CN105247714A - 用于具有提高的寿命特性的二次电池的负极活性材料 - Google Patents
用于具有提高的寿命特性的二次电池的负极活性材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105247714A CN105247714A CN201480030124.2A CN201480030124A CN105247714A CN 105247714 A CN105247714 A CN 105247714A CN 201480030124 A CN201480030124 A CN 201480030124A CN 105247714 A CN105247714 A CN 105247714A
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- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MRHPUNCYMXRSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[Ni++] MRHPUNCYMXRSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有提高的寿命特性的二次电池用负极活性材料。特别地,本发明提供二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料包含硅(Si)和非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于具有提高的寿命特性的二次电池的负极活性材料和包含其的二次电池。
背景技术
随着移动装置技术的持续发展和对其需求的持续增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求在快速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和电压并且展示长寿命和低自放电率的锂二次电池是市售并广泛使用的。
特别地,用于电动车辆等的锂二次电池需要高能量密度、高的短期功率输出,且需要在高电流的快速重复充放电的恶劣条件下使用10年以上,因此需要具有优异的输出特性和比现有的小型锂二次电池更长的寿命。
作为用于常规小型装置的锂离子二次电池所用的负极活性材料,主要使用碳类化合物中的石墨类材料,所述碳类化合物可逆地接收或供应锂离子同时大致上保持结构和电性质,且具有诸如在锂离子的插入和放出时几乎类似于金属锂的化学电位的特性。
然而,包含由这种石墨类材料构成的负极活性材料的负极的理论最大容量为372mAh/g(844mAh/cc),因此容量增加受到限制。因此,难以表现作为快速变化的下一代移动电话的能源的足够功能。此外,由于石墨类材料的高倍率放电特性不优异,所以将所述石墨类材料应用于应快速供应高电力(highelectricity)的电源诸如电动车辆、混合动力电动车辆、电动工具等受到限制。
另外,由于被视为负极活性材料的锂金属具有非常高的能量密度,所以可以实现高容量。然而,存在诸如由于在重复充放电时的枝晶生长而导致的稳定性问题和短的循环寿命的问题。另外,尝试了使用碳纳米管作为负极活性材料,但被指出诸如低的生产力、高成本、50%以下的低初始效率的问题。
已知作为另一种负极活性材料的硅、锡或其合金可以通过与锂形成化合物的反应可逆地吸藏和放出大量锂,并且对此正在进行大量研究。由于硅例如具有约4020mAh/g(9800mAh/cc,比重:2.23)的远大于石墨类材料的理论最大容量,所以硅酮是作为高容量负极材料的优异候选者。然而,所述负极材料具有诸如在充放电期间体积变化非常大和高倍率放电特性不优异的缺点。
另外,当电池由通过混合不同材料种类而获得的活性材料构成时,认为充电电流在电池的充放电期间由于在不同材料之间的电压差而进入一种材料中,这劣化电池的寿命特性。
因此,对展示预定的容量、高放电特性和寿命特性的负极活性材料存在迫切需求。
就这一点而言,首先可以考虑通过涂布具有非晶质碳层的结晶碳类化合物而形成的负极材料。然而,在这种情况下,能量密度提高,但由于包含在负极材料中的非晶质碳类化合物的比率低而难以预期有高的输出。另外,由于涂层的导电性差而不可能获得期望水平的寿命特性。
在另一个实施方案中,可以考虑如下负极材料,其通过利用无定形碳类化合物中的易石墨化材料对难石墨化粒子表面进行涂布并且通过烧制涂布的粒子直至石墨化温度而涂布有晶质涂层。即,通过经高温处理使粒子表面的易石墨化材料晶化,可以考虑展示高导电性的负极材料。然而,为了获得具有足够水平导电性的涂层,应在相当高的温度(2800℃以上)下进行烧制。在该过程中,相当一部分作为核的难石墨化粒子可能也会晶化。
因此,迫切需要解决这些问题的技术。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,已经完成了本发明以解决以上和其他尚未解决的技术问题。
作为大量广泛和深入研究及试验的结果,本发明的发明人开发了可以展示预定的容量及优异的放电特性和寿命特性的负极活性材料,如下所述,由此完成本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料包含硅(Si)和非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳。
在一个具体实施方案中,负极活性材料可以包含2重量%~40重量%的硅和60重量%~98重量%的非晶质硬碳或60重量%~98重量%的低结晶性软碳。
本申请的发明人确认,当负极活性材料包含如上所述在预定的范围内具有相似充电曲线的硅(Si)、非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳时,在包含所述负极活性材料的电池的充电期间,所述不同的材料类型具有相同的C倍率,由此可以有效地提高包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池的寿命特性。
在二次电池用负极活性材料中包含的非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳可以具有350mAh/g~500mAh/g的容量。
在根据本发明的负极活性材料中,可以将硅分散在非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳的表面上。
在一个具体实施方案中,通过将包含粘弹性聚合物的混合物与非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳进行混合,并对其进行热处理,可以将硅分散在非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳的表面上。在这种情况下,可以在800℃~1200℃下对负极活性材料进行热处理。
在一个具体实施方案中,硅是纳米粒子类型,且硅纳米粒子的尺寸可以为5纳米~30纳米。
同时,硅可以具有纳米线形状。在这种情况下,硅纳米线的直径可以为10纳米~500纳米,且硅纳米线的长度可以为20纳米~1000纳米。
另外,硅纳米线可以在非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳的表面上分散为螺旋结构。
在一个具体实施方案中,非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳可以由碳前体形成,所述碳前体包含选自如下中的至少一种:蔗糖、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、聚氨酯、酚树脂、萘树脂、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、糖醇、聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺、呋喃树脂、纤维素、苯乙烯、聚酰亚胺、环氧树脂、氯乙烯树脂、煤焦油沥青、石油类沥青、中间相沥青、焦油和低分子量重油,但本发明不限于此。
本发明提供包含所述负极活性材料的负极。负极可以具有1.0mAh/cm2~9.0mAh/cm2的能量密度。
本发明还提供二次电池,其中利用电解液对包含负极、正极和置于负极与正极之间的隔膜的电极组件进行浸渍。正极可以包含由下式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物作为正极活性材料。
LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz(1),
其中M为选自如下中的至少一种元素:Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、Ti和Bi;
A为至少一种一价或二价阴离子;且
0.9≤x≤1.2,0<y<2,并且0≤z<0.2。
(1-x)LiM'O2-yAy-xLi2MnO3-y'Ay'(2)
其中M'为MnaMb;
M为选自如下中的至少一种:Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第Ⅱ周期过渡金属;
A为选自诸如PO4、BO3、CO3、F和NO3的阴离子中的至少一种;且
0<x<1,0<y≤0.02,0<y'≤0.02,0.5≤a≤1.0,0≤b≤0.5,并且a+b=1。
通常,通过在将正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物作为电极混合物涂布在正极集电器上之后进行干燥来制备正极。在这种情况下,根据需要,所述混合物还可以包含填料。
除了由式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物以外,正极活性材料的实例还可以包括:层状化合物,诸如氧化锂钴(LiCoO2)和氧化锂镍(LiNiO2)或利用一种以上的过渡金属置换的化合物;由Li1+xMn2-xO4(其中0≤x≤0.33)表示的锂锰氧化物诸如LiMnO3、LiMn2O3和LiMnO2;锂铜氧化物(Li2CuO2);钒氧化物,诸如LiV3O8、LiV3O4、V2O5和Cu2V2O7;具有式LiNi1-xMxO2(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B或Ga,且0.01≤x≤0.3)的Ni位点型锂镍氧化物;具有式LiMn2-xMxO2(其中M=Co、Ni、Fe、Cr、Zn或Ta,且0.01≤x≤0.1)或式Li2Mn3MO8(其中M=Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn)的锂锰复合氧化物;由LiNixMn2-xO4表示的尖晶石结构的锂锰复合氧化物;其中一些Li原子被碱土金属离子取代的LiMn2O4;二硫化物化合物;Fe2(MoO4)3;等,但本发明的实施方案不限于此。
正极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的锂二次电池中不引起化学变化且具有高导电性即可。例如,正极集电器可以由不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银等进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢制成。正极集电器可以在其表面具有微小的不规则处以增加正极活性材料与正极集电器之间的附着力。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式中的任一种使用正极集电器。
相对于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1~50重量%的量添加导电材料。对于这种导电材料没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不引起化学变化且具有导电性即可。例如,可以使用:石墨如天然或人造石墨;炭黑类材料如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须如氧化锌晶须和钛酸钾晶须;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;导电材料如聚亚苯基衍生物;等。
同时,可以将具有弹性的石墨类材料用作导电材料,且可以与其他材料一起使用。
粘合剂是有助于活性材料与导电材料之间的结合和活性材料对集电器的结合的成分。基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1~50重量%的量添加粘合剂。粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
填料为任选地使用以抑制正极膨胀的成分。填料没有特别限制,只要其为在制造的电池中不引起化学变化的纤维材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃基聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
本发明还提供包含所述电极的二次电池,所述二次电池可以为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池或锂聚合物电池。
锂二次电池通常由正极、负极、置于正极与负极之间的隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解质构成。下面将对锂二次电池的其他成分进行说明。
通过在负极集电器上对负极活性材料进行涂布、干燥和压制可以制备负极。根据需要,还可以选择性地包含上述导电材料、粘合剂、填料等。
负极活性材料的实例包括碳诸如硬碳和石墨类碳;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3(0≤x≤1),LixWO2(0≤x≤1),SnxMe1-xMe'yOz(Me:Mn,Fe,Pb或Ge;Me':Al,B,P,Si,I、II和III族元素,或者卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;且1≤z≤8);锂金属;锂合金;硅基合金;锡基合金;金属氧化物如SnO、SnO2、PbO、PbO2、Pb2O3、Pb3O4、Sb2O3、Sb2O4、Sb2O5、GeO、GeO2、Bi2O3、Bi2O4和Bi2O5;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;和Li-Co-Ni基材料;钛氧化物;锂钛氧化物;等,特别是碳类材料和/或Si。
负极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不引起化学变化且具有导电性即可。例如,负极集电器可以由铜,不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢,以及铝-镉合金制成。与正极集电器类似,负极集电器也可以在其表面具有微小的不规则处以提高负极集电器与负极活性材料之间的附着力,并且可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用负极集电器。
隔膜设置在正极与负极之间,且将具有高离子渗透性和高机械强度的绝缘薄膜用作隔膜。隔膜通常具有0.01μm~10μm的孔径和5μm~300μm的厚度。例如使用由如下制成的片或无纺布作为隔膜:烯烃基聚合物如聚丙烯;或具有耐化学性和疏水性的玻璃纤维或聚乙烯。当将固体电解质如聚合物等用作电解质时,固体电解质也可以作为隔膜。
含有锂盐的非水电解质由非水电解质和锂组成。作为非水电解质,可以使用非水有机溶剂、有机固体电解质、无机固体电解质等,但本发明不限于此。
非水有机溶剂的实例包括非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚海藻酸盐-赖氨酸、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括但不限于锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于非水电解质的材料,且其实例包括但不限于LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺锂。
另外,为了改善充放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向含有锂盐的非水电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六甲基磷酰三胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果必要,为了赋予不燃性,电解质还可以包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了改善高温储存特性,非水电解质可还包含二氧化碳气体,且还可以包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)等。
在一个具体实施方案中,通过如下可以制备含有锂盐的非水电解质:将锂盐诸如LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2等添加到包含作为高介电溶剂和环状碳酸酯的EC或PC以及作为低粘度溶剂和线性碳酸酯的DEC、DMC或EMC的混合溶剂中。
同时,所述二次电池可以为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池或锂聚合物电池,但本发明不限于此。
本发明提供包含所述二次电池作为单元电池的电池模块、包含所述电池模块的电池组和包含所述电池组作为电源的装置。
在这种情况下,所述装置的具体实例包括电动车辆、混合动力电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆或储能系统,但本发明不限于此。
具体实施方式
现在,将参照附图对本发明进行更详细的说明。提供这些实施例仅用于说明目的,且不应被解释为对本发明的范围和主旨的限制。
<实施例1>
以95:5的比率将容量为1400mAh/g的SiO和作为粘弹性聚合物的碳化收率为50%的沥青进行混合。以20.6:79.4的比率将得到的混合物与容量为357mAh/g的非晶质硬碳进行混合,并且使用分次式熔炉在1200℃下进行1小时的热处理,从而制备负极活性材料。
<实施例2>
以与实施例1相同的方式制备了负极活性材料,不同之处在于,在制备负极活性材料的过程中,包含SiO和沥青的混合物与非晶质硬碳的混合比为33:67。
<比较例1>
以与实施例1相同的方式制备了负极活性材料,不同之处在于,在制备负极活性材料的过程中,以20.6:79.4的比率将包含SiO和沥青的混合物与容量为363mAh/g的石墨进行混合。
<比较例2>
以与实施例1相同的方式制备了负极活性材料,不同之处在于,在制备负极活性材料的过程中,以33:67的比率将包含SiO和沥青的混合物与容量为363mAh/g的石墨进行混合。
<试验例1>
将包含各个实施例1和2及比较例1和2的负极混合物浆料涂布在厚度为10μm的铜箔(Cu)上以制备负极。使用CelgardTM作为隔膜。在制造包含所述负极的电极组件后,将包含1MLiPF6的电解液添加到包含环状和链状碳酸酯的混合溶剂中,从而制造电池。对电池的充放电特性进行了评价。特别地,在充电期间以0.1C的电流密度CC模式充电直至5mV后,当在CV模式下恒定地维持5mV的同时电流密度为0.01C时,充电完成。通过以0.1C的电流密度在CC模式下放电直至1.5V完成了放电,从而获得了在第一次循环下的充放电容量和效率。
随后,在仅将电流密度改为0.5C且其余的条件与上述条件的相同的情况下重复进行了50次充放电,并且对容量保持率进行了测量。结果总结于表1中。
<表1>
如表1中所示,可以确认,在50次充放电后,与其中将硅与石墨进行混合的根据比较例1和2的负极活性材料相比,当使用包含如在本发明的实施例1和2中的预定范围内的SiO和非晶质硬碳的负极活性材料时,展现了优异的寿命特性。
这是因为:鉴于在实施例1和2中由于非晶质硬碳的充放电电位与SiO相似而导致SiO和非晶质硬碳在充放电期间以恒定的电压同时对Li进行充电和放电,而在其中将SiO和石墨进行混合的比较例1和2中,SiO与石墨之间的充放电电位不同,因此在充放电期间SiO和石墨的参与区间(participationsection)不同,由此因倍率负担而劣化电池单元的性能。
在实施例1和2中,当使用非晶质硬碳以外的低结晶性软碳时,
展现了相似的结果。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
工业实用性
如上所述,根据本发明的二次电池用负极活性材料包含在预定的范围内具有相似充电曲线范围的硅(Si)、非晶质硬碳和低结晶性软碳。因此,在对电池进行充电期间不同的材料类型经历相同的C倍率,由此可以提高二次电池的寿命特性。
Claims (21)
1.一种二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料包含硅(Si)和非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳。
2.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述负极活性材料包含2重量%~40重量%的硅和60重量%~98重量%的非晶质硬碳或60重量%~98重量%的低结晶性软碳。
3.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳具有350mAh/g~500mAh/g的容量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅分散在所述非晶质硬碳或所述低结晶性软碳的表面上。
5.根据权利要求4所述的负极活性材料,其中通过将包含粘弹性聚合物的混合物与所述非晶质硬碳或所述低结晶性软碳进行混合,并对它们进行热处理,将所述硅分散在所述非晶质硬碳或所述低结晶性软碳的表面上。
6.根据权利要求5所述的负极活性材料,其中在800℃~1200℃下对所述负极活性材料进行热处理。
7.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅是纳米粒子类型。
8.根据权利要求7所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅纳米粒子的尺寸为5纳米~30纳米。
9.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅具有纳米线形状。
10.根据权利要求9所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅纳米线的直径为10纳米~500纳米,且所述硅纳米线的长度为20纳米~1000纳米。
11.根据权利要求9所述的负极活性材料,其中所述硅纳米线在所述非晶质硬碳或所述低结晶性软碳的表面上分散为螺旋结构。
12.根据权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述非晶质硬碳或低结晶性软碳由碳前体形成,所述碳前体包含如下材料中的至少一种:蔗糖、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、聚氨酯、酚树脂、萘树脂、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、糖醇、聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺、呋喃树脂、纤维素、苯乙烯、聚酰亚胺、环氧树脂、氯乙烯树脂、煤焦油沥青、石油类沥青、中间相沥青、焦油和低分子量重油。
13.一种负极,所述负极包含根据权利要求1~12中任一项所述的负极活性材料。
14.根据权利要求13所述的负极,其中所述负极具有1.0mAh/cm2~9.0mAh/cm2的能量密度。
15.一种根据权利要求13所述的二次电池,其中利用电解液对电极组件进行浸渍,所述电极组件包含根据权利要求13所述的负极、正极和置于所述负极与所述正极之间的隔膜。
16.根据权利要求15所述的二次电池,其中所述正极包含由下式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物作为正极活性材料:
LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz(1),
其中M为选自如下中的至少一种元素:Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、Ti和Bi;且
A为至少一种一价或二价阴离子;0.9≤x≤1.2,0<y<2,并且0≤z<0.2,
(1-x)LiM'O2-yAy-xLi2MnO3-y'Ay'(2)
其中M'为MnaMb;
M为选自如下中的至少一种:Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第Ⅱ周期过渡金属;
A为选自诸如PO4、BO3、CO3、F和NO3的阴离子中的至少一种;且
0<x<1,0<y≤0.02,0<y'≤0.02,0.5≤a≤1.0,0≤b≤0.5,并且a+b=1。
17.根据权利要求15所述的二次电池,其中所述二次电池为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池或锂聚合物电池。
18.一种电池模块,所述电池模块包含根据权利要求15所述的二次电池作为单元电池。
19.一种电池组,所述电池组包含根据权利要求18所述的电池模块。
20.一种装置,所述装置包含根据权利要求19所述的电池组作为电源。
21.根据权利要求20所述的装置,其中所述装置为电动车辆、混合动力电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆或储能系统。
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JP2016522552A (ja) | 2016-07-28 |
CN105247714B (zh) | 2018-04-17 |
US10439208B2 (en) | 2019-10-08 |
JP6443527B2 (ja) | 2018-12-26 |
JP2018098199A (ja) | 2018-06-21 |
WO2015016531A1 (ko) | 2015-02-05 |
KR20150015390A (ko) | 2015-02-10 |
US20160233489A1 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
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