CN105837768B - A kind of preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer Download PDFInfo
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- CN105837768B CN105837768B CN201610137724.XA CN201610137724A CN105837768B CN 105837768 B CN105837768 B CN 105837768B CN 201610137724 A CN201610137724 A CN 201610137724A CN 105837768 B CN105837768 B CN 105837768B
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- water reducer
- isoamyl alcohol
- alcohol polyoxyethylene
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- polyoxyethylene ether
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F299/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers
- C08F299/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates
- C08F299/022—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates from polycondensates with side or terminal unsaturations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/243—Phosphorus-containing polymers
- C04B24/246—Phosphorus-containing polymers containing polyether side chains
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G65/321—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds
- C08G65/327—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds containing phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/30—Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers
- C04B2103/302—Water reducers
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer, it is characterised in that：Allow isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and pyrophosphoric acid that phosphating reaction occurs and obtains isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer first, radically homo then occurs in aqueous using ammonium persulfate as initiator, using mercaptopropionic acid as conditioning agent and obtains target product.The preparation method of the present invention is simple, raw materials used single and inexpensive, cost is low, and the polyphosphoric acid water reducer obtained is non-volatile, substantially nontoxic, biological degradability is good and has fine water-reducing rate and collapsing property of guarantor.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation method of high performance concrete admixture, a kind of specifically polyphosphate diminishing
The preparation method of agent.
Background technology
Additive is into an indispensable part in current concrete works, and in additive with water reducer most
To be important.This is due to that water reducer can significantly improve concrete flowability under low-dosage, reduces the dosage of water, increases coagulation
Native intensity.Water reducer, which is developed so far, has had evolved to third generation polycarboxylate water-reducer, and the synthesis of polycarboxylate water-reducer is at least
Need two kinds of basic monomers：One of which monomer is referred to as minor comonomer, there is provided carboxyl so that water reducer can be adsorbed in cement surface,
Especially the most universal with acrylic acid, another monomer is referred to as polymeric monomer, and the side chain for possessing polyvinyl alcohol units provides steric hindrance work
With.The complete minor comonomer organic carboxyl acid of unreacted is volatile in polycarboxylate water-reducer can cause environmental pollution；It is electric in its molecular structure
The side chain of neutral polyvinyl alcohol units can hinder the absorption of water reducer and cement, and this can cause part polycarboxylate water-reducer to dissociate
In concrete, its service behaviour is limited.
The content of the invention
The present invention is intended to provide a kind of preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer, technical problem to be solved is with isoamyl
Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer carries out radical polymerization obtained by the phosphating reaction of enol APEO, from
And obtain high performance polyphosphate water reducer.
The present invention solves technical problem, adopts the following technical scheme that：
The preparation method of the polyphosphate water reducer of the present invention, its feature are：Allow isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether first
Phosphating reaction occurs with pyrophosphoric acid and obtains isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer；Then using ammonium persulfate as initiation
Agent, using mercaptopropionic acid as conditioning agent, make the isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer that free radical occur in aqueous
Homopolymerization, that is, obtain polyphosphate water reducer.
The preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer, its feature are lain also in：Phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, prenol
The mol ratio of APEO and pyrophosphoric acid is 1:1；The reaction temperature of radically homo is 80 DEG C, and the quality of initiator is monomer
The 1~2% of quality, conditioning agent quality are the 0.8~1% of monomer mass.Preferably, the quality of initiator is monomer mass
1%, conditioning agent quality is the 0.8% of monomer mass.
The preparation method of above-mentioned polyphosphate water reducer, specifically comprises the following steps：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed 12~24h of isothermal reaction, reaction adds 10g after terminating and gone
Ionized water；
Weigh 0.24~0.48g of ammonium persulfate, 0.192~0.24g of mercaptopropionic acid is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, mixing
2~3h is added dropwise to three-necked flask with peristaltic pump after uniformly, is incubated 1h afterwards, is adjusted after being cooled to room temperature with saturation NaOH solution
PH to 7-8, produce target product polyphosphate water reducer.Reaction equation is as follows：
Compared with the prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention are embodied in：
1st, product polyphosphate water reducer molecular structure high-sequential produced by the present invention, all side chains all have anion
Group, its absorption to cement granules is improved, and anionic group is negative divalence, compared to the negative one valency of polycarboxylate water-reducer
Anion has higher anionic charge density, adds its absorption to cement granules.
2nd, the present invention only needs a kind of monomer, and raw materials used pyrophosphoric acid has mass produced and cheap；The present invention
Obtained product polyphosphate water reducer has fixedness, hypotoxicity, biodegradability.
3rd, the polyphosphoric acid water reducer of present invention gained has water reducing ability more more preferable than third generation polycarboxylate water-reducer, scattered guarantor
Holding property, compression strength.
4th, preparation method of the invention is simple, and reaction condition is not harsh, and production cost is low, be expected to large-scale industrial production by
Gradually substitute polycarboxylate water-reducer.
Brief description of the drawings
A is raw material isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether in Fig. 1, and B is the infrared spectrum of products therefrom polyphosphate water reducer, right
It is can be found that than both spectrograms：B has more 1222cm in Fig. 1-1、999cm-1Two absworption peaks, and the two absworption peaks are respectively phosphorus
P=O, P-O-C of acid esters feature stretching vibration peak；1650cm-1Locate absworption peak to disappear, and the feature that this is unsaturated double-bond is stretched
Contracting absworption peak；It can be said that bright phosphating reaction and Raolical polymerizable have all occurred.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1：
In the preparation of the present embodiment polyphosphate water reducer：Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and the mol ratio of pyrophosphoric acid are 1：
1, phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, reaction time 12h；Radically homo temperature is 80 DEG C, the matter of initiator ammonium persulfate
Measure as the 2% of monomer mass, the quality of conditioning agent mercaptopropionic acid is 1%, time for adding 2h of monomer mass, is incubated 1h.Specifically
Preparation process is：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed isothermal reaction 12h, reaction adds 10g deionizations after terminating
Water；
Weigh ammonium persulfate 0.48g, mercaptopropionic acid 0.24g is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, use peristaltic pump after well mixed
2h is added dropwise to three-necked flask, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7-8 with saturation NaOH solution, produce target production
Thing polyphosphate water reducer.
Products therefrom is tested as follows：
Water-reducing rate is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 when it is net
Slurry fluidity is 255mm.
Collapsing property of guarantor is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 time-division
Not 0min, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min paste flowing degree be respectively 255mm, 250mm, 240mm, 230mm,
200mm。
7 days intensity tests：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be
Compression strength is 35Mpa when 0.29.
Embodiment 2：
In the preparation of the present embodiment polyphosphate water reducer：Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and the mol ratio of pyrophosphoric acid are 1：
1, phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, reaction time 12h, and radical polymerization temperature is 80 DEG C, the matter of initiator ammonium persulfate
Measure as the 1% of monomer mass, the quality of conditioning agent mercaptopropionic acid is 1%, time for adding 2h of monomer mass, is incubated 1h.Specifically
Preparation process is：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed isothermal reaction 12h, reaction adds 10g deionizations after terminating
Water；
Weigh ammonium persulfate 0.24g, mercaptopropionic acid 0.24g is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, use peristaltic pump after well mixed
2h is added dropwise to three-necked flask, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7-8 with saturation NaOH solution, produce target production
Thing polyphosphate water reducer.
Products therefrom is tested as follows：
Water-reducing rate is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 when it is net
Slurry fluidity is 265mm.
Collapsing property of guarantor is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 time-division
Not 0min, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min paste flowing degree be respectively 265mm, 255mm, 260mm, 260mm,
250mm。
7 days intensity tests：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be
Compression strength is 38Mpa when 0.29.
Embodiment 3：
In the preparation of the present embodiment polyphosphate water reducer：Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and the mol ratio of pyrophosphoric acid are 1：
1, phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, reaction time 12h；Radical polymerization temperature is 80 DEG C, the matter of initiator ammonium persulfate
Measure as the 1% of monomer mass, the quality of conditioning agent mercaptopropionic acid is 0.8%, time for adding 2h of monomer mass, is incubated 1h.Tool
Production procedure is：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed isothermal reaction 12h, reaction adds 10g deionizations after terminating
Water；
Weigh ammonium persulfate 0.24g, mercaptopropionic acid 0.192g is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, be well mixed after with wriggle
2h is added dropwise to three-necked flask in pump, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7-8 with saturation NaOH solution, produces target
Product polyphosphate water reducer.
Products therefrom is tested as follows：
Water-reducing rate is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 when it is net
Slurry fluidity is 270mm.
Collapsing property of guarantor is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 time-division
Not 0min, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min paste flowing degree be respectively 270mm, 270mm, 260mm, 260mm,
255mm。
7 days intensity tests：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be
Compression strength is 44Mpa when 0.29.
Embodiment 4：
In the preparation of the present embodiment polyphosphate water reducer：Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and the mol ratio of pyrophosphoric acid are 1：
1, phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, reaction time 12h；Radical polymerization temperature is 80 DEG C, the matter of initiator ammonium persulfate
Measure as the 1% of monomer mass, the quality of conditioning agent mercaptopropionic acid is 0.8%, time for adding 3h of monomer mass, is incubated 1h.Tool
Production procedure is：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed isothermal reaction 12h, reaction adds 10g deionizations after terminating
Water；
Weigh ammonium persulfate 0.24g, mercaptopropionic acid 0.192g is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, be well mixed after with wriggle
3h is added dropwise to three-necked flask in pump, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7-8 with saturation NaOH solution, produces target
Product polyphosphate water reducer.
Products therefrom is tested as follows：
Water-reducing rate is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 when it is net
Slurry fluidity is 280mm.
Collapsing property of guarantor is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 time-division
Not 0min, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min paste flowing degree be respectively 280mm, 290mm, 295mm, 290mm,
290mm。
7 days intensity tests：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be
Compression strength is 50Mpa when 0.29.
Embodiment 5：
In the preparation of the present embodiment polyphosphate water reducer：Isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and the mol ratio of pyrophosphoric acid are 1：
1, phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, reaction time 24h；Radical polymerization temperature is 80 DEG C, the matter of initiator ammonium persulfate
Measure as the 1% of monomer mass, the quality of conditioning agent mercaptopropionic acid is 0.8%, time for adding 3h of monomer mass, is incubated 1h.Tool
Production procedure is：
Accurately 24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (Mn=2400), 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks,
It is fixed in 80 DEG C of oil bath pans, is passed through nitrogen 30min, afterwards closed isothermal reaction 24h, reaction adds 10g deionizations after terminating
Water；
Weigh ammonium persulfate 0.24g, mercaptopropionic acid 0.192g is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, be well mixed after with wriggle
3h is added dropwise to three-necked flask in pump, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7-8 with saturation NaOH solution, produces target
Product polyphosphate water reducer.
Products therefrom is tested as follows：
Water-reducing rate is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 when it is net
Slurry fluidity is 290mm.
Collapsing property of guarantor is tested：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be 0.29 time-division
Not 0min, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min paste flowing degree be respectively 290mm, 310mm, 315mm, 315mm,
310mm。
7 days intensity tests：The solid volume of water reducer obtained by the present embodiment cement quality 0.1%, the ratio of mud be
Compression strength is 60Mpa when 0.29.
The polyphosphate diminishing obtained when initiator amount is the 1% of monomer mass can be drawn by embodiment 1,2
Agent has more preferable water-reducing rate, protects collapsing property, compression strength.This is due to that the initiator of better quality can obtain relatively small molecular weight
Polymer.
The polyphosphoric acid diminishing obtained when conditioning agent dosage is the 0.8% of monomer mass can be drawn by embodiment 2,3
Agent has more preferable water-reducing rate, protects collapsing property, compression strength.This was due to that the conditioning agent of high quality can suppress the hair of polymerisation
It is raw.
It can show that the polyphosphoric acid water reducer obtained when time for adding is 3h has more preferable diminishing by embodiment 3,4
Rate, protect collapsing property, compression strength.This is due to that the increase in reaction time can be so that polymerization conversion increases.
It can show that the polyphosphoric acid water reducer obtained when the phosphating reaction time is 24h has by embodiment 4,5
More preferable water-reducing rate, protect collapsing property, compression strength.This is due to that the increase of phosphating reaction time can cause phosphating reaction
Conversion ratio increase so that anion number increase in final product molecular structure.
The polyphosphate water reducer that the present invention synthesizes has than third generation polycarboxylate water-reducer better performance, reaction raw materials
Single cheap, reaction condition is simple, and low into production cost, product is not volatile, hypotoxicity, biodegradable, is expected to extensive work
Industry metaplasia is produced to substitute third generation polycarboxylate water-reducer.
Claims (3)
- A kind of 1. preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer, it is characterised in that：Allow isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and burnt phosphorus first Acid occurs phosphating reaction and obtains isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer；Then using ammonium persulfate as initiator, with Mercaptopropionic acid is conditioning agent, makes the isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester monomer that radically homo occur in aqueous, Obtain polyphosphate water reducer；Wherein：Phosphating reaction temperature is 80 DEG C, and the mol ratio of isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and pyrophosphoric acid is 1:1；Freely The reaction temperature of base homopolymerization is 80 DEG C, and the quality of initiator is the 1~2% of monomer mass, and conditioning agent quality is monomer mass 0.8~1%.
- 2. the preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The quality of initiator is single The 1% of weight, conditioning agent quality are the 0.8% of monomer mass.
- 3. the preparation method of polyphosphate water reducer according to claim 1, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：24g isoamyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers, 1.98g pyrophosphoric acids accurately are weighed in 100mL three-necked flasks, are fixed on 80 DEG C of oil baths In pot, nitrogen 30min is passed through, afterwards closed 12~24h of isothermal reaction, reaction adds 10g deionized waters after terminating；Weigh 0.24~0.48g of ammonium persulfate, 0.192~0.24g of mercaptopropionic acid is dissolved in 10g deionized waters, be well mixed 2~3h is added dropwise to three-necked flask with peristaltic pump afterwards, is incubated 1h afterwards, is cooled to after room temperature and adjusts pH to 7- with saturation NaOH solution 8, produce target product polyphosphate water reducer.
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Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108239238A (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2018-07-03 | 上海东大化学有限公司 | A kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer and preparation method thereof, application |
| CN107814923B (en) * | 2017-12-04 | 2020-11-13 | 吉林众鑫化工集团有限公司 | Polycarboxylate superplasticizer phosphatization monomer and preparation method thereof, polycarboxylate superplasticizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN109957103B (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2022-04-22 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Special bidentate phosphonic acid water reducing agent for medium-low slump concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN108586669A (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2018-09-28 | 福建三凯建筑材料有限公司 | A kind of polycarboxylate water-reducer used for machine-made sand concrete |
| CN108395138A (en) * | 2018-04-08 | 2018-08-14 | 赵顺全 | A kind of accelerator for cement slurry |
| CN109608591A (en) * | 2018-11-15 | 2019-04-12 | 江苏博思通新材料有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of ring-type viscosity reduction type poly carboxylic acid series water reducer |
| CN111302692B (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2022-03-18 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Polyphosphoric acid water reducing agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN110818369B (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2022-03-25 | 浙江龙游通衢建材有限公司 | High-quality dry-mixed mortar and preparation method thereof |
| CN112724414B (en) * | 2021-01-21 | 2022-06-14 | 江苏奥莱特新材料股份有限公司 | Polycarboxylate superplasticizer with polyphosphonate side chains and preparation method thereof |
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| CN101580566A (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2009-11-18 | 花王株式会社 | Phosphoric ester polymer |
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| CN105418857A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-03-23 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Preparation method and application of polycarboxylate water reducer containing phosphate group |
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- 2016-05-11 CN CN201610137724.XA patent/CN105837768B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101580566A (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2009-11-18 | 花王株式会社 | Phosphoric ester polymer |
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