CN105175165A - Fertilizer special for continuous cropping resistance of roots of pilose asiabell - Google Patents
Fertilizer special for continuous cropping resistance of roots of pilose asiabell Download PDFInfo
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- CN105175165A CN105175165A CN201510724864.2A CN201510724864A CN105175165A CN 105175165 A CN105175165 A CN 105175165A CN 201510724864 A CN201510724864 A CN 201510724864A CN 105175165 A CN105175165 A CN 105175165A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention discloses fertilizer special for continuous cropping resistance of roots of pilose asiabell. The fertilizer is prepared from 50-60 parts of straw ferment, 30-50 parts of excrement ferment, 15-25 parts of bone powder, 3-5 parts of waste milk residues, 70-100 parts of processed black soil, 0.1-0.5 part of penicillin, 3-8 parts of cotton roots, 9-12 parts of humic acid, 2-3 parts of mixed bacterium liquid, 3-7 parts of lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide, 20-30 parts of manioc waste, 50-70 parts of biogas residues and 3-8 parts of animal giblet ferment. According to the fertilizer, pure organic matter and corresponding medicine fungicide are adopted for being assembled, the organic content of the fertilizer is effectively improved, the specific disease and insect resistant function is added, the fertilizer efficiency time is prolonged, damage caused by the continuous cropping disease to roots of pilose asiabell is reduced, and the roots of pilose asiabell continuous cropping planting yield and medicine quality are improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Chinese medicinal materials special fertilizer technical field, specifically the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis.
Background technology
Radix Codonopsis is one of large rare medicinal herbs of Gansu foreign export four, belongs to south of Gansu Province Wen County special product, is also local characteristic mainstay industry.It is rich in 18 seed amino acids of needed by human, and total amino acid content reaches 1.64%, has the various trace elements such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, selenium, total sugar content 52.1%, protein content 2.19%, ginsenoside 1.26%.There is invigorating the spleen and replenishing QI, invigorating the spleen of nourishing blood, strengthen the effects such as human body antitumor immune system function, enjoy the good reputation of " ginseng in northeast, the line party in Wen County ".
In recent years, along with China's Cultivated Land Area Decrease, Radix Codonopsis plantation cultivated area is limited especially, in addition there is serious continuous cropping disease in continuous cropping plantation Radix Codonopsis, be embodied in: 1) soil organisms reason: crop is in same plot soil long term growth, some pathogenic micro-organism such as sickle-like bacteria residues in also a large amount of procreation in soil or plant residue, and radix rises year by year; During continuous crop, because seedling resistivity is weak and be easy to susceptible, as root knot nematode is multiplied year by year in soil, destroys the root system of crop, affect the growth of crop, make that crop root is rotten, lobe, fibrous root are undeveloped, affect the metabolism of crop normal physiological.2) Nutrient deficiency or unbalance: certain crop is planted continuously in same soil, some nutritive element of unilateral consumption, makes soil nutrient elements present physiological imbalance, and all multiple trace elements such as Se, Fe, Mn, B, Zn constantly reduce, cause Crop nutrient balance to lack of proper care, cause nutritional deficiency; By showing macroelement and determination of trace elements in different continuous cropping time limit topsoil soils, along with the increase of the continuous cropping time limit, the change of Nitrogen In Soils, phosphorus, potassium total amount is little, and the content of quick-acting selenium, zinc, boron reduces at double, the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium obviously reduces, and average year reduces 20mg/kg.3) from malicious phenomenon: refer to that the Remained mass of preceding crop can produce some toxin in rotten decomposition course from malicious phenomenon, as organic acid, alcohol, hydro carbons, there is significant resistancing action to second stubble crop, affect the growth of crop self.The cultivated land resource that serious continuous cropping is sick and deficient seriously limits the development of Wen County Radix Codonopsis industry, limited cultivated land resource how is utilized to realize high yield, the Radix Codonopsis plantation of high-quality becomes problem instantly of greatest concern, patent CN102391038A discloses the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis, disclose " by following composition: mixed fermentation thing 50 ~ 70%, urea 4 ~ 10%, calcium superphosphate 4 ~ 8%, potassium sulfate 4 ~ 12%, humic acids 5 ~ 15%, trace element 3 ~ 7%, agricultural rare-earth 2 ~ 6%, wherein said mixed fermentation thing comprises chicken manure 60%, cow dung 20% and wood fibre 20% " the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of Radix Codonopsis that is mixed, this fertilizer is pure biotechnological formulation, nontoxic, environmentally friendly, nature has its degradation pathway smoothly, it has obvious anti-continuous cropping effect, it is again the crude substance of poisoning without accumulation, not only significantly strengthen the disease resistance of plant, reduce access times and the environmental pollution of toxic pesticides, produce again non-harmful high-quality Radix Codonopsis.But, this fertilizer is by directly adding the supplementary soil nutrient elements such as urea, potassium sulfate, calcium superphosphate and trace element, although corresponding supplementary function can be played, but because the composition added is mineral manure, affect soil original structure on the one hand, easily cause soil compaction, fertility declines, mineral manure is rapid-action on the other hand, fertilizer efficiency is short, needs repeatedly to topdress in planting process, turn increases expense of labor.In addition, this fertilizer does not have specific aim to prevent and treat to the continuous cropping disease that soil organisms reason causes, and there is the risk of courses of infection, there is the too low deficiency of organic content simultaneously yet.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to: provide a kind of Radix Codonopsis anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer, by pure organic matter and the assembly of relative medicine microbial inoculum, effective lifting fertilizer organic content, and increase specific disease and insect resistance function and extend fertilizer efficiency, reduce the sick harm to Radix Codonopsis of continuous cropping, improve Radix Codonopsis continuous cropping plantation output and medical material quanlity.
To achieve these goals, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
The anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis, is characterized in that: be made up of following Raw material processing: stalk fermentation thing 50 ~ 60 parts, manure fermentation thing 30 ~ 50 parts, bone meal 15 ~ 25 parts, discarded milk slag 3 ~ 5 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 70 ~ 100 parts, black earth, 0.1 ~ 0.5 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 3 ~ 8 parts, humic acid 9 ~ 12 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 2 ~ 3 parts, Lentinan 3 ~ 7 parts, manioc waste 20 ~ 30 parts, natural pond slag 50 ~ 70 parts, pluck fermented product 3 ~ 8 parts.
The anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of described a kind of Radix Codonopsis, is characterized in that: be made up of following Raw material processing: stalk fermentation thing 55 parts, manure fermentation thing 40 parts, bone meal 20 parts, discarded milk slag 4 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 85 parts, black earth, 0.3 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 5 parts, humic acid 10.5 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 2.5 parts, Lentinan 5 parts, manioc waste 25 parts, natural pond slag 60 parts, pluck fermented product 5 parts.
Described stalk fermentation thing is made up of one or more fermentations in wheat stalk, pea stalk, rape stalk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae.
Described manure fermentation thing is made up of at least two kinds of mixed fermentations in sheep excrement, duck excrement, chicken manure, goose excrement, horsehit.
Described process of preparing Chinese medicine black earth is the agricultural rare-earth of interpolation 2 ~ 5% in black earth, and after mixing, at 70 ~ 90 DEG C, frying is made for 20 ~ 30 minutes.
Described pluck fermented product is by after slaughterhouse animal cardiopulmonary liver organ cleaning scrubbing, shred and add blood and EM bacterium to ferment and make for 3 ~ 5 days.
Described mixed bacteria liquid prepares by the following method:
1) by bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial classification with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, obtains bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: 12% soyflour, 3% W-Gum, 6% honey, surplus are water;
2) by Bacillus subtilis strain with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, obtains subtilis bacterium liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: sucrose 6%, sweet potato powder 5%, yeast extract paste 1%, and magnesium sulfate 0.03%, calcium carbonate 0.5%, surplus are water;
3) by Bacillus licheniformis strain with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours, obtains Bacillus licheniformis liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: W-Gum 10%, glucose 6%, extractum carnis 1%, molasses 8%, and surplus is water;
4) ratio being 4:2:1 by bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium liquid, subtilis bacterium liquid, Bacillus licheniformis liquid according to volume ratio mixes, and obtains mixed bacteria liquid.
The preparation method of the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of described Radix Codonopsis, comprises the following steps:
1) by after described stalk fermentation thing, manure fermentation thing, bone meal, discarded milk slag, process of preparing Chinese medicine black earth part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii, humic acid, Lentinan, manioc waste, natural pond slag, the mixing of pluck fermented product, add be equivalent to its weight 3 ~ 5% salt solution, to stir fully heap vexed 2 ~ 3 days;
2) in the vexed sufficient compound of step heap, add mixed bacteria liquid, then vexed 1 ~ 2 day of aerobic reactor, when temperature rises to 35 ~ 50 DEG C, airing under 35 ~ 40 DEG C of conditions, is slowly dried to water content not higher than after 12%, granulation, pack.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention is:
1) the present invention adopts pure organic matter and the assembly of relative medicine microbial inoculum, effective lifting fertilizer organic content, and increase specific disease and insect resistance function and extend fertilizer efficiency, reduce the sick harm to Radix Codonopsis of continuous cropping, improve Radix Codonopsis continuous cropping plantation output and medical material quanlity.
2) manure fermentation thing is made in the present invention adopts organic content higher sheep excrement, duck excrement, chicken manure, goose excrement, at least two kinds of mixed fermentations in horsehit, and compared with the cow dung used in prior art, pig manure fermentation thing, organic content promotes 5 ~ 13%.
3) the present invention also adopts manioc waste, natural pond slag and concocts black earth, improve organic content, test shows that organic content reaches more than 143g/kg, compares the 117.5g/kg of ordinary chernozem, improves about 21.7%, and research shows, organic content is higher, and the harm of continuous cropping disease is less, thus, this fertilizer effectively can prevent and treat the generation of continuous cropping disease, improves output and the results medical material quanlity of continuous cropping plantation Radix Angelicae Sinensis.
4) the present invention adopts pluck as micro-recruitment factor, compare each trace element of simple interpolation, not only improve fertilizer organic content, also meet micro-demand, the more important thing is with low cost, and achieving waste material recycling, environmental protection and economic, has significant Social benefit and economic benefit.
5) fertilizer of the present invention adds penicillin, Radix Gossypii two kinds of germ resistance compositions, effectively suppresses the breeding of the residual insect pest such as pathogenic bacteria and root knot nematode in native soil, the harm of continuous cropping sick biotic factor during reduction continuous cropping plantation Radix Angelicae Sinensis.
6) the present invention adds mixed bacteria liquid, after applying can efficiently and long term in soil, competing reaction is formed on the one hand with pathogenic bacteria, reduce the reproduction speed of pathogenic bacteria, on the other hand also for Radix Codonopsis root provides beneficial metabolites, meet the nutritional needs of Radix Codonopsis, increase medicinal material active constituent content, improve medical material quanlity.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, technical scheme of the present invention is described further, so that the understanding of same domain technician.
Embodiment 1
The anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis, is prepared by following processing step:
1, raw material is prepared: stalk fermentation thing 55kg, manure fermentation thing 40kg, bone meal 20kg, discarded milk slag 4kg, process of preparing Chinese medicine black earth 85kg, penicillin 0.3kg, Radix Gossypii 5kg, humic acid 10.5kg, mixed bacteria liquid 2.5kg, Lentinan 5kg, manioc waste 25kg, natural pond slag 60kg, pluck fermented product 5kg.
Wherein, described stalk fermentation thing is made up of one or more fermentations in wheat stalk, pea stalk, rape stalk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae.
Described manure fermentation thing is made up of at least two kinds of mixed fermentations in sheep excrement, duck excrement, chicken manure, goose excrement, horsehit.
Described process of preparing Chinese medicine black earth is the agricultural rare-earth of interpolation 2 ~ 5% in black earth, and after mixing, at 70 ~ 90 DEG C, frying is made for 20 ~ 30 minutes.
Described pluck fermented product is by after slaughterhouse animal cardiopulmonary liver organ cleaning scrubbing, shred and add blood and EM bacterium to ferment and make for 3 ~ 5 days.
Described mixed bacteria liquid prepares by the following method:
1) by bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial classification with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, obtains bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: 12% soyflour, 3% W-Gum, 6% honey, surplus are water;
2) by Bacillus subtilis strain with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, obtains subtilis bacterium liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: sucrose 6%, sweet potato powder 5%, yeast extract paste 1%, and magnesium sulfate 0.03%, calcium carbonate 0.5%, surplus are water;
3) by Bacillus licheniformis strain with 0.3 ~ 0.5% inoculum size access be equipped with in the fermentor tank of fermented liquid, at 35 ~ 40 DEG C, aerobic fermentation 40 ~ 50 hours, obtains Bacillus licheniformis liquid; By weight percentage, it consists of described fermented liquid: W-Gum 10%, glucose 6%, extractum carnis 1%, molasses 8%, and surplus is water;
4) ratio being 4:2:1 by bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium liquid, subtilis bacterium liquid, Bacillus licheniformis liquid according to volume ratio mixes, and obtains mixed bacteria liquid.
2, pile vexed: by described stalk fermentation thing, manure fermentation thing, bone meal, discarded milk slag, concoct black earth part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii, humic acid, Lentinan, manioc waste, natural pond slag, the mixing of pluck fermented product after, add be equivalent to its weight 3 ~ 5% salt solution, to stir fully heap vexed 2 ~ 3 days;
3, molding, granulating: add mixed bacteria liquid, then vexed 1 ~ 2 day of aerobic reactor in the vexed sufficient compound of step heap, when temperature rises to 35 ~ 50 DEG C, airing under 35 ~ 40 DEG C of conditions, is slowly dried to water content not higher than after 12%, granulation, pack.
Embodiment 2
Adopt the preparation method with embodiment 1, change different proportioning raw materials, specific as follows:
Stalk fermentation thing 50 parts, manure fermentation thing 30 parts, bone meal 15 parts, discarded milk slag 3 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 70 parts, black earth, 0.1 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 3 parts, humic acid 9 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 2 parts, Lentinan 3 parts, manioc waste 20 parts, natural pond slag 50 parts, pluck fermented product 3 parts.
Embodiment 3
Adopt the preparation method with embodiment 1, change different proportioning raw materials, specific as follows:
Stalk fermentation thing 60 parts, manure fermentation thing 50 parts, bone meal 25 parts, discarded milk slag 5 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 100 parts, black earth, 0.5 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 8 parts, humic acid 12 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 3 parts, Lentinan 7 parts, manioc waste 30 parts, natural pond slag 70 parts, pluck fermented product 8 parts.
After tested, Radix Codonopsis of the present invention anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer physical and chemical index is as following table 1.
Table 1-Radix Codonopsis anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer physical and chemical index
Can be found out by upper table 1, Radix Codonopsis of the present invention anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer organic content and N P and K total amount all very high, but still to locate in positive nutrition (not burning seedling) zone of reasonableness.
In order to verify this fertile actual effect, within 2012, use it for Radix Codonopsis plantation, its detailed process is:
Before plantation, after being mixed according to the ratio of 1:20 ~ 28 with field soil by fertilizer of the present invention, be evenly spread on Radix Codonopsis continuous cropping experimental plot, this fertile consumption is 32 ~ 35kg/ mu.
In contrast, assembly compoiste fertilizer (it is mixed by muck 28%, compost made of stalks 65%, N P and K 7%) is evenly spread on Radix Codonopsis continuous cropping contrast field, assembly compoiste fertilizer consumption is 32 ~ 35kg/ mu.
The beginning of spring in 2013 soil thaw after and enter winter soil freeze-up before, experimental plot and contrast field topdress, each topdressing amount is no more than 30kg/ mu.
After the beginning of spring in 2014, soil thawed, topdress in experimental plot and contrast field, topdressing amount is no more than 35kg/ mu, excavate at the beginning of 10 months, experimental plot Radix Codonopsis dried food and nuts output 170 ~ 220kg/ mu, contrast field Radix Codonopsis dried food and nuts output 120 ~ 170kg, on average increases production 34.48%.
It should be noted that in 3 years of Radix Codonopsis plantation, need labor management be carried out, forbid that people and animals trample on, carry out pouring water and drainage management simultaneously, to guarantee the growth demand of Radix Codonopsis.
Claims (6)
1. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of Radix Codonopsis, is characterized in that: be made up of following Raw material processing: stalk fermentation thing 50 ~ 60 parts, manure fermentation thing 30 ~ 50 parts, bone meal 15 ~ 25 parts, discarded milk slag 3 ~ 5 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 70 ~ 100 parts, black earth, 0.1 ~ 0.5 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 3 ~ 8 parts, humic acid 9 ~ 12 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 2 ~ 3 parts, Lentinan 3 ~ 7 parts, manioc waste 20 ~ 30 parts, natural pond slag 50 ~ 70 parts, pluck fermented product 3 ~ 8 parts.
2. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: be made up of following Raw material processing: stalk fermentation thing 55 parts, manure fermentation thing 40 parts, bone meal 20 parts, discarded milk slag 4 parts, the process of preparing Chinese medicine 85 parts, black earth, 0.3 part, penicillin, Radix Gossypii 5 parts, humic acid 10.5 parts, mixed bacteria liquid 2.5 parts, Lentinan 5 parts, manioc waste 25 parts, natural pond slag 60 parts, pluck fermented product 5 parts.
3. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis as described in claim 1,2, is characterized in that: described stalk fermentation thing is made up of one or more fermentations in wheat stalk, pea stalk, rape stalk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae.
4. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis as described in claim 1,2, is characterized in that: described manure fermentation thing is made up of at least two kinds of mixed fermentations in sheep excrement, duck excrement, chicken manure, goose excrement, horsehit.
5. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis as described in claim 1,2, is characterized in that: described process of preparing Chinese medicine black earth is the agricultural rare-earth of interpolation 2 ~ 5% in black earth, and after mixing, at 70 ~ 90 DEG C, frying is made for 20 ~ 30 minutes.
6. the anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer of a kind of Radix Codonopsis as described in claim 1,2, is characterized in that: described pluck fermented product is by after slaughterhouse animal cardiopulmonary liver organ cleaning scrubbing, shred and add blood and EM bacterium to ferment and make for 3 ~ 5 days.
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106818118A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-06-13 | 庆阳敦博科技发展有限公司 | A kind of line Radix Codonopsis Emulational culture method |
| CN107459431A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | 湖南康哲农牧业发展有限公司 | A kind of organic fertilizer |
| CN107698315A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2018-02-16 | 王斌 | A kind of plantation of line Radix Codonopsis fermentation organic fertilizer and its processing method |
| CN107691217A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-02-16 | 文县建伟商贸有限责任公司 | A kind of high-quality line Radix Codonopsis cultivated land broadband ridging facility covers efficiency cultivation technology for high |
| CN109644803A (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2019-04-19 | 沈阳禾康永丰生物环保产业有限公司 | A kind of pseudo-ginseng continuous cropping administering method |
| RU2803800C1 (en) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-09-19 | Наталия Николаевна Романова | Method for obtaining granulated organic fertilizer for increasing soil fertility in culturing crops |
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| CN102391038A (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2012-03-28 | 魏建科 | Anti-continuous cropping special fertilizer for grained dangshen |
| CN104829394A (en) * | 2015-04-17 | 2015-08-12 | 侨健新能源科技（苏州）有限公司 | High-efficiency and high-yield fertilizer special for pakchoi |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106818118A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-06-13 | 庆阳敦博科技发展有限公司 | A kind of line Radix Codonopsis Emulational culture method |
| CN107459431A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | 湖南康哲农牧业发展有限公司 | A kind of organic fertilizer |
| CN107698315A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2018-02-16 | 王斌 | A kind of plantation of line Radix Codonopsis fermentation organic fertilizer and its processing method |
| CN107691217A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-02-16 | 文县建伟商贸有限责任公司 | A kind of high-quality line Radix Codonopsis cultivated land broadband ridging facility covers efficiency cultivation technology for high |
| CN109644803A (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2019-04-19 | 沈阳禾康永丰生物环保产业有限公司 | A kind of pseudo-ginseng continuous cropping administering method |
| RU2803800C1 (en) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-09-19 | Наталия Николаевна Романова | Method for obtaining granulated organic fertilizer for increasing soil fertility in culturing crops |
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| CN105175165B (en) | 2018-08-21 |
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