度以获得以游离药学活性形式循环的化合物百分比,并计算出表观的分布体积以估计化合物在血浆和身体组织之间的分布情况。
图17显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的与细胞色素P450的相互作用。软件计算出化合物如何与五种细胞色素P450(CYP)异构体:3A4、2D6、2C9、2C19和1A2相互作用,这些细胞色素负责大多数代谢反应。
图18显示用Tox软件组v2.95计算的数据,表示从本公开的各种化合物得出的基因毒性的可能性。基因毒性=Ames检验为阳性的概率。Ames检验是评估化合物诱变特性的最流行的检验。这是一个短期的细菌逆向突变检验。该检验在多种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S.thyphimurium)和大肠杆菌细菌菌株中进行。Ames检验在全世界范围内被广泛用作初筛以确定药物和化学工业中NCE的诱变特性。
图19显示表示本公开的多种化合物抑制hERG的计算可能性的数据。对hERG钾离子通道抑制的研究形成药物安全研究的一个新兴领域。药物与hERG通道的相互作用可能导致长期QT综合征,表现为特征性“尖端扭转型”心律失常,从而导致室颤引起的偶而死亡。近年来几个有前途的药物由于一些由hERG通道抑制引发的心源性猝死情况已被撤出市场。因此,对具有潜在的安全问题线索的早期识别是极其重要的,以防止代价高昂的研发项目的失败。
图20显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的健康影响概率。对健康影响的预测是基于长期毒性研究结合对具体器官或器官系统报道的不利影响。
图21显示对本公开的各种化合物计算的LD50值。LD50值可被视为“累积潜能”引起多种急性影响和动物的死亡的指示,并且是化学品的“急性全身毒性”的最广泛使用量度。
图22显示本公开的各种化合物在200nM终浓度对IL-22和IFN-γ水平的影响。
图23显示本公开的各种化合物对IL-22和IFN-γ水平的影响,以及已知的AhR结合子Ficz的化学结构。
图24显示本公开的各种化合物对IL-22和IFN-γ水平的影响。对每个项目,第一个数字指代化合物编号,第二个数字指代以nM为单位的浓度;因此,“02 100”指代以100nM的浓度施用化合物2,“04 200”指代以200nM的浓度施用化合物4,等等。
图25(A)显示通过实时PCR和相对β-肌动蛋白进行标准化,对从6名正常患者(对照组;CTR)、7名溃疡性结肠炎患者(UC)和7名克罗恩病患者(CD)的肠粘膜分离的成纤维细胞中AhR转录物的评价。图25(B)显示对从5名正常患者(CTR)、5名UC患者和5名CD患者分离的成纤维细胞中的AhR进行的流式细胞术分析。右插图显示从1名CTR、1名UC患者和1名CD患者分离的表达芳基烃受体的成纤维细胞的代表性直方图。还显示了用同种型对照IgG的染色。数据表示所有实验的平均值+/-SD。总之,这些数据表明肠的成纤维细胞组成型表达AhR。
图26(A)显示在存在或不存在Ficz(100、200或400nM)时,用TGF-β(1ng/mL)刺激克罗恩病(CD)肠成纤维细胞的结果。图26(B)显示在存在或不存在Ficz(100、200或400nM)时,用TNF-α(15ng/mL)刺激克罗恩病(CD)肠成纤维细胞的结果。24小时后,通过实时PCR检查Col1A1、Col3A1和α-SMA。数据表示3次实验的平均值+/-SD。总之,这些数据表明AhR的活化抑制由促纤维化细胞因子诱导的成纤维细胞胶原的表达。
图27(A)显示在存在或不存在CH223191(a-AhR,终浓度10μM)时,用TGF-β(1ng/mL)刺激克罗恩病(CD)肠成纤维细胞的结果。图27(B)显示在存在或不存在CH223191(a-AhR,终浓度10μM)时,用TNF-α(15ng/mL)刺激克罗恩病(CD)肠成纤维细胞的结果。24小时后,通过实时PCR检查Col1A1、Col3A1和α-SMA。数据表示3次实验的平均值+/-SD。
图28(A)-(D)显示在存在或不存在Ficz((A)和(B))或CH223191(a-AhR,终浓度10μM)((C)和(D))时,由TGF-β(1ng/mL)((A)和(C))或TNF-α(15ng/mL)((B)和(D))对克罗恩病(CD)成纤维细胞刺激48小时后,上清的总胶原蛋白分析情况。数据表示3次实验的平均值+/-SD。总之,这些数据显示AhR控制胶原蛋白分泌。
图29(A)显示在存在或不存在Ficz(终浓度200nM的)或CH223191(a-AhR,终浓度10μM)时,不刺激(Unst)或者用TGF-β(1ng/mL)或TNF-α(15ng/mL)刺激24小时后,表达p-p38+、p-ERK1/2+、p-NF-kBp65+、或p-Smad2/3+的CD肠成纤维细胞的百分比。对p-P38(pT180/pY182)、p-ERK1/2(pT202/pY204)(pT184/pY186)、p-NF-kBp65和p-Smad2/3的评估通过流式细胞术来完成。数字表示p-p38+、p-ERK1/2+、p-NF-kBp65+或p-Smad2/3+细胞在指定的门中百分比。还显示了同种型对照染色。显示其中使用了3名患者的细胞的3个代表性实验之一。图29(B)显示在存在或不存在Ficz(终浓度200nM的)或CH223191(a-AhR,终浓度10μM)时,用TGF-β(1ng/mL)或TNF-α(15ng/mL)刺激24小时后,分离自3名CD患者的p-p38+、p-ERK1/2+、p-NF-kBp65+或p-Smad2/3+成纤维细胞的百分比。数据表示3次实验的平均值+/-SD。*对未刺激p<0.04;**对未刺激p<0.001;#对TGF-βp<0.03;+对TNF-αp<0.02。总之,这些数据证明AhR活化导致克罗恩病(CD)成纤维细胞中p38和ERK1/2的失活。
图30(A)表示TNBS诱导的肠纤维化模型的示意图。对Balb/c小鼠每周给予TNBS处理,在TNBS施用5次后开始施用Ficz或CH223191(a-AhR)。图30(B)显示对照(CTR)小时和接受Ficz或CH223191(a-AhR)的TNBS处理小鼠的代表性结肠横切片的Masson三色染色结果。也表显示具有轻度、中度和严重纤维化的动物百分比。图30(C)显示来自CTR小鼠和接受Ficz或CH223191(a-AhR)注射的TNBS处理小鼠的结肠样品中,用实时PCR分析得到的Col1A2的相对RNA表达数据。图30(D)显示比色测定法分析的总胶原蛋白含量数据(μg/mg)。数据表示3次独立实验的平均值+/-SD(n=每组中总共12只小鼠)。总之,这些数据表明,Ficz处理的小鼠在很大程度上受到保护而抵抗TNBS诱导的肠纤维化。
发明详述
在一方面,本公开提供了根据式I的化合物:
或其药物可接受盐,其中:
G1是CR4或N;
G2、G3和G4各自独立地是CR4 2或NR1;
X1每次出现时独立地是H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-C(O)R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
X2每次出现时独立地是H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
R1每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R2每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R3每次出现时独立地选自H、C1-6烷基、苯基或杂芳基;
R4每次出现时独立地选自H、C1-6烷基和卤素;
n每次出现时独立地是0、1、2或3;且
m每次出现时独立地是0、1、2、3或4;
其中C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基或-O-苯基中的每个任选由1、2或3个取代基所取代,其各自独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、-NR’R”-C(O)N(R’R”)和-C(O)R’(其中R’和R”各自独立地选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基,或者R’和R”一起形成4-6元的杂环);
在某些实施方案中,G1是N。
在某些实施方案中,G2是NH。
在某些实施方案中,G1是CH,G2是NH且G3和G4是CH2。
在某些实施方案中,G1是N且G2、G3和G4是CH2。
在某些实施方案中,G1是N,G2和G3是CH2且G4是NH。
在某些实施方案中,G1是N,G2和G4是CH2且G3是NH。
在某些实施方案中,G1是CH,G2和G4是NH且G3是CH2。
在某些实施方案中,X1是H、卤素、-CN或-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X1是-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X2选自H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷氧基和CF3。
在某些实施方案中,X2是CF3并且n是1。
在某些实施方案中,所述化合物选自
在一方面,本公开涉及根据式I-A的化合物:
或其药物可接受盐,其中:
X1如果存在则每次出现时独立地是C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-C1-6亚烷基-苯基、C1-6酰基、-CO2R3、-NO2、-OH或-N(R1)2;或X1的两个一起可以是-O(CH2)2O-;
X2选自H、C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-C1-6亚烷基-苯基和-OH;
R1每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R3每次出现时独立地是H、C1-6烷基、苯基或杂芳基;
R5选自H、C1-6烷基、C1-6芳基和-CO2R3;且
n是0、1、2或3;
其中C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基中的每个任选由1、2或3个取代基所取代,所述取代基各自独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、-NR’R”-C(O)N(R’R”)和-C(O)R’(其中R’和R”各自独立地选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基,或者R’和R”一起形成4-6元的杂环);
在某些实施方案中X2选自H、-OMe、乙基、-OH和-OCH2Ph。
在某些实施方案中,R5选自H、乙酰基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基和-CO2CH2Ph。
在某些实施方案中,X1每次出现时独立地是H、-OMe、-NO2、-CO2Me、甲基、-OC(O)Me、-OCH2Ph、-OH、-NH2或叔丁基;或X1的两个一起可以是-O(CH2)2O-。
在某些实施方案中,n是3。
在一方面,本公开涉及根据式II的化合物:
或其药物可接受盐,其中:
X1如果存在则每次出现时独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-C(O)R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
X2如果存在则每次出现时独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
R1每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R3每次出现时独立地是H、C1-6烷基、苯基或杂芳基;
R4每次出现时独立地选自H、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、-N(R1)2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2和-CO2R3;
n每次出现时独立地是0、1、2或3;
m每次出现时独立地是0、1、2、3或4;
其中C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基中的每个任选由1、2或3个取代基所取代,所述取代基各自独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、-NR’R”-C(O)N(R’R”)和-C(O)R’(其中R’和R”各自独立地选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基,或者R’和R”一起形成4-6元的杂环);
X3是N或CR4;
X4是NR1、O或S;且
Y是化学键、C1-6亚烷基或-N(R1)-;
在式II的某些实施方案中,Y是CH2或NH。
在某些实施方案中,R4选自C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2及-C(O)N(R3)2。
在某些实施方案中,X1是H(即n是0)、卤素、-CN或-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,A、B和L一起是如下代表的化合物:
在某些实施方案中,X2选自H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷氧基和CF3。
在某些实施方案中,X2是CF3且n是1。
在一方面,本公开涉及根据式III的化合物:
或其药物可接受盐,其中
X1可存在,且每次出现时独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-C(O)R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
X2可存在,且每次出现时独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
R1每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R3每次出现时独立地是H、C1-6烷基、苯基或杂芳基;
n每次出现时独立地是0、1、2或3;且
m每次出现时独立地是0、1、2、3或4;
其中C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基中的每个任选由1、2或3个取代基所取代,所述取代基各自独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、-NR’R”-C(O)N(R’R”)和-C(O)R’(其中R’和R”各自独立地选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基,或者R’和R”一起形成4-6元的杂环);
在某些实施方案中,X1是H、卤素、-CN或-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X1是-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X2选自H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷氧基和CF3。
在某些实施方案中,X2是CF3且n是1。
在一方面,本公开涉及根据式IV的化合物:
或其药物可接受盐,其中:
E是选自杂环基、5元杂芳基、6元杂芳基、芳基和C3-6环烷基的环,其中所述环任选由1、2或3个X2所取代;
X1如果存在则每次出现时独立地选自H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-C(O)R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2;
X2每次出现时独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基、-N(R1)2、-NO2、-C1-6亚烷基-N(R1)2、-C(O)N(R3)2、-CO2R3、-SR3、-SO2R3、-SO3R3或-SO2N(R3)2。
Y选自化学键、NR’或C1-6亚烷基(如是化学键或C1-2亚烷基);
R1每次出现时独立地是H或C1-6烷基;
R3每次出现时独立地选自H、C1-6烷基、苯基或杂芳基;且
m每次出现时独立地是0、1、2、3或4;
其中C1-6烷基、C2-6链烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-6环烷基、C1-6烷氧基、-O-苯基中的每个任选由1、2或3个取代基所取代,所述取代基各自独立地选自卤素、-OH、-CN、-NR’R”-C(O)N(R’R”)和-C(O)R’(其中R’和R”各自独立地选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基,或者R’和R”一起形成4-6元的杂环);
在式IV的某些实施方案中,Y是化学键、CH2或NH;(例如Y可以是化学键)。
在某些实施方案中,X1是H、卤素、-CN或-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X1是-OMe。
在某些实施方案中,X2选自H、卤素、-OH、-CN、C1-6烷氧基和CF3。
在某些实施方案中,X2是CF3。
在一方面,本公开涉及药物组合物,包含上述化合物;及药物可接受载体。
定义
如本文所用的术语“饱和”是指化合物受修饰而不具有碳-碳双键且无碳-碳三键,除了下文指出的。该术语不排除碳-杂原子多键,例如碳氧双键或碳氮双键。此外,它并不排除如酮-烯醇互变异构或亚胺烯胺互变异构的部分中可能存在的碳-碳双键。
术语“烷基”是指具有碳原子作为连接点,直链或支链,环状或无环结构的单价饱和脂肪族基团,且没有除碳和氢以外的原子。因此,如本文所用的环烷基是烷基的子集。基团-CH3(Me)、-CH2CH3(Et)、-CH2CH2CH3(n-Pr)、-CH(CH3)2(i-Pr)、-CH(CH2)2(环丙基)、-CH2CH2CH2CH3(n-Bu)、-CH(CH3)CH2CH3(仲丁基)、-CH2CH(CH3)2(异丁基)、-C(CH3)3(叔丁基)、-CH2C(CH3)3(新戊基)、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环己基甲基是烷基基团的非限制性实例。术语“亚烷基”指代具有一个或两个饱和碳原子作为连接点,直链或支链,环、环状或无环结构,不具有碳-碳双键或三键的二价饱和脂肪族基团,且没有除碳和氢以外的原子。基团-CH2-(亚甲基)、-CH2CH2-、-CH2C(CH3)2CH2-、-CH2CH2CH2-和是亚烷基基团的非限制性实例。
术语“烯基”指代具有碳原子作为连接点,直链或支链,环状或无环结构,至少有一个非芳香族碳-碳双键,无碳-碳三键的单价不饱和脂肪族基团,且没有除碳和氢以外的原子。烯基的非限制性实例包括:-CH═CH2(乙烯基)、-CH═CHCH3、-CH═CHCH2CH3、-CH2CH═CH2(烯丙基)、-CH2CH═CHCH3和-CH═CH-C6H5。
术语“炔基”指代具有碳原子作为连接点,直链或支链,环状或无环结构,至少有一个非芳香族碳-碳三键的单价不饱和脂肪族基团,且没有除碳和氢以外的原子。如本文所使用的,术语炔基不排除一个或多个非芳香族碳-碳双键的存在。炔基基团的非限制性实例有基团-C≡CH、-C≡CCH3和-CH2C≡CCH3。
术语“芳基”指代具有芳香族碳原子作为连接点的单价基团,所述碳原子形成一个或多个六元芳香族环结构的部分,其中所述环原子均为碳,且其中单价基团不含除碳和氢以外的其他原子。芳基基团的非限制性实例包括苯基(Ph)、苯甲基、(二甲基)苯基、-C6H4-CH2CH3(苯乙基)、-C6H4-CH2CH2CH3(苯丙基)、-C6H4-CH(CH3)2、-C6H4-CH(CH2)2、-C6H3(CH3)CH2CH3(甲基乙基苯基)、-C6H4-CH═CH2(乙烯基苯基)、-C6H4-CH═CHCH3、-C6H4C≡CH、-C6H4C≡CCH3、萘基及衍生自联苯基的单价基团。
术语“杂芳基”指代具有芳香族碳原子或氮原子作为连接点的单价芳香族基团,所述碳原子或氮原子形成一个或多个芳香族环结构的部分,其中至少一个环原子为氮、氧或硫,且其中所述杂芳基基团不含除碳、氢、芳香氮、芳香氧和芳香硫以外的其他原子。如本文所用的,该术语不排除存在一种或多种烷基、芳基和/或芳烷基基团(碳数量限制允许的情况下)连接至所述芳香环或芳香环系统。如果存在超过一个环,这些环可以是稠合或非稠合的。杂芳基基团的非限制性实例包括呋喃基、咪唑基、吲哚基、吲唑基、异噁唑基、甲基吡啶基、噁唑基、苯基吡啶基、吡啶基、吡咯基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、喹啉基、喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、三嗪基、四唑基、噻唑基、噻吩基和三唑基。
术语“杂环基”指代具有碳原子或氮原子作为连接点的单价非芳香族基团,所述碳原子或氮原子形成一个或多个非芳香族环结构的部分,其中至少有一个环原子是氮、氧或硫,且其中所述杂环基基团不含除碳、氢、氮、氧、硫之外的其他原子。如本文所用的,该术语不排除存在一种或多种烷基基团(碳数量限制允许的情况下)连接至所述环或环系统。如果存在超过一个环,这些环可以是稠合或非稠合的。杂环基团的非限制性实例包括氮杂环丙烷基、吡咯烷基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吗啉基、硫代吗啉基、四氢呋喃基、四氢噻吩基、四氢吡喃基和吡喃基。
术语“酰基”指代基团-C(O)R,其中R是氢、烷基、芳基、芳烷基或杂芳基,如上文定义的那些术语。基团-CHO、-C(O)CH3(acetyl、Ac)、-C(O)CH2CH3、-C(O)CH2CH2CH3、-C(O)CH(CH3)2、-C(O)CH(CH2)2、-C(O)C6H5、-C(O)C6H4-CH3、-C(O)CH2C6H5、-C(O)(咪唑基)是酰基基团的非限制性实例。“硫酰基”是以类似的方式定义的,除了-C(O)R基团中的氧原子由硫原子替换。
术语“烷氧基”指代基团-OR,其中R是烷基,如上文定义的术语。烷氧基基团的非限制性实例包括:-OCH3、-OCH2CH3、-OCH2CH2CH3、-OCH(CH3)2、-OCH(CH2)2、-O-cyclopentyl和-O-cyclohexyl。
“药物可接受”的定义是指包括任意载体、盐形式或其他试剂,其不干扰活性成分的生物学活性的效力,且其对所施用的宿主是无毒的。如本文所使用的,“药物可接受载体”意指适用于与人类和动物的组织接触而不产生过量毒性、放射性、免疫应答或其他问题或并发症的缓冲液、载体、稀释剂和辅料,同时具有合理的收益/风险比。所述载体应当在与制剂的其他成分相容的意义上是“可接受的”并不应对受者有害。药学上可接受的载体包括与药物施用相容的缓冲液,溶剂,分散介质,包衣,等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等。“药物可接受盐”是指本公开的化合物的盐,其是药物可接受的,并且具有所需的药学活性。这样的盐包括与无机酸形成的酸加成盐,所述无机酸是例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸,磷酸等;或与有机酸形成的酸加成盐,如1,2-乙二磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、2-萘磺酸、3-苯基丙酸、4,4'-亚甲基双(3-羟基-2-烯-1-羧酸)、4-甲基双环[2.2.2]辛-2-烯-1-羧酸、乙酸、脂肪族单羧酸和二羧酸、脂肪族硫酸、芳香族硫酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟脑磺酸、碳酸、肉桂酸、柠檬酸、环戊烷丙酸、乙磺酸、富马酸、葡庚糖酸、葡糖酸、谷氨酸、乙醇酸、庚酸、己酸、羟基萘甲酸、乳酸、月桂基硫酸、马来酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、扁桃酸酸、甲磺酸、粘康酸、邻-(4-羟基苯甲酰基)苯甲酸、草酸、对氯苯磺酸、苯基取代的链烷酸、丙酸、对甲苯磺酸、丙酮酸、水杨酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸酸、酒石酸、叔丁基乙酸、三甲基乙酸等。药物可接受盐还包括当存在的酸性质子能够与无机或有机碱反应时可以形成的碱加成盐。可接受的无机碱包括氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铝和氢氧化钙。可接受的有机碱包括乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、氨基丁三醇、N-甲基葡糖胺等。应当认识到,形成本发明的任何盐的部分的特定阴离子或阳离子并不关键,只要该盐作为一个整体是药学上可接受的即可。药物可接受盐的其他实例及其制备和用途在Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties,and Use(P.H.Stahl&C.G.Wermutheds.,Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta,2002)中给出,其以通过引用整体并入本文。
本公开的化合物可以含有一个或多个手性中心,因此,以立体异构体存在。如本文所用的,术语“立体异构体”由所有对映异构体或非对映异构体组成。取决于立体碳原子周围的取代基的构型,这些化合物可以用符号“(+)”、“(-)”、“R”或“S”表示,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,某些结构会隐含地表示手性中心。本发明包括这些化合物的多种立体异构体及其混合物。对映异构体或非对映异构体的混合物在命名中可以命名为“(±)”,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,某些结构可以隐含地表示手性中心。
本公开的化合物可以含有一个或多个双键,并因此作为由碳-碳双键周围的取代基排列产生的几何异构体存在。符号表示如本文所述的键可以是单键,双键或三键。围绕碳-碳双键的取代基被指定为处于“Z”或“E”构型,其中根据IUPAC标准使用术语“Z”和“E”。除非另有说明,描述双键的结构包括“E”和“Z”两种异构体。碳-碳双键周围的取代基可以称为“顺式”或“反式”,其中“顺式”表示双键的同侧上的取代基,“反式”表示双键的对侧上的取代基。
本公开的化合物可以含有碳环或杂环,并因此作为由环周围的取代基排列产生的几何异构体存在。围绕碳环或杂环的取代基的排列被指定为“Z”或“E”构型,其中术语“Z”和“E”根据IUPAC标准使用。除非另有说明,描述碳环或杂环的结构包括“Z”和“E”两种异构体。围绕碳环或杂环的取代基也可以称为“顺式”或“反式”,其中术语“顺式”表示在环平面的同侧上的取代基,术语“反式”表示环平面的对侧上的取代基。其中取代基位于环平面的同侧和对侧的化合物的混合物称为“顺式/反式”。
本发明化合物的单个对映异构体和非对映异构体可以从含有不对称或立体中心的市售起始原料合成制备,或者通过制备外消旋混合物,然后通过本领域普通技术人员熟知的解析方法制备。这些解析方法示例如下:(1)将对映异构体的混合物连接到手性助剂上,通过重结晶或色谱法分离所得非对映异构体混合物,并从助剂中释放光学纯产物,(2)采用光学活性解析剂进行盐形成,(3)在手性液相色谱柱上直接分离光学对映异构体的混合物,或(4)使用立体选择性化学或酶试剂进行动力学解析。外消旋混合物也可以通过熟知的方法被解析成其组分对映异构体,例如通过手性相液相色谱或在手性溶剂中结晶化合物。立体选择性合成,是一种化学或酶反应,其中单个反应物在新立体中心的产生期间或在先前存在的立体中心的转化期间形成立体异构体的不等混合物。立体选择性合成包括对映选择性转换和非对映选择性转换,并且可以涉及使用手性助剂。例如见Carreira和Kvaerno,Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis,Wiley-VCH:Weinheim,2009。
本文公开的化合物可以与药物可接受溶剂例如水、乙醇等以溶剂化以及非溶剂化形式存在,并且本发明旨在包括溶剂化和非溶剂化形式。在一个实施方案中,化合物是无定形的。在一个实施方案中,化合物是单一多晶型物。在另一个实施方案中,化合物是多晶型物的混合物。在另一个实施方案中,化合物是结晶形式。
本发明还包括同位素标记的本发明的化合物,其与本文所述的那些相同,除了一个或多个原子被原子质量或质量数不同于天然通常存在的原子质量或质量数的原子所替换。可以并入本发明化合物中的同位素的实例包括氢、碳、氮、氧、磷、硫、氟和氯的同位素,分别是例如2H、3H、13C、14C、15N、18O、17O、31P、32P、35S、18F和36Cl。例如,本发明的化合物可具有一个或多个被氘取代的H原子。
某些同位素标记的公开的化合物(例如,用3H和14C标记的那些)可用于化合物和/或底物组织分布测定。氚化(即3H)和碳-14(即14C)同位素是特别优选的,因为它们易于制备和检测。此外,用较重的同位素例如氘(即2H)来取代可以提供更大的代谢稳定性(例如,增加体内半衰期或降低剂量要求)而产生某些治疗优势,因此在一些情况下可能是优选的。本发明的同位素标记的化合物通常可以通过以下类似于本文实施例中公开的那些方法通过用同位素标记的试剂取代非同位素标记的试剂来制备。
如本文所述的“患者”或“受试者”是指有风险、患有或诊断为炎性病况的任何动物,包括但不限于哺乳动物,灵长类动物和人。在某些实施方案中,患者可以是非人哺乳动物,例如猫,狗或马。患者可以是诊断为具有发展炎性病况的高风险的个体,已经诊断为患有炎性病况的个体,先前患有炎性病况的个体,或评估为具有炎症性病况的症状或适应症的个体。
如本文所使用的,“有需要的患者”是指患有炎性病况的任何症状或表现的患者、可能患有炎性病况的任何症状或表现的患者或可能从本发明用于治疗炎性病况的方法中获益的任何患者,所述病况是例如炎性肠病。有需要的患者可以包括被诊断为具有发展炎性病况(例如炎性肠病)风险的患者、已经患有炎性病况的患者或先前已经接受这种病况治疗的患者。
本文使用的术语“治疗”、“处理””、“处置”等通常是指获得所需的药学和/或生理学效果。所述效果可以就完全或部分预防疾病或其症状而言,是预防性的,和/或在部分或完全治愈疾病和/或归因于疾病的不良作用方面可以是治疗性的。本文所用的术语“治疗”涵盖对哺乳动物,特别是人的疾病的任何治疗,包括:(a)在可能易患疾病但尚未诊断为患病的受试者中预防疾病的发生;(b)抑制疾病,即防止疾病的严重性或范围增加;(c)缓解疾病,即使得疾病部分或完全改善;或(d)预防疾病的复发,即防止疾病在先前对疾病症状的成功治疗或对疾病的治疗之后恢复到活性状态。
本文所用的“有效量”是指当施用于患者时足以至少部分地治疗病况的试剂的量。治疗有效量将根据病况的严重程度,组分的施用途径,以及所治疗的患者的年龄、体重等而变化。因此,本公开的化合物的有效量是在患者中治疗本文所考虑的一种或多种病况或疾病所需的这种化合物的量,使得该药物的施用预防该病况在受试者中发生,预防病况的进展(例如,预防病况的症状的发作或严重程度增加),或缓解或完全改善病况的所有相关症状,即使得病况消退。有效量也可以是产生所需生物效应所必需的这种化合物的量,例如。降低INF-γ水平。
可以通过评估与炎性病况相关的总体症状、组织的组织学分析、生化测定、成像方法例如磁共振成像或其它已知方法来评价治疗的功效。例如,可以通过分析施用本文所述化合物后病况的总体症状,例如组织炎症的变化、腹痛、呕吐、腹泻、直肠出血、痉挛、肌肉抽搐、体重减轻、营养不良、发烧、贫血或其它与炎性病况相关的总体病理方面来评估治疗的功效。
还可以例如通过获得组织活检标本(例如胃肠组织活检标本)和评价总的组织或细胞形态或染色特性,在组织或细胞水平评价治疗功效。检查蛋白质或RNA表达的生化测定也可用于评价治疗的功效。例如,可以通过免疫细胞化学、免疫组织化学、Western印迹或Northern印迹方法、或用于评估RNA水平的方法如定量或半定量聚合酶链反应,来评价解离细胞或非解离组织中的IL-22,IFN-γ,或其他提示一种或多种炎性病况的蛋白质或基因产物水平、炎性细胞因子产生或IL-22介导的炎症应答。还可以评估见于粪便物、血浆或血清中的有用生物标志物的存在或表达水平,以评价疾病状态和治疗功效。
方法
本公开提供了对有需要的患者治疗炎性病况的方法,包括对患者施用有效量的本文公开的化合物。本文考虑的示例性炎性病况包括克罗恩病、胃十二指肠克罗恩病、克罗恩病(肉芽肿性)结肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、缺血性结肠炎、转移性结肠炎、白塞氏病、显微镜结肠炎、溃疡性直肠炎、直肠结肠炎、空肠弯曲、左侧结肠炎、全肠炎、回肠结肠炎、回肠炎、不确定性结肠炎和嗜酸性粒细胞性肠炎。其它预期的炎性病况包括软骨炎症、骨退化、类风湿性关节炎、关节炎、银屑病关节炎、过敏性肺炎、肝病(如脂肪肝、肝炎、肝脂肪变性和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH))、纤维化(例如,肠纤维化、肺纤维化或肝纤维化)、自身免疫性多内分泌综合征、爱迪生氏病、古德帕斯彻氏综合征、格雷夫斯病、格林巴利综合征、桥本氏脑病、银屑病、桥本甲状腺炎、幼年型关节炎(例如幼年特发性关节炎)、红斑狼疮、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默氏病、皮炎、特应性皮炎、痤疮、I型糖尿病、自身免疫性肝炎、梅尼埃病、雷诺氏现象、干燥综合征、强直性脊柱炎、慢性疲劳综合征、风湿性多肌痛、骨关节炎、前列腺炎和Reiter综合征。在某些实施方案中,患者是哺乳动物。在某些其他实施方案中,患者是人。
在某些实施方案中,提供了治疗炎性疾病或病况的方法,其中所述疾病或病况选自炎性肠病、软骨炎症、骨退化、溃疡性结肠炎、银屑病、关节炎、银屑病关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、幼年型关节炎、幼年型类风湿性关节炎、自身免疫性肝炎、克罗恩病、红斑狼疮、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默氏病、皮炎、特应性皮炎、痤疮、I型糖尿病、雷诺氏现象、格雷夫斯病和爱迪生氏病。并且其中所述方法包括向有需要的患者施用有效量的所公开的化合物。在某些实施方案中,患者是哺乳动物。在某些其他实施方案中,患者是人。
提供了治疗克罗恩病和/或溃疡性结肠炎和/或炎性肠病的方法,包括向有需要的患者施用有效量的所公开的化合物。在某些实施方案中,患者是哺乳动物。在某些其他实施方案中,患者是人。
在某些实施方案中所述炎性疾病或病况选自克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、转移性结肠炎、白塞氏病、特发性炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、局部肠炎、痉挛性结肠、显微镜结肠炎、克罗恩氏结肠炎、肛周疾病和不确定性结肠炎。
在某些实施方案中,所述炎性疾病或病况是克罗恩病。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病选自回肠结肠炎、回肠炎、胃十二指肠克罗恩病、空肠回肠炎和肉芽肿回肠结肠炎。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病包括肠纤维化。在某些实施方案中,克罗恩病是纤维狭窄性克罗恩病。
在另一方面,本公开提供了预防、治疗或减轻受试者中的纤维狭窄或肠纤维化的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的本文公开的化合物。在某些实施方案中,纤维狭窄或肠纤维化与克罗恩病有关。
可以理解,炎性肠病可能与许多症状相关。因此,本公开提供了缓解炎性肠病的一种或多种症状的方法,包括对有需要的患者施用有效量的所公开的化合物,所述症状选自腹痛、呕吐、腹泻、直肠出血、严重痉挛、肌肉抽搐、体重减轻、营养不良、发热、贫血、皮肤损伤、关节疼痛、眼炎症、肝脏疾病、关节炎、坏疽性脓皮病、原发性硬化性胆管炎、非甲状腺疾病综合征和儿童生长缺陷。
在一个方面,本公开涉及降低IFN-γ水平和/或抑制IFN-γ的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的所公开的化合物。本文所用的“抑制IFN-γ”可以指代IFN-γ表达或活性的完全或部分减少。因此,抑制IFN-γ可以指IFN-γ基因或染色质状态的改变或者与基因转录或基因可接近性的调节子的相互作用改变,这导致IFN-γ基因产物例如IFN-γRNA、IFN-γ蛋白或IFN-γ的肽序列的表达的完全或部分减少。抑制IFN-γ还可以指对IFN-γ基因产物表达至关重要的过程的抑制,包括但不限于IFN-γ转录、IFN-γRNA加工、IFN-γ蛋白翻译或IFN-γ翻译后修改。另外,抑制IFN-γ可以指抑制IFN-γ基因产物(包括IFN-γ的肽、IFN-γ的核苷酸产物(例如IFN-γmRNA)和IFN-γ蛋白)的活性。抑制IFN-γ基因产物的活性可以包括IFN-γ信号传导的减少或者IFN-γ与其它细胞组分(例如蛋白质、肽、DNA、RNA、脂质或信号分子)包括核、细胞器、细胞溶胶、膜和细胞外组分的直接或间接相互作用的减少。例如,抑制IFN-γ活性可以包括抑制IFN-γ结合或激活CSF1R或者抑制CSF1R下游信号传导效应(例如MAP激酶磷酸化或巨噬细胞增殖)。
在一个方面,本公开涉及增加IL-22水平的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的所公开的化合物。这种增加可以用于提高或加强免疫力或提供免疫保护功能。
本发明还提供了增加患有炎性病况的患者的细胞中IL-22产生的方法,包括向有需要的患者施用有效量的所公开的化合物。可以在其中发生IL-22表达或活性的任何细胞(包括胃肠道,免疫系统和血液中的细胞)中增加IL-22的产生。胃肠道(包括胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠、直肠和肛管的细胞)的细胞包括柱状上皮细胞、粘膜上皮细胞、酶原细胞、颈粘液细胞、壁细胞、胃泌素细胞、杯状细胞、潘氏(paneth)细胞、寡粘液细胞和绒毛吸收细胞。免疫系统的细胞包括白细胞、吞噬细胞(例如巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和树突细胞)、单核细胞、肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞、先天细胞、淋巴细胞、B细胞和T细胞。血细胞包括红血细胞(红细胞)和白血细胞(白细胞、单核细胞和血小板)。
在一个方面,本公开涉及增加IL-22水平和降低IFN-γ水平的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的上述化合物。
在一个方面,本公开涉及抑制脂质过氧化的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的上述化合物。
在一个方面,本公开涉及调控芳基烃受体(AhR)的方法,包括施用选择性AhR调制剂;其中所述选择性AhR调制剂是上述化合物。
在另一方面,本发明提供了如本文所述的化合物用作药物。在另一方面,本发明提供了如本文所述的化合物用于治疗炎性疾病或病况的方法。炎性疾病或病症可以如上所定义。在另一方面,本发明提供了如本文所述的化合物用于治疗克罗恩病和/或溃疡性结肠炎和/或炎性肠病的方法。克罗恩病可以如上所定义。在另一方面,本公开提供了如本文所述的化合物用于预防、治疗或减少纤维狭窄或肠纤维化的方法。在某些实施方案中,纤维狭窄或肠纤维化与克罗恩病有关。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了本文所述的化合物用于缓解炎性肠病的一种或多种症状的方法。所述症状可以如上所定义。一方面,本发明提供本文所述的化合物涉及在有需要的受试者中降低IFN-γ水平和/或抑制IFN-γ的方法。抑制IFN-γ可以如上所定义。在另一方面,本发明提供了如本文所述的化合物用于在个体中增加IL-22水平的方法。所述增加可以用于提高或增强免疫力或提供免疫保护功能。本发明还提供了如上所述的化合物用于在患有炎性病况的患者的细胞中增加IL-22产生的方法。炎性病况可以如上所定义。在另一方面,本发明提供了如本文所述的化合物用于在个体中增加IL-22水平和降低IFN-γ水平的方法。本发明还提供了如本文所述的化合物用于在受试者中抑制脂质过氧化的方法中。本发明还提供了化合物用于在受试者中调控芳烃受体(AhR)的方法。
药物组合物和施用途径
本发明还提供了包含本文所述化合物的药物组合物。在另一方面,本发明提供了用于治疗炎性病况的药物组合物。所述药物组合物可以包含本文所述的化合物和药物接受的载体。如本文所用,术语“药物组合物”是指例如含有指定量的治疗化合物的混合物,例如治疗有效量的治疗化合物与药物可接受的载体的混合物,待施用于哺乳动物如人类以治疗炎性病况。
本公开的化合物可以专门配制用于以固体、液体或凝胶形式向受试者施用化合物,包括适合于以下途径的形式:(1)口服施用,例如灌服剂(水性或非水性水溶液或悬浮液)、锭剂、糖衣丸、胶囊、丸剂、片剂(例如,用于口腔、舌下和全身吸收的那些)、推注剂(boluses)、粉剂、颗粒剂、糊剂用于应用至舌头,(2)肠胃外给药,例如通过皮下、肌内、静脉内或硬膜外注射,例如无菌溶液或悬浮液,或缓释制剂;(3)局部施用,例如作为施用于皮肤的霜剂、软膏或控释贴剂或喷雾剂;(4)阴道内或直肠内施用,例如作为阴道栓剂,乳膏或泡沫;(5)舌下施用;(6)经眼施用;(7)经皮施用;(8)经粘膜施用;或(9)经鼻施用。剂型的实例包括但不限于:片剂;囊形片剂;胶囊,例如硬明胶胶囊和软弹性明胶胶囊;扁囊剂;口含锭剂(troches);锭剂;分散剂;栓剂;软膏;巴布剂(泥敷剂);糊剂;粉末;敷料;霜剂;硬膏剂;溶液;贴剂;气雾剂(例如,鼻喷雾剂或吸入剂);凝胶;液体如悬浮液(例如水性或非水性液体悬浮液,水包油乳液或油包水液体乳液),溶液和酏剂;和可以重构以提供液体剂型的无菌固体(例如,结晶或无定形固体)。
含有本文所述化合物的药物组合物可以以剂量单位形式存在,并且可以通过任何合适的方法制备。药物组合物应当配制成与其预期的给药途径相容。可用的制剂可以通过制药领域熟知的方法制备。例如,见Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th ed.(Mack Publishing Company,1990)。
药物制剂优选是无菌的。灭菌可以例如通过经由无菌过滤膜过滤来实现。当组合物是冻干形式时,过滤灭菌可以在冻干和重构之前或之后进行。
本发明的药物组合物可以配制成用于胃肠外给药,例如配制成用于通过静脉内、肌内、皮下、伤口内或腹膜内途径注射。根据本公开,含水组合物,例如含有本文所述化合物的水性药物组合物的制备是本领域技术人员已知的。通常,这样的组合物可以制备为注射剂,可以作为液体溶液或悬浮液;也可以制备为适于在注射前加入液体而制备溶液或悬浮液的固体形式;并且制备物也可以被乳化。
适合注射使用的药物形式包括无菌水溶液或分散剂;配方包括芝麻油、花生油或含水丙二醇;以及用于临时制备无菌可注射溶液或分散剂的无菌粉末。在所有情况下,所述形式必须是无菌的并且必须是流体,达到容易注射的程度。其在制造和储存条件下必须是稳定的,并且必须防止微生物例如细菌和真菌的污染。
可以适当地与表面活性剂例如羟丙基纤维素混合而在水中制备作为游离碱的活性化合物或药物可接受盐的溶液。也可以在甘油,液体聚乙二醇及其混合物中以及在油中制备分散剂。此外,无菌的非挥发性油可以用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可以使用任何温和的非挥发性油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸如油酸可用于制备注射剂。无菌可注射制备物还可以是存在于无毒的肠道外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液、悬浮液或乳剂,例如作为1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可以使用的可接受的载体和溶剂是水、林格氏溶液、U.S.P和等渗氯化钠溶液。在一个实施方案中,化合物可以悬浮在包含1%(w/v)羧甲基纤维素钠和0.1%(v/v)TWEENTM 80的载体流体中。在普通储存和使用条件下,这些制备物含有防腐剂以阻止微生物的生长。
可注射制剂,例如无菌可注射水性或油性悬浮液可根据已知技术使用合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂来配制。通常,通过将各种灭菌的活性成分并入无菌载体中制备分散剂,所述无菌载体含有基本分散介质和来自上面列举的那些所需其它成分。可以根据需要将本文所述的化合物与所需量的适当溶剂并入各种上述其它成分,然后过滤灭菌来制备本发明的无菌可注射溶液。在制备用于无菌注射溶液的无菌粉末的情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,这些技术会从其先前灭菌过滤后的溶液中生成活性成分的粉末加上任意附加的所需成分。可注射制剂可以例如通过细菌截留过滤器进行过滤而灭菌。
还考虑制备更多或高度浓缩的用于肌内注射的溶液。在这方面,使用DMSO作为溶剂是优选的,因为这将造成非常快速的渗透,将高浓度的化合物递送至小面积的范围内。
用于这种溶液的合适的防腐剂包括苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、氯丁醇、硫柳汞等。合适的缓冲剂包括硼酸、碳酸氢钠和碳酸氢钾、硼酸钠和硼酸钾、碳酸钠和碳酸钾、乙酸钠、磷酸氢二钠等,其用量为足以将pH保持在约pH6和pH8之间,优选为约pH7和pH7.5之间。合适的渗透压调制剂是葡聚糖40、葡聚糖70、葡萄糖、甘油、氯化钾、丙二醇、氯化钠等,使得溶液的氯化钠当量在0.9±0.2%的范围内。合适的抗氧化剂和稳定剂包括亚硫酸氢钠、焦亚硫酸钠、硫代亚硫酸钠、硫脲等。合适的润湿和澄清剂包括聚山梨酯80、聚山梨醇酯20、泊洛沙姆282和泰洛沙泊。合适的增粘剂包括葡聚糖40、葡聚糖70、明胶、甘油、羟乙基纤维素、羟甲基丙基纤维素、羊毛脂、甲基纤维素、凡士林、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素等。
在一些实施方案中,本文包含的是适于口服递送本文所述的化合物的组合物,例如为片剂,其包括肠溶包衣,例如耐胃酸包衣,使得所述组合物可将化合物递送至例如患者的胃肠道。
例如,提供了用于口服施用的片剂,其包含颗粒(例如,至少部分由颗粒形成)和一种或多种药物可接受的辅料,所述颗粒包括本文所述化合物。这种片剂可以用肠溶包衣进行包衣。所预期的片剂可包括药物可接受的辅料,例如填充剂、粘合剂、崩解剂和/或润滑剂,以及着色剂、脱模剂、包衣剂、甜味剂、调味剂(如冬青、橙、木糖醇、山梨醇、果糖和麦芽糖糊精),以及芳香剂、防腐剂和/或抗氧化剂。
在一些实施方案中,所预期的药物制剂包括颗粒内相和药物可接受的填充剂,所述颗粒内相包括本文所述的化合物或其药物可接受的盐。例如,化合物和填充剂可以任选地与其它辅料混合在一起,并形成颗粒。在一些实施方案中,颗粒内相可以使用湿法制粒法形成,例如将液体(例如水)加入到共混的化合物和填充剂中,然后将该组合物干燥,研磨和/或筛分以产生颗粒。本领域技术人员将理解,可以使用其他方法来实现颗粒内相。
在一些实施方案中,所预期制剂包括颗粒外相,其可以包括一种或多种药物可接受的辅料,并且其可以与颗粒内共混以形成公开的制剂。
所述公开的制剂可以包括含有填充剂的颗粒内相。示例性的填充剂包括但不限于纤维素、明胶、磷酸钙、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、微晶纤维素、果胶、聚丙烯酸酯、葡萄糖、乙酸纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、部分预胶化淀粉、碳酸钙及其它,包括其组合。
在一些实施方案中,所述公开的制剂可以包括含有粘合剂的颗粒内相和/或颗粒外相,所述粘合剂通常可用于将药物制剂的成分保持在一起。本发明的示例性粘合剂可以包括但不限于以下物质:淀粉、糖、纤维素或改性纤维素如羟丙基纤维素、乳糖、预胶化玉米淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、低取代羟丙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、糖醇及其它,包括其组合。
所预期的制剂,例如包括颗粒内相和/或颗粒外相的制剂可以包括崩解剂,例如但不限于淀粉、纤维素、交联的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、淀粉羟乙酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、藻酸盐、玉米淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、交联羧甲基纤维素、低取代羟丙基纤维素、阿拉伯胶及其它,包括其组合。例如,颗粒内相和/或颗粒外相可以包括崩解剂。
在一些实施方案中,所预期的制剂包括颗粒内相和颗粒外相,所述颗粒内相包含本文所述的化合物和辅料,所述辅料选自:甘露醇、微晶纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素和羟基乙酸淀粉钠或其组合,并且所述颗粒外相包含以下中的一种或多种:微晶纤维素、淀粉羟乙酸钠和硬脂酸镁或其混合物。
在一些实施方案中,所预期的制剂可包括润滑剂,例如颗粒外相可以含有润滑剂。润滑剂包括但不限于滑石粉、二氧化硅、脂肪、硬脂精、硬脂酸镁、磷酸钙、二氧化硅、硅酸钙、磷酸钙、胶体二氧化硅、金属硬脂酸盐、氢化植物油、玉米淀粉、苯甲酸钠、聚乙二醇、乙酸钠、硬脂酸钙、月桂基硫酸钠、氯化钠、月桂基硫酸镁、滑石粉和硬脂酸。
在一些实施方案中,所述药物制剂包含肠溶衣。通常,肠溶衣为口服药物产生屏障,其控制药物沿着消化道被吸收的位置。肠溶衣可以包括根据pH以不同速率分解的聚合物。肠溶衣可以包括例如邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素、丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物、乙酸琥珀酸纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物、丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物、C型甲基丙烯酸共聚物、聚乙酸乙烯酯-邻苯二甲酸酯和醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素。
示例性肠溶衣包括AMB、这些级别。在一些实施方案中,肠溶衣可包含预期片剂重量的约5%至约10%、约5%至约20%、8至约15%、约8%至约20%、约10%至约20%或约12%至约20%或约18%。例如,肠溶衣可以包括丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物。
例如,在一个预期的实施方案中提供了片剂,其包含或基本上由如下组成:占重量约0.5%至约70%,例如约0.5%至约10%,或约1%至约20%的本文所述的化合物或其药物可接受的盐。这样的片剂可以包括例如占重量约0.5%至约60%的甘露醇,例如重量约30%至约50%的甘露醇,例如占重量约40%的甘露醇;和/或占重量约20%至约40%的微晶纤维素,或占重量约10%至约30%的微晶纤维素。例如,所述公开的片剂可以包括颗粒内相,其包括占重量约30%至约60%,例如占重量约45%至约65%,或者占重量约5%至约10%的本文所述的化合物,占重量约30%至约50%,或者备选地约5%至约15%的甘露醇,占重量约5%至约15%的微晶纤维素,约0%至约4%或约1%至约7%的羟丙基甲基纤维素,和占重量约0%至约4%,例如约2%至约4%的羟基乙酸淀粉钠。
在另一个预期的实施方案中,用于口服施用本文所述的化合物的药物片剂制剂包含颗粒内相,其中颗粒内相包括本文所述的化合物或其药物可接受的盐(例如钠盐)和药物可接受的填充剂,并且其还可以包括颗粒外相,所述颗粒外相可以包括药物可接受的辅料,例如崩解剂。所述颗粒外相可以包括选自微晶纤维素,硬脂酸镁及其混合物的组分。所述药物组合物还可以包括占片剂重量约12%至20%的肠溶衣。例如,用于口服使用的药物可接受的片剂可以包含占重量约0.5%至10%的本文所述的化合物或其药物可接受的盐,占重量约30%至50%的甘露醇,占重量约10%至30%的微晶纤维素和包含丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物的肠溶衣。
在另一个实例中,用于口服用途的药物可接受的片剂可以包含颗粒内相,其包含占重量约5至约10%的本文所述的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、占重量约40%的甘露醇、占重量约8%的微晶纤维素、占重量约5%的羟丙基甲基纤维素和占重量约2%的淀粉羟乙酸钠;颗粒外相,其包含占重量约17%的微晶纤维素、占重量约2%的淀粉羟乙酸钠、占重量约0.4%的硬脂酸镁;以及在片剂上的包含丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物的肠溶衣。
在某一点上包衣溶解和活性成分释放的速率是其溶解速率。在一个实施方案中,所预期的片剂可以具有溶解特征,例如,当在2型USP/EP装置(桨式)中在100rpm和37℃,在pH7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液中测试时,约50%至约100%的本文所述的化合物在约120分钟至约240分钟,例如180分钟后释放。在另一个实施方案中,所预期的片剂可以具有溶解特征,例如,当在2型USP/EP装置(桨式)中在100rpm和37℃,在pH为1.0的稀释的HCl中测试时,其中120分钟后基本上没有化合物被释放。在另一个实施方案中,所预期的片剂可以具有溶解特征,例如,当在2型USP/EP装置(桨式)中在100rpm和37℃,在pH为6.6的磷酸盐缓冲液中测试时,30分钟后约10%至约30%或不超过约50%的化合物被释放。
在一些实施方案中,本文提供的方法可以进一步包括施用至少一种针对本文公开的病况、疾病和病况的治疗的其它药剂。在一个实施方案中,所预期的其它药剂可以(例如,顺序或同时)共同施用。
此类组合疗法的非限制性实例包括将一种或多种本发明化合物与抗炎剂、抗生素剂、免疫抑制剂、免疫调制剂或镇痛剂组合。
所预期的药剂包括免疫抑制剂,其包括糖皮质激素、细胞抑制剂、抗体,作用于亲免素的药剂、干扰素、阿片样物质、TNF结合蛋白、麦考酚酯和小生物药剂。例如,所预期的免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:他克莫司、环孢霉素、吡美莫司、西罗莫司、依维莫司、霉酚酸、芬戈莫德、地塞米松、氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、来氟米特、特立氟胺、阿那白滞素、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白、莫罗单抗-CD3、阿夫吐珠单抗、利妥昔单抗、替勃利珠单抗、依法珠单抗、达利珠单抗、巴利昔单抗、阿达木单抗、英夫利昔单抗、塞妥珠单抗布他唑、那他珠单抗和依那西普。其他所预期的药剂包括抗腹泻药、泻药、铁补充剂和钙或维生素D或B-12补充剂。
示例性制剂包括这样的剂型、其包含约35mg至约500mg本文所述的化合物或基本上由其组成。例如,包含约35mg、40mg、50mg、60mg、70mg、80mg、90mg、100mg、110mg、120mg、130mg、140mg、150mg、160mg、170mg、180mg、190mg、200mg或250mg本文所述的化合物。在一个实施方案中,所述制剂可以包含约40mg、80mg或160mg本文所述的化合物。在一些实施方案中,制剂可以包括至少100μg本文所述的化合物。例如,制剂可包括约0.1mg、0.2mg、0.3mg、0.4mg、0.5mg、1mg、5mg、10mg、15mg、20mg或25mg本文所述的化合物。施用的量将取决于这些变量,例如待治疗的疾病或适应症的类型和程度、患者的总体健康和体格大小、化合物的体内功效、药物制剂和施用途径。可以将初始剂量增加到超过上限以便快速达到所需的血液水平或组织水平。或者,初始剂量可以小于最佳剂量,并且可以在治疗过程中逐渐增加剂量。给药频率可以根据诸如施用途径、剂量和所治疗的疾病等因素而变化。示例性给药频率为每天一次,每周一次和每两周一次。在一些实施方案中,给药是每天一次持续7天。
实施例
本发明通过以下实施例得到进一步说明。提供实施例仅用于说明目的,并且不应被解释为以任何方式限制本发明的范围或内容。
实施例1:样品2的合成
如下文所示方案1制备样品2。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品2在别处称为化合物2。
方案1
合成2-(2-(三乙基甲硅烷基)-5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚-3-基)乙醇(3)
将50mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的2-碘-4-(三氟甲基)苯胺(1)(5.00g,17.4mmol)、4-(三乙基甲硅烷基)丁-3-炔-1-醇(2)(3.85g,1.2mmol)、二(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]氯化钯(II)(0.64g,0.87mmol)、氯化锂(0.732g,17.4mmol)和碳酸钠(3.7g,34.8mmol)的混合物在100℃搅拌15小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到7.00g标题化合物,为黄色油状物,含有~20%的起始材料(2)。所述产物不经进一步纯化用于后续步骤。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.2(bs,1H),7.9(s,1H),7.45(s,2H),3.85(q,J=8.0Hz,2H),3.15(t,J=6.4Hz,2H),1.46(t,J=6.0Hz,1H),1.2(m,15H);MS(APCI+)m/z=344(M+H)。
合成2-(5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚-3-基)乙醇(4)
将15mL的2-(2-(三乙基甲硅烷基)-5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚-3-基)乙醇(3)(2.00g,5.83mmol)的四氢呋喃(THF)溶液加入四丁基氟化铵(7.0mL,1M,溶于THF),将反应混合物在室温(rt)搅拌72小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机萃取物用置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.02g(75%)标题化合物,为浅黄色油状物。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.3(bs,1H),7.96(s,1H),7.45(s,2H),7.2(s,1H),3.90(t,J=6.8Hz,2H),3.05(t,J=6.8Hz,2H);MS(APCI+)m/z=230(M+H)。
合成3-(2-溴乙基)-5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚(5)
将2-(5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚-3-基)乙醇(4)(1.00g,4.36mmol)的THF溶液(10ml)加入到预搅拌1小时的三苯基膦(2.30g,8.72mmol)和全溴甲烷(4.40g,13.1mmol)的THF溶液(10mL)中。将所得混合物在室温搅拌3小时。然后将反应混合物过滤并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.66g(51%)的标题化合物,为黄色油状物。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.25(bs,1H),7.9(s,1H),7.4(s,2H),7.2(s,1H),3.7(t,J=7.8Hz,2H),3.27(t,J=7.8Hz,2H)。
合成3-(2-叠氮基乙基)-5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚(6)
将DMF(10mL)中的3-(2-溴乙基)-5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚(5)(0.66g,2.26mmol)和叠氮化钠(0.44g;6.8mmol)的混合物在70℃搅拌4小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层依次用盐水、硫代硫酸钠洗涤,干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.61g(100%)标题化合物,为棕色油状物。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.15(bs,1H),7.87(s,1H),7.44(d,J=1.5Hz,2H),7.19(s,1H),3.55-3.61(t,J=7Hz,2H),3.08(t,J=7.2Hz,2H)。
合成2-(5-(三氟甲基)-(1H-吲哚-3-基))乙胺(7)
将甲醇(10mL)中的3-(2-叠氮基乙基)-5-(三氟甲基)-H-吲哚(6)(0.61g,2.45mmol)和三苯基膦(1.93g,7.41mmol)的混合物在70℃搅拌2小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩,粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.44g(75%)标题化合物,为棕色油状物。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.4(bs,1H),7.9(s,1H),7.4(s,2H),7.25(s,1H),7.13-7.14(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),3.04(m,4H);MS(APCI-)m/z=326(M-H)。
合成1-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)-6-(三氟甲基)-2,3,4,9-四氢-1H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲
哚(样品2)
将乙酸溶液(8ml)中的2-(5-(三氟甲基)-1H-吲哚-3-基))乙胺(7)(0.40g,1.76mmol)和3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醛(8)(0.322g,1.93mmol)的混合物在80℃搅拌24小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩,粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.16g(33%)标题化合物,为白色固体。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.9(s,1H),7.71(bs,1H),7.33(m,1H),6.84(d,J=3.8Hz,2H),5.12(s,1H),3.88(s,3H),3.81(s,3H),3.15(m,1H),2.88(m,2H);MS(APCI+)m/z=377(M+H)。
实施例2:样品4a的合成
如下文所示方案2制备样品4a。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品4a在别处称为化合物4a。
方案2
合成2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚(2)
在0℃,将2-碘-1H-吲哚(1)(1.50g,6.17mmol)的THF溶液(20mL)加入到60%NaH(0.37g,9.25mmol)的悬浮液中,将所得溶液搅拌10分钟。逐滴加入甲基碘(1.75g,12.3mmol),并使反应混合物经1小时从0℃缓慢升温至室温。用饱和NH4Cl溶液(15mL)淬灭反应,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机层置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.27g(80%)标题化合物,为浅黄色油状物。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.71(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.29(d,J=8Hz,1H),7.14(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.06(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.78(s,1H),3.74(s,3H)。
合成3-(2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)丙醛(4)
在0℃向丙烯醛(3)(1.38g,24.7mmol)和N-甲基苯胺(0.16g,1.48mmol)的经搅拌溶液中逐滴加入TFA(0.16g,1.48mmol),并将反应混合物在0℃搅拌10分钟。加入CH2Cl2(4mL)中的2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚(2)(1.27g,4.94mmol),并将反应混合物缓慢搅拌3小时,从0℃升至室温。将反应混合物用水稀释并用二氯甲烷(DCM)萃取。将有机层置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到920mg(59%)标题化合物,为淡黄色泡沫状物。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ9.85(s,2H),7.51(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.30(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.16(t,J=9.8Hz,1H),7.08(t,J=8Hz,1H),3.75(s,3H),3.75(s,3H),3.09(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),2.76(t,J=8.2Hz,2H);MS(ESI+)m/z=314(M+H)。
合成N-(3-(2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基))丙基-3,4,5-三甲氧基苯胺(6)
向3-(2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)丙醛(4)(920mg,2.93mmol)和3,4,5-三甲氧基苯胺(5)(806mg,4.40mmol)的甲醇溶液(15mL)中加入1滴乙酸,并将反应混合物搅拌10分钟。加入NaCNBH3(0.46g,7.32mmol),并继续搅拌16小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用DCM萃取。将有机层置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.07g(74%)标题化合物,为灰白色泡沫。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.53(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.31(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.16(t,J=9Hz,1H),7.06(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),5.77(s,2H),3.75(s,3H),3.14(t,J=7.05Hz,2H),2.88(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.26(m,2H);MS(ESI+)m/z=481(M+H)。
合成9-甲基-1-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-2,3,4,9-四氢-1H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚
(样品4a)
向N-(3-(2-碘-1-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基))丙基)-3,4,5-三甲氧基苯胺(6)(1.07g,2.22mmol)的甲苯溶液(5mL)中加入三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(0.1g,0.108mmol)、2,2'-双(二苯基膦基)-1,1”-联萘(0.12g,0.216mmol)和t-BuONa(0.21g,2.16mmol),并将反应混合物在100℃搅拌2小时。将混合物减压浓缩,粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到280mg(36%)标题化合物,为白色固体。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.45(d,1H),7.15(m,3H),6.19(s,2H),3.82(s,3H),3.71(m,8H),3.26(s,3H),2.79(t,J=6.6Hz,2H),1.87(m,2H);MS(ESI+)m/z=353(M+H)。
实施例3:样品13的合成
如下文所示方案3制备样品13。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品13在别处称为化合物13。
方案3
合成3-溴噻吩-2-甲醛(3)
在-78℃向二异丙基氨基锂(31.6mmol)的50mL的THF溶液中加入3-溴噻吩(3.0g,31mmol)(1)。搅拌1小时后,加入甲酰基哌啶(3.50g,31.6mmol)(2),并将反应温热至0℃。12小时后,将反应混合物在DCM和饱和NH4Cl之间分配,并分离有机层,置于MgSO4上干燥,过滤,减压浓缩。粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.90g(54%)标题化合物,为黄色油状物。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ9.99(s,1H),7.71(d,J=5.2Hz,1H),7.15(d,J=4.8Hz,1H)。
合成3-叠氮基噻吩-2-甲醛(4)
将3-溴噻吩-2-甲醛(3)(1.90g,0.99mmol)和叠氮化钠(3.23g,50mmol)的50mL 1,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢-2(1H)-嘧啶酮(DMPU)溶液加热至50℃并搅拌36小时。将反应混合物倒在冰水上并且然后用DCM萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥,过滤,并减压浓缩。粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.00g(66%)标题化合物,为黄色油状物。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ9.93(s,1H),7.72(d,J=5.2Hz,1H),7.04(d,J=5.2Hz,1H)。
合成(E)-3-(3-叠氮基噻吩-2-基)-1-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)丙-2-烯-1-酮(6)
向MeOH(5mL)中的3-叠氮基噻吩-2-甲醛(4)(0.80g,5.22mmol)和1-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)乙酮(5)(1.64g,7.84mmol)的混合物中加入NaOH(0.62g,15.66mmol)的水溶液(2mL),并将反应混合物在室温下搅拌16小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用DCM萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥,过滤并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到1.10g(61%)标题化合物,为黄色固体。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.88(d,J=15.6Hz,1H),7.42(d,J=5.2Hz,1H),7.21(d,J=15.2Hz,3H),7.00(d,J=5.2Hz,1H),3.94(d,J=5.2Hz,9H);MS(ESI+)m/z=346(M+H)。
合成(4H-噻吩并[3,2-b]吡咯-5-基)(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)甲酮(7)
将(E)-3-(3-叠氮基噻吩-2-基)-1-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)丙-2-烯-1-酮(6)(1.20g,3.48mmol)的10mL二甲苯溶液在150℃搅拌30分钟。将反应混合物减压浓缩,粗产物通过硅胶色谱纯化,得到1.00g(91%)标题化合物,为灰白色固体。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ9.48(bs,1H),7.42(d,J=5.4Hz,1H),7.20(s,2H),7.11(s,1H),7.01(d,J=5.7Hz,1H),3.94(d,J=1.8Hz,9H);MS(ESI+)m/z=318(M+H)。
合成5-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苄基)-4H-噻吩并[3,2-b]吡咯(样品13)
在100℃,将2-丙醇(10mL)的(4H-噻吩并[3,2-b]吡咯-5-基)(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)甲酮(7)(0.80g;2.52mmol)和硼氢化钠(480mg,12.7mmol)的混合物在密封管中搅拌2小时。将反应混合物冷却并用水稀释并用DCM萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到280mg(37%)标题化合物,为白色固体。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.92(bs,1H),6.99(d,J=5.1Hz,1H),6.86(d,J=5.1Hz,1H),6.46(s,2H),6.26(s,1H),4.02(s,2H),3.83(t,J=3.75Hz,9H);MS(ESI+)m/z=304(M+H)。
实施例4:样品15的合成
如下文所示方案4制备样品15。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品15在别处称为化合物15。
方案4
合成6-(三氟甲基)苯并[d]噻唑(3)
向6-(三氟甲基)苯并噻唑-2-胺(1)(2.00g,9.17mmol)的20mL THF溶液中加入亚硝酸异戊酯(3.22g,27.5mmol)。将混合物加热至回流30分钟,用水淬灭,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到860mg(46%)标题化合物,为黄色固体。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ9.16(s,1H),8.26(m,2H),7.78(d,J=1.2Hz,1H)。
合成2-氨基-5-(三氟甲基)苯硫酚(4)
将6-(三氟甲基)苯并[d]噻唑(3)(830mg,4.08mmol)和一水合肼(1.52g,30.6mmol)的乙醇(20mL)溶液加热至回流1.5小时。将混合物加入到乙酸(3mL)的水溶液(100mL)中并用DCM萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到670mg(84%)标题化合物,为黄色油状物。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.62(d,J=1.2Hz,1H),7.39(dd,J=8.4,2.0Hz,1H),6.75(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),4.49(s,2H),2.95(s,1H)。
合成2-(3,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6-(三氟甲基)苯并[d]噻唑(样品15)
将2-氨基-5-(三氟甲基)苯硫醇(4)(400mg,2.07mmol)、2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)乙酸(5)和劳森试剂(0.29g,0.72mmol)置于密封管中,在190℃微波加热5分钟。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到320mg(43%)标题化合物,为白色固体。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ8.08(s,1H),8.06(s,1H),7.69(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.91(m,3H),4.40(s,1H),3.87(d,J=6.0Hz,6H);MS(ESI+)m/z=354(M+H)。
实施例5:样品17的合成
如下文所示方案5制备样品17。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品17在别处称为化合物17。
方案5
合成N-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-胺(样品17)
将20mL n-BuOH中的2-氯-1H-苯并[d]咪唑(1)(0.40g,2.63mmol)、磷酸二氢钾(0.36g,2.63mmol)和3,4,5-三甲氧基苯胺(0.48g,2.63mmol)的混合物在90℃搅拌16小时。将反应混合物用水稀释并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。粗产物通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.43g(54%)标题化合物,为灰白色固体。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ10.8(s,1H),9.29(s,1H),7.28(bs,2H),7.12(s,2H),6.97(bs,2H),3.79(s,6H),3.62(s,3H);MS(ESI+)m/z=300(M+H)。
实施例6:样品24的合成
如下文所示方案6制备样品24。此实施例中所用的化合物编号仅适用于本实施例;样品24在别处称为化合物24。
方案6
合成噻吩-2-胺·TFA盐(2)
向叔丁基噻吩-2-基氨基甲酸叔丁酯(1)(0.50g,2.51mmol)的10mL DCM溶液中加入2,2,2-三氟乙酸(1.43g,12.55mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌2小时。将反应混合物减压浓缩,得到~0.50g标题化合物,其不经纯化直接用于下一步骤。
合成2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)乙酰氯(4)
向2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)乙酸(3)(0.40g,1.77mmol)的10mL DCM的冰冷溶液中加入草酰氯(0.67g,5.30mmol),随后加入1滴DMF。将混合物搅拌2小时,从0℃至室温。将反应混合物减压浓缩,得到~0.50g标题化合物,其不经纯化即用于下一步骤。
合成N-(噻吩-2-基)-2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)乙酰胺(样品24)
向噻吩-2-胺·TFA盐(2)(~0.50g,粗品)和二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)(0.99g,7.65mmol)的10mL DCM的冰冷溶液中加入2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)乙酰氯(4)(~0.50g,粗品)的5mL DCM溶液,并将反应混合物搅拌2小时,从0℃至室温。将反应混合物用水稀释并用DCM萃取。将有机萃取物置于Na2SO4上干燥并减压浓缩。将粗物质通过硅胶色谱法纯化,得到0.25g标题化合物,为白色固体。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.80(bs,1H),6.87(m,1H),6.81(m,1H),6.56(m,1H),6.51(s,2H),3.86(s,9H),3.70(s,2H);MS(ESI+)m/z=308(M+H)。
实施例7:显示抗炎特性的选择性Ah受体调制剂(SAhRM)的设计和体外活性
作为开发本发明公开的化合物的起点,对属于一系列1-芳基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉衍生物(图1)的一组47种化合物在体外增加IL-22产生和减少IFN-γ产生的能力进行评价(图23)。图24显示一些上述化合物的体外结果。这些化合物降低IFN-γ的产生。值得注意的是,除了降低IFN-γ产生之外,例如化合物15和17也强烈地增加IL-22的产生。
构象分析
对这些系列中所有化合物进行构象分析以确定其取代基的空间位置,并在能量最低的构象异构体中找到它们的推定生物活性构象。
使用6.92版本的SYBYL软件进行分子建模研究。从标准片段库建立所有化合物的三维模型,并随后使用包括由Gasteiger和Hückel原子电荷计算所得的静电项的Tripos力场对其几何形状进行优化。将Maximin2程序中可用的Powell方法用于能量最小化,直到梯度值小于0.0001kcal/mol
对于每种化合物,使用在SYBYL中实施的随机搜索过程进行构象搜索以鉴定其最低能量构象。随机构象搜索是定位分子能量最小值的技术。其涉及对所选的化学键进行随机扭转变化,随后进行最小化。随机变化和最小化的循环重复多次。在每个循环后,将新构象与到目前为止发现的其它构象进行比较,以查看其是否独特。对于随机搜索,所使用的主要选项是最大命中(n=6),其定义了每个构象必须被找到以停止寻找新构象的最小次数,以及RMS阈值其定义两个构象在被认为不同之前二者之间的最大RMS差异。
对通过随机构象搜索产生的构象进行完全优化,并且可立即使用这些构象进行其几何形状的重新优化,使用有Hamiltonian AM1(关键字:PRECISE,NOMM,PARASOK)的6.0版本的半经验MOPAC包,且使用相同方法计算Coulson部分原子电荷。表1显示了选定化合物的构象空间。
表1
化合物 | n | E<sub>min</sub>(kcal) | E<sub>max</sub>(kcal) |
CTL-01-07-L-A03 | 2 | 80.76 | 83.82 |
CTL-01-07-L-A04 | 16 | 43.15 | 47.70 |
CTL-01-07-L-B05 | 157 | 26.34 | 61.71 |
CTL-10-26-L-C08 | 126 | -5.12 | 30.49 |
CTL-10-26-L-C09 | 66 | -27.40 | -10.60 |
CTL-10-26-L-C10 | 26 | 31.33 | 40.74 |
CTL-10-26-L-F07 | 30 | 29.75 | 47.35 |
CTL-10-26-L-F09 | 97 | 26.64 | 51.86 |
CTL-10-26-L-G10 | 135 | -40.40 | -3.65 |
CTL-10-26-L-H04 | 202 | -8.80 | 20.56 |
CTL-10-26-L-H05 | 106 | 26.05 | 45.80 |
CTL-10-26-L-H06 | 49 | 8.01 | 13.62 |
CTL-10-29-L-A05 | 253 | -43.79 | -7.10 |
SGA360 | 853 | -95.57 | -63.71 |
来氟米特 | 29 | -124.59 | -121.31 |
n:构象异构体数量,Emin:最低能量构象异构体,Emax:最高能量构象异构体
来氟米特活化AhR(方案7),但其活性代谢物A771726却不能。SGA360是一种显示体内抗炎特性的SAhRM。
方案7
实施例8:AhR结合
通过密度梯度离心(Lymphoprep;Nycomed Pharma)从5mL肝素化血液样品中分离外周血单核细胞(PBMC)(分离自3名健康的受试者)。将PBMC以1×106个细胞/mL的浓度重悬于补充有10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640中,在24孔培养板(Falcon Plastic)中培养并在添加或不添加100、200或400nM的AhR结合化合物(02、04、13、15、17或24)、二甲基亚砜或6-甲酸基吲哚并[3,2-b]咔唑(Ficz,200nM)下用仅培养基刺激或用抗-CD3/抗-CD28抗体(MiltenyiBiotec)刺激。从培养24小时的细胞中提取总RNA。将细胞在1mL硫氰酸胍缓冲液中裂解,并使用TRizol试剂(Invitrigen)进行苯酚/氯仿提取以制备RNA。通过在260nm处的吸光度对获得的样品进行定量,并从1mg总RNA合成互补DNA(cDNA)。使用以下条件扩增cDNA:95℃变性1分钟;58℃(对于IFN-γ)或60℃(对于β-肌动蛋白)退火30秒;然后72℃延伸30秒。引物序列如下:人IFN-γ,正向引物(SEQ ID NO.1)5′-TGGAGACCATCAAGGAAGAC-3′,反向引物(SEQ ID NO.2)5′-GCGTTGGACATTCAAGTCAG-3′。使用商业可得的TaqMan探针(AppliedBiosystems)评估IL-22的水平。β-肌动蛋白(正向(SEQ ID NO.3)5′-AAGATGACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACC-3′,反向(SEQ ID NO.4)5′-AGCCAGTCCAGACGCAGGAT-3′)被用作看家基因。使用ΔΔCt算法计算基因表达。
实施例9:芳基烃受体驱动的信号抑制肠中的胶原合成
使用体外和体内的纤维化模型,我们已经确定AhR是肠中胶原合成的调制剂,如下所述。
材料和方法
患者和样品
从患纤维狭窄CD(中位年龄,37岁;范围:27-56岁)的10名患者的外科手术标本取得粘膜样品;这10个患者中的7个正接受皮质类固醇,剩余的患者接受过皮质类固醇和硫唑嘌呤。还从3名由于对医学治疗无响应的慢性疾病而进行结肠切除术的患有溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的患者中,6名由于近期有发作而接受内镜检查的UC患者(中位年龄38岁;年龄范围29-55岁)中取得粘膜样品。四个UC患者正接受皮质类固醇,而其余的接受过美沙拉嗪治疗。正常对照包括取自4名肠易激综合征患者的样品和6名接受结肠癌结肠切除术的患者中在肉眼和显微镜下观察到的不受影响的区域的样品(中位年龄,49岁;年龄范围33-68岁)。
肠成纤维细胞的分离和培养
除非另有说明,所有试剂均购自Sigma-Aldrich(Milan,Italy)。按别处所述方法分离肠成纤维细胞并进行表型表征。在所有实验中,使用在第3和第8代之间的成纤维细胞。为了检查AhR是否调控胶原蛋白产生,将分离自CD患者的成纤维细胞饥饿过夜,然后在加或不加Ficz(终浓度为100-400nM;Alexis,Milan,Italy)或2-甲基-2H-吡唑-3-羧酸(CH223191;终浓度10μM;Calbiochem,Nottingham,England;一种AhR拮抗剂)下用TGF-β1(TGF-β;1ng/mL;Peprotech EC,London,UK)或TNF-α(15ng/mL;R&D Systems,Abingdon,UK)刺激24-48小时。最后,使用细胞提取RNA,并分析无细胞上清液中的胶原蛋白含量。
结肠纤维化的诱导
将三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)溶解在45%乙醇中,并如前所述直肠内施用于8周龄的雌性balb/c小鼠,持续7周。将Ficz(1μg/小鼠)或AhR拮抗剂(CH223191;10μg/小鼠)溶于磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中,并在TNBS施用第五周后每48小时腹膜内给药。对照小鼠仅给予PBS。每周3次检查小鼠结肠炎的表征,包括体重减轻情况,并在第8周时杀死;之后收集组织用于组织学、RNA分析和胶原蛋白分析。结肠切片用H&E和Masson三色染色以检测结缔沉积。如先前报道的方法将纤维化评分为轻度、中度或重度。
RNA提取,互补DNA制备和实时聚合酶链反应
如前所述的方法进行RNA分离、RNA的逆转录和实时PCR。根据制造商的说明书使用TRIzol试剂提取RNA(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)。将恒定量的RNA(每个样品1μg)逆转录为互补DNA,并使用以下条件扩增:95℃变性1分钟;60℃(对人胶原I(Col1A1)、人Col3A1、人α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和β-肌动蛋白)或58℃(对人AhR和小鼠Col1A2)退火30秒,随后72℃延伸30秒。引物序列如下:人Col1A1(SEQ ID NO.5)5′-GGACACAGAGGTTTCAGTGG-3′、(SEQID NO.5)3′-GGTGACTTTGGAGACACAGG-5′;Col3A1(SEQ ID NO.6)5′-GGAGAATGTTGTGCAGTTTGC-3′、(SEQ ID NO.6)3′-CGTTTGACGTGTTGTAAGAGG-5′;人α-SMA(SEQID NO.7)5′-TCTGGAGATGGTGTCACCCA-3′、(SEQ ID NO.7)3′-ACCCACTGTGGTAGAGGTCT-5′;人AhR(SEQ ID NO.8)5′-GAGCACAAATCAGAGACTGG-3′、(SEQ ID NO.9)5′-TGGAGGAAGCATAGAAGACC-3′;小鼠Col1A2(SEQ ID NO.10)5′-ACACAGTGGTATGGATGGAC-3′、(SEQ ID NO.10)3′-CAGGTAGGTATGGTGACACA-5′;β-肌动蛋白((SEQ ID NO.3)5′-AAGATGACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACC-3′、(SEQ ID NO.4)5′-AGCCAGTCCAGACGCAGGAT-3′)被用作看家基因。使用ΔΔCt算法计算基因表达。
流式细胞术
为评估AhR的细胞内表达及p38、Erk1/2、NF-kB/p65和Smad2/3的磷酸化(p)形式,将细胞用1%甲醛固定20分钟,随后用1%牛血清白蛋白中的0.5%皂苷穿孔,并用抗-AhR(最终稀释度1:50;Abcam,Cambridge,UK)、抗-p-p38(pT180/pY182)-PE(最终稀释度1:50;BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)、抗-p-ERK1/2(pT202/pY204;pT184/pY186)-PE(最终稀释度1:50;BD Biosciences)、抗-p-NF-kB/p65-FITC(最终稀释度1:50;eBioscience,SanDiego,CA)以及抗-p-Smad2/3(最终稀释度1:50;Cell Signaling,Danvers,MA)进行染色。所有实验中都包括适当的二抗及同种型匹配对照(BD Biosciences)。使用FACS Verseflow流式细胞仪及FACS Suite软件(BD Biosciences)分析细胞。
胶原蛋白测定
根据制造商说明书使用SircolCollagen Assay Kit(Biocolor Ltd,Belfast,UK)测量无成纤维细胞上清液及小鼠组织样品
统计学分析
使用学生t检验比较组之间的差异。
结果
AhR活化负调控肠成纤维细胞的胶原蛋白产生
AhR的RNA转录物在分离自患有CD的患者、UC患者和正常对照的肠的成纤维细胞中组成型表达,在组之间没有显着差异(图25(A))。流式细胞术分析显示,近50%的肠成纤维细胞在IBD和对照中都表达AhR(图25(B))。为了确定AhR活化是否调控胶原蛋白产生,在加或不加Ficz的情况下,用TGF-β1或TNF-α(两种已知的胶原诱导剂)对分离自CD患者的FS的成纤维细胞进行24小时的处理。如所预期的,用TGF-β1或TNF-α刺激成纤维细胞诱导Col1A1、Col3A1和α-SMA(成纤维细胞活化的标志物)的转录物的显著增加(图26(A)-26(B))。用Ficz处理成纤维细胞不改变Col1A1、Col3A1和α-SMA的本底RNA表达,但显著降低Col1A1、Col3A1和α-SMA在TGF-β1或TNF-α驱动下的RNA转录物(图26(A)-26(B))。为了进一步评估AhR在控制胶原蛋白表达中的作用,在加或不加CH223191的情况下用TGF-β1或TNF-α刺激CD成纤维细胞。CH223191在未经刺激的成纤维细胞中显著增强Col1A1RNA转录物并在经TGF-β1或TNF-α刺激的成纤维细胞中显著增强Col1A1、Col1A3和α-SMA的RNA表达(图27(A)-27(B))。对成纤维细胞培养物上清液中可溶形式的胶原蛋白的分析证实,在未经刺激的细胞中,CH223191显著上调胶原蛋白分泌,而Ficz不能(图28(A)-28(D))。此外,Ficz剂量依赖性地抑制TGF-β1和TNF-α诱导的胶原蛋白分泌,而CH223191抑制了这种合成(图28(A)-28(D))。Ficz和CH223191都不改变成纤维细胞的活力或增殖(数据未显示)。
AhR控制CD成纤维细胞中的Map激酶活化
p38和ERK1/2MAP激酶的活化参与TGF-β1和TNF-α驱动的胶原蛋白诱导。因此,我们接着调查对胶原合成的AhR介导的控制是否与此细胞内通路的变化相关。为此,我们通过流式细胞术使用识别这些蛋白质的磷酸化/活性形式的特异性抗体监测p38和ERK1/2的活化。
在未刺激的条件下,表达p-p38或p-ERK1/2的细胞的部分不受Ficz的影响,而被CH223191显著增加(图29(A)-29(B))。TGF-β1和TNF-α显著增加表达p-p38和p-ERK1/2的成纤维细胞的百分比,并且这种作用分别由Ficz或CH223191减少或增加(图29(A)-29(B))。TGF-β1和TNF-α也分别增强了表达p-Smad2/3或NF-kB/p65的细胞的级分,但Ficz和CH223191都不改变这些百分比(图29(A)-29(B))。
AhR控制小鼠中TNBS诱导的肠纤维化
为了在体内解释这些数据,我们使用了通过重复在直肠内施用低剂量TNBS在Balb/c小鼠中诱导的肠纤维化实验模型。为了确定AhR活化是否干扰胶原蛋白合成和纤维化发展,在施用TNBS的第五周后,腹膜内对小鼠进行Ficz或CH223191的给药(图30(A)-30(B))。先前的研究显示胶原沉积在第一次TNBS施用后第4周开始,该时间点基于上述结果而选择。在第8周处死的动物中评估炎症和纤维化的程度和严重性。如预期的,用重复剂量的TNBS治疗的小鼠表现出最小的肠炎症,但是结肠壁明显增厚。结肠切片和胶原RNA的Masson's三色染色和使用全结肠样品的蛋白质分析证实TNBS处理的小鼠中与对照相比其胶原蛋白的诱导增加。与TNBS处理的小鼠相比,Ficz给药的小鼠表现出胶原蛋白表达的显著减少,而接受CH223191的小鼠产生更多的胶原蛋白(图30(B)-30(C))。讨论
该研究调查了AhR在控制肠纤维化中的作用。AhR在分离自CD患者的FS的肠成纤维细胞以及分离自UC患者和正常对照的肠成纤维细胞中组成型表达。虽然用Ficz处理CD成纤维细胞不改变胶原蛋白的本底表达,用CH223191抑制AhR导致增加的胶原蛋白产生,这表明在这些细胞类型中的组成型AhR活化是保持胶原蛋白合成受调控所必需的。从CD中FS的位点分离的成纤维细胞通过产生胶原蛋白增强了对促纤维化细胞因子反应的能力。由于在其他系统中的研究已经显示AhR负调控由促纤维化细胞因子激活的细胞内通路,因此接下来评价AhR活化是否参与TGF-β和TNF-α诱导的胶原蛋白产生。当用Ficz或CH223191处理时,CD成纤维细胞显示不同的合成胶原蛋白的能力。特别地,Ficz剂量依赖性地减少胶原蛋白RNA和蛋白质表达,而抑制AhR后是响应TGF-β和TNF-α的胶原蛋白产生增强。有趣的是,即使在我们的系统中使用的最大剂量,Ficz也没有完全消除细胞因子诱导的胶原蛋白合成,AhR不控制所有细胞因子驱动的导致胶原蛋白生产的细胞内通路的可能性得到提高。事实上,对这些信号的分析揭示,Ficz完全消除了p38和ERK1/2的活化,而不影响分别用TGF-β或TNF-α刺激的成纤维细胞中Smad2/3和NF-kB的活化。Ficz介导的p38和ERK1/2活化的完全消除伴随细胞因子驱动的胶原蛋白合成减少60%的事实表明MAP激酶在CD成纤维细胞中胶原蛋白生成的控制中起主要作用。值得注意的是,Ficz和CH223191对响应于TGF-β或TNF-α的Smad2/3和NF-kB活化缺乏作用,因为这些发现表明AhR活化不会在肠成纤维细胞中诱导全局无应答的状态,或许解释为什么Ficz或CH223191不影响这些细胞的增殖和存活。
通过在小鼠中的体内研究证实了AhR介导对胶原蛋白产生的负调控,显示Ficz对于使与慢性长期炎症相关的纤维化最小化是有效的。相比之下,与对照小鼠相比,接受CH223191的小鼠表现出更强的胶原蛋白沉积。在这些研究中,用Ficz和CH223191两者的治疗在时间点(第5周)开始,这个时间点特征在于TNBS治疗的小鼠的结肠中胶原蛋白有病理性积累。因此,AhR介导的对胶原蛋白产生的抑制不可能继发于对进行中的结肠炎的抑制。
总之,这些结果显示AhR活化负向地控制肠中的胶原合成。这些新的发现表明AhR相关化合物可以帮助预防和/或恢复CD患者的FS。
引用并入
出于所有目的,通过引用将本文提到的每个专利文件和科学文献的整体公开内容并入本文。
等价物
本发明可以以其它具体形式实施,而不脱离其基本特征。因此,前述实施例被认为是说明性的,而不是对本文所述的本发明的限制。本发明的范围由所附权利要求书指示,而不是由前述说明书指示,并且落入权利要求书的等价物的含义和范围内的所有改变旨在被包括在其中。
序列表
<110> Nogra Pharma Limited
<120> 芳基受体调制剂及其制备和使用方法
<130> PU206PCT
<150> US62/017959
<151> 2014-06-27
<150> US62/056054
<151> 2014-09-26
<160> 10
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
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<211> 20
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<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人IFN-γ正向引物
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<223> 人IFN-γ反向引物
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<210> 3
<211> 27
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<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> β-肌动蛋白正向引物
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<213> 人工序列
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Claims (19)
3.权利要求1的化合物,其中X2是CF3。
6.药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物;以及药物可接受载体。
7.治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于降低IFN-γ水平。
8.治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于增加IL-22水平。
9.治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于增加IL-22水平并降低IFN-γ水平。
10.选择性AhR调制剂在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于调制芳基烃受体(AhR),其中所述选择性AhR调制剂是根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物。
11.治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于治疗炎性疾病或病况。
12.权利要求11的用途,其中所述炎性疾病或病况选自炎性肠病、软骨炎、骨退化、溃疡性结肠炎、银屑病、关节炎、银屑病关节炎、类风湿关节炎、幼年型关节炎、幼年型类风湿关节炎,自身免疫性肝炎、克罗恩病、红斑狼疮、多发性硬化、阿尔茨海默氏病、皮炎、特应性皮炎、痤疮、I型糖尿病、雷诺氏现象、格雷夫斯病和爱迪生氏病。
13.权利要求11的用途,其中所述炎性疾病或病况选自克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、转移性结肠炎、白塞氏病、特发性炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、局部肠炎、痉挛性结肠、显微镜结肠炎、克罗恩氏结肠炎、肛周疾病、淋巴细胞性胃炎、嗜酸性粒细胞性肠炎和不确定性结肠炎。
14.权利要求11的用途,其中所述炎性疾病或病况是克罗恩病。
15.权利要求14的用途,其中克罗恩病选自回肠结肠炎、回肠炎、胃十二指肠克罗恩病、空肠回肠炎和肉芽肿回肠结肠炎。
16.权利要求14的用途,其中克罗恩病包括肠纤维化。
17.权利要求14的用途,其中克罗恩病是纤维狭窄性克罗恩病。
18.治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-5中任意一项的化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于预防、治疗或减少受试者的纤维狭窄或结肠纤维化。
19.权利要求18的用途,其中所述纤维狭窄或结肠纤维化与克罗恩病相关。
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