CN105246689B - 多层复合材料组合物、其制造方法及由其得到的制品 - Google Patents
多层复合材料组合物、其制造方法及由其得到的制品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105246689B CN105246689B CN201480015418.8A CN201480015418A CN105246689B CN 105246689 B CN105246689 B CN 105246689B CN 201480015418 A CN201480015418 A CN 201480015418A CN 105246689 B CN105246689 B CN 105246689B
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000011185 multilayer composite material Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 44
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
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- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
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- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
- B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
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Abstract
本发明涉及包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含基于聚合物复合材料的热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料的底材层的多层组合物。所述多层组合物适合具有装饰性表面外观的机械或结构部件或制品。本发明还涉及制造多层机械或结构部件或制品和三维机械或结构部件的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含基于聚合物复合材料的热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料的底材层的多层组合物。所述多层组合物适合具有装饰性表面外观的机械或结构部件或制品。
本发明还涉及制造多层机械或结构部件或制品和三维机械或结构部件的方法。
技术问题
在其使用期间必须吸收高应力的机械或结构部件或制品由复合材料广泛制造。复合材料为两种或更多种不混溶材料的宏观组合。该复合材料至少由形成用于结构内聚的连续相的基质材料和用于机械性质的具有各种构造的增强材料构成。常将纤维状材料用作增强材料。
使用复合材料的目的在于由该复合材料实现在其单独的成分单独使用时无法得到的性能。因此,复合材料由于与均质材料相比其较佳的机械性能(较高的拉伸强度、较高的拉伸模量、较高的断裂韧性)及其低密度而显著地广泛用于例如建筑、汽车、航空航天、运输、休闲、电子仪器和体育的多个工业部门中。
就在商业工业规模中的体积而言,最重要的一类是具有有机基质的复合材料,其中该基质材料通常为聚合物。聚合物复合材料的主要基质或连续相为热塑性聚合物或热固性聚合物。
热固性聚合物基质的主要缺点在于其刚性。该基质无法容易地成型为其他形式。聚合物一旦固化,该形式就是固定的。这还使得难以再循环热固性复合材料和包含所述热固性复合材料的制得的机械或结构部件或制品,其被在水泥厂中烧掉或扔进废料堆。
对于热成型和再循环,优选热塑性聚合物。
然而,由基于纤维的复合材料制造的这类结构部件或制品的表面没有美观性或装饰性。在表面上可见到纤维或纤维状底材的结构。该表面不是平面或该结构部件或制品的表面在均质表面粗糙度的意义上不是均质的。
为了在纤维增强的复合材料的可见表面上提供品质精整性,施用额外的表面层。这可为凝胶漆层或油漆层。
凝胶漆层通常基于环氧化物或不饱和聚酯化学,将其固化以在复合材料的背面形成交联聚合物。
由于表面层的交联,包含热塑性复合材料的多层组合物无法再循环和热成型。
热固性聚合物由交联的三维结构组成。该交联通过固化在所谓的预聚物内的反应性基团实现。固化例如可通过加热聚合物链以使该材料永久地交联并硬化来实现。
为了制备聚合物复合材料,将预聚物与例如玻璃珠或纤维的另一组分或润湿或浸渍的另一组分混合,然后固化。热固性聚合物的预聚物或基质材料的实例为不饱和聚酯、乙烯基酯、环氧化物或酚类材料。
本发明的目的在于解决上述缺点。
本发明的一个目的在于具有满足表面外观、掩藏由热塑性复合材料组成的层的纤维状外观的包含热塑性复合材料的多层结构部件。
本发明的另一目的在于具有在相应层之间具有粘附性、特别是避免额外胶粘剂的包含热塑性复合材料的多层结构部件。
本发明的另一目的在于具有由于各层的某一挠性而可转化并成型为形式的包含热塑性复合材料的多层结构部件。
本发明的另一目的在于包含复合材料的多层结构部件或不满足品质标准的多层结构部件或磨损的多层结构部件的再循环。应理解在再循环时回收所使用的原料的至少一部分。这意指磨碎或再次使用相应层的热塑性聚合物。这还意指例如可回收来自热塑性基质或复合材料和/或其他相应层的单体。
本发明的另一目的在于提供可以低成本进行并能够大规模制造以生成包含本发明的热塑性复合材料的多层结构部件的方法。另外,所述方法包括应当使用市售组分容易且简单地进行。并且,部件的制造应该可重现且快速意指短循环时间。
发明背景。
现有技术
文献WO2012/088569描述改善复合材料的表面品质的生产方法。
文献WO2012/136235描述生产具有A类表面的复合纤维多涂层机身的方法。该表面通过在模具的内部喷雾施用模具内涂覆体系和脱模剂并将其固化而得到。该涂料不是热塑性的且因此不能热成型或再循环。
文献WO2007/021797描述用于涂覆热塑性复合材料的表面的粉末涂料组合物。该粉末涂料包含乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和热塑性粘合剂和/或热固性粘合剂。
在现有技术中,没有描述包括包含热塑性复合材料作为底材层和热塑性装饰性表面层的根据本发明的多层组合物的机械或结构部件或制品。
发明简述
令人惊奇地发现用于生产机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物包括:
a) 包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层;
b) 包含聚合物复合材料的底材层,
其特征在于所述聚合物复合材料包含聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料,其中所述纤维状材料包含具有至少1000的纤维纵横比的纤维或所述纤维状材料具有解决上述技术问题的二维宏观结构。
还发现制造用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的方法包括以下步骤:
a) 使包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层热成型;
b) 将纤维状底材定位在所述热成型表面层的一侧上;
c) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍所述纤维状底材;
d) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合,
产生用于解决上述技术问题的机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物。
另外,还发现制造用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的方法包括以下步骤:
a) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材;
b) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合;
c) 将包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层层压到在步骤b)中的聚合之后得到的层的至少一侧上,
产生用于解决上述技术问题的机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物。
发明详述
根据第一方面,本发明涉及用于制造机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物,其包括:
a) 包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层;
b) 包含聚合物复合材料的底材层,
其特征在于所述聚合物复合材料包含聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料,其中所述纤维状材料包含具有至少1000的纤维纵横比的纤维或所述纤维材料具有二维宏观结构。该多层组合物呈现在图1中。
根据另一方面,本发明涉及用于制造机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物,其包括:
a) 包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层;
b) 包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层;
c) 包含聚合物复合材料的底材层,
其特征在于所述聚合物复合材料包含聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料,其中所述纤维状材料包含具有至少1000的纤维纵横比的纤维或所述纤维材料具有二维宏观结构。该多层组合物呈现在图2中。
所使用的术语“表面层”指示该层为多层组合物的暴露于环境的顶层或外层。
所使用的术语“底材层”指示该层包含多层组合物的热塑性聚合物复合材料。
所使用的术语“中间层”指示该层在多层组合物的表面层和底材层之间。该中间层可邻近于这两个其他层中的任一个,但这并不是必须的。
所使用的术语“纤维状底材”指示可以条、毛条头、编织带、锁(lock)或片段形式的织物、毡或无纺布。
所使用的术语“(甲基)丙烯酸类树脂”指示所有种类的丙烯酸类和甲基丙烯酸类单体。
所使用的术语“聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质”指示聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质主要包含包含构成聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质的50重量%或更多的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合物。
所使用的术语“PMMA”指示甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的均聚物或共聚物,对于MMA共聚物而言,在PMMA内MMA的重量比为至少70重量%。
所使用的术语“单体”指示可进行聚合的分子。
所使用的术语“聚合”指示将单体或单体混合物转化成聚合物的方法。
所使用的术语“热塑性聚合物”指示在加热时变成液体或变得更具流动性或粘性更低且通过施加热(热成型)和压力而呈现新形状的聚合物。在冷却之后,聚合物再次变硬且保持所形成的形状。
所使用的术语“聚合物复合材料”指示包含多个不同相域的多组分材料,其中至少一类相域为连续相且其中至少一种组分为聚合物。
关于由多层组合物制成的结构部件或制品,考虑到由复合材料制成的面板、盖子或外壳或者飞行器的部件、轮船的部件(船身和甲板)、轨道车辆的部件(天窗、隔壁、车身)和汽车部件(车身、护罩、门)。
表面层的热塑性聚合物A可选自以下聚合物列表:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• 饱和聚酯(PET、PBT、PLA等);
• ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物);
• SAN (苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚苯乙烯(结晶或高冲击性);
• 聚丙烯(PP);
• 聚乙烯(PE);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PPO;
• 聚砜;
• PVC (聚氯乙烯);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯);
• 氯化PVC (PVCC);
• PU(聚氨酯)。
该表面层还可包含来自热塑性聚合物A的上述列表的两种或更多种聚合物的共混物。例如,其可为(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物与PVDF的共混物。
该表面层的热塑性聚合物A可含有填料或添加剂。作为添加剂,可提到作为冲击改性剂或嵌段共聚物的有机酸添加剂、热稳定剂、紫外稳定剂、阻燃剂及其混合物。
该表面层的热塑性聚合物A优选选自(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物、ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物)、PVDF (聚偏氟乙烯)、聚碳酸酯(PC)或其混合物。
该表面层的热塑性聚合物A更优选为(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物且甚至更优选为PMMA。
该表面层的热塑性聚合物A可以薄膜、箔片或片材的形式。
该中间层的热塑性聚合物B可选自以下聚合物列表:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• 饱和聚酯(PET、PBT、PLA等);
• ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物);
• SAN (苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚苯乙烯(结晶或高冲击性);
• 聚丙烯(PP);
• 聚乙烯(PE);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PPO;
• 聚砜;
• PVC (聚氯乙烯);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯);
• 氯化PVC (PVCC);
• PU (聚氨酯)。
该中间层还可包含来自热塑性聚合物B的上述列表的两种或更多种聚合物B的共混物。例如,其可为PET/PC共混物、PMMA/PLA或ABS/PC共混物。
该中间层的热塑性聚合物B可含有填料或添加剂。作为添加剂,可提到作为冲击改性剂或嵌段共聚物的有机添加剂、热稳定剂、紫外稳定剂、阻燃剂及其混合物。
优选热塑性聚合物B选自:(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物、ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物)、ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物)、PVDF (聚偏氟乙烯)、聚碳酸酯(PC)或其混合物。
有利地热塑性聚合物B为ABS或ASA。
该中间层的热塑性聚合物B可以薄膜、箔片或片材的形式。
底材层的聚合物复合材料的热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质包含至少一种包含一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物。一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类单体构成至少50重量%或更多、优选60重量%或更多、更优选70重量%或更多、有利地80重量%或更多的聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质。
优选一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物构成至少80重量%、有利地至少90重量%的热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质。
在一个优选的实施方案中,该热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质由一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物组成。
关于(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物,可提到聚(甲基丙烯酸烷酯)或聚(丙烯酸烷酯)。在一个优选的实施方案中,该(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物为聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)。
术语“PMMA”指示甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)均聚物或其共聚物或混合物。
在一个实施方案中,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的均聚物或共聚物包含至少70重量%、优选至少80重量%、有利地至少90重量%或更多、有利地至少95重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
在另一实施方案中,该PMMA为MMA的至少一种均聚物和至少一种共聚物的混合物、或具有不同平均分子量的MMA的至少两种均聚物或两种共聚物的混合物、或MMA与不同单体组分的至少两种共聚物的混合物。
该甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的共聚物包含70重量%-99.7重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯和0.3重量%-30重量%的至少一种可与甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚合的具有至少一个烯属不饱和度的单体。
这些单体是熟知的且尤其可提到丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸及其中烷基具有1-12个碳原子的(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯。作为实例,可提到丙烯酸甲酯和(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯或(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯。优选共聚单体为丙烯酸烷酯,其中烷基具有1-4个碳原子。
在一个优选的实施方案中,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的共聚物包含80重量%-99.7重量%、有利地90重量%-99.7重量%且更有利地90重量%-99.5重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯;和0.3重量%-20重量%、有利地0.3重量%-10重量%且更有利地0.5重量%-10重量%的至少一种可与甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚合的具有至少一个烯属不饱和度的单体。优选该共聚单体选自丙烯酸甲酯或丙烯酸乙酯或其混合物。
该(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物的重均分子量应当高,意指大于50 000g/mol,优选大于100 000g/mol。
重均分子量可通过尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC)测量。
关于(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,该单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、烷基丙烯酸单体(alkyl acrylic monomer)、烷基甲基丙烯酸单体(alkyl methacrylic monomer)及其混合物。
优选该单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、烷基丙烯酸单体、烷基甲基丙烯酸单体及其混合物,该烷基具有1-22个碳,为直链、支链或环状的;优选该烷基具有1-12个碳,为直链、支链或环状的。
有利地,该(甲基)丙烯酸类单体选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯及其混合物。
更有利地,该单体为选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯或丙烯酸及其混合物的所选择的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体。
在一个优选的实施方案中,至少50重量%、优选至少60重量%的单体为甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
在一个更优选的实施方案中,至少50重量%、优选至少60重量%、更优选至少70重量%且有利地至少80重量%且甚至更有利地90重量%的单体为甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸异冰片酯和/或丙烯酸的混合物。
关于底材层的聚合物复合材料的纤维状材料,可提到可以条、毛条头、编织带、锁或片段形式的织物、毡或无纺布。该纤维状材料可具有单维、二维或三维的不同形式和尺寸。纤维状底材包括一种或多种纤维的组装。当纤维为连续的时,它们的组装形成织物。
一维形式为线性长纤维。这些纤维可为不连续或连续的。这些纤维可随机布置或作为连续长丝彼此平行地布置。纤维通过其纵横比定义,纵横比为在纤维长度和纤维直径之间的比率。在本发明中使用的纤维为长纤维或连续纤维。这些纤维具有至少1000、优选至少1500、更优选至少2000、有利地至少3000且更有利地至少5000、甚至更有利地至少6000、最有利地至少7500且最有利地至少10 000的纵横比。
二维形式为纤维状垫子或无纺布增强物或纤维的编织粗纱或线圈,其也可被刀片切割(braded)。即使这些二维形式具有某一厚度,且因此在原则上为三维的,但根据本发明,它们也被视为二维的。
三维形式例如为堆叠或折叠的纤维垫子或无纺布增强物或纤维的线圈或其混合物,二维形式组装在第三维中。
纤维状材料的来源可为天然或合成的材料。作为天然材料,可提到植物纤维、木材纤维、动物纤维或矿物纤维。
天然纤维例如为剑麻、黄麻、大麻、亚麻、棉、椰子纤维、糖用甘蔗和香蕉纤维。动物纤维例如为羊毛或毛发。
作为合成材料,可提到选自热固性聚合物、热塑性聚合物或其混合物的纤维的聚合物纤维。
聚合物纤维可由聚酰胺(脂族或芳族)、聚酯、聚乙烯醇、聚烯烃、聚氨酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂和乙烯基酯制成。
矿物纤维也可选自特别是E、R或S2型的玻璃纤维、碳纤维、硼纤维或石英纤维。
本发明的纤维状底材选自植物纤维、木材纤维、动物纤维、矿物纤维、合成聚合物纤维、玻璃纤维、碳纤维或其混合物。
优选纤维状底材选自矿物纤维。
纤维状材料的纤维具有0.005μm-100μm、优选1μm-50μm、更优选5μm-30μm且有利地10μm-25μm的直径。
优选本发明的纤维状材料的纤维选自一维形式的连续纤维(意指对于长纤维,纵横比并不适合);或形成二维或三维形式的纤维状底材的长或连续纤维。
本发明的又一方面为制造用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a) 使包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层热成型;
b) 将纤维状底材定位在所述热成型表面层的一侧上;
c) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍所述纤维状底材;
d) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合。
优选步骤a)-d)按此顺序进行。
在一个变体中,在步骤c)中定位纤维状底材之前,将热成型的包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层放进模具中。
更优选在步骤a)中的包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层被包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层的多层结构取代。在那种情况下,在步骤b)中的纤维状底材定位在中间层上。
优选在步骤c)中纤维状底材的浸渍在封闭式模具中进行。
更有利地步骤c)和步骤d)在同一封闭式模具中进行。
都将热成型的包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层或包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层的多层结构以薄膜或片材的形式。
所述膜、片材具有小于10mm、优选小于6mm的厚度。
本发明的又一方面为制造用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材;
b) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合;
c) 将包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层层压到在步骤b)中的聚合之后得到的层的至少一侧上。
优选在步骤a)中纤维状底材的浸渍在封闭式模具中进行。
有利地步骤a)和步骤b)在同一封闭式模具中进行。
该模具可已经具有机械或结构部件或制品的最终形状。
如果模具为平坦的,则机械或结构部件或制品可在步骤c)之前热成型且将已经热成型的表面层层压到其上。
如果模具为平坦的,则可将表面层层压且可在步骤c)之后将机械或结构部件或制品热成型。
更优选在步骤c)中包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层被包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层的多层结构取代。
都将被层压的包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层或包括包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层和包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层的多层结构以薄膜或片材的形式。
所述膜或片材具有小于10mm、优选小于6mm的厚度。
该模具至少在一侧上对可见和紫外辐射不透明。
封闭式模具尤其将避免并降低单体的蒸发并保护环境。
使用同一封闭式模具将避免在浸渍之后转移材料且在封闭式模具中聚合将确保热的良好分布,其中一种或多种单体的聚合的产率令人满意且其最后蒸发。
制造用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的方法包括用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材的步骤。
作为液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的简单(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类单体混合物对于本发明的浸渍工艺、特别是对于纤维状底材的恰当且完全的润湿和浸渍而言流动性太大。因此,必须增加粘度。
关于浸渍纤维状底材的根据本发明的液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆,其包含(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类单体、(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物和至少一种起始(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系的混合物。
根据本发明,粘度通过使用(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类单体与一种或多种溶解的(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物的混合物来增加。该溶液通常被称为“浆”或“预聚物”。
有利地液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆不含额外随意加入的溶剂。
有利地液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆不含额外随意加入的苯乙烯单体。
该(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物完全溶解在(甲基)丙烯酸类单体中。
该(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物为PMMA,意指如先前定义的甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的均聚物或共聚物或其混合物。
该(甲基)丙烯酸类单体如先前定义。
就(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物而言,该一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类单体在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至少40重量%、优选50重量%、有利地60重量%且更有利地65重量%存在。
就(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物而言,该一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类单体在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液浆的至多90重量%、优选至多85重量%、有利地至多82重量%且更有利地至多80重量%存在。
就(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物而言,该一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至少10重量%、优选15重量%、有利地至少18重量%且更有利地至少20重量%存在。
该一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至多60重量%、优选至多50重量%、有利地至多40重量%且更有利地至多35重量%存在。
就(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物而言,该一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液浆的40重量%-90重量%、优选50重量%-90重量%、有利地55重量%-85重量%且更有利地60重量%-80重量%存在。
因此,就(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物而言,一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液浆的60重量%-10重量%、优选50重量%-10重量%、有利地15重量%-45重量%且更有利地20重量%-40重量%存在。
液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的动态粘度为10mPa*s-10000mPa*s,优选为50mPa*s-5000mPa*s且有利地为100mPa*s-1000mPa*s。该浆的粘度可用流变仪或粘度计容易地测量。动态粘度在25℃下测量。液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆具有牛顿特性,意指不存在剪切稀化,因此动态粘度与在流变仪中的剪切或在粘度计中的运动速度无关。
如果在给定温度下液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的粘度对于浸渍工艺和恰当的浸渍而言太高,则可以加热该浆以在发生浸渍期间在相应温度下得到在先前提到的动态粘度间隔内的更具流动性的液浆以便充分润湿并恰当且完全地浸渍纤维状底材。
根据本发明的液浆不含任何额外随意加入的溶剂。
关于起始(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系,可提到通过热活化的引发剂或引发体系。
热活化的引发剂优选为自由基引发剂。
关于自由基引发剂,它们可选自过氧化二酰、过氧酯、二烷基过氧化物、过氧缩醛或偶氮化合物。
用于起始(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系选自碳酸异丙酯、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化月桂酰、过氧化己酰、过氧化二异丙苯、过苯甲酸叔丁酯、过(2-乙基己酸叔丁酯)、过氢氢化异丙苯、1,1-二(过氧化叔丁基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷、过氧化异丁酸叔丁酯、过乙酸叔丁酯、过戊酸叔丁酯、过戊酸戊酯、过辛酸叔丁酯、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、偶氮双异丁酰胺、2,2'-偶氮双(2,4-二甲基戊腈)或4,4'-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)。使用选自上述列表的自由基引发剂的混合物将不会脱离本发明的范围。
优选用于起始(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系选自具有2-20个碳原子的过氧化物。
相对于在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体而言,自由基引发剂的含量为100-50000ppm重量(50000ppm = 5重量%)、优选为200-40000ppm重量且有利地为300-30000ppm。
该(甲基)丙烯酸类单体通常为具有任选例如氢醌(HQ)、甲基对苯二酚(MEHQ)、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲氧基苯酚(Topanol O)和2,4-二甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚(Topanol A)的合适抑制剂的一种或多种如上定义的单体。
提供抑制剂以防止单体自发地聚合。
该液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆任选还包含聚合的活化剂。
聚合活化剂或加速剂选自例如N,N-二甲基-对甲苯胺(DMPT)、N,N-二羟基乙基对甲苯胺(DHEPT)的叔胺、有机可溶性过渡金属催化剂或其混合物。
相对于液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体而言,活化剂的含量为100ppm-10000ppm (重量),优选为200ppm-7000ppm重量且有利地为300ppm-4000ppm。
活化剂或加速剂的存在取决于最终应用。在需要或希望“冷固化”的情况下,通常需要加速剂。冷固化意指聚合在周围温度下发生,周围温度意指小于50℃或优选小于40℃。
然而,对于工业应用,还可以在“热固化”体系中使用热。
在液态树脂中的另一成分可为相对于混合物的单体而言以0-500ppm且优选0-100ppm的含量的例如γ-松油烯或异松油烯的链限制性试剂,从而控制分子量。
该液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆还可包含其他添加剂或填料。在本发明范围内的填料并不被视为添加剂。
所有添加剂和填料都可在浸渍之前加到液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中。
作为添加剂,可提到作为冲击改性剂或嵌段共聚物的有机酸添加剂、热稳定剂、紫外稳定剂、阻燃剂及其混合物。
冲击改性剂以具有弹性材料核和至少一个热塑性壳的细粒形式,粒子的尺寸通常小于1μm且有利地为50-300nm。冲击改性剂通过乳液聚合制备。在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中的冲击改性剂含量为0-50重量%、优选为0-25重量%且有利地为0-20重量%。
作为填料,可提到碳纳米管或包括矿物纳米装料的矿物装料(TiO2、氧化硅)。
在液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中的填料含量为0-20重量%。
在制造多层组合物的方法中用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材的步骤在一个实施方案中用包含以下各物的浆进行:
a) 10重量%-59.99重量%(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
b) 40重量%-89.99重量% (甲基)丙烯酸类单体;
c) 0.01重量%-5重量%的一种用于起始(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系;
d) 0重量%-1重量%活化剂;
e) 0重量%-20重量%填料;
f) 0重量%-20重量%添加剂。
关于底材层,其包含聚合物复合材料,所述聚合物复合材料包含聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和纤维状材料。
根据本发明的纤维状材料以占复合材料的至多60体积%存在。
优选纤维状材料以占复合材料的10体积%-60体积%存在。
优选热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质以占复合材料的90体积%-40体积%存在。
关于制造包括包含聚合物复合材料的底材层的用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的制造方法,可使用数种方法以制备三维机械或结构部件。可提到灌注、真空袋模塑、压力袋模塑、高压釜模塑、树脂传递模塑(RTM)、反应注射模塑(RIM)、强化反应注射模塑(R-RIM)及其变体、压力模塑或压缩模塑。
制造包括包含聚合物复合材料的底材层的用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的优选制造方法为如下方法,其中液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆通过在模具中、优选在封闭式模具中浸渍纤维状底材而转移到纤维状底材上。
有利地纤维状底材的浸渍步骤在封闭式模具中进行。
最有利地制造包括包含聚合物复合材料的底材层的用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的制造方法选自树脂转移模塑或灌注。
所有制造方法都包括在模具中的聚合步骤之前用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材的步骤。
浸渍所述纤维状底材的液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的聚合步骤在同一模具中的浸渍步骤之后发生。
树脂转移模塑是使用两侧模具组的方法,其形成复合材料的两个表面。下侧为刚性模具。上侧可为刚性或挠性模具。挠性模具可由复合材料、聚硅氧烷或例如尼龙的挤出聚合物薄膜制成。这两侧配合在一起以生成模腔。树脂转移模塑的区别特征在于将纤维状底材置于该空腔中并在引入液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆之前将模具组封闭。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,在将纤维状底材置于该空腔和模具中之前可将包含表面层的热塑性聚合物A的热成型薄膜、箔片或片材放在模具内的一侧上。
根据本发明的另一实施方案,在将纤维状底材置于该空腔和模具中之前可将包含表面层的热塑性聚合物A和包含热塑性聚合物B的中间层的热成型多层薄膜、箔片或片材放在模具内的一侧上。
树脂转移模塑包括许多种类,其区别在于如何将液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆引入在模腔中的纤维状底材上的机械技术。这些变化包括从真空灌注到真空辅助树脂转移模塑(VARTM)的所有一切。该过程可在周围温度或高温下进行。周围温度意指10℃-50℃。高温意指高达200℃。优选高温为50℃-高达160℃。
在浸渍法的情况下,液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆必须具有适合聚合物复合材料的该制备方法的粘度。液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆通过施加轻微的真空上升到在专用模具中存在的纤维状底材中。该纤维状底材被液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆灌注并完全浸渍。
该方法的一个优势在于在复合材料中的大量纤维状材料。
关于包含多层复合物的所制造的机械或结构部件或制品或三维机械或结构部件的用途,可提到汽车应用、海上应用、铁道应用、体育、航空和航空航天应用、光伏应用、计算机相关应用、远程通信应用和风能应用。
特定地讲,三维机械或结构部件为汽车部件(卡车、篷车、公共汽车、摩托车)、轮船部件、火车部件、体育制品、飞机或直升机部件、航天器或火箭部件、光伏模块部件、风力涡轮机部件、家具部件、建筑或建筑物部件、电话或手机部件、计算机或电视部件、打印机和影印机部件。
关于包含多层组合物的结构部件的再循环,可通过热塑性聚合物的磨碎或解聚来进行。
磨碎是以机械方式进行以得到较小的部件碎片。作为包含热塑性聚合物的结构部件,可将该聚合物加热且将这些碎片在某一限度下再次转化以得到新物件。可将磨碎的粉末与其他热塑性产物混合以得到可使用例如挤出机或注射模塑机的传统工具更容易地加工的制剂。
优选将包含热塑性复合材料的结构部件加热以进行PMMA的热解或热分解并回收作为单体的甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
有利地在聚合物中存在的至少50重量%的MMA通过热分解回收。
将结构部件在至少200℃且不超过400℃的温度下加热。
图
图1
具有包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层(1)和包含聚合物复合材料的底材层(2)的根据本发明的一方面的多层组合物。
图2
具有包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层(1)和包含表征的聚合物复合材料的底材层(2)和在表面层(1)和底材层(2)之间的额外中间层(3)的根据本发明的另一方面的多层组合物,所述中间层随后包含热塑性聚合物B。
实施例
多层组合物根据在图2中给出的结构获得。表面层(1)和中间层(3)通过得自SENOPLAST公司的热成型Senosan AM50在模具中得到。Senosan AM50的载体层由可容易地热成形且高冲击强度的ABS组成且将给出中间层,且顶层为冲击改性的丙烯酸类树脂(PMMA)且将给出表面层。包含聚合物复合材料的底材层通过在灌注纤维状材料之后在同一封闭式模具中使甲基丙烯酸类浆聚合得到。
该浆通过将25重量份的PMMA (BS520,包含丙烯酸乙酯作为共聚单体的MMA的共聚物)溶解于75重量份的甲基丙烯酸甲酯中来制备,其用MEHQ(氢醌单甲醚)稳定化。向100重量份的浆中加入2重量份的过氧化苯甲酰(BPO-得自ARKEMA的Luperox A75)和0.2重量份的DMPT (得自Sigma-Aldrich的N,N-二甲基-对甲苯胺)。该浆在25℃下具有520mPa*s的动态粘度。
将该浆灌注在包含顶层朝向一个模塑表面的Senosan AM50片材和作为纤维状底材定位在中间ABS层上的玻璃织物的封闭式模具中;该浆将浸渍纤维状材料。随后该浆在25℃下在80分钟期间在模具中聚合。
得到根据图2的多层组合物。
Claims (25)
1.用于制造机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物,所述组合物包括:
a) 包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层,其中所述热塑性聚合物A选自:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• 饱和聚酯;
• ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物);
• SAN (苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚苯乙烯;
• 聚丙烯(PP);
• 聚乙烯(PE);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PPO;
• 聚砜;
• PVC(聚氯乙烯);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯);
• 氯化PVC;
• PU (聚氨酯);
或其混合物;
b) 包含聚合物复合材料的底材层,
其特征在于所述聚合物复合材料包含聚合物热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质和作为增强物的纤维状材料,其中所述纤维状材料包含具有至少7500的纤维纵横比的纤维或所述纤维状材料具有二维宏观结构,所述二维宏观结构为纤维状垫子或无纺布增强物或纤维的编织粗纱或线圈,以及热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯的均聚物或共聚物或其混合物,其包含至少70重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多层组合物,其特征在于,所述多层组合物包括在所述表面层与所述底材层之间的额外中间层,所述中间层包含热塑性聚合物B。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述热塑性聚合物B选自:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• 饱和聚酯;
• ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物);
• SAN (苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚苯乙烯;
• 聚丙烯(PP);
• 聚乙烯(PE);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PPO;
• 聚砜;
• PVC(聚氯乙烯);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯);
• 氯化PVC;
• PU (聚氨酯);
或其混合物。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述热塑性聚合物A选自:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯);
或其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述热塑性聚合物A选自(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物。
6.根据权利要求2-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述热塑性聚合物B选自:
• (甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
• ABS (丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物);
• ASA (丙烯酸-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物);
• 聚碳酸酯(PC);
• PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)
或其混合物。
7.根据权利要求2-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述热塑性聚合物B选自丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯的均聚物或共聚物或其混合物,其包含至少80重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
9.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于热塑性(甲基)丙烯酸类基质选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)均聚物或包含至少90重量%且更有利地至少95重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物。
10.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的多层组合物,其特征在于所述纤维状材料选自植物纤维、木材纤维、动物纤维、矿物纤维、合成聚合物纤维、玻璃纤维、碳纤维或其混合物。
11.一种根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的制造方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a) 使包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层热成型;
b) 将纤维状底材定位在所述热成型表面层的一侧上;
c) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍所述纤维状底材;
d) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合。
12.一种根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的用于机械或结构部件或制品的多层组合物的制造方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a) 用液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍纤维状底材;
b) 使浸渍所述纤维状底材的所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆聚合;
c) 将包含热塑性聚合物A的表面层层压到在步骤b)中的聚合之后得到的层的至少一侧上。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的制造方法,其特征在于所述纤维状底材的浸渍在封闭式模具中进行。
14.根据权利要求11-12中任一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆在25℃下具有10mPa*s-10000mPa*s的动态粘度。
15.根据权利要求11-12中任一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆包含(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或者(甲基)丙烯酸类单体、(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物和至少一种起始所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系的混合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的制造方法,其特征在于所述一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类单体在所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至少40重量%存在。
17.根据权利要求15所述的制造方法,其特征在于所述一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至少10重量%存在。
18.根据权利要求15所述的制造方法,其特征在于所述一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物在所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆中以占总液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆的至多60重量%存在。
19.根据权利要求11-12中任一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆包含:
a) 10重量%-59.99重量%(甲基)丙烯酸类聚合物;
b) 40重量%-89.99重量%(甲基)丙烯酸类单体;
c) 0.01重量%-5重量%的一种用于起始所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合的引发剂或引发体系;
d) 0重量%-1重量%活化剂;
e) 0重量%-20重量%填料;
f) 0重量%-20重量%添加剂。
20.根据权利要求11-12中任一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于所述液态(甲基)丙烯酸类浆浸渍所述纤维状底材在模具中进行。
21.根据权利要求11-12中任一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于其包括树脂转移模塑或灌注。
22.包括根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的或通过根据权利要求11-21中任一项所述的制造方法得到的多层组合物的所制造的机械或结构部件或制品在汽车应用、海上应用、铁道应用、体育、航空航天应用、光伏应用、计算机相关应用、远程通信应用或风能应用中的用途。
23.根据权利要求22所述的用途,其中所述机械或结构部件是三维机械或结构部件。
24.三维机械或结构部件,其通过根据权利要求11-21中任一项所述的制造方法得到。
25.根据权利要求24所述的部件,其为汽车部件、轮船部件、火车部件、体育制品、飞机或直升机部件、航天器或火箭部件、光伏模块部件、风力涡轮机部件、家具部件、建筑或建筑物部件、电话或手机部件、计算机或电视部件、打印机和影印机部件。
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FR3002877B1 (fr) | 2013-03-07 | 2015-03-27 | Arkema France | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau composite multicouche, materiau composite multicouche obtenu par le procede et pieces ou structures mecaniques realisees avec ledit materiau. |
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2014
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MX2015009051A (es) | 2016-01-14 |
JP2016508088A (ja) | 2016-03-17 |
BR112015016962B8 (pt) | 2022-02-22 |
KR102290810B1 (ko) | 2021-08-18 |
CA2897257A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
WO2014111129A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
US20180370156A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 |
CN105246689A (zh) | 2016-01-13 |
US11938686B2 (en) | 2024-03-26 |
KR20150132105A (ko) | 2015-11-25 |
CA2897257C (en) | 2024-01-02 |
AR094486A1 (es) | 2015-08-05 |
US20150352818A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
WO2014111426A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
BR112015016962B1 (pt) | 2021-10-13 |
BR112015016962A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
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