CN106124856B - Directly trace to the source to the radio frequency source calibration method of jump frequency between atom highly excited level - Google Patents
Directly trace to the source to the radio frequency source calibration method of jump frequency between atom highly excited level Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及空间射频场频率测量技术，具体为直接溯源至原子高激发态间跃迁频率的射频源校准方法。The invention relates to a space radio frequency field frequency measurement technology, in particular to a radio frequency source calibration method directly traced to the transition frequency between atomic high excited states.
背景技术Background technique
射频场频率是射频场测量的重要内容。目前测量射频的方法就是利用标准频率与被测频率进行比较。主要包括有源法和无源法两种：有源法是指在测量仪器中包含一个标准频率的振荡源。无源法是指被测信号的频率与一个可调谐的无源回路的自然频率进行比较，将谐振出现作为频率相等的指示，比如利用一个射频场谐振腔。通常被利用比对的常用的基准频率通常是几兆-几十兆赫兹，当待测频率达到100GHz以上，所需的倍频或分频电路会变得很复杂，同时将引入很大的测量不确定度。无源法中测量精度也依赖于的谐振腔并且测量仪器的基准频率也需要进行校准，这将带来的额外的花费。RF field frequency is an important content of RF field measurement. The current method of measuring radio frequency is to compare the standard frequency with the measured frequency. It mainly includes two kinds of active method and passive method: the active method refers to the oscillation source of a standard frequency included in the measuring instrument. The passive method refers to comparing the frequency of the signal under test with the natural frequency of a tunable passive loop, using the presence of resonance as an indication of frequency equality, such as using an RF field resonant cavity. The commonly used reference frequency that is usually used for comparison is usually several megahertz to tens of megahertz. When the frequency to be tested reaches above 100GHz, the required frequency multiplication or frequency division circuit will become very complicated, and will introduce a large measurement uncertainty. In the passive method, the measurement accuracy also depends on the resonant cavity and the reference frequency of the measurement instrument also needs to be calibrated, which will bring additional costs.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供一种直接溯源至原子高激发态间跃迁频率的射频源校准方法。利用原子的相干效应，通过测量原子光谱分裂峰高度的比值，获得射频场频率。The invention provides a radio frequency source calibration method directly traceable to the transition frequency between atomic high excited states. Utilizing the coherence effect of atoms, the frequency of the radio frequency field is obtained by measuring the ratio of the splitting peak heights of the atomic spectrum.
本发明是采用以下技术方案实现的：一种直接溯源至原子高激发态间跃迁频率的射频源校准方法，包括如下步骤：（a）、将一束频率共振于碱金属原子基态至第一激发态能级跃迁线的激光作为探测光，将该探测光分成两束强度相同的线偏振的平行光后均由同一侧入射至内部充有碱金属原子蒸汽的原子气室内，两束平行的探测光与碱金属原子作用后从原子气室另一侧透射并同时被差分探测器探测；（b）、引入一束耦合光，共振于碱金属原子的第一激发态至某个里德堡态nl，该耦合光由原子气室的另一侧入射至原子气室且与其中一束探测光反向共线；（c）、扫描耦合光频率，差分探测器就可以获得关于探测光的无多普勒背景的透射光谱；（d）、将此原子气室置于待校准的射频电场空间内，选择碱金属原子的里德堡态nl到另一个里德堡态n’l’的共振跃迁频率在射频电场频率附近，碱金属原子原有的阶梯型三能级就变为四能级体系，这时差分探测器获得的探测光的透射光谱将发生双峰分裂得到两个透射峰；调整产生射频场的射频源的频率，当透射光谱中两个透射峰高度的比值为1时，说明此时射频场的频率严格对应于碱金属原子里德堡态nl和n’l’的共振跃迁频率，此时射频场频率值就可以被有效直接溯源至原子跃迁频率；（e）、将产生射频场的射频源显示的频率与步骤（d）所得到的频率值进行对比并对射频源进行校准，就实现了将射频源频率直接溯源至原子的跃迁频率。The present invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme: a radio frequency source calibration method directly traceable to the transition frequency between high excited states of atoms, including the following steps: (a), resonating a beam of frequency from the ground state of the alkali metal atom to the first excited state The laser light of the state energy level transition line is used as the probe light. The probe light is divided into two beams of linearly polarized parallel light with the same intensity, and both of them are incident from the same side into the atomic gas chamber filled with alkali metal atom vapor inside. The two parallel probe beams After the light interacts with the alkali metal atoms, it is transmitted from the other side of the atomic gas cell and is detected by the differential detector at the same time; (b), a beam of coupled light is introduced to resonate from the first excited state of the alkali metal atoms to a certain Rydberg state n l , the coupled light is incident on the atomic gas cell from the other side of the atomic gas cell and is anti-colinear with one of the probe beams; (c), scanning the frequency of the coupled light, the differential detector can obtain the Transmission spectrum without Doppler background; (d), place this atomic gas cell in the radio frequency electric field space to be calibrated, and select the Rydberg state n l of the alkali metal atom to another Rydberg state n'l' The resonant transition frequency of the alkali metal atom is near the frequency of the radio frequency electric field, and the original ladder-type three-level system of the alkali metal atom becomes a four-level system. At this time, the transmission spectrum of the probe light obtained by the differential detector will undergo double-peak splitting to obtain two transmission peak; adjust the frequency of the radio frequency source that generates the radio frequency field, when the ratio of the heights of the two transmission peaks in the transmission spectrum is 1, it means that the frequency of the radio frequency field at this time strictly corresponds to the Rydberg states n l and n 'l of the alkali metal atoms ' , the frequency value of the radio frequency field can be effectively directly traced to the transition frequency of the atom; (e), compare the frequency displayed by the radio frequency source generating the radio frequency field with the frequency value obtained in step (d) and By calibrating the radio frequency source, the frequency of the radio frequency source can be directly traced to the transition frequency of atoms.
本发明所述方法使用了碱金属原子的相邻里德堡态的能级间隔，里德堡态的能级间隔可以覆盖射频1-1000GHz。因此该方法具有相当大的频率测量范围。The method of the present invention uses the energy level interval of the adjacent Rydberg states of the alkali metal atoms, and the energy level intervals of the Rydberg states can cover a radio frequency of 1-1000 GHz. This method therefore has a considerable frequency measurement range.
本发明所述方法的工作原理如下：高激发态（Rydberg）原子通常指外层一个电子被激发到高量子态（主量子数n 很大）的原子。高激发态原子具有原子半径大、能级间隔小、相邻里德堡态之间的跃迁偶极矩很大、因此对外电场特别敏感，非常适用于对射频场电场的测量。The working principle of the method of the present invention is as follows: A highly excited state (Rydberg) atom usually refers to an atom whose outer shell electron is excited to a high quantum state (principal quantum number n is very large). Highly excited state atoms have large atomic radius, small energy level intervals, and large transition dipole moments between adjacent Rydberg states, so they are particularly sensitive to external electric fields, and are very suitable for the measurement of electric fields in radio frequency fields.
本方法涉及的实验装置如图1所示，图中1表示探测光，2表示耦合光，探测光1经过一个高反射率反射镜3导入到原子蒸汽池4。5是特殊镀膜的双色镜，对探测光1具有高透射率，对耦合光2具有高反射率。探测光与耦合光的直径小于200微米。探测光进入高灵敏光电探测器6（即差分探测器），获得探测光的透射信号。原子蒸汽池4具体结构如图2所示，为直径小于1mm，内径小于500微米的空心波导，内部充铯原子，7和8分别是宽镀膜的平凹透镜，镀膜宽度覆盖探测光和耦合光的波长，用于将探测光和耦合光耦合至空心波导内部。The experimental device involved in this method is shown in Figure 1. In the figure, 1 represents the probe light, and 2 represents the coupled light. The probe light 1 is introduced into the atomic vapor pool 4 through a high-reflectivity reflector 3. 5 is a special coated dichroic mirror. It has high transmittance for probe light 1 and high reflectivity for coupled light 2. The diameter of the probe light and the coupled light is less than 200 microns. The detection light enters the high-sensitivity photodetector 6 (that is, the differential detector), and the transmission signal of the detection light is obtained. The specific structure of the atomic vapor pool 4 is shown in Figure 2. It is a hollow waveguide with a diameter of less than 1 mm and an inner diameter of less than 500 microns, filled with cesium atoms inside. 7 and 8 are plano-concave lenses with wide coatings, and the width of the coatings covers the probe light and coupling light. wavelength for coupling probe light and coupling light into the interior of the hollow waveguide.
如图3是本方法涉及的激光和能级示意图。第一激发光为频率共振于铯原子6S1/2至6P3/2的探测光，第二激发光为频率可调谐的耦合激光，通常在6P3/2至某个里德堡态nl共振频率附近扫描。当不存在射频电场时，固定第一激发光的频率，扫描第二激发光的频率，探测第一激发光的透射率，可以观察到单个透射峰的透射光谱，透射峰出现在第二激发光频率等于6P3/2至某个里德堡态nl的共振频率处，如图3所示。当射频场加入后，原有的阶梯型三能级变为四能级体系。对于处于初始里德堡态nl的原子，合适频率的射频电场可以耦合相邻的里德堡态n’l’。此时可以将两个里德堡态看作一个二能级体系和射频电场的相互作用，这个系统存在两个本征能量：，其中ΔR是射频电场频率与两个里德堡态共振频率的失谐量，WR是作用在两个里德堡态上的射频电场的拉比频率，其大小正比于射频电场的电场强度。这两个本征能量可以看做是里德堡态nl的能级分裂。对于上述的两个本征能量值，如果射频电场频率与两个里德堡态能级间隔共振，即ΔR=0，则能级分裂对称分布于里德堡态nl两侧。如果存在失谐，则根据失谐量的大小和正负，两个分裂峰的不对称分布于里德堡态nl两侧。Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the laser and energy levels involved in this method. The first excitation light is the probe light whose frequency resonates in the cesium atom 6S 1/2 to 6P 3/2 , and the second excitation light is a frequency-tunable coupled laser, usually between 6P 3/2 and a certain Rydberg state n l Scan around the resonant frequency. When there is no radio frequency electric field, the frequency of the first excitation light is fixed, the frequency of the second excitation light is scanned, and the transmittance of the first excitation light is detected. The transmission spectrum of a single transmission peak can be observed, and the transmission peak appears in the second excitation light. The frequency is equal to the resonant frequency from 6P 3/2 to a certain Rydberg state n l , as shown in Figure 3. When the radio frequency field is added, the original ladder-type three-level system becomes a four-level system. For an atom in an initial Rydberg state n l , a radio frequency electric field of suitable frequency can couple the adjacent Rydberg state n 'l' . At this time, the two Rydberg states can be regarded as the interaction between a two-level system and the radio frequency electric field. There are two intrinsic energies in this system: , where Δ R is the detuning amount between the frequency of the radio frequency electric field and the resonance frequency of the two Rydberg states, W R is the Rabi frequency of the radio frequency electric field acting on the two Rydberg states, and its magnitude is proportional to the electric field of the radio frequency electric field strength. These two intrinsic energies can be regarded as the energy level splitting of the Rydberg state n l . For the above two eigenenergy values, if the frequency of the radio frequency electric field resonates with the energy level interval of the two Rydberg states, that is, ΔR = 0, then the energy level splits symmetrically distributed on both sides of the Rydberg state n l . If there is a detuning, according to the size and sign of the detuning amount, the asymmetric distribution of the two split peaks is on both sides of the Rydberg state n l .
针对三能级体系的探测光透射率正比于下面的公式：The probe light transmission for a three-level system is proportional to the following formula:
， ,
Δp是探测光频率对6S1/2到6P3/2共振频率的失谐。本方案中设置Δp为0，Δc是耦合光频率与6P3/2到里德堡态nl的失谐，当射频电场加入后，表示耦合光频率到分裂本征能量的失谐。Wp是探测光的拉比频率，Wc是耦合光的拉比频率，g21表示6P3/2到6S1/2的辐射率，g31表示里德堡态nl到6S1/2的辐射率。本方法中通过扫描第二激发光，可以得到第一激发光的透射峰光谱。 Δp is the detuning of the probe light frequency to the 6S 1/2 to 6P 3/2 resonant frequency. In this scheme, Δp is set to 0, and Δc is the detuning between the coupled optical frequency and 6P 3/2 to the Rydberg state n l . When the RF electric field is added, it represents the detuned from the coupled optical frequency to the split intrinsic energy. Wp is the Rabi frequency of the probe light, Wc is the Rabi frequency of the coupled light, g 21 represents the radiation rate from 6P 3/2 to 6S 1/2 , and g 31 represents the radiation from the Rydberg state n l to 6S 1/2 Rate. In this method, the transmission peak spectrum of the first excitation light can be obtained by scanning the second excitation light.
如果射频电场的频率与两个里德堡态nl和n’l’的共振跃迁频率相等，上述的分裂对称分布于里德堡态nl两侧，透射峰透射率相等，即两个透射峰的高度一致，如图4所示。如果射频电场的频率失谐于两个里德堡态nl和n’l’的共振跃迁频率，根据频率大于或小于共振跃迁频率，可以看到不同的透射峰特征，如图5和图6所示。因此本方法可以通过选择合适的里德堡态，使得待测射频频率可以在里德堡跃迁频率附近，此时通过拟合两个透射峰的特征参数，可以准确的将待测射频的频率有效溯源至原子能级跃迁线。If the frequency of the radio frequency electric field is equal to the resonant transition frequency of the two Rydberg states n l and n'l ' , the above-mentioned splitting is symmetrically distributed on both sides of the Rydberg state n l , and the transmission peak transmittance is equal, that is, the two transmission The heights of the peaks are consistent, as shown in Figure 4. If the frequency of the RF electric field is detuned to the resonance transition frequency of the two Rydberg states n l and n'l ' , depending on whether the frequency is greater or less than the resonance transition frequency, different transmission peak characteristics can be seen, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 shown. Therefore, this method can make the RF frequency to be measured near the Rydberg transition frequency by selecting an appropriate Rydberg state. At this time, by fitting the characteristic parameters of the two transmission peaks, the frequency of the RF to be measured can be accurately and effectively Traceable to the atomic energy level transition line.
采用本发明所述方法，可以实现对射频场发射频率的测量和校准；尤其对于发射频率较宽的射频场，可以通过改变里德堡态（通过改变耦合光频率就可以实现），以校准不同的射频场频率。在0-1000GHz内，通过选择里德堡态，可以实现全覆盖，但是有效使用的频点是离散的。校准点可以非常多。具有很好的测量准确度和自校准特性。By adopting the method of the present invention, the measurement and calibration of the emission frequency of the radio frequency field can be realized; especially for the radio frequency field with a wide emission frequency, it is possible to calibrate different RF field frequency. Within 0-1000GHz, full coverage can be achieved by selecting the Rydberg state, but the frequency points used effectively are discrete. There can be many calibration points. It has very good measurement accuracy and self-calibration characteristics.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明所述的直接溯源至原子高激发态间跃迁频率的射频源校准方法的实验装置结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the experimental device structure of the radio frequency source calibration method directly traceable to the transition frequency between atomic high excited states according to the present invention.
1-探测光，2-耦合光，3-高反射率反射镜，4-原子蒸汽池，5-双色镜，6-光电探测器。1-Probe light, 2-Coupling light, 3-High reflectivity mirror, 4-Atomic vapor pool, 5-Dichroic mirror, 6-Photodetector.
图2是本发明所述的原子气室的结构示意图。为了避免对高频射频场的扰动，原子气室为圆柱形空心波导结构，直径小于1mm。内部包含铯蒸气，两段为平凹透镜进行密封，同时将探测光和耦合光耦合至空心波导内部，透镜进行852nm和510nm高透射率（0度光入射）镀膜处理。7-第一平凹透镜，8-第二平凹透镜。Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of the atomic gas chamber of the present invention. In order to avoid disturbance to the high-frequency radio frequency field, the atomic gas chamber is a cylindrical hollow waveguide structure with a diameter of less than 1mm. The interior contains cesium vapor, and the two sections are sealed by plano-concave lenses. At the same time, the probe light and coupling light are coupled into the hollow waveguide. The lenses are coated with high transmittance (0-degree light incident) at 852nm and 510nm. 7-the first plano-concave lens, 8-the second plano-concave lens.
图3 为所述的高激发态原子能级以及涉及激光、射频场的示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the energy levels of highly excited atoms and the laser and radio frequency fields involved.
图4~图6为在不同射频场频率下测得的EIT分裂光谱。图4射频场频率共振于里德堡态nl和n’l’的能级间隔；图5射频场频率失谐于里德堡态nl和n’l’的能级间隔-50MHz；图6射频场频率失谐于里德堡态nl和n’l’的能级间隔+50MHz。Figures 4 to 6 show the EIT splitting spectra measured at different RF field frequencies. Figure 4 The frequency resonance of the radio frequency field is at the energy level interval of the Rydberg states nl and n'l ' ; Figure 5 The frequency detuning of the radio frequency field is at the energy level interval of the Rydberg states n l and n' l '-50MHz; Figure 6 The RF field frequency is detuned to +50 MHz between the energy levels of the Rydberg states n l and n' l '.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一种直接溯源至原子高激发态间跃迁频率的射频源校准方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：（a）、将一束频率共振于碱金属原子基态至第一激发态能级跃迁线的激光作为探测光，将该探测光分成两束强度相同的线偏振的平行光后均由同一侧入射至内部充有碱金属原子蒸汽的原子气室内，两束平行的探测光与碱金属原子作用后从原子气室另一侧透射并同时被差分探测器探测；（b）、引入一束耦合光，共振于碱金属原子的第一激发态至某个里德堡态nl，该耦合光由原子气室的另一侧入射至原子气室且与其中一束探测光反向共线；（c）、扫描耦合光频率，差分探测器就可以获得关于探测光的无多普勒背景的透射光谱；（d）、将此原子气室置于待校准的射频电场空间内，选择碱金属原子的里德堡态nl到另一个里德堡态n’l’的共振跃迁频率在射频电场频率附近，碱金属原子原有的阶梯型三能级就变为四能级体系，这时差分探测器获得的探测光的透射光谱将发生双峰分裂得到两个透射峰；调整产生射频场的射频源的频率，当透射光谱中两个透射峰高度的比值为1时，说明此时射频场的频率严格对应于碱金属原子里德堡态nl和n’l’的共振跃迁频率，此时射频场频率值就可以被有效直接溯源至原子跃迁频率；（e）、将产生射频场的射频源显示的频率与步骤（d）所得到的频率值进行对比并对射频源进行校准，就实现了将射频源频率直接溯源至原子的跃迁频率。A radio frequency source calibration method directly traceable to the transition frequency between high excited states of atoms, characterized in that it includes the following steps: (a), resonating a beam of frequency at the transition line from the ground state to the first excited state energy level of an alkali metal atom The laser is used as the probe light, and the probe light is divided into two beams of linearly polarized parallel light beams with the same intensity, and they are both incident from the same side into the atomic gas chamber filled with alkali metal atom vapor inside, and the two parallel beams of probe light interact with the alkali metal atoms Then it is transmitted from the other side of the atomic gas cell and detected by the differential detector at the same time; (b), introducing a beam of coupled light, which resonates from the first excited state of the alkali metal atom to a certain Rydberg state n l , the coupled light The other side of the atomic gas chamber is incident to the atomic gas chamber and is anti-colinear with one of the probe beams; (c), scanning the frequency of the coupled light, the differential detector can obtain the Doppler-free background of the probe light Transmission spectrum; (d), place this atomic gas cell in the radio frequency electric field space to be calibrated, and select the resonant transition frequency from the Rydberg state n l of the alkali metal atom to another Rydberg state n'l ' at the radio frequency Near the frequency of the electric field, the original stepped three-level system of the alkali metal atom becomes a four-level system. At this time, the transmission spectrum of the probe light obtained by the differential detector will undergo double-peak splitting to obtain two transmission peaks; The frequency of the radio frequency source, when the ratio of the two transmission peak heights in the transmission spectrum is 1, it means that the frequency of the radio frequency field at this time strictly corresponds to the resonance transition frequency of the Rydberg states n l and n 'l' of the alkali metal atoms, At this time, the frequency value of the radio frequency field can be effectively and directly traced to the atomic transition frequency; (e), compare the frequency displayed by the radio frequency source generating the radio frequency field with the frequency value obtained in step (d) and calibrate the radio frequency source, It is realized that the frequency of the radio frequency source can be directly traced to the transition frequency of the atom.
所述碱金属原子为铯原子，探测光频率共振于铯原子6S1/2, F=4至6P3/2, F’=5能级跃迁线，耦合光共振于6P3/2, F’=5至里德堡态nl，n>>10。The alkali metal atom is a cesium atom, the detection light frequency resonates at the cesium atom 6S 1/2 , F=4 to 6P 3/2 , F'=5 energy level transition line, and the coupling light resonates at 6P 3/2 , F' =5 to the Rydberg state n l , n>>10.
探测光和耦合光的光束直径均小于200微米。The beam diameters of both the probe light and the coupling light are less than 200 microns.
步骤（d）中通过拟合两个透射峰的特征参数，进而获得两个透射峰的高度比值。In step (d), the height ratio of the two transmission peaks is obtained by fitting the characteristic parameters of the two transmission peaks.
实现本发明的装置包括探测光发生装置，探测光发生装置发射的探测光经过一个50：50分束器后等分成强度相同的两束光，两束探测光的光路上设有内充碱金属原子样品的原子蒸汽池，两束探测光由原子蒸汽池的一端入射，并从另一端透射；原子蒸汽池的另一端设有用于接收透射后的探测光的差分探测器；还包括耦合光发生装置，所述耦合光发生装置的出射光路上设有双色镜，耦合光经双色镜发射后从原子蒸汽池的另一端进入并与其中一束探测光反向共线；探测光经过双色镜之后被差分探测器采集，进而输入至计算机系统，得到透射光谱。The device for realizing the present invention includes a detection light generating device. The detection light emitted by the detection light generation device passes through a 50:50 beam splitter and is equally divided into two beams of light with the same intensity. The atomic vapor cell of the atomic sample, two beams of probe light are incident from one end of the atomic vapor cell and transmitted from the other end; the other end of the atomic vapor cell is provided with a differential detector for receiving the transmitted probe light; it also includes a coupled light generator device, a dichroic mirror is arranged on the outgoing optical path of the coupled light generating device, and the coupled light enters from the other end of the atomic vapor pool after being emitted by the dichromatic mirror and is reversely collinear with one of the detection beams; after the detection light passes through the dichromatic mirror It is collected by the differential detector, and then input to the computer system to obtain the transmission spectrum.
针对校准频率1000GHz的要求，原子蒸汽池4为外径0.3-1mm，内径为0.02-0.5 mm的空心波导，内部充铯原子蒸汽，空气波导的两个入射为宽镀膜的平凹透镜，镀膜宽度覆盖探测光和耦合光的波长。For the calibration frequency of 1000GHz, the atomic vapor cell 4 is a hollow waveguide with an outer diameter of 0.3-1 mm and an inner diameter of 0.02-0.5 mm, filled with cesium atom vapor inside, and the two incidences of the air waveguide are plano-concave lenses with a wide coating, and the width of the coating covers Wavelengths of probe light and coupled light.
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