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CN105464105B - One kind is without friction pile pile making method - Google Patents

One kind is without friction pile pile making method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105464105B
CN105464105B CN201511026328.1A CN201511026328A CN105464105B CN 105464105 B CN105464105 B CN 105464105B CN 201511026328 A CN201511026328 A CN 201511026328A CN 105464105 B CN105464105 B CN 105464105B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
pile
shrouding
prefabricated
base expanding
floor
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CN201511026328.1A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN105464105A (en
Inventor
胡指南
冯怀平
赵丽娅
吴树清
乔卉卉
随笑妍
张梦醒
张秋红
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Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
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Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
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Priority to CN201511026328.1A priority Critical patent/CN105464105B/en
Publication of CN105464105A publication Critical patent/CN105464105A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN105464105B publication Critical patent/CN105464105B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22Piles
    • E02D5/50Piles comprising both precast concrete portions and concrete portions cast in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22Piles
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2250/00Production methods
    • E02D2250/003Injection of material

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to one kind without friction pile into pilework and pile making method,Including prefabricated pile,The bottom of prefabricated pile is provided with pile foundation base expanding and base expanding,The bottom being connected with pile foundation base expanding and base expanding in prefabricated pile is provided with shrouding,Diameter of the lower edge of shrouding with diameter greater than prefabricated pile,Injected hole is machined with the middle part of the shrouding,In prefabricated pile outer wall along being radially arranged floor,The floor is uniformly distributed on the wall of prefabricated pile side and bottom is connected with shrouding,The periphery of prefabricated pile is provided with mud lubrication sheath,The present invention expands a floor space,Greatly improve the bottom bearing of pile foundation,Floor can both support hole wall,Avoid collapse hole,Again for the perfusion of mud provides passage,Enable prefabricated pile tightr with what mud lubrication sheath was combined,Form integrative-structure,On the one hand seamless connection between stake and borehole sidewall is realized by mud lubrication sheath,On the other hand lubrication is played,Reduce the frictional force of stake side,The construction technology of pile foundation of the invention is simple,Clear mechanism,Cost is relatively low,With good promotion prospect.

Description

One kind is without friction pile pile making method
Technical field
The invention belongs to pile foundation base expanding and base expanding field of engineering technology, and in particular to a kind of to periphery soil layer and adjacent to structure of the subway shadow Sound is smaller, it is adaptable to the superstructure of the built structure of the subway adjacent domain in city construction without friction pile into pilework and pile side Method.
Background technology
With the utilization and the development of underground rail engineering of urban underground space, increasing superstructure foundation construction Built subway tunnel can be related to.When above-ground structures is built on top along subway, particularly high-level structure when, on the ground tie The Construction of Deep Foundation of structure is inevasible to produce influence to built structure of the subway.Urban subway tunnel has structure safety requirements The features such as high, track descent precision control high, the big degree of social concern and wide coverage.Built along subway or on subway Works (overpass, high-level structure etc.) spacing of the pile foundation often with subway tunnel it is very small.And city stratum is general It is clay stratum, Loess Layer, silly stratum or sand-pebble layer.The pile foundation constructed in such stratum, if in basement rock Or in the case that hard thick topsoil reinforced is larger, its bearing capacity is general based on pile side friction, and supplemented by bottom bearing.Pile foundation The trend to bottom offset can be produced in the presence of superstructure load, and the direction of frictional resistance is upward.Frictional resistance can be to causing The stresses re-distribution of surrounding formations, and then certain influence is produced on subway tunnel structure.Therefore, in Urban Underground foundation construction Is down to side-friction force in controlled range based on bottom bearing by invention one kind, by pile foundation to the shadow of underground built structure thing Sound minimize, pile foundation and its construction method seem increasingly important.
At present, pile foundation is broadly divided into two classes, i.e. pile sinking (prefabricated pile) and bored concrete pile by construction method.Pile sinking is by work In factory prefabricated pile body (reinforced concrete pile, Section-steel Piles or steel-pipe pile) pass through squeeze into, static(al) be pressed into or vibration-sunk side Formula, the then construction method of pile.The construction quality of prefabricated pile is preferable, but predominantly Squeezing Soil Pile or part Squeezing Soil Pile, to original The destruction of soil layer construction is larger, while influence also can be produced on closing on underground structure.And bored concrete pile is broadly divided into two kinds, one kind It is to bore (digging) hole pouring pile, another kind is driven cast-in-place pile.The characteristics of cast-in-situ bored pile is to generally require mud off to avoid collapsing Hole, applicable soil layer type is wider, and the influence to original underground structure is smaller.Driven cast-in-place pile is using hammering or the side of vibration Formula, the steel sleeve with armored concrete pile top or flapper-type pile top is squeezed into soil layer, and then hangs in steel reinforcement cage, pours coagulation Soil.Driven cast-in-place pile can produce compacted effect when sleeve pipe squeezes into stratum to the periphery soil body, to surrounding formations or neighboringly lower knot The influence of structure is larger.
The content of the invention
In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing for pile foundation in the prior art, the invention provides a kind of bottom bearing ability to bear By force, lateral frictional resistance is small, design structure is simply without friction pile into pilework.
Meanwhile, present invention also offers it is a kind of it is above-mentioned without friction pile into pilework pile making method, its construction to shadow around Smaller, the damage of soil body power of sound is small, construction is simple and process costs are relatively low.
The present invention realizes that the technical scheme that above-mentioned purpose is used is:
Include prefabricated pile into pilework without friction pile, the bottom of prefabricated pile is provided with pile foundation base expanding and base expanding, in prefabricated pile and stake The bottom of base base expanding and base expanding connection is provided with shrouding, and the diameter of the lower edge with diameter greater than prefabricated pile of shrouding is machined with the middle part of the shrouding Injected hole, in prefabricated pile outer wall along being radially arranged floor, the floor be uniformly distributed on the wall of prefabricated pile side and bottom with Shrouding is connected, and the periphery of prefabricated pile is provided with mud lubrication sheath.
Above-mentioned mud lubrication sheath is by the ratio of mud by 0.8~1.2 sodium bentonite slurries are made.
The average wall thickness of above-mentioned mud lubrication sheath is 4~6cm.
Above-mentioned floor is that the ratio between 3~6, and the width of floor and the radius of prefabricated pile is 1:20~30.
The edge of above-mentioned shrouding and the inclination angle that bottom surface is in 30~60 °.
The above-mentioned pile making method without friction pile is comprised the steps of:
(1) using conventional drilling or the method pore-forming of borehole on ground;
(2) by the bottom of floor and seal plate welding, and shrouding is connected with the bottom of sleeve pipe, makes floor along in sleeve pipe Wall is installed;
(3) by the hole of the sleeve pipe inserting step (1) with shrouding and floor, fixed sleeving top using splitting or is squeezed Close grouting mode by lower section grout injection from the injected hole at shrouding center to sleeve pipe, the ratio of mud of cement mortar for 0.8~ 1.2, foot of hole of the cement mortar below shrouding forms pile foundation base expanding and base expanding, and grouting pressure is 0.2~0.6MPa, health 7 after slip casting ~10 days;
(4) prefabricated prefabricated pile is inserted along internal surface of sleeve pipe after pile foundation base expanding and base expanding health well, sleeve pipe is extracted, in prefabricated pile Irrigate bentonite slurry in space between hole wall, form mud lubrication sheath, the ratio of mud of bentonite slurry for 0.8~ 1.2, after the completion of perfusion, health is formed without friction pile.
In the junction of above-mentioned steps (1) shrouding and sleeve pipe, rubber seal, the structure and shrouding of rubber seal are set Edge match, the thickness of sealing ring is 0.5~1cm.
Of the invention is to be combined prefabricated pile into the pile foundation of elliposoidal with drill-pouring into pilework without friction pile, expands stake Floor space, greatly improves the bottom bearing of pile foundation, recycles floor to support hole wall, avoid collapse hole, strengthens the structural strength of stake, Simultaneously again for the perfusion of mud provides passage, enable more firm, the formation one that prefabricated pile is combined with mud lubrication sheath On the one hand structure, the seamless connection between stake and borehole sidewall is realized by mud lubrication sheath, is on the other hand played lubrication and is made With, reduce the frictional force of stake side, formed without friction pile, and also pile making method of the invention is by Completion of Drilling Hole, immersed tube pile Mode, the influence to soil layer and existing structure is small, and pile structural strength is high, can particularly greatly improve pile foundation bottom bearing, fits For the pile foundation construction on the built structure of the subway periphery in city, control is influenceed on built structure of the subway particularly under the conditions of small interval The more strict pile foundation construction of system, additionally, the construction technology of pile foundation of the invention is simple, clear mechanism, cost is relatively low, has Good promotion prospect.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is pile making method flow chart.
Fig. 2 is embodiment 1 without friction pile pile structural representation.
Fig. 3 is the Section A-A figure of Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is the partial enlarged drawing of I in Fig. 2.
Specific embodiment
Technical scheme is further described in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Embodiment 1
Referring to Fig. 1, the present embodiment without friction pile pile making method is realized by following steps:
(1) it is long according to geological conditions, stake footpath and stake, using conventional bore mode pore-forming on ground;
(2) bottom of floor 2 is welded with shrouding 4, and shrouding 4 is connected firmly with the bottom of sleeve pipe, make floor 2 along The inwall of sleeve pipe is installed;
(3) by the hole with shrouding 4 and the sleeve pipe inserting step (1) of floor 2, steel bushing thickness of pipe wall is 1cm, the top of sleeve pipe Portion 0.8m above ground level, is fixed to cannula tip, using fracture grouting method by the injected hole at the center of shrouding 4 to sleeve pipe Lower section grout injection, the ratio of mud of cement mortar is 1.0, and the foot of hole below shrouding 4 forms elliposoidal pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5, bottom bearing is improved, grouting pressure is 0.4MPa, health 9 days after slip casting;
(4) prefabricated prefabricated pile 1 is inserted along internal surface of sleeve pipe after the health of pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 well, steel sleeve is extracted, pre- Bentonite slurry is irrigated in space between stake processed 1 and hole wall, mud lubrication sheath 3 is formed, plays a part of lubrication, reduce stake Side friction, the ratio of mud of bentonite slurry is 1, the bentonite selection preferable sodium bentonite of dilatancy, after the completion of perfusion, is supported It is raw 10 days, formed without friction pile.
As shown in Figures 2 to 4, the top of ellipsoidal pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 is embedded in the structure without friction pile that the above method is molded There is truncated cone-shaped shrouding 4, upper radius are 100cm, and lower radius are 102cm, and thickness is 4cm, in order to be ensure that in slip casting Shrouding 4 is connected with bobbin seal, and the edge of the shrouding 4 is processed as into inclined side, angle of inclination be 45 °, the i.e. edge of shrouding 4 with Bottom surface is in 45 ° of angle, and the base of correspondence sleeve pipe is also processed as 45 ° of hypotenuses coincideing therewith, is sealed further for guarantee, The edge of edge sealing is cased with rubber seal 6 with the position of casing-contact, and the thickness of rubber seal 6 is 0.8cm.In shrouding 4 Center offers the injected hole of a diameter of 6cm, and cement mortar irrigates to form pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 by the injected hole, in shrouding 4 The position that edge is closed in upper surface is welded with 4 floors 2, and floor 2 is arranged along the radial direction of shrouding 4, and in same circumference On be uniformly distributed, the width of floor 2 is 4cm, and prefabricated pile 1 is also equipped with the upper surface center of shrouding 4, prefabricated pile 1 Radius is 100cm, highly identical with hole depth in addition to pile crown, and the outer wall of prefabricated pile 1 is contacted with the inner side edge of floor 2, in prefabricated pile 1 periphery is provided with mud lubrication sheath 3, floor 2 is inlaid in the inner side of mud lubrication sheath 3, and mud lubrication sheath 3 is to fill out In the gap filled between prefabricated pile 1 and hole wall, further reduce the coefficient of friction on the outside of stake, the mud lubrication sheath 3 it is flat Equal wall thickness is 5cm, and integrative-structure is formed with floor 2, prefabricated pile 1 and pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5, strengthens the structural strength of stake, improves it Bottom bearing ability to bear.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment without friction pile pile making method is realized by following steps:
(1) it is long according to geological conditions, stake footpath and stake, using conventional bore mode pore-forming on ground;
(2) bottom of floor 2 is welded with shrouding 4, and shrouding 4 is connected firmly with the bottom of sleeve pipe, make floor 2 along The inwall of sleeve pipe is installed;
(3) by the hole with shrouding 4 and the sleeve pipe inserting step (1) of floor 2, steel bushing thickness of pipe wall is 1.1cm, sleeve pipe Top 1m above ground level, is fixed to cannula tip, using compacted formula slip casting method by the injected hole at the center of shrouding 4 to sleeve pipe Lower section grout injection, the ratio of mud of cement mortar is 1.2, and foot of hole of the cement mortar below shrouding 4 forms elliposoidal stake Base base expanding and base expanding 5, grouting pressure is 0.6MPa, health 7 days after slip casting;
(4) prefabricated prefabricated pile 1 is inserted along internal surface of sleeve pipe after the health of pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 well, steel sleeve is extracted, in hole Bentonite slurry is irrigated in space between wall and prefabricated pile 1, mud lubrication sheath 3 is formed, the ratio of mud of bentonite slurry is 1.2:1, bentonite is the preferable sodium bentonite of dilatancy, and after the completion of perfusion, health 10 days is formed without friction pile.
The structure without friction pile that the above method is molded is:Circular platform is embedded with the top of ellipsoidal pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 Shrouding 4, upper radius are 121cm, and lower radius are 122.5cm, and thickness is 5cm, in order to be ensure that in slip casting shrouding 4 with Bobbin seal is connected, and the edge of the shrouding 4 is processed as into inclined side, and angle of inclination is 60 °, and the base of correspondence sleeve pipe is also processed as 60 ° of identical hypotenuses, further for ensureing to seal, rubber seal are cased with the position of the edge of edge sealing and casing-contact therewith Circle 6, the thickness of rubber seal 6 is 1cm.The injected hole of a diameter of 8cm is offered in the center of shrouding 4, cement mortar leads to Cross the injected hole to irrigate to form pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5, the position for closing on edge in the upper surface of shrouding 4 is welded with 6 floors 2, floor 2 It is to be arranged along the radial direction of shrouding 4, and is uniformly distributed on same circumference, the width of floor 2 is 5cm, in the upper table of shrouding 4 Face center is also equipped with prefabricated pile 1, and the radius of prefabricated pile 1 is 100cm, highly identical with hole depth in addition to pile crown, prefabricated pile 1 outer wall is contacted with the inner side edge of floor 2, and the periphery of prefabricated pile 1 is provided with mud lubrication sheath 3, floor 2 is inlaid in mud The inner side of slurry lubrication sheath 3, during mud lubrication sheath 3 is the gap being filled between prefabricated pile 1 and hole wall, further reduces stake The coefficient of friction of outer wall, the average wall thickness of the mud lubrication sheath 3 is 6.1cm, with floor 2, prefabricated pile 1 and pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 Form integrative-structure.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment without friction pile pile making method is realized by following steps:
(1) it is long according to geological conditions, stake footpath and stake, using conventional bore mode pore-forming on ground;
(2) bottom of floor 2 is welded with shrouding 4, and shrouding 4 is connected firmly with the bottom of sleeve pipe, make floor 2 along The inwall of sleeve pipe is installed;
(3) by the hole with shrouding 4 and the sleeve pipe inserting step (1) of floor 2, steel bushing thickness of pipe wall is 0.9cm, sleeve pipe Top 0.5m above ground level, is fixed to cannula tip, using fracture grouting mode by the injected hole at the center of shrouding 4 to set The lower section grout injection of pipe, the ratio of mud of cement mortar is 0.8, in the elliposoidal pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 formed below of shrouding 4, slip casting pressure Power is 0.2MPa, health 10 days after slip casting;
(4) prefabricated prefabricated pile 1 is inserted along internal surface of sleeve pipe after the health of pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 well, steel sleeve is extracted, in hole Bentonite slurry is irrigated in space between wall and prefabricated pile 1, mud lubrication sheath 3 is formed, the ratio of mud of bentonite slurry is 1, bentonite is the preferable sodium bentonite of dilatancy, and after the completion of perfusion, health 10 days is formed without friction pile.
The structure without friction pile that the above method is molded is:Truncated cone-shaped is embedded with the top of ellipsoidal pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 Shrouding 4, upper radius are 79cm, and lower radius are 81.5cm, and thickness is 3cm, in order to ensure that shrouding 4 with set in slip casting The seal of tube is connected, and the edge of the shrouding 4 is processed as into inclined side, and angle of inclination is 30 °, the base of correspondence sleeve pipe be also processed as with 30 ° of identical hypotenuses, further for ensureing to seal, rubber seal is cased with the position of the edge of edge sealing and casing-contact 6, the thickness of rubber seal 6 is 0.6cm.The injected hole of a diameter of 4cm is offered in the center of shrouding 4, cement mortar leads to Cross the injected hole to irrigate to form pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5, the position for closing on edge in the upper surface of shrouding 4 is welded with 3 floors 2, floor 2 It is to be arranged along the radial direction of shrouding 4, and is uniformly distributed on same circumference, the width of floor 2 is 3cm, in the upper table of shrouding 4 Face center is also equipped with prefabricated pile 1, and the radius of prefabricated pile 1 is 90cm, highly identical with hole depth in addition to pile crown, prefabricated pile 1 Outer wall contacted with the inner side edge of floor 2, the periphery of prefabricated pile 1 is provided with mud lubrication sheath 3, floor 2 is inlaid in mud The inner side of slurry lubrication sheath 3, during mud lubrication sheath 3 is the gap being filled between prefabricated pile 1 and hole wall, further reduces stake The coefficient of friction of outer wall, the average wall thickness of the mud lubrication sheath 3 is 3.9cm, with floor 2, prefabricated pile 1 and pile foundation base expanding and base expanding 5 Form integrative-structure.
The connected mode that is not described in detail in above-described embodiment, construction method belong to routine techniques, people in the art Member would know that the present invention is not limited only to above-mentioned implementation method, in the zone of reasonableness of application claims, can be answered according to actual With being adjusted.

Claims (2)

1. one kind is provided with pile foundation base expanding and base expanding (5), prefabricated pile (1) and pile foundation without friction pile pile making method in the bottom of prefabricated pile (1) The bottom of base expanding and base expanding (5) connection is provided with shrouding (4), the diameter of the lower edge with diameter greater than prefabricated pile (1) of shrouding (4), shrouding (4) Middle part is machined with injected hole, and, along floor (2) has been radially arranged, floor (2) is on the wall of prefabricated pile (1) side for prefabricated pile (1) outer wall It is uniformly distributed and bottom is connected with shrouding (4), the periphery of prefabricated pile (1) is provided with mud lubrication sheath (3), it is characterised in that Comprise the steps of:
(1) using conventional drilling or the method pore-forming of borehole on ground;
(2) bottom of floor (2) and shrouding (4) are welded, and shrouding (4) are connected with the bottom of sleeve pipe, make floor (2) along The inwall of sleeve pipe is installed;
(3) will be with the hole of the sleeve pipe inserting step (1) of shrouding (4) and floor (2), fixed sleeving top, using splitting or Compacting grouting mode passes through the injected hole at shrouding (4) center to the lower section grout injection of sleeve pipe, and the ratio of mud of cement mortar is 0.8 ~1.2, foot of hole of the cement mortar below shrouding (4) forms pile foundation base expanding and base expanding (5), and grouting pressure is 0.2~0.6MPa, slip casting Health 7~10 days afterwards;
(4) prefabricated prefabricated pile (1) is inserted along internal surface of sleeve pipe after pile foundation base expanding and base expanding (5) health well, sleeve pipe is extracted, prefabricated Stake (1) irrigates bentonite slurry in the space and hole wall between, forms mud lubrication sheath (3), the ratio of mud of bentonite slurry It is 0.8~1.2, after the completion of perfusion, health is formed without friction pile.
2. according to claim 1 without friction pile pile making method, it is characterised in that:In the shrouding (4) and sleeve pipe of step (2) Junction rubber seal (6) is set, the structure of rubber seal (6) matches with the edge of shrouding (4), rubber seal (6) thickness is 0.5~1cm.
CN201511026328.1A 2015-12-31 2015-12-31 One kind is without friction pile pile making method Expired - Fee Related CN105464105B (en)

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Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105804128B (en) * 2016-04-29 2017-10-24 石家庄铁道大学 A kind of pile pore-forming for soil-slope model test fills stake device
CN106013098B (en) * 2016-07-14 2018-06-05 淮海工学院 Miniature steel pipe pile and grouting strengthening method
CN107190762B (en) * 2017-07-11 2023-05-16 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 Pile foundation structure for reducing side friction resistance
CN110656642B (en) * 2019-10-18 2021-05-04 西安科技大学 Method for treating collapsible loess foundation by controllable pre-soaking
CN114922172B (en) * 2022-07-01 2023-12-26 江苏东南特种技术工程有限公司 Anchor rod pile device capable of eliminating negative frictional resistance of collapsible loess and construction method

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CN201395791Y (en) * 2009-04-27 2010-02-03 天津市建城地基基础工程有限公司 PHC tubular pile for broaching and grouting in soft soil region
CN201581394U (en) * 2009-11-03 2010-09-15 曹金鑫 Large pile toe grout-injection precast pile
CN205276261U (en) * 2015-12-31 2016-06-01 石家庄铁道大学 Zero friction stake becomes pilework

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5096333A (en) * 1990-04-27 1992-03-17 Jeanne Bassett Foundation repair method and apparatus
CN1341795A (en) * 2001-10-18 2002-03-27 赵书平 Variable supporting-plate club-footed embedded pile and its forming method
CN2756706Y (en) * 2004-11-05 2006-02-08 宁波市机电工业研究设计院 Pile bottom pust filling prestress pipe pile
CN201395791Y (en) * 2009-04-27 2010-02-03 天津市建城地基基础工程有限公司 PHC tubular pile for broaching and grouting in soft soil region
CN201581394U (en) * 2009-11-03 2010-09-15 曹金鑫 Large pile toe grout-injection precast pile
CN205276261U (en) * 2015-12-31 2016-06-01 石家庄铁道大学 Zero friction stake becomes pilework

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