CN106359446A - Weeding composition - Google Patents
Weeding composition Download PDFInfo
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- CN106359446A CN106359446A CN201610684916.2A CN201610684916A CN106359446A CN 106359446 A CN106359446 A CN 106359446A CN 201610684916 A CN201610684916 A CN 201610684916A CN 106359446 A CN106359446 A CN 106359446A
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- Prior art keywords
- agent
- herbicidal combinations
- surfactant
- liquid flux
- effective ingredient
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- A01N57/20—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N37/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof the nitrogen atom being directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. anilides
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a weeding composition. The weeding composition comprises, by weight, 0.5-80% of an active ingredient, 1-30% of a surfactant and 10-90% of other components. The active ingredient is a mixture of glufosinate-ammonium and s-metolachlor according to a weight ratio of 1: 0.1-10. Through weeding composition improvement, the weeding composition provided by the invention has a wide prevention and control spectrum, has high effects, has a long action period, delays herbicide resistance, is safe for later crops, is produced by simple and easy processes and has a low cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agrochemical applications field is and in particular to a kind of Herbicidal combinations.
Background technology
Two kinds of combinations of herbicides of different ratio, performance complement preferably can be played drug effect, be embodied in: (1)
Expanding prevention is composed, and every kind of pesticide can prevent and treat one or more harmful organisms, can reduce medication with the species of expanding prevention after compounding
Number of times；(2) increase preventive effect, have some pesticide to be alone several times through the compounding of science it is provided that preventive effect, so permissible
Reduce the usage amount of pesticide；(3) reduce the generation of resistance, a kind of pesticide is easily used to develop immunity to drugs for a long time, and compounding can
With effective product alleviating resistance.So mixture of herbicides has become as the important directions of current pesticide field technological development.
Glufosinate-ammonium chemical name is 2- amino -4- [hydroxyl (methyl) phosphono] butanoic acid ammonium, molecular formula: c5h15n2o4P, belongs to
In phosphonic acid based herbicide, glutamine synthetase inhibitor, non-selective contact weedicide.Glufosinate-ammonium has certain systemic action,
Can be used for orchard, vineyard, bare place weeding it can also be used to Rhizoma Solani tuber osi prevent and kill off annual or perennial dicotyledonous and grass family
Weeds and dried tuber etc., such as rat-tail amur foxtail, Herba Digitariae, barnyard grass, Herba Setariae Viridis, wild wheat, wild Semen Maydiss, orchardgrass, fescue grass etc..Glufosinate-ammonium uses
Amount is regarded as thing, weeds and different, per hectare usage amount 1～2kg or more some more, such as prevents and kill off Fructus Rubi corchorifolii Immaturuss and the Herba pteridii latiusculi of forest and alpine pasture
Class crop, usage amount is 1.5～20kg/hm2.
S-metolachlor is also called Jin Douer, Smetolachlor, is first just to reach in amide-type maximum herbicide product
Successfully remove nonactive r- body using advanced technologies on the basis of kind of isopropyl methoxalamine, obtained from refined active s- body.Essence
Isopropyl methoxalamine is the same with isopropyl methoxalamine, is cell division inhibitor, is mainly pressed down by suppressing the synthesis of long-chain fatty acid
The growth of cell processed.S-metolachlor applicable crops spectrum is wide, and is that the world important cereal crops corn and soybean owner of farmland wants weeding
Agent, 2013 global marketing volume (inclusion isopropyl methoxalamine) be 6.35 hundred million dollars.In the past few years, S-metolachlor world market
About sent out with 7% speed and increase, have the trend progressively replacing isopropyl methoxalamine.The development of estimated future market at least maintains this speed
Degree, in some instances it may even be possible to reach 10%, is the product of great market potential.
Different herbicide biological activitys are different, and herbicide ability has his own strong points, and some kinds are suitable for compounding use, can play
Complementary potentiation well.It is generally basede on these points: (1) glufosinate-ammonium with regard to glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor mixture research
For contact killing type stem and leaf weed sprays agent, S-metolachlor: belong to selectivity preemergence herbicide, be mainly used in corn and soybean, flower
Life, Caulis Sacchari sinensis, it can also be used to the crop such as the Cotton Gossypii of non-sand loam soil, Brassica campestris L, Rhizoma Solani tuber osi and Bulbus Allii Cepae, Fructus Capsici, Caulis et Folium Brassicae capitatae, prevent and treat annual
Weeds and some broad leaved weeds, make native face before sprouting and process.Both types of compounds, the mechanism of action are different, compound in theory
Feasible.(2) glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor compound and can improve control of weeds effect, control turning green of weeds, make up careless ammonium
Deficiency on the lasting period for the phosphine, also makes up S-metolachlor weed control spectrum not enough simultaneously.Therefore, both mixtures improve weeding effect
Really, improve weeding speed, meet traditional in-mind anticipation of agricultural producer.
Content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved be provide a kind of to annual and perennial grass family, broad leaved weed
The significant herbicidal composition of preventive effect.
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of Herbicidal combinations, by weight percentage, its composition of raw materials includes following component: 0.5%～80% have
Effect composition, 1%～30% surfactant, 10%～90% other components, the described effective ingredient ratio that is weight is for 1:
0.1～10 glufosinate-ammonium and the mixture of S-metolachlor.
Preferably, by weight percentage, its composition of raw materials includes following component: 10%～30% effective ingredient, 5%
～20% surfactant, 65%～85% other components, the described effective ingredient ratio that is weight is for 1:0.9～1.1
Glufosinate-ammonium and the mixture of S-metolachlor.
Preferably, described surfactant is selected from the conventional emulsifying agent of agrochemical formulation, wetting agent, dispersion
One or more of agent, oil-suspending agent auxiliary agent.
Specifically, described emulsifying agent is selected from fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene, alkyl phenol polyoxy
One or more of vinyl Ether polyethenoxy ether, Oleum Ricini ethylene oxide adduct.
Specifically, described wetting agent is selected from sodium lauryl sulphate, dodecylbenzene sodium sulfonate, dibutyl naphthalenesulfonic acid
One or more of sodium, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate salt.
Specifically, described dispersant is high selected from lignosulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensation products, carboxylate
One or more of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer, eo-po block copolymer.
Specifically, described oil-suspending agent auxiliary agent is selected from aliphatic alcohol sulfate, alkylaryl sulfonatess, alkyl phenol polyoxy
One or more of vinyl Ether, fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether.
Preferably, described other components are selected from one of other additives, liquid flux, solid packing or several
Kind；Other described additives are selected from one or more of defoamer, thickening agent, adsorbent；Described liquid flux is
Organic solvent or inorganic solvent；Described solid packing is selected from one of Kaolin, kieselguhr, white carbon, fine particle calcium carbonate or several
Kind.
Specifically, described defoamer is in organosilicon ketone, fatty alcohol, saturated fat acids and ester ethers
Plant or several.
Specifically, described thickening agent is selected from white carbon, aluminium-magnesium silicate, xanthan gum, organobentonite, methylcellulose
One or more of sodium.
Specifically, described adsorbent is selected from one or more of white carbon, kieselguhr.
Specifically, described organic solvent be selected from vegetable oil, mineral oil, methyl oleate, dmf, methanol, ethanol, the third three
One or more of alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, Ketohexamethylene.
More specifically, described vegetable oil is selected from one or more of soybean oil, Oleum Arachidis hypogaeae semen, Oleum Brassicae campestriss etc..
Specifically, described inorganic solvent is water.
In the present invention, described Herbicidal combinations are microemulsion, oil-suspending agent, aqueous emulsion, emulsifiable powder or can breast
Change granule.
Specifically, when described Herbicidal combinations are microemulsion, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient group
Become: 0.5%～40% effective ingredient, 1%～30% surfactant, remaining be liquid flux, wherein, described surface
Activating agent is emulsifying agent.
Preferably, when described Herbicidal combinations are microemulsion, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient group
Become: 5%～15% effective ingredient, 10%～20% surfactant, remaining be liquid flux.
Specifically, when described Herbicidal combinations are oil-suspending agent, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient
Composition: 0.5%～40% effective ingredient, 2%～15% surfactant, 1%～8% other additives, remaining be
Liquid flux, wherein, described surfactant is oil-suspending agent auxiliary agent, and other described additives are thickening agent and froth breaking
Agent, described liquid flux is one or more of methyl oleate, vegetable oil, mineral oil.
Preferably, when described Herbicidal combinations are oil-suspending agent, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient
Composition: 15%～25% effective ingredient, 5%～10% surfactant, 1%～2% other additives, remaining be liquid
Body solvent.
Specifically, when described Herbicidal combinations are aqueous emulsion, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient group
Become: 0.5%～40% effective ingredient, 2%～15% surfactant, 0.1%～8% other additives, remaining be
Liquid flux, wherein, described surfactant is emulsifying agent, and other described additives are thickening agent and defoamer, described
Liquid flux be water.
Preferably, when described Herbicidal combinations are aqueous emulsion, by weight percentage, it is by following recipe ingredient group
Become: 15%～25% effective ingredient, 5%～10% surfactant, 0.1%～0.5% other additives, remaining be
Liquid flux.
Specifically, when described Herbicidal combinations are soluble powder/granule, by weight percentage, it is by as follows
Recipe ingredient forms: 10%～80% effective ingredient, 2%～30% surfactant, 1%～20% other interpolations
Agent, remaining be solid packing, described surfactant is wetting agent and dispersant, and other additives described are adsorbent, institute
The solid packing stated is selected from one or more of Kaolin, kieselguhr, white carbon, fine particle calcium carbonate.
Preferably, when described Herbicidal combinations are soluble powder, by weight percentage, it is by following formula group
Be grouped into: 15%～25% effective ingredient, 5%～10% surfactant, 15%～20% other additives, remaining
For solid packing.
Preferably, when described Herbicidal combinations are soluble granula, by weight percentage, it is by following formula group
Be grouped into: 10%～20% effective ingredient, 5%～10% surfactant, 1%～5% other additives, remaining be
Solid packing.
Because using above technical scheme, the present invention compared with prior art has the advantage that
The present invention by the improvement of Herbicidal combinations so that Herbicidal combinations can with expanding prevention spectrum, improve drug effect, prolong
The long lasting period, Drug resistance is delayed to produce, to succession crop safety, and production and processing technology is simple and easy to do, low cost.
Specific embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, technical scheme is further described, but the present invention should not necessarily be limited by this
A little embodiments, below described content be mass content.
Embodiment one
Glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor mixture are to weeds activity lasting period determination test report
Test objective: measure glufosinate-ammonium and the weeding to target weeds for the S-metolachlor mixture under the conditions of greenhouse pot culture
Effect, and evaluate its synergy.
For trying target: grassy weed-Herba Eleusines Indicae
Test method: using pot-culture method cauline leaf process (ny/t1155.4-2006): in high 10cm, the flowerpot of diameter 10cm
Default dress soil, will put hot-house culture after the thick fine earth of lid 0.5～1cm, treats weeds for examination target weeds seed 15-20 grain sowing
Length to the 2-4 leaf phase carries out stem and leaf spraying treatment, and often spray spraying 12ml, is repeated 4 times, sets up blank.It is placed in greenhouse after process
Interior culture, the growing state of routine observation target weeds, 15d measurement target drone damage symptoms and suppression situation, and claim aerial partss
Fresh weight or strain fresh weight, suppression fresh weight rate evaluates the toxicity action to target weeds for the medicament.
Fresh weight inhibition p (%)=(comparison fresh weight-process fresh weight)/comparison fresh weight × 100
Synergy is evaluated and is evaluated herbicide synergy method (ny/t1155.7-2006) according to gowing method,
Its formula is: e0=x+y-xy/100
X is glufosinate-ammonium to weeds suppression ratio；Y is S-metolachlor to weeds suppression ratio；E0 is the two mixture to target
The fresh weight inhibition theoretical value of weeds, e is the fresh weight inhibition measured value that the two mixes to target weeds.
Evaluation criterion: work as e-e0>10% be potentiation, when -10%<e-e0<is expressed as summation action, e-e0 when 10%
< -10% is expressed as antagonism.
Glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor mixture are to grassy weed-Herba Eleusines Indicae determination of activity result referring to table 1.
Table 1
As shown in Table 1, glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor indoor pot drug effect are all significantly improved, and present notable phase
Plus, potentiation.
Embodiment two
With the weight of the glufosinate-ammonium described in preferred proportion and described S-metolachlor than 1:1, prepare microemulsion, oil hangs
Floating agent, aqueous emulsion, emulsifiable powder or granule.
1. 5% glufosinate-ammonium+5% S-metolachlor microemulsion
2. 10% glufosinate-ammonium+10% S-metolachlor oil-suspending agent
3. 10% glufosinate-ammonium+10% S-metolachlor aqueous emulsion
4. the emulsifiable powder of 15% glufosinate-ammonium+15% S-metolachlor
5. 5% glufosinate-ammonium+5% S-metolachlor emulsifiable granula
Embodiment three
Glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor mixture biocontrol of mango garden weeds field control effectiveness test
Pesticide control: glufosinate-ammonium and S-metolachlor different ratio complex agent type.
Comparison medicament 18% glufosinate-ammoniumaqua aqua (commercial), 960g/l S-metolachlor cream.
Using method: every mu of ground is watered 35 liters of even spraying in each cell.
Spraying time: in the weeds in field 1-4 leaf phase, carry out stem and leaf and spray 1 time.
Investigation method and drug effect calculate
Respondent is annual and perennial grass family, broad leaved weed, 10 days after medicine, 30 days, 60 days to weeds
Strain preventive effect.
Preventive effect (%)=[clear water matched group weeds strain number/fresh weight (strain/gram)-treatment group weeds strain number/fresh weight (strain/
Gram)]/clear water
Matched group weeds strain number/fresh weight (strain/gram).
Table 2
As shown in Table 2, glufosinate-ammonium compounds embodiment compared with comparison medicament with S-metolachlor, is given birth to by indoor potentiation
Test is issued after examination and approval existing, and the preparation field that preferred proportion is prepared is improved to annual and perennial weeds drug effect, wherein glufosinate-ammonium with
The drug effect of S-metolachlor compound proportion 1:1 significantly improves.
Above-described embodiment simply technology design to illustrate the invention and feature, its object is to allow and is familiar with technique
People will appreciate that present disclosure and implements according to this, can not be limited the scope of the invention with this, all according to the present invention
Equivalence changes or modification that spirit is made, all should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of Herbicidal combinations it is characterised in that: by weight percentage, its composition of raw materials includes following component: 0.5% ~
80% effective ingredient, 1% ~ 30% surfactant, 10% ~ 90% other components, the described effective ingredient ratio that is weight is for 1:
0.1 ~ 10 glufosinate-ammonium and the mixture of S-metolachlor.
2. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 it is characterised in that: by weight percentage, its composition of raw materials includes
Following component: 10% ~ 30% effective ingredient, 5% ~ 20% surfactant, 65% ~ 85% other components, described effective one-tenth
It is divided into weight than for the glufosinate-ammonium of 1:0.9 ~ 1.1 and the mixture of S-metolachlor.
3. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 and 2 it is characterised in that: described surfactant is selected from agricultural
One or more of the conventional emulsifying agent of chemicals preparation, wetting agent, dispersant, oil-suspending agent auxiliary agent.
4. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 and 2 it is characterised in that: described other components are to add selected from other
Plus one or more of agent, liquid flux, solid packing；Other described additives are selected from defoamer, thickening agent, absorption
One or more of agent；Described liquid flux is organic solvent or inorganic solvent；Described solid packing is selected from kaolinite
One or more of soil, kieselguhr, white carbon, fine particle calcium carbonate.
5. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 and 2 it is characterised in that: described Herbicidal combinations be microemulsion, oil
Suspending agent, aqueous emulsion, emulsifiable powder or emulsifiable granula.
6. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 it is characterised in that: when described Herbicidal combinations be microemulsion when,
By weight percentage, it is made up of following recipe ingredient: 0.5% ~ 40% effective ingredient, 1% ~ 30% surfactant, its
Remaining for liquid flux, wherein, described surfactant is emulsifying agent.
7. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 it is characterised in that: when described Herbicidal combinations be oil-suspending agent
When, by weight percentage, it is made up of following recipe ingredient: 0.5% ~ 40% effective ingredient, 2% ~ 15% surfactant,
1% ~ 8% other additives, remaining be liquid flux, wherein, described surfactant is oil-suspending agent auxiliary agent, described its
His additive is thickening agent and defoamer, and described liquid flux is one of methyl oleate, vegetable oil, mineral oil or several
Kind.
8. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 it is characterised in that: when described Herbicidal combinations be aqueous emulsion when,
By weight percentage, it is made up of following recipe ingredient: 0.5% ~ 40% effective ingredient, 2% ~ 15% surfactant,
0.1% ~ 8% other additives, remaining be liquid flux, wherein, described surfactant is emulsifying agent, and described other add
Plus agent is thickening agent and defoamer, described liquid flux is water.
9. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 it is characterised in that: when described Herbicidal combinations be soluble powder
During agent/granule, by weight percentage, it is made up of following recipe ingredient: 10% ~ 80% effective ingredient, 2% ~ 30% surface
Activating agent, 1% ~ 20% other additives, remaining be solid packing, described surfactant is wetting agent and/or dispersant,
Other additives described are adsorbent, and described solid packing is selected from one of Kaolin, kieselguhr, white carbon, fine particle calcium carbonate
Or it is several.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610684916.2A CN106359446A (en) | 2016-08-18 | 2016-08-18 | Weeding composition |
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| CN201610684916.2A CN106359446A (en) | 2016-08-18 | 2016-08-18 | Weeding composition |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108902171A (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2018-11-30 | 安徽华星化工有限公司 | A kind of Herbicidal combinations of Glufosinate-ammoniumpesticideng and amides |
| JP2020529462A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2020-10-08 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアＢａｓｆ Ｓｅ | A herbicide mixture containing L-glufosinate or a salt thereof and at least one VLCFA inhibitor. |
| CN112385653A (en) * | 2019-08-16 | 2021-02-23 | 南京科翼新材料有限公司 | Emulsifier suitable for glufosinate-fluoroglycofen-ethyl microemulsion and application method thereof |
| CN114982768A (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2022-09-02 | 江苏明德立达作物科技有限公司 | Biocidal weeding composition and preparation and application thereof |
| US12137689B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2024-11-12 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate and their use in soybean cultures |
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2020529462A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2020-10-08 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアＢａｓｆ Ｓｅ | A herbicide mixture containing L-glufosinate or a salt thereof and at least one VLCFA inhibitor. |
| US11350631B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2022-06-07 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising l-glufosinate or its salt and at least one VLCFA inhibitor |
| JP7379322B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2023-11-14 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア | Herbicide mixture comprising L-glufosinate or a salt thereof and at least one VLCFA inhibitor |
| US12075782B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2024-09-03 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate or its salt and at least one VLCFA inhibitor |
| US12133530B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2024-11-05 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate or its salt and at least one VLCFA inhibitor |
| US12137689B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2024-11-12 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate and their use in soybean cultures |
| US12144351B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2024-11-19 | Basf Se | Herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate and their use in corn cultures |
| CN108902171A (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2018-11-30 | 安徽华星化工有限公司 | A kind of Herbicidal combinations of Glufosinate-ammoniumpesticideng and amides |
| CN112385653A (en) * | 2019-08-16 | 2021-02-23 | 南京科翼新材料有限公司 | Emulsifier suitable for glufosinate-fluoroglycofen-ethyl microemulsion and application method thereof |
| CN114982768A (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2022-09-02 | 江苏明德立达作物科技有限公司 | Biocidal weeding composition and preparation and application thereof |
| CN114982768B (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2024-07-30 | 江苏明德立达作物科技有限公司 | Biocidal herbicide composition, preparation and application thereof |
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