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CN106130562B - Logging-while-drilling data real-time compression method and decompression method - Google Patents

Logging-while-drilling data real-time compression method and decompression method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106130562B
CN106130562B CN201610430622.7A CN201610430622A CN106130562B CN 106130562 B CN106130562 B CN 106130562B CN 201610430622 A CN201610430622 A CN 201610430622A CN 106130562 B CN106130562 B CN 106130562B
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data
value
quantization
real
difference
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CN106130562A (en
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刘长波
李宝鹏
张所生
杨龙
高廷正
李蓉
赵春玲
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China National Petroleum Corp
CNPC Bohai Drilling Engineering Co Ltd
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CNPC Bohai Drilling Engineering Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03MCODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M7/00Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
    • H03M7/30Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a real-time compression method and a decompression method for logging-while-drilling data, wherein the compression method comprises the following steps: designing a multi-resolution quantization model according to the self characteristics of specific measurement data, and making a quantization list; calculating a difference value of adjacent data, and performing quantization error compensation on the difference value; quantizing the compensated difference value by using a quantization list to obtain an optimal quantization value and coordinates thereof in the quantization list; and finally, storing the obtained coordinate values into a compressed file or carrying out real-time transmission. The invention realizes the real-time compression of logging-while-drilling data; meanwhile, the compression and decompression processes designed by the invention have good rapidity and can meet the requirement of real-time data transmission.

Description

A kind of well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of data processing technique, compression of especially a kind of drill rod telemetry system to Real-time Logging data With decompression method.
Background technique
With the continuous development of oil drilling technology, logging while drilling technology (Logging While Drilling, abbreviation LWD more and more concerns and application) are obtained.Compared to MWD technology, the parameter that LWD is uploaded in real time is more, not only includes surveying in real time It is the engineering parameters such as hole angle, azimuth, the tool face azimuth of amount, also real-time Transmission resistivity, natural gamma, neutron porosity, close The geologic parameter measured in the conventional loggings such as degree.LWD technology can measure the engineering parameter and geologic parameter of underground in real time, and Underground survey information is transmitted to ground in real time by data remote transmission system.Site operation personnel can be according to well logging number According to the engineering information and geological information for judging underground promptly and accurately, to adjust construction parameter in time, guarantee that drilling tool is most It is possible to be crept into according to planned course.The appearance of LWD technology substantially increases the decision-making capability of live drilling well.
Currently, mud-pulse transmission is the data transfer mode that drill rod telemetry system generally uses.
As shown in Figure 1, the workflow of the LWD system based on mud-pulse transmission, first the measurement sensing of downhole instrument Device carries out data acquisition (step 101) to the engineering parameter of drilling well and real-time geologic parameter;The volume in circuit is controlled in downhole instrument Code system carries out channel coding processing (step 102) to the data that measurement sensor acquires;The driving electricity of downhole pulser Road is according to coding drive-pulse generator work (step 103);The mud-pressure pulses that underground pulser generates are along mud system System is transmitted to ground (step 104);The signal detection and processing system on ground detect mud pressure pulse signal, are filtered With extraction (step 105);The decoding system of Ground Data Processing System is decoded processing (step 106) to the signal of extraction; Decoded data are finally output to the display interface (step 107) of field instrumentation.The data acquisition of LWD system, data processing, Channel coding and driving pulse the device work of data are completed by downhole instrument.Downhole instrument is work in high temperature, high pressure, strong Under vibration environment, and underground narrow space, the power resources of instrument work are restricted.Factors determine downhole instrument The weak feature of low-power consumption, computing capability.
Well logging data are confined to the observational measurement to formation information, only provide to stratum carry out qualitative analysis according to According to by taking resistivity as an example, as shown in Fig. 2, for the resistivity curve of real-time Transmission during site operation, due to formation parameter Continuity, the data and curves on same stratum often also have continuity, and the difference between consecutive number strong point is not too large, and data are often It is fluctuation (201 and 203 region in such as figure) in a certain range, site operation personnel can according to the approximate range of resistivity value It is in what rock stratum with specific judgement.When encountering bed boundary, data can mutate in (202 regions in such as figure), and scene is applied Well depth when worker person jumps according to data judges the depth of roch layer interface, judged according to the magnitude of data jump be The interface of any two kinds of rock stratum.Site operation personnel are concerned with its specific numerical values recited when geologic parameter variation is steady, The variation tendency and variation magnitude of data are more concerned about when parameter mutates.LWD system side amount real-time downhole data be Site operation personnel provide qualitatively reference, require real-time property to be higher than data accuracy requirement, therefore can permit number According to there is a degree of distortion, especially when data mutate, site operation personnel concern is more data mutation Trend and magnitude, in other words, data mutation when can be some higher to the tolerance of data distortion.
Mud-pulse transmission technology transmission rate is relatively low, is difficult to meet multi-parameter well logging real-time data transmission requirement, Have become the bottleneck for restricting logging while drilling technology development.Carrying out compression processing to downhole data is to improve a weight of transmission rate Want approach.
A kind of data of 201110162446.0 disclosure of Chinese patent application " data frame storage method of logging while drilling apparatus " Compression and storage method proposes the data of not storage switch pump signal itself, and switch pump number is calculated using timer simultaneously Stored the method to save downhole data memory space.This is domestic proposes for the first time with data compression concept is bored, still This method only carries out frame storage to switch pump signal, does not carry out Real Time Compression and transmission to measured data.
A kind of 201310139448.7 disclosure of Chinese patent application " data compression side of well logging mud-pulse transmission Method ", this method carry out coding upload using collected first group of data as base value, then second and third ..., N group number Value carries out seeking difference operation respectively with base value, and difference is reached the purpose that ground has reached data compression.This method is steady to changing Data compression effects it is preferable, but it is bad for accidental data compression effectiveness.When downhole tool face plays pendulum, Tool face azimuth can acutely shake, and this method will not only play compression effectiveness at this time, data volume can be made to increase instead.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art described above, the present invention proposes a kind of with brill survey from live actual demand Well data real-time compression method and decompression method improve well logging data in the case where channel transfer capability is constant Transmission rate.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that:
Data compression technique scheme provided by the invention mainly includes following operation:
Step (1): the required precision according to site operation to compressed data designs more resolution quantitative models, and formulates Quantify list;
Step (2): data are read according to the sequencing of acquisition;
Step (3): it carries out the real time data of reading and its previous data to seek difference operation;
Step (4): quantization error compensation is carried out to the difference calculated in step (3);
Step (5): it by compensated difference and quantization list comparison, obtains the optimal quantization value of difference and its is arranged in quantization Coordinate in table;
Step (6): calculate and store the quantization error of introducing;
Step (7): coding transmission is carried out to the coordinate value obtained in step (5) or is saved to compressed file.
The applicable measurement data of above scheme includes geologic parameter data and engineering parameter data;
Above scheme is compressed to the data of the same parameters of different time measurement;
In above scheme, the step (1) further comprises following steps:
(1-1) determines the value range [- δ of the difference between adjacent data according to the measurement range of measurement sensormax, δmax], in addition it is also possible to judge the range of the Parameters variation according to geological prospecting early period data, and then determine the value model of difference It encloses;
(1-2) is divided into N number of section: [- δ according to site operation demand, by the value range of difference11], [- δ2,-δ1) U(δ12], [- δ3,-δ2)U(δ23] ... ... .., [- δmax,-δN-1)U(δN-1max];It can freely set as the case may be Count the number of institute's demarcation interval and the specific range in each section;
The required precision of (1-3) according to site operation to compressed data, to N number of section amount of progress in step (1-2) Change processing, the quantization step being arranged in each section are respectively as follows:
Q1, Q2, Q3..., QN, when well logging data variation is gentle, field personnel is concerned with the tool of data Body numerical value is more to pay close attention to its variation tendency and variation magnitude, therefore quantization step can be set when data fluctuations are bigger Length meets following condition: Q1<Q2<Q3<....<QN
Compressing original data is the data of β bit by (1-4) setting, the determination of β value and the number N of demarcation interval and every The quantization step of a section setting is related, it may be assumed that
Wherein δNEqual to δmax, δ0It is 0;
(1-5) formulates quantization list, and determines the coordinate of each quantized value, and coordinate value can be taken as: 0,1,2, L, 2β-1
In above scheme, in the step (1), the specific requirement of measurement data can be designed not according to site operation Same quantization parameter: N value, QiValue and β value.This makes the technical solution more flexible, efficient.In addition, N value, QiValue and β value these three There is the relationship mutually restricted between quantization parameter again.In the quantization step Q of design subregion number N and each sectioniWhen it is abundant Consider live actual demand, quantization step is smaller, then quantifies finer, and the quantization error of introducing also can be smaller, but point of quantification meeting Increase, data compression ratio can reduce, it is therefore desirable to comprehensively consider various aspects factor, be found between data compression ratio and quantization error Optimal balance point has reached under the premise of not influencing site operation, improves the purpose of compression ratio to greatest extent;
In above scheme, the purpose of the step (1-2) and step (1-3) is: firstly, the variation degree to data carries out The amplitude of variation man-made division of data is N number of section (step 1-2) by one anticipation;Secondly, to different sections using different Quantified precision, when data variation is gentle, quantization step is smaller, quantifies finer, therefore is introduced due to data compression Quantization error is also smaller.When data variation is violent, quantization step increases therewith, and quantization is more coarse, this is mainly considered The actual demand of site operation personnel: what is be more concerned about in data mutation is the real-time of data and the variation tendency of data And magnitude, it at this time can be some higher to the tolerance of data distortion.
It further include: to judge whether it is first data after the middle reading data of the step (2) in above scheme, If it is not, then carrying out step (3);Otherwise, (wherein BaseData use is assigned in BaseData using first data as base value In storage base value data), while Error is set to 0 (wherein Error is for storing quantization error value), finally by first number It according to coding, uploads, to first data without compression in the program;
In above scheme, include: in the step (3)
(3-1) by the real time data (setting real time data as CurrentData) read in step (2) with deposited in BaseData The base value data of storage carry out seeking difference operation, obtain difference Diff:
Diff=CurrentData-BaseData;
(3-2) assigns the real time data read in step (2) in BaseData as new base value, replaces BaseData In original numerical value, when being compressed to next data, the numerical value will as base value be applied to step (3) in;
It include: by the difference obtained in step (3) and the quantization stored in Error in above scheme, in the step (4) Error amount carries out seeking difference operation, and then compensates to the quantization error introduced in each data compression process, after obtaining compensation Difference Diff_EC:
Diff_EC=Diff-Error.
By such method, the accumulation of quantization error can be eliminated, even if also can when big ups and downs occur for initial data Guarantee that the variation tendency of the variation tendency of data and initial data keeps height consistent after overcompression, to meet site operation need It asks;
In above scheme, the step (5) includes:
Compensated difference is compared with the quantized value in quantization list, is found and its immediate quantized value, general It is set to optimal quantization value Qi, and obtain the coordinate of the quantized value;
In above scheme, the step (6) includes:
The quantization error value introduced in step (5) is calculated, and is assigned in Error, original number in Error is replaced According to new value in i.e. Error are as follows:
Error=Qi-Diff_EC。
When being compressed to next data, which is applied in step (4);
It is to carry out coding transmission to the coordinate of optimal quantization value or save to pressure in the step (7) in above scheme Contracting file, rather than coding transmission or preservation are carried out to optimal quantization value;
A method of the above-mentioned compressed data flow of data real-time compression method is unziped it, including is walked as follows It is rapid:
Quantization list is formulated, the quantization list is identical with the quantization list used when data compression;
Compressed data stream is inputted, first data is judged whether it is, if so, directly output shows the data, and should Data assign ValueBaseData, if it is not, then executing following steps;
Using the compressed data value of input as coordinate, specific value corresponding to the coordinate, the numerical value in quantization list are searched The as optimal quantization value of real time data and previous data difference;
By quantized value and ValueBaseDataData are added the recovery value after being decompressed;
Assign recovery value to ValueBaseDataIn, substitute ValueBaseDataMiddle legacy data;
Export recovery value.
Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:
The method of the invention, can be according to the own characteristic and the free design flow of site operation demand of compressed data Change parameter and quantitative model, greatly improves the flexibility of data compression;
The method of the invention is main algorithm in the hope of difference operation and simple table lookup operations, and the algorithm is simple, is easy real It is existing, can satisfy the weak requirement of the low in energy consumption of downhole instrument during measurement while drilling, computing capability, the program it is practical, Further, since algorithm is simple, and it is shorter to the time used in data progress compression & decompression, it is real to can satisfy well logging data When transmission requirement;
The method of the invention is applicable not only to the data compression to geologic parameters such as resistivity, natural gammas, while It is applied widely suitable for the data compression to engineering parameter (such as tool face azimuth);
The method of the invention is not limited solely to the real-time data compression to drill rod telemetry system, can also be to other There are the data of significant change trend to be compressed.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the work flow diagram for the LWD system that the prior art is transmitted based on mud-pulse.
Fig. 2 is the resistivity curve of real-time Transmission during prior art site operation.
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of well logging data real-time compression method of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is multi-stage quantization step-length schematic diagram of the present invention (by taking N is equal to 3 as an example).
Fig. 5 is the flow chart of well logging data real-time decompression method of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
In order to give farther insight into the present invention, below in conjunction with attached drawing to a specific embodiment of the invention and working principle It is described in detail.
As shown in figure 3, being the flow chart of well logging data real-time compression method of the present invention.
A kind of well logging data real-time compression method, the specific steps are as follows:
Step 301: the required precision according to site operation to compressed data designs more resolution quantitative models, and formulates Quantify list, specific quantitative model design procedure is as follows:
(301-1) determines the value range [- δ of the difference between adjacent data according to the measurement range of measurement sensormax, δmax], in addition it is also possible to judge the range of the Parameters variation according to geological prospecting early period data, and then determine the value model of difference It encloses;
(301-2) is divided into N number of section: [- δ according to site operation demand, by the value range of difference11], [- δ2,- δ1)U(δ12], [- δ3,-δ2)U(δ23] ... ... .., [- δmax,-δN-1)U(δN-1max];It can as the case may be freely Design the number of institute's demarcation interval and the specific range in each section;
The required precision of (301-3) according to site operation to compressed data carries out N number of section in step (1-2) Quantification treatment, the quantization step being arranged in each section are respectively as follows:
Q1, Q2, Q3..., QN, and quantization step is set and meets following condition:
Q1<Q2<Q3<....<QN
As shown in figure 4, for multi-stage quantization step-length schematic diagram (by taking N is equal to 3 as an example);
Compressing original data is the data of β bit by (301-4) setting, the determination of β value and the number N of demarcation interval and The quantization step of each section setting is related, it may be assumed that
Wherein δNEqual to δmax, δ0It is 0;
(301-5) formulates quantization list, and determines the coordinate of each quantized value, and coordinate value can be taken as: 0,1,2, L, 2β- 1
In practical applications, different quantization parameters: N value, Q are designed to the specific requirement of measurement data according to site operationi Value and β value.N value, QiThere is the relationship mutually restricted between value and β value these three quantization parameters again.In design subregion number N and often The specific quantization step Q in a sectioniWhen to fully consider live actual demand, quantization step is smaller, then quantify it is finer, introduce Quantization error also can be smaller, but point of quantification can increase, and data compression ratio can reduce, and the specific values of three quantization parameters need The construction demand for fully considering scene, finds optimal balance point between data compression ratio and quantization error, and having reached not influences now Under the premise of the construction of field, the purpose of compression ratio is improved to greatest extent;
Step 302: reading in data according to the sequencing of acquisition;
Step 303: judging whether the data read in are that first data if it is first data thens follow the steps 304 With step 305;
Step 304: (BaseData is for storing base value data) is assigned in BaseData using first data as base value, Error is set to 0 (Error is for storing quantization error value) simultaneously.Continue to execute step 305;
Step 305: by first data encoding, uploading, the program is to first data without compression.Continue to execute step Rapid 312;
If it is not that first data thens follow the steps 306 to step 311 that data are read in judgement in step 303;
Step 306: by the real time data read in step 302 (setting real time data as CurrentData) and BaseData The base value data of middle storage carry out seeking difference operation, obtain difference Diff:
Diff=CurrentData-BaseData;It then proceedes to execute step 307;
Step 307: assigning in BaseData, replace original in BaseData using the real time data of reading as new base value Numerical value, when being compressed to next data, the numerical value will as base value be applied to step 306 in.Continue to execute step 308;
Step 308: it carries out the difference obtained in step 306 and the quantization error value stored in Error to seek difference operation, into And the quantization error introduced in each data compression process is compensated, obtain compensated difference Diff_EC:
Diff_EC=Diff-Error.
Such method can eliminate the accumulation of quantization error.Continue to execute step 309;
Step 309: compensated difference Diff_EC being compared with the quantized value in quantization list, is found with it most Close quantized value is set to optimal quantization value Qi, and obtain the coordinate of the quantized value.Continue to execute step 310;
Step 310: calculating the quantization error value introduced in step 309, and assigned in Error, replace the Central Plains Error Some data, i.e. new value in Error are as follows:
Error=Qi-Diff_EC。
When being compressed to next data, which is applied in step 308.Continue to execute step 311;
Step 311: coding transmission being carried out to the coordinate of optimal quantization value or is saved to compressed file.Continue to execute step 312;
Step 312: judging whether to need to compress there are also data, if so, then repeating step 302 to step 312;If not yet Have, then compression terminates.
A method of the above-mentioned compressed data flow of data real-time compression method is unziped it, as shown in Figure 5 To decompress flow chart, specifically comprise the following steps:
Step 501: formulating quantization list, the quantization list is identical with the quantization list used when data compression.After It is continuous to execute step 502;
Step 502: input compressed data stream.Continue to execute step 503;
Step 503: judging to read in whether data are first data, if so, thening follow the steps 504 and step 505;
Step 504: data will be read in and assign ValueBaseData.Continue to execute step 505;
Step 505: data are directly exported.Continue to execute step 510;
If it is not first data that data are read in judgement in step 503,506 to 509 are thened follow the steps;
Step 506: using the compressed data value of input as coordinate, searching specific number corresponding to the coordinate in quantization list Value, which is the optimal quantization value of real time data Yu previous data difference.Continue to execute step 507;
Step 507: by quantized value and ValueBaseDataData are added the recovery value after being decompressed.Continue to execute step 508;
Step 508: assigning recovery value to ValueBaseDataIn, substitute ValueBaseDataMiddle legacy data.Continue to execute step Rapid 509;
Step 509: output recovery value.Continue to execute step 510;
Step 510: judging whether to need to decompress there are also data, if so, then repeating step 502 to step 510;If No, then decompression terminates.
A kind of well logging data Real Time Compression of the present invention and decompression method, are not limited to specification and reality Listed utilization in mode is applied, it can be used for the field of the various suitable present invention.Those skilled in the art should manage Solution, can with modification or equivalent replacement of the technical solution of the present invention are made, without departing from the spirit of the technical scheme of the invention and Range is intended to be within the scope of the claims of the invention.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method, suitable for drill rod telemetry system to measurement data Real Time Compression and decompression, which comprises the steps of:
(1) well logging data Real Time Compression
Step (1): the required precision according to site operation to compressed data designs more resolution quantitative models, and formulates quantization List;
Step (2): data are read according to the sequencing of acquisition;
Step (3): it carries out the real time data of reading and its previous data to seek difference operation;
Step (4): quantization error compensation is carried out to the difference calculated in step (3);
Step (5): by compensated difference and quantization list comparison, the optimal quantization value of difference is obtained and its in quantization list Coordinate;
Step (6): calculate and store the quantization error of introducing;
Step (7): coding transmission is carried out to the coordinate value obtained in step (5) or is saved to compressed file;
(2) compressed data flow is unziped it
It formulates and identical quantization list in data compressing step (1);
Compressed data stream is inputted, first data is judged whether it is, if so, directly output shows the data, and the data are assigned Give ValueBaseData, if it is not, then executing following steps;
Using the compressed data of input as coordinate, specific value corresponding to the coordinate in quantization list is searched, which is real When data and previous data difference optimal quantization value;
By quantized value and ValueBaseDataData are added the recovery value after being decompressed;
Assign recovery value to ValueBaseDataIn, substitute ValueBaseDataMiddle legacy data;
Export recovery value.
2. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the step Suddenly include the following steps: in (1)
(1-1) determines the value range [- δ of the difference between adjacent data according to the measurement range of measurement sensormaxmax], or The range of the measurement parameter variation of measurement sensor is judged according to geological prospecting early period data, and then determines the value model of difference It encloses;
(1-2) is divided into N number of section: [- δ according to site operation demand, by the value range of difference11], [- δ2,-δ1)∪ (δ12], [- δ3,-δ2)∪(δ23] ... ... .., [- δmax,-δN-1)∪(δN-1max];
The required precision of (1-3) according to site operation to compressed data carries out at quantization N number of section in step (1-2) Reason, the quantization step being arranged in each section are respectively as follows:
Q1, Q2, Q3..., QN
Compressing original data is the data of β bit, the determination of β value and the number N of demarcation interval and each area by (1-4) setting Between the quantization step that is arranged it is related, it may be assumed that
Wherein δNEqual to δmax, δ0It is 0;
(1-5) formulates quantization list, and determines coordinate corresponding to each quantized value, and coordinate value can be taken as: 0,1,2 ..., 2β- 1。
3. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the step It suddenly further include: to judge whether it is first data after reading data in (2), if it is not, then carrying out step (3);Otherwise, It is assigned first data as base value in BaseData, wherein BaseData is for storing base value data, while Error being set It is 0, wherein Error is for storing quantization error value, finally by first data encoding, upload.
4. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the step Suddenly include: in (3)
(3-1) calculates the difference of the real time data read in step (2) and the data stored in BaseData;
(3-2) assigns the real time data read in step (2) in BaseData as new base value, replaces the Central Plains BaseData Some numerical value.
5. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the step It suddenly include: to carry out the difference obtained in step (3) and the quantization error value stored in Error to seek difference operation in (4), to quantization Error compensates, and then eliminates the accumulation of quantization error.
6. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the step Suddenly (5) include: to be compared the compensated difference obtained in step (4) with the quantized value quantified in list, find and its Immediate quantized value is set to optimal quantization value, and obtains the coordinate of the quantized value.
7. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the step Suddenly (6) include: the quantization error value for calculating and introducing in step (5), and are assigned in Error, and original number in Error is replaced According to when being compressed to next data, by the quantization error applied in step (4).
8. well logging data real-time compression method and decompression method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the step Suddenly be in (7) coding transmission is carried out to the coordinate of the optimal quantization value obtained in step (5) or is directly saved to compressed file, and It is not that coding transmission or preservation are carried out to optimal quantization value.
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