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CN105890637B - 光学感测的方法及装置 - Google Patents

光学感测的方法及装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105890637B
CN105890637B CN201610225290.9A CN201610225290A CN105890637B CN 105890637 B CN105890637 B CN 105890637B CN 201610225290 A CN201610225290 A CN 201610225290A CN 105890637 B CN105890637 B CN 105890637B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
optical
light
fiber
interferometer
sensing
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CN201610225290.9A
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CN105890637A (zh
Inventor
马哈茂德·法哈蒂罗山
汤姆·理查德·帕克
谢尔盖·沙塔林
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Silixa Ltd
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Silixa Ltd
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Priority claimed from GB0908990A external-priority patent/GB0908990D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0912051A external-priority patent/GB0912051D0/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/38—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for water-covered areas
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/002—Survey of boreholes or wells by visual inspection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
    • E21B47/107—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements using acoustic means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
    • F16L55/26—Pigs or moles, i.e. devices movable in a pipe or conduit with or without self-contained propulsion means
    • F16L55/48—Indicating the position of the pig or mole in the pipe or conduit
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B9/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B9/02—Interferometers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B9/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B9/02—Interferometers
    • G01B9/02001—Interferometers characterised by controlling or generating intrinsic radiation properties
    • G01B9/02002—Interferometers characterised by controlling or generating intrinsic radiation properties using two or more frequencies
    • G01B9/02003—Interferometers characterised by controlling or generating intrinsic radiation properties using two or more frequencies using beat frequencies
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/268—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light using optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35303—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using a reference fibre, e.g. interferometric devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
    • G01D5/35325—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement using interferometer with two arms in reflection, e.g. Mickelson interferometer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
    • G01D5/35335—Aspects of emitters or receivers used by an interferometer in an optical fibre sensor arrangement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
    • G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
    • G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
    • G01D5/35358—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
    • G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
    • G01D5/35358—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity
    • G01D5/35364—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity using inelastic backscattering to detect the measured quantity, e.g. using Brillouin or Raman backscattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
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Abstract

本申请涉及光学感测的方法及装置。本发明提供了用于快速定量测量沿着一段光纤传输、反射和/或散射的光场的扰动的新颖的装置及方法。本发明可以用于点传感器以及分布式传感器或两者的结合。特别地，这种技术可以应用于分布式传感器，同时显著地提高速度和灵敏度以允许检测沿一段光纤的任何地方的声波扰动，同时达到良好的空间分辨率。本发明在较广范围的声学感测和成像应用中提供了独特的优势。典型的用途是用于监测油井和气井，以用于诸如分布式流量计量和/或成像；地震成像，监测长电缆和管道；在大型容器内部成像以及安全应用。

Description

光学感测的方法及装置
本申请是申请日为2010年5月27日，申请号为201080033359.9，发明名称为“光学感测的方法及装置”的申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明涉及光学传感器，并且特别地，涉及分布式光纤传感器及其应用。
发明背景
已在许多感测应用中证明了光纤的益处。两个主要领域是：(ⅰ)分布式光纤传感器，和(ⅱ)多路复用点传感器阵列。
分布式传感器利用反向散射光的强度，并利用光信号中的拉曼(Raman)峰值和/或布里渊(Brillouin)峰值来测量温度、张力或压力。分布式传感器提供了许多优点，包括沿光纤的全部长度连续感测，和传感器的灵活性及简易性，这可能是标准的电信光纤。例如，分布式传感器可以1m的空间分辨率沿10km的光纤提供10000个测量点。因此分布式传感器系统提供了较低的安装成本和所有权成本。
然而，由于其缓慢的响应，分布式传感器通常仅使用在可接受在数秒至数小时内进行测量的应用中。最常见的这种类型的传感器是分布式温度传感器(DTS)，分布式温度传感器由许多公司制造。DTS的典型性能是在10km范围在60秒内具有1m的空间分辨率和1℃的温度分辨率。
如在第6,555,807号美国专利[1]或第WO98/27406号专利[2]中所描述的，通过利用在反射光或反向散射光中的布里渊偏移，分布式传感器还被用来测量张力。所述布里渊偏移的频率大约是1MHz/10με以及其线宽大约为30MHz。使用所描述的窄频扫描方法可以确定沿着光纤的张力在10με的量级。然而，使用这些方法，扫描率比脉冲重复率慢很多，且测量时间通常在几秒至几分钟的范围内。
最近，一种利用布里渊频率偏移的快速测量技术已在第7,355,163号美国专利[3]中提出。这种技术使用频率-振幅转换器，其可以是在输出端具有3×3个耦合器的光纤马赫曾德尔干涉仪的形式。然而，应变分辨率受到布里渊光的线宽的限制，因此在干涉仪中的光路长度差应该保持在布里渊光的相干长度内。另外，在干涉仪的两个光路之间的偏振衰减、光电探测器接收机的偏移和增益变化将极大地限制张力测量。具有50με应变分辨率的在大约0.1秒(10Hz)的测量时间最近已经被报道使用了此技术。
对于许多应用，如声波感测，需要更高的灵敏度和在1毫秒(1kHz)，0.1毫秒(10kHz)或0.01毫秒(100kHz)的量级的更快的测量时间。
多路复用点传感器提供具有高灵敏度的快速测量并被用于如水听器阵列中。这些在能源市场中的主要应用是用于拖拽阵列和海底地震阵列。然而，与分布式传感器不同，当需要全面覆盖时不能使用多路复用点传感器。感测元件的大小和位置是固定的，并且在单个光纤上多路复用的传感器的数量通常被限制在50至100个元件。另外，该传感器设计依赖于附加的光纤部件，这导致庞大且昂贵的阵列结构。也做出了相当大的努力来增加可以有效地多路复用在单根光纤上的传感器的数量。
光时域反射仪(OTDR)是一项众所周知的用于测试光纤通讯电缆的技术。为了减少相干反向散射干扰(有时被称为相干瑞利噪声(Coherent Rayleigh Noise))的影响，通常使用宽带光源。然而，在第5,194,847号美国专利[4]中还提出通过检测在相干反向散射瑞利信号中的快速变化而使用相干OTDR来感测侵入。另外，Shatalin等人[5]描述了使用相干瑞利作为分布式光纤报警传感器。
第WO 2008/056143号专利[6]描述了类似于第5,194,847号美国专利[4]中的使用半导体分布式反馈激光源的扰动传感器。优选地7.5GHz的光纤布拉格光栅滤波器被用来除去带外啁啾光，因此，提高了发送到光纤内的激光脉冲的相干性。然而，这需要激光波长与窄带光学滤光器的匹配，与使用第5,194,847号美国专利所提出的非常高的相干源的系统相比较，这导致信号可见度变化减少。
类似的技术也在检测埋藏的光纤通信电缆(例如在WO 2004/102840[7]中)，在边界安全中(GB 2445364[8]和第2009/0114386号美国专利[9])以及井底振动监测(WO 2009/056855[10])中提出。然而，这些相干瑞利反向散射系统的响应已受到许多参数的限制，所述参数诸如偏振和信号衰减现象；反向散射光的随机变化；以及非线性相干瑞利响应。因此这些技术主要用于事件检测并不提供定量测量，例如在较宽的频率范围和动态范围的声波振幅、频率以及相位的测量。
发明概述
本发明提供用于快速定量测量沿着一段光纤传输、反射和/或散射的光场的扰动的新颖的装置及方法。
本发明可以用于分布式传感器、点传感器、或两者的结合。
具体地，这种技术可以应用于分布式传感器同时显著地提高速度和灵敏度以允许检测沿一段光纤的任何地方的声波扰动，同时实现良好的空间分辨率。本发明在广范围的声波感测和成像应用中提供了独特的优势。典型的用途是用于监测油井和气井，用于诸如分布式流量测量和/或成像；地震成像，监测较长的电缆和管道；在大型容器内部的声波成像，以及安全应用等应用中。
本发明的一个目的是提供用于以高度灵敏且快速定量测量沿一段光纤传输、反射或散射的光的相位、频率和振幅的装置。
在现有技术中，光耦合器已被用在迈克尔逊或马赫曾德尔干涉仪配置中，其中需要谨慎控制在干涉仪的两个臂之间的偏振。本发明中的新颖的干涉仪允许使用非互易器件如法拉第旋转镜和光循环器来利用m×m耦合器，以提供可以在光耦合器的所有端口测量并快速(如几十kHz)分析的具有给定的相移的补偿的光干涉。
本发明的实施方式可以用于多路复用声学点传感器、分布式传感器或两者的结合。在分布式传感器的情况下，光脉冲被注入到光纤中，并以几十kHz的频率沿着光纤测量反向散射光的相位调制。光纤可以是标准的通信光纤和/或电缆。使用在此描述的技术，感测系统因此可以检测沿着光纤的声场以提供分布式声学传感器，其中可以通过组合地调节光脉冲的调制、在干涉仪中的光路长度以及感测光纤配置来选择感测元件的长度。
沿着光纤收集的数据自动地同步以及这些数据可被组合以提供相干场图像。
本发明的实施方式还包括以下内容：
1)一种光学传感器系统，所述系统包括：
光源，其产生脉冲的光信号；
光学感测光纤，其被配置成接收所述光信号；
光调制器，其用于在所述光信号中产生边频带；
滤光器，其被配置成可控制地选择一个或多个调制边频带，并因此改变输入至所述感测光纤的光的频率。
2)如项目1)所述的系统，其中所述光的频率被改变以使在所述光纤的给定部分上的信号灵敏度最优化。
3)如项目1)或2)所述的系统，其中穿过所述光调制器的所述光的频率被快速地改变以使光脉冲的至少两部分具有不同的调制边频带频率。
4)如任一前述项目所述的系统，其中所述光脉冲的一部分被砍掉以使光脉冲产生具有不同的调制边频带频率的两个不同的部分。
5)如项目4)所述的系统，其中在从感测光纤散射的或反射的光脉冲的两部分之间的调制边频带调和在一起以产生在所述两个脉冲之间的频率差的多倍处的、与所述调制边频带的阶数成比例的多个外差信号。
6)如任一前述项目所述的系统，其中所述光源是激光光源或宽带光源。
7)如任一前述项目所述的系统，其中使用波分复用部件以利用具有不同波长的多个激光脉冲，以及优选地，改变关于每一个光脉冲的时间偏移，以控制在所述光脉冲之间的交叉相位调制和允许处理在所述感测光纤中的多个脉冲没有和允许所述系统能够达到诸如较高的声学频率响应的较高的测量频率响应的交叉灵敏度，以及允许有效丢弃具有低灵敏度的任一点。
8)如任一前述项目所述的系统，其中所述感测光纤是单模光纤、偏振保持光纤、单一偏振光纤、多模光纤和/或带状光纤。
9)如任一前述项目所述的传感器系统，被用作分布式声学传感器。
10)如项目9所述的传感器系统，其中所述分布式传感器可被连接至用于管道、周界、端口或边界安全的标准光纤。
附图简述
参照附图通过实例的方式描述了本发明的实施方式以及如何将这些实施方式付诸于实践，其中：
图1、2、3和4示意性地示出了依据本发明的相关实施方式的新颖的干涉仪装置，其包括循环器和具有穿过干涉仪、法拉第旋转镜和光电探测器的不同光路的多个光纤耦合器；
图5和图6示意性地示出了依据本发明的实施方式的干涉仪在串联和/或星型配置中是如何被级联的；
图7示意性地示出了一个传感器系统，该传感器系统利用本发明的一个实施方式的干涉仪以快速测量来自光纤的散射光和反射光；
图8示意性地示出了分布式传感器系统，该分布式传感器系统利用本发明的一个实施方式的干涉仪以产生每个脉冲均具有不同频率的一系列脉冲，并因此允许散射光的一个不同的部分与散射光的产生轻微的频移的另一部分发生干涉，导致外差差拍信号；
图9是表示依据本发明的一个实施方式的数据处理方法的方框图；
图10是表示依据本发明的一个实施方式的校准干涉仪的方法的方框图；
图11示意性地示出了分布式传感器系统，其使用快速光调制器调制光的频谱，所述快速光调制器产生多个边频带，并使用滤光器选择频谱的一部分。
图12A示出了对于在图11中示出的布置，使用滤光器选择所调制的光的频谱；
图12B示意性地示出了依照图11的方法的时序图；
图13示意性地示出了一个实施方式，其中光纤可以被部署为线性传感器、方向传感器或传感器的多维阵列；
图14～16示意性地示出了用于本发明的实施方式的光纤的可选的布置；
图17～18示意性地示出了本发明在多个方面的应用。
优选实施方式的详细描述
图1示出了测量光信号的光振幅、相位和频率的新颖的干涉仪的第一实施方式，一般由100标示。来自光源(未示出)的入射光优选在光放大器101中被放大，并被传输至滤光器102。滤光器102滤除放大器101的带外的放大的自发辐射噪声(ASE)。然后所述光进入与3×3光耦合器104连接的光循环器103中。所述光的一部分被引导至光电探测器112以监测所述输入光的光强度。所述光的其他部分沿着第一光路105和第二光路106被引导，且在这两个光路之间具有光路长度差异。法拉第旋转镜(FRM)107和108分别将所述光穿过第一光路105和第二光路106反射回来。法拉第旋转镜沿着光路105和106提供自偏振补偿以使所述光的两部分在所述3×3光耦合器104的每一端口有效地发生干涉。光耦合器104将0度，+120度和-120度的相对相移引入干涉信号，以使生成第一干涉信号分量、第二干涉信号分量和第三干涉信号分量，每一分量处于不同的相对相位。
第一干涉信号分量和第二干涉信号分量通过光耦合器104被引导至光电探测器113和114，光电探测器113和114测量相应的干涉信号分量的强度。
光循环器103为所述输入光和通过光耦合器104的相同端口返回的(第三)干涉信号分量提供有效的光路。入射到光循环器103上的干涉信号分量被朝向光电探测器115引导以测量干涉信号分量的强度。
光电探测器113、114和115的输出被结合以测量所述入射光的相对相位，如以下参照图7和图9更详细地描述的。
可选择地，可以沿着所述光路105和106使用频移器110和111和/或光调制器109以进行外差信号处理。另外，频移器110和111的频率偏移可以分别从f1、f2交替到f2、f1以减少在穿过光路105和106传播的所述光的两部分之间的任何依赖于频率的影响。
以上描述的实施方式提供了适用于快速定量测量光场的扰动的新颖的装置，特别地该装置可被用于具有高灵敏度和快速响应时间的分布式传感器和多路复用传感器以满足诸如声波感测的应用要求。
图7示出了图1的干涉仪应用于分布式感测来自光系统700的光信号。显然，尽管在分布式感测的上下文中描述了该应用，例如通过接收来自与所述光纤耦合的一个或多个点传感器的反射光，其还可以用于点感测。
在此实施方式700中，由激光器701发出的光由脉冲信号702进行调制。光放大器705用来增强所述脉冲激光，且其后由带通滤波器706滤除所述放大器的ASE噪声。然后所述光信号被送入光循环器707。可以在所述循环器707的一个端口处使用附加的滤光器708。所述光被送入感测光纤712，例如感测光纤是布置在需要监测声波扰动的环境中的单模光纤或多模光纤。一段光纤可能被隔离并被用作参考部分710，例如在一个“安静”的位置。参考部分710可能形成在反射器之间或形成在分光器709与反射器711的结合处。
沿着感测光纤712产生的反射光和反向散射光被引导穿过循环器707并进入干涉仪713。干涉仪713的详细操作已在前面参照图1描述过。在此实例中，使用快速低噪声光电探测器112、113、114和115将所述光转换成电信号。所述电信号被数字化，然后使用快速处理器单元714(将在下文描述)计算沿着参考光纤710和感测光纤712的相对光相位调制。所述处理器单元与脉冲信号702是时间同步的。在光路105和光路106之间的光路长度差定义了空间分辨率。可在给定的空间分辨率上进行多个采样来对光电探测器输出进行数字化。结合所述多个采样以通过加权平均算法组合光电探测器输出来提高信号可见度和灵敏度。
可能需要稍微改变光的光频率以提高反向散射信号或反射信号的灵敏度。光调制器703可以由约10-40GHz的微波频率驱动以产生光学载波调制边频带。滤光器708可以被用来选择相对于载波偏移的调制边频带。通过改变调制频率，可以快速地调制所选定的光频率。
数据处理
图9示意性地表示了方法1100，通过该方法从光电探测器113、114、115的输出确定光学相位角。在光路105和光路106之间的光路长度差限定了系统的空间分辨率。可在给定的空间分辨率上进行多个采样以将光电探测器输出数字化，例如将强度值进行过采样。结合所述多个采样以通过加权平均算法组合光电探测器输出来提高信号可见度和灵敏度。
在步骤1102，将来自光电探测器113、114、115的三个强度测量值I1、I2、I3结合以计算来自感测光纤的反射光或反向散射光的相对相位和振幅。在每一采样点计算相对相位(步骤1104)，以及所述方法利用过采样以使可用的数据点比所需的系统空间分辨率需要的数据点更多。计算来自干涉信号的三个相位偏移分量的相对相位和振幅的方法从文献上可以得知。例如，Zhiqiang Zhao等人[12]和第5,946,429号美国专利[13]描述了解调在连续波多路复用应用中的3×3耦合器的输出的技术。所描述的技术可以被应用于本实施方式的时间系列数据。
对于每一采样点，在步骤1106依据等式(1)根据来自光电探测器113、114、115的三个强度测量值I1、I2、I3为每一脉冲计算可见度因数V。
等式(1) V＝(I1-I2)2+(I2–I3)2+(I3–I1)2
在低可见度的点，在各个相移处的强度值是相似的，因此V值较小。依据V来表征采样点允许确定相位角的加权平均(步骤1108)，加权偏向于具有良好的可见度的采样点。这种方法提高了相位角数据1110的质量。
可选择地，可见度因数V还可以用于调节最大信号灵敏度位置的光的数字采样的时间(步骤1112)。此实施方式包括具有动态变化的时钟周期的数字器，(动态变化的时钟周期在此可称为“iclock”)。所述动态变化的时钟可以用于调节光电探测器输出的数字化采样的时间，以获得最大信号灵敏度位置和/或从发生信号衰减的位置偏移的位置。
相位角数据对由感测光纤经历的声波扰动是敏感的。当声波穿过光纤时，将导致玻璃结构收缩和膨胀。这改变了从光纤中的两个位置反射的反向散射光之间的光路长度(即沿着干涉仪中的这两个光路传播的光)，其作为相对相位变化在干涉仪中被测量。这样，在步骤1114，光学相位角数据能够被处理以测量在光产生的点的声信号。
在本发明的优选实施方式中，利用专用的处理器，如现场可编程门阵列执行数据处理方法1100。
传感器校准
为了精确的相位测量，测量光电探测器113、114和115的偏移信号和相对增益是重要的。这些可以通过参照图10描述的方法1200进行测量并校正。
每一光电探测器具有光电探测器的电气偏移，即在没有光入射到光电探测器上时光电探测器的电压输出(这可称为“零-光电平(zero-light level)”偏移)。作为第一步骤(在步骤1202)关闭来自光纤的入射光和光放大器101。在关闭时，光放大器101作为一个有效的衰减器，允许较少的光到达光电探测器。在这种条件下光电探测器的输出被测量(步骤1204)以确定电气偏移，这形成了用于校准的基准电平。
在开启光放大器101同时关闭输入光(步骤1206)之后，在步骤1208可以测量光电探测器的相对增益。带内的自发辐射(即在带通滤波器102的带内的放大的自发辐射)，其表现为一个非相干光源，然后可被用于确定归一化因数和偏移校正(步骤1210)以校准在干涉仪臂之间的耦合效率与光电探测器113、114和115的互阻抗增益的组合。此信号还可以被用于测量由带内的自发辐射导致的信号偏移。
便利地，光放大器，其是干涉仪的部件，被用作非相干光源而不需要辅助光源。所述光源的非相干性对于避免在光电探测器的干涉影响，即光的相干长度应该短于干涉仪的光路长度而言是必要的。然而，为了精确的校准，所述光源的频段最好接近，或以来自所述光源的光的频率为中心。因此选择带通滤波器102以滤除其频率在放大的自发辐射所需的带宽外的光。
当用于脉冲系统中时，例如可用于分布式传感器中，以上描述的方法可以被使用在来自所述光源的光脉冲之间，以在使用期间，在来自所述光源的每一(或所选定的)脉冲实质上没有中断测量过程之前有效地校准系统。
以上描述的实施方式的变形均包含在本发明的范围内，以及某些可替代的实施方式描述如下。图2示出了新颖的干涉仪的另一个实施方式，一般由200标示，其类似于在图1中示出的实施方式，但是用附加的法拉第旋转镜201代替光电探测器112。相似的部件由相似的参照数字标示出。在此实例中，在可能具有不同的光路长度的不同光路之间的干涉可以被分开在三个拍频f1、f2和(f2-f1)。此实施方式的布置具有在操作中提供另外的灵活性的优势，例如不同的外差频率能够提供不同的操作模式以产生在不同的空间分辨率的测量值。
图3示出了新颖的干涉仪的另一个实施方式，一般由300标示，其类似于图1的布置，且相似的部件由相似的参照数字标示出。然而，此实施方式使用4×4耦合器314和附加的光路301，频移器304，相位调制器303，法拉第旋转镜302和附加的光电探测器308。在此实例中，在可能具有不同的光路长度差的不同光路之间的干涉可以在三个拍频(f2-f1)、(f3-f2)和(f3-f1)分开。可选择地，法拉第旋转镜302可以由隔离器或光纤匹配端替换以使没有光反射穿过光路301，因此只允许在光路105和光路106之间的干涉。
这种布置的4×4光耦合器产生相对相移在-90度、0度、90度、180度的四个干涉信号分量。
图4示出了干涉仪的另一个实施方式。在此实例中，通过插入法拉第旋转镜402代替光电探测器112将附加的光路引入在干涉仪中。
在所有以上描述的实施方式中，光开关可被用来改变和/或选择穿过干涉仪的光路长度的不同组合。这有助于在不同的空间分辨率测量之间进行切换(与所选定的光路长度的光路长度差相对应)。
图5和图6示出了被布置用于级联或星型配置以允许测量不同的光路长度差的相对光学相位的干涉仪系统500、600的实施例。在图5中，具有不同的光路长度差(因此具有不同的空间分辨率)的三个干涉仪501，502，503被串联组合。在图6中，具有不同的光路长度差(因此具有不同的空间分辨率)的四个干涉仪602、603、604和605被组合，其中干涉仪602、603、604并联，以及干涉仪603和605串联。在图6中，干涉仪601是3×3的耦合器，其用于分离干涉仪之间的光。布置600也可以与波分复用部件相结合以提供针对不同的光波长的并行输出。
以上描述的实施方式涉及用于快速定量测量沿着一段光纤传输、反射和/或散射的光场的声波扰动的装置及方法。本发明的各个方面可以通过其他的方式应用或实施，例如监测通过激光器产生的光信号，和/或监测外差信号发生器的性能，和产生用于传输至光信号的光脉冲。参照图8描述了一个实施例。
图8示出了一个系统，一般由800标示，其包括依据本发明的一个实施方式的干涉仪801，其被用来产生一个相对于另一个频移的两个光脉冲。所述干涉仪通过光循环器103接收来自激光器701的输入脉冲。一个3×3光耦合器104将所述输入脉冲的一个分量引导至光电探测器，将其他的分量引导至所述干涉仪的臂。所述臂中的一个包括频移器110和RF信号805。两个脉冲之间的干涉由解调器802监测。经由法拉第旋转镜107和108反射的光使用延迟器803在耦合器809处结合以匹配所述干涉仪的光路长度，以使频移的脉冲和输入脉冲叠加。耦合器809将相对相移引入所述干涉信号，因此所述干涉仪监测在相对相移处的三个外差频率信号分量。光循环器103将所述两个脉冲传递至所述感测光纤。
在本实施方式中，反射光和反向散射光没有通过依据本发明的干涉仪检测。相反，反射光和反向散射光穿过光放大器804和滤光器806，然后被送入快速、低噪声的光电探测器807。电信号被分开并且然后采用本领域公知的方法，通过混频在不同相位角的射频(RF)信号805被降频成基带信号。所述电信号被数字化并通过使用快速处理器808将数字化的信号进行组合来计算在所述光纤的每一部分处的相对光学相位调制。
图11示出了用于点传感器以及分布式传感器的装置的另一实施方式。在本实例中，光调制器703的调制频率704在光脉冲调制波包络线内从f1被切换至f2。
如在图12A和12B中所指示的，滤光器708选择由光调制器产生的两个调制频率边频带1202/1203和1204/1205。在第一阶边频带1202和1203之间的频移与频率调制差(f2-f1)成比例，而在第二阶边频带1204和1205之间的频移与2(f2-f1)成比例。因此，光电探测器输出806产生两个差拍信号，其中一个差拍信号以(f2-f1)为中心，另一个差拍信号以2(f2-f1)为中心。使用解调器901，所述差拍信号的相对光学相位可以被独立地测量。这两个独立的测量值可以被组合以提高沿着所述感测光纤的信号可见度、灵敏度以及动态范围。
图12A示出了以上所提及的光的调制频谱和边频带的选择。
图12B示出了其在频率f0的脉冲宽度为T的原始激光脉冲1206分别在T1、T2和T3期间以频率f1,f2和f3进行调制的图。在T1、T2和T3之间的延迟也可以被改变。使用滤光器708选择一个或多个调制边频带以产生将被送入所述光纤中的频移的光脉冲。来自所述光纤的反射信号和/反向散射信号(709、710、711和712)通过循环器707被引导至光电探测器接收端。来自不同脉冲的反射光和/反向散射光在光电探测器输出端混合在一起以产生外差信号，如(f2-f1)、(f3-f1)、(f3-f2)、2(f2-f1)、2(f3-f1)和2(f3-f2)。也产生了其他的外差信号，但是(2f2-f1)、(2f3-f1)、(2f1-f2),(2f1-f3)、(2f3-f1)和(2f3-f2)产生在更高的频率处。所述外差信号被降频至基带同相信号和正交信号。所述同相信号和正交信号通过快速模数转换器被数字化以及使用快速数字信号处理器计算出相位角。
图13示出了分布式传感器的一个实施方式，其感测光纤702经过不同的扰动场1302、1304和1307。所述感测光纤可以被用作线性传感器1303和1304，被用作方向传感器1305和1306或被用作多维阵列传感器1308、1309和1310。因为所有的测量均是同步的，可以处理它们以提高信号灵敏度，实现较宽的动态范围并利用波束形成技术提供场成像。
图14示出了双八(88)图案的光纤布置1400，其中所述光纤以连续的路径被布置在表面区域上而没有横穿所述光纤的另一部分以提高灵敏度。
图15示出了三-欧米伽(ΩΩΩ)图案的光纤布置1500，其中所述光纤以连续的路径被布置在表面区域上而没有横穿所述光纤的另一部分以提高灵敏度。
这些布置对于提高感测系统的感测灵敏度、频率响应和空间分辨率是特别有用的，同时其简化了安装技术并使弯曲损耗最小化。
图16示出了光纤布置1600，其中所述光纤被布置成对数螺旋线图案以形成声学照相机或望远镜。完全沿着光纤的一部分可以检测到声能量。在本实例中，沿着场检测到的信号被同步，使用诸如波束形成的附加的信号处理，可绘制近场声发射和远场声发射图。这种装置可以被用来远眺天空、穿越海洋、深入地下、或深入容器内。本方面还提供了用于监测环境噪声的装置，如飞机在起飞和着陆期间的飞机噪声以及来自其他的飞行物或自然栖息地的噪声。
图17示出在1700，分布式流量感测的应用，沿着管道1702的不同部分，光纤1701在分开的位置1704卷绕所述管道并通过夹具1706附着到所述管道上或置于所述管道附近以测量流体噪声和压力变化。这种布置还可以被用来监测注射器或控制阀1708的操作，以及传感器可以被用于井内穿孔区监测和出砂监测。例如，对于井内应用，声学噪声分布可以被用来通过在沿着所述井的每一位置的噪声测井(noise logging)来测量流量。另外，噪声频谱可以被用来确定流体的相位。进一步的，噪声频谱相关技术可以被使用在较长的井段上以使用例如在WO 2006/130499[14]中所描述的分析技术确定声速以及跟踪产生于流体内部的漩涡以精确地确定流速。该文件描述了用于跟踪作为流量的函数的漩涡导致的压力波速度的光纤声学干涉传感器阵列。然而，所述干涉仪需要分立部件，如布拉格光栅对，和可以实际上在一段较短的管道上使用有限数量的传感器。使用本发明的分布式声学传感器，我们可以在优化的配置中沿着管道的全部长度，使用将连续长度的光纤附着至管道上或置于管道附近的灵活方法。例如所述空间分辨率测量值可能通过将光纤卷绕于管道上以跟踪漩涡引起的压力波或仅跟踪沿着所述管道产生并传播的声波以确定在相同和相反的流体方向的声速来提高。所述声速是流体成分的函数，并通过绘制所述声速图可以看出流量分布沿着管道是如何变化的。
同样地，因为我们不需要任何分立部件，在所述光纤上施加适当的保护涂层，可以达到较高的工作温度。使用不同的涂层或护套也可以提高或降低所述光纤的灵敏度。同样地，所述光纤可以被制成具有提高的感测灵敏度同时在恶劣的环境中为光纤提供保护的连续电缆。
图18示出在1800，使用声学光纤传感器1804和声学参考源1806动态定位立管1802的应用，光纤传感器1804凭借声学参考源1806测量在沿着所述立管的不同位置接收的声信号的飞行时间并因此确定所述立管的位置。
本发明的各个方面和实施方式的特征的回顾
在一个方面，本发明提供了一种光学干涉仪装置，所述装置能够提供所述光信号之间的多个光路差，并提供在不同的光路之间的具有固定相移和/或可变相移的干涉信号。在新颖的配置中，所述干涉仪利用分光部件，循环器件和法拉第旋转镜。在所述干涉仪的输出处的光信号被转换成电信号，将所述电信号数字化以用于快速处理。所述电信号的偏移电平被去除且其振幅被归一化。通过组合所述归一化的电信号来精确地确定光信号的相对相移。
在另一方面，本发明涉及一种干涉仪装置，所述装置利用分光器和非互易器件以提供具有给定的相移和光路长度差的光干涉，所述光干涉可以在所述分光器的所有端口处被测量，其中所述光的相对相位调制可以被非常精确且快速地(如在每几纳秒)计算出。所述干涉仪可以使用：光纤部件，如在其一个端口处连接至光纤循环器的m×m融合的光纤耦合器；反射并同时给穿过所述干涉仪的不同光路传播的光提供偏振补偿的法拉第旋转镜，以及被用来测量干涉光信号的光电探测器。入射光可以使用光纤放大器被放大，以及优选地所述干涉仪具有带通滤光器以滤除带外的放大的自发辐射噪声(ASE)。所述干涉仪可以为沿着穿过所述干涉仪的不同光路传播的光提供双折射补偿。这在所述干涉仪的输出处提供了足够高的可见度。
在其另一方面，本发明提供了一种用于补偿光电探测器的偏移和增益以及干涉仪臂的耦合比，以归一化所生成的干涉信号的方法，所生成的干涉信号被用于测量在前述任一实施方式中所述的调制的输入光的相对相位，其中探测器偏移通过关闭在反向散射光路中的所述光放大器来测量；然后通过开启所述放大器同时关闭所述输入光确定所生成的光电探测器的偏移和增益；然后所述光放大器的ASE作为一个独立的非相干光源，并因此可以确定所述光电探测器的偏移和相对增益，且归一化所探测的光信号。因此所述方法可以使用进入所述干涉仪的输入端的非相干光以归一化在光电探测器的输出处的相对信号振幅。例如，当在所述干涉仪的输入处使用光学前置放大器时，自发的光发射可以被用来测量所述干涉仪臂的分光比和光电探测器的相对增益的组合，并因此相应地归一化相对信号振幅。
本发明的另一附加特征是使用相位调制器和/或频移器以偏移相对频率和/或改变在所述干涉仪的光路之间的相位。频移器和/或相位调制器可以被用来提供外差信号和/或将所生成的穿过所述干涉仪的不同光路的干涉光信号分开。
本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是选择足够高的频移器的频率以使至少一个拍频周期包含在一个光脉冲分辨率内。可在所述干涉仪的不同光路之间使用不同的频移以分开和/或外差探测不同的光路之间的相位。可交替在不同的光路之间的频移以校正干涉仪输出信号的任一频率依赖性。
本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是例如通过使用光开关选择穿过所述干涉仪的不同光路。所述光开关可以被用来选择穿过所述干涉仪的不同光路，并因此选择不同的空间分辨率测量。本发明的另一方面涉及一种系统，所述系统包括以串联配置或星型配置或两者的结合级联的许多干涉仪。
本发明还提供了一种系统，该系统通过以高灵敏度、高动态范围和超过几十kHz的高速率测量沿着一段光纤的反射光和/或反向散射光的相位调制来利用多路复用传感器和/或分布式传感器的光脉冲。采用这种方式，本发明可以提供多路复用和/或分布式声感测系统。
本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是在空间分辨率间隔上，至少两次数字化所述干涉仪的输出，或所述干涉仪的光电探测器的输出。本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是组合所述干涉仪的输出以确定由所述光的任何信号衰减造成的不敏感的测量采样点，以在给定的空间分辨率测量或间隔上丢弃和/或提供所述光的多个采样的加权信号平均。本发明的实施方式使用具有动态变化的时钟周期的数字器，(动态变化的时钟周期在此可称为“iclock”)，以调节在最大信号灵敏度位置的光的数字采样的时间。所述动态变化的时钟可以用来调节光电探测器输出的数字化采样的时间，以获得最大信号灵敏度位置和/或从发生光信号衰减的位置偏移的位置。
本发明的又一方面提供了频移光，其使用快速光调制器以产生优选具有抑制的载波频谱的边频带，以及使用带通滤光器以选择调制边频带，凭此调制频率在穿过所述光调制器传播的光脉冲的两部分之间快速地变化。所述光调制器还可以砍掉位于光脉冲的中间的一部分以产生具有不同的频率的两个脉冲。在这种情况下由这两个脉冲产生的反射光和/或反向散射光被结合以导致外差信号，该外差信号的相位被确定以测量沿着所述感测光纤的相对光学相位调制。
提供多个外差信号可以扩大动态范围并降低信号衰落的影响。当来自这两个脉冲的散射光和/或反射光被结合时，所述调制边频带将产生与调制频率差及所述边频带的阶数成比例的不同的拍频。光的频率可以被改变以使在光纤的给定部分上的信号灵敏度最优化。穿过所述光调制器的光的频率可以被快速地改变以使光脉冲的至少两部分具有不同的调制边频带频率，另外，光脉冲的一部分可以被砍掉以产生具有不同的调制边频带频率的两个不同的光脉冲部分。在来自感测光纤的散射的或反射的光脉冲的这两部分之间的调制边频带可以调和在一起以产生在这两个脉冲之间的频率差的多倍处的、与所述调制边频带的阶数成比例的多个外差信号。
本发明的实施方式可以使用激光光源或宽带光源。具有相同的延迟的光的相干匹配导致干涉信号，所述干涉信号可以被用来测量沿着光纤的散射光或反射光的相对相位调制。本发明可以使用波分复用部件以利用具有不同波长的多个激光脉冲，以及，优选地，改变关于每个光脉冲的时间偏移以控制所述光脉冲之间的交叉相位调制和允许处理在所述感测光纤中的多个脉冲没有和允许所述系统能够实现较高的测量频率响应的交叉灵敏度。这可能是所述系统的声频率响应，所述响应提供不同的空间采样分辨率和/或位置，和/或允许有效地丢弃具有低灵敏度的任何点。
本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是选择不同的空间分辨率，其中可以调节沿着所述感测光纤的灵敏度和频率响应，以及可以扩大所述动态范围。
所述感测光纤可以是标准的单模光纤、偏振保持光纤、单一偏振光纤、和/或带状光纤，以及其可以是带涂层的和/或用电缆缚住的以增强或抑制其灵敏度。
本发明的一个实施方式的附加特征是选择所述光纤的不同配置以使在不同位置处的感测光纤的灵敏度、频率和定向最佳。所述光纤可以被布置为线性传感器、方向传感器或多维阵列传感器。所述光纤可以放置在表面区域上的连续路径中，而没有横穿所述光纤的另一部分以提高诸如褶曲的三-欧米伽(ΩΩΩ)和/或双八(88)构型的传感器系统的灵敏度。这对于提高感测系统的感测灵敏度、频率响应和空间分辨率是特别有用的，同时简化了安装技术并使弯曲损耗最小化。
所述光纤可以被附着在容器的表面上以听取产生于所述容器内部的噪声从而监测在该过程中的变化，声图像，以及探测任何泄漏。
又一方面提供了一种使用声学传感器用于分布式流量测量和成像、井内穿孔区监测以及出砂监测的装置。例如，对于井内应用，声学噪声分布可以用来通过沿着所述井的每一位置进行噪声测井来测量流量。另外，噪声频谱可以用来识别流体的相位。进一步地，噪声频谱相关技术可以使用在较长的井段上以确定声音的速度以及跟踪产生于流体内部的漩涡以精确地确定流速。
传感器系统可以用作分布式声学传感器，使确定分布式流量测量和成像、在油井、气井和流线(flowline)中的穿孔区监测及出砂监测成为可能。分布式温度测量和张力测量可以结合以提高所述分布式声学传感器的数据阐释。
又一应用是沿着预先安装的光纤监听以用于监控应用。这包括沿着顺着钻孔、管道、周界、端口和边界安装的光纤进行测量。
另外的方面提供了使用声学光纤传感器和声学参考源的动态定位装置，光纤传感器凭借声学参考源测量在沿着结构的不同位置接收的声信号的飞行时间，并因此确定所述结构的位置。
又一方面提供了使用声学光纤传感器和发出声音(被称为“鸣笛猪”)的清管器的管道结构监测装置。所述光纤传感器测量穿过所述管道壁的声学传输以用于诊断以及跟踪所述清管器的位置。
另一方面提供了管道监测装置，其中感测光纤被布置在管道的内部并由流体拖曳力沿着所述管道运送以为所述管道的诊断以及流体特性和/或成像提供噪声流量的测量。
另一方面提供了一种使用光纤传感器和收集能量的自供电的声源的装置，所述光纤传感器用于声学感测，所述收集能量的自供电的声源用于产生可以由附近的感测光纤接收的足够的声发射，以用于数据通信、测量、诊断和包括沿着长管道、井内的监控应用和其他的远程应用。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种使用声学光纤传感器的装置，所述装置通过在上游水库中或在所述水坝的中心部分产生声学噪声源并测量沿着所述光纤检测的声信号强度来测量沿着水坝和堤坝的渗流率，其中所述渗流区域作为声波传输的低声阻抗路径，并因此表现出较大的信号电平。
本发明的其他优势和应用对本领域的技术人员来说将是明显的。任何附加特征或可选特征可以组合在一起和与任一方面相组合，这对本领域技术人员来说将是明显的。
结语
如以上所描述的，公开了用于快速定量测量沿着一段光纤传输、反射和/或散射的光场的扰动的装置及方法。特别地，本发明可以用于分布式感测，同时显著地提高速度和灵敏度以允许检测沿一段光纤的任何地方的声波扰动同时实现良好的空间分辨率。本发明在较宽范围的声波感测和成像应用中提供了独特的优势。典型的用途是用于监测油井和气井，用于诸如分布式流量测量和/或成像，监测较长的电缆和管道，大型容器的成像以及安全应用等应用中。
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Claims (4)

1.一种与干涉仪装置一起使用的光学感测光纤，所述光学感测光纤被选择不同的配置以使在不同位置处的所述感测光纤的灵敏度、频率和定向最佳，
其中，所述光学感测光纤被布置为线性传感器、方向传感器或多维阵列传感器；以及
其中，所述干涉仪装置包括：
光耦合器，其包括第一端口、第二端口和第三端口，所述第一端口和所述第二端口与第一光路和第二光路耦合，在所述第一光路和所述第二光路之间具有光路长度差异，所述第三端口被布置为从光源接收输入光，其中所述光耦合器被布置为沿着所述第一光路和所述第二光路分别引导所述输入光的第一部分和第二部分；
第一法拉第旋转镜和第二法拉第旋转镜，其分别与所述第一光路和所述第二光路耦合，并且被布置为沿着所述第一光路和所述第二光路将输入光的所述第一部分和所述第二部分反射回所述光耦合器，在所述光耦合器内所述输入光的所述第一部分和所述第二部分干涉，以产生干涉信号，所述光耦合器还被布置为相移所述干涉信号以产生第一干涉信号分量、第二干涉信号分量和第三干涉信号分量；以及
第一光电探测器、第二光电探测器和第三光电探测器，其分别与所述光耦合器的第一探测器端口、第二探测器端口以及在所述第三端口处的光循环器连接，并且被布置为接收所述第一干涉信号分量、所述第二干涉信号分量和所述第三干涉信号分量；
其中在所述第一光路和所述第二光路之间的所述光路长度差异限定所述干涉仪装置的空间分辨率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光学感测光纤，其中，所述光纤被放置在表面区域上的连续路径中，而没有横穿所述光纤的另一部分，以提高所述光纤所连接的传感器系统的灵敏度、频率响应和空间分辨率。
3.根据权利要求2所述的光学感测光纤，其中，所述传感器系统呈褶曲的三-欧米伽(ΩΩΩ)和/或双八(88)构型。
4.一种管道监测装置，包括：
根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的光学感测光纤，所述光学感测光纤被布置在管道的内部并由流体拖曳力沿着所述管道运送，所述光学感测光纤被用于为所述管道的诊断以及流体特性和/或成像提供噪声流量的测量。
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