CN105475184A - 一种花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,属于水产养殖技术领域,本发明的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,在花鲈受精卵孵化时,设置盐度为15~30;花鲈初孵仔鱼时期,设置盐度为20~30,并且保持水中Ca2+浓度大于194.26mg/L、Mg2+浓度大于556.67mg/L。本发明的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法具有花鲈受精卵孵化率高,畸形率低和仔鱼生存活力强的优点,为河口、盐碱地地区进行花鲈受精卵孵化,早期花鲈苗种淡化提供了理论依据。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域,尤其涉及一种花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法。
背景技术
花鲈(Lateolabraxmaculatus)隶属于硬骨鱼纲(Osteichsthyes)、鲈形目(Perciformes)、鮨科(Serranidae)、花鲈属(Lateolabrax)(Kim等,2001),又称白花鲈、鲈子鱼、板鲈、青鲈、七星鲈、鲈鱼、寨花。分布于中国和朝鲜沿海,是东北亚特有种。
1853年Bleeker建立花鲈属,此时该属仅有1个种,即Lateolabraxjaponicus(CuvieretValenciennes)。1957年,Katayama发现了花鲈属的另一个种,即高体鲈L.latus。1995~1998年,Yokogawa等通过形态学比较和遗传学分析发现中国花鲈和日本鲈鱼(L.japonicus)存在明显差异,并将其分为2个种,把中国的花鲈称作Lateolabraxsp.(spottedseabass)。2001年,Kim等在编写《ThemarinefishesofKorea》时将Lateolabraxsp.(spottedseabass)命名为L.maculatus。刘进贤等(2006)利用线粒体细胞色素b和控制区基因对中国花鲈和日本鲈鱼群体进行种群结构分析,胡自民等(2007)利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对中国花鲈和日本鲈鱼进行遗传分化分析,所得结果均进一步支持了中国花鲈和日本鲈鱼为2个不同种的观点。
花鲈是河口型的广温、广盐性中下层鱼类。喜栖息于河口咸淡水交汇水域,而以崖礁流水区较多,没有结成大群远程洄游的习性,但有局部移动现象。花鲈为肉食性鱼类,性情凶猛贪食,以鱼、虾和甲壳类为食。在咸淡水、低盐度的河口地区有生长速度快,肉质好等特点。花鲈雌雄异体,雄鱼2龄部分性成熟,3龄全部成熟,雌鱼3龄性成熟,4龄全部成熟。花鲈的生殖水温在13~21℃,山东沿海生殖期为9~11月,最适水温为14~16℃;福建近岸的生殖期为12月至翌年1月;日本鲈鱼的生殖期则为11月至翌年2,最适水温为18~22℃。在繁殖季节,雄鱼性腺比雌鱼先成熟,并可以等待雌鱼成熟后完成生殖活动。花鲈属于分批产卵鱼类,在一个生殖季节里可产卵2~3次,第一次产卵后经过半个月发育便可第二次产卵。花鲈繁殖力较强,绝对怀卵量5~230万粒,体长500~600mm的花鲈怀卵量可达到17.7~23.3万粒,体长910mm的雌鱼怀卵量可达到209.4万粒。花鲈的繁殖水域分布较广,在浅海、河口沿岸岩礁间和近河口的咸淡水交汇处水域均可产卵。
已有众多学者进行了花鲈人工繁育技术方面的研究。孙帼英(1994)、张春丹等(2005)、(谢凤才等,2012)从产卵类型、产卵期、繁殖水域、繁殖力和雌雄同体现象等方面描述了花鲈的繁殖生物学特性,并提出了亲鱼选择、亲鱼驯化、促熟培育,人工催产和苗种培育的相关技术。吴光宗等(1984)描述了渤海湾花鲈早期发育阶段的形态特征,李明云等(1996,1997)、竺俊全等(2000,2002)也报道了花鲈仔稚鱼阶段的形态特征及生活习性。在盐度对花鲈胚胎的影响方面,王永新等(1995)、胡先成等(1995,1997)分别研究了温度、盐度对花鲈胚胎发育和仔鱼发育的影响。据王永新等(1995)报道,花鲈受精卵在13~31的盐度范围中,花鲈均能孵出仔鱼,但从孵化率和畸形率来看,低盐度13~16和高盐度31对发育不利。适宜孵化盐度为19~28,最佳为22~25;竺俊全等(2002)报道孵化盐度应控制在26~27,平均孵化率达到74.3%;李明云等(1996)认为孵化最适盐度为27.2~29.8。王永新等(1995)认为最适孵化盐度与花鲈长期适水域的盐度有关。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,在花鲈受精卵孵化时,设置盐度为15~30;花鲈初孵仔鱼时期,设置盐度为20~30,并且保持水中Ca2+浓度大于194.26mg/L、Mg2+浓度大于556.67mg/L。
盐度的调节通过用海水与自来水按比例配制。
优选:花鲈受精卵孵化时,设置盐度为20~30。
优选:花鲈初孵仔鱼时期,设置盐度为25~30。
本发明的积极效果如下:
本发明的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法具有花鲈受精卵孵化率高,畸形率低和仔鱼生存活力强的优点,为河口、盐碱地地区进行花鲈受精卵孵化,早期花鲈苗种淡化提供了理论依据。
附图说明
图1是花鲈受精卵在不同盐度海水中的沉浮性图。
图2是花鲈受精卵在不同盐度和离子条件下的孵化率和畸形率图;
注:数值用平均值±标准差表示,标有不同字母的数值表示显著差异(P<0.05),否则表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
图3是不同盐度及离子条件下花鲈初孵仔鱼的SAI值图。
具体实施方式
下面的实施例是对本发明的进一步详细描述。
实施例1
1实验材料
1.1受精卵来源
实验用受精卵购于广东江门某水产养殖场,为福建沿海网箱养殖的亲鱼经室内暂养、人工催产和授精后得到。在水温16℃条件下,受精卵收集完毕并运至珠海市斗门区河口渔业研究所时处于原肠胚晚期。挑选发育正常的受精卵用于盐度实验。
1.2实验用水来源
实验用海水为珠海近海海水,通过运水车运至珠海市斗门区河口渔业研究所。淡水为珠海自来水厂供应的自来水。分别用CaCl2、MgCl2、KCl(分析纯)在自来水中添加钾离子,钙、镁离子,钙、镁、钾离子至海水的浓度以得到添加钾的自来水、添加钙镁的自来水和添加钙镁钾的自来水。用ATAGO手持式折光仪测定盐度,用EDTA络合滴定法测定钙、镁离子浓度,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定的钠、钾离子浓度,各实验用水离子浓度如(表1)。以上实验用水都经充分沉淀和曝气后用于盐度试验。
2实验方法
2.1不同盐度条件下受精卵的沉浮性试验
设置12个盐度梯度,其盐度分别为:20、21、22、23、23.4、24.3、25.2、26、27、28、29、30。用海水与自来水按一定比例配置而得。以500mL量筒进行受精卵沉浮性试验,每次取受精卵200粒,自受精卵投入量筒后稳定10min,观察并记录受精卵在不同盐度海水中的存在状态。
表1实验用水离子浓度
2.2不同盐度和离子条件下受精卵孵化实验
设置25、20、15、10、5共5个盐度梯度,每个盐度设置A(正常)、B(补充钾离子至海水浓度)、C(补充钙、镁离子至海水浓度)、D(补充钙、镁、钾离子至海水浓度)共4个不同的离子处理(其中因为盐度10和5的B、D组Na+:K+比较低,所以未设置),海水对照组盐度为30。每组设置3个平行,共51个聚乙烯孵化杯。其中A处理用海水与自来水按一定比例配置;B处理用海水与添加钾的自来水按一定比例配置;C处理用海水与添加钙镁的自来水按一定比例配置;D处理用海水与添加钙镁钾的自来水按一定比例配置。各处理组均用ATAGO手持式折光仪标定盐度,其离子浓度如(表2)。
各处理组取200粒受精卵放入2000mL聚乙烯孵化杯中孵化,微充气以避免低盐度组中的受精卵沉底堆积死亡,所有处理组置于同一160cm×70cm×20cm方型水槽内,以加热棒控制孵化水温16.5~17.5℃,pH7.9~8.0,室内白炽灯保持光照强度为400~500LUX(上海嘉定学联实业JD-3型照度计测定)。仔鱼孵出后,记录孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率(畸形仔鱼指尾部弯曲、脊柱弯曲的个体)。
由于海水中钠离子的含量远高于钙、镁、钾离子,本实验相同盐度中不讨论添加离子而造成的钠离子总量差异,仅讨论因此造成的Na+:K+比的变化。
2.3不同盐度和离子条件下初孵仔鱼的生存活力试验
从上一节实验各处理组孵化出的仔鱼中,随机选取50尾健康初孵仔鱼放入对应盐度和离子条件的2000mL塑料杯(其中除去健康仔鱼数极低的10A、10C、
表2不同处理组的离子浓度
5A、5C组),无投饵静水培育,每日吸取死亡仔鱼2次(以玻璃棒亲触无反应的为死亡),记录死亡仔鱼数,饥饿至仔鱼全部死亡时实验结束。计算初孵仔鱼生存活力(survivalactivityindex,SAI)。
2.4指标测定
本研究中的测定指标主要包括孵化率、畸形率、SAI值。
孵化率=破膜仔鱼数/孵化总卵数×100%;
畸形率=畸形仔鱼数/破膜仔鱼数×100%;
式中N为试验开始时的仔鱼数,hi为第i天时仔鱼的累积死亡数,k为仔鱼全部死亡所需要的天数。
2.5数据分析
运用SPSS统计软件(19.0)对孵化率、畸形率、SAI值进行ANOVA单因素方差分析,并进行DUNCAN多重比较,以P<0.05为有显著性差异;对SAI值进行双因素方差分析。所有数据用平均数±标准差表示(Mean±SD),最后用EXCEL2013作图。
3结果
3.1不同盐度条件下花鲈受精卵的沉浮性
受精卵在不同盐度海水中的分布状态不同。盐度低于23时,受精卵全部下沉到底部;盐度大于27时,全部浮于水表面;盐度在23.4~26时,受精卵有部分在水中悬浮,其中在盐度为25时为全部悬浮(图1)。
3.2不同盐度和离子组成条件下花鲈受精卵的孵化率和畸形率
图2显示了盐度和离子组成对受精卵孵化率和畸形率的影响。盐度15~30处理组的平均孵化率都大于90%;盐度10处理组平均孵化率大于80%,盐度5处理组平均孵化率为5.3%,但盐度5和10处理组的初孵仔鱼均在破膜后24h内全部死亡;在同一盐度中,离子组成对孵化率没有显著性影响(P>0.05)。盐度20~30的处理组中,畸形率均低于5%;盐度5的处理组,畸形率平均为97.5%;盐度10~15处理组的畸形率为8.4%~33.4%,在同一盐度中,离子组成对畸形率有显著性影响(P<0.05),其中B(补充钾离子组)的畸形率显著高于A(正常组)和D(补充钙、镁、钾离子组),C(补充钙、镁离子组)的畸形率显著低于A和D处理(P<0.05)。
3.3不同盐度和离子条件下花鲈初孵仔鱼的SAI值
盐度、离子组成、盐度和离子组成的交互作用均对初孵仔鱼的SAI值有极显著性影响(P<0.01)(图3和表4)。盐度30和25处理组SAI值最大,盐度15~25处理组中,SAI值随着盐度的降低而降低。盐度25的处理组中离子组成对SAI值的影响不显著(P>0.05);在盐度15和20处理组中,离子组成对SAI值有显著性影响(P<0.05)。其中盐度20的处理组中,A(正常组)和C(补充钙、镁离子组)的SAI值要高于B(补充钾离子组)和D(补充钙、镁、钾离子组);盐度15的处理组中,C组的SAI值最高,B和D组的SAI值最低(表3)。
表4双因素方差分析盐度和离子组成对花鲈初孵仔鱼SAI值的影响
本发明发现盐度低于23时,花鲈受精卵全部下沉到水层底部;盐度大于27时,全部浮于水层表面;盐度在23.4~26时,受精卵有部分在水中悬浮。花鲈受精卵适宜孵化盐度为15~30,最佳孵化盐度为20~30;花鲈初孵仔鱼的适宜盐度范围为20~30,最适盐度范围为25~30。当Ca2+≤194.26mg/L、Mg2+≤556.67mg/L时会增加花鲈受精卵孵化的畸形率,降低仔鱼的活力。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。
Claims (4)
1.一种花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,其特征在于:在花鲈受精卵孵化时,设置盐度为15~30;花鲈初孵仔鱼时期,设置盐度为20~30,并且保持水中Ca2+浓度大于194.26mg/L、Mg2+浓度大于556.67mg/L。
2.如权利要求1所述的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,其特征在于:盐度的调节通过用海水与自来水按比例配制。
3.如权利要求1所述的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,其特征在于:花鲈受精卵孵化时,设置盐度为20~30。
4.如权利要求1所述的花鲈受精卵和初孵仔鱼孵化和养殖方法,其特征在于:花鲈初孵仔鱼时期,设置盐度为25~30。
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