CN104625351B - Subway carriage aluminium alloy side wall welding method - Google Patents
Subway carriage aluminium alloy side wall welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104625351B CN104625351B CN201410829591.3A CN201410829591A CN104625351B CN 104625351 B CN104625351 B CN 104625351B CN 201410829591 A CN201410829591 A CN 201410829591A CN 104625351 B CN104625351 B CN 104625351B
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 190
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000009781 Myrtillocactus geometrizans Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000009125 Myrtillocactus geometrizans Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000565357 Fraxinus nigra Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
- B23K9/173—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas and of a consumable electrode
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/23—Arc welding or cutting taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/235—Preliminary treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
- B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了地铁铝合金中部侧墙板的焊接工艺，母材选取6005A‑T6铝合金板材，填充材料选取AlMg4.5MnZr，焊接方法采用MIG手工焊和机器人焊接，焊接时保护气体采用高纯氩气，具体包括：1)清洗打磨母材焊缝周边区域，2)将1)处理后的铝合金板材组对反装在焊接模具上，3)首先反面点焊固定2)的组对板材，然后正面点焊固定组对板材，4)采用MIG焊接机器人双丝焊接满焊3)的反装焊缝，5)将4)焊接所得板材吊装至正装，然后双丝焊接方式满焊3)中正装焊缝，6)清理焊缝得产品。本发明的焊接方法，优化了焊接步骤、焊接工艺、焊接材料、焊接设备及焊接环境，避免了焊缝缺陷，提高了产品力学性能及质量稳定性。
The invention discloses a welding process for the side wall panel in the middle part of the aluminum alloy of the subway. The base material is selected from 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy plate, the filler material is selected from AlMg4.5MnZr, the welding method adopts MIG manual welding and robot welding, and the protective gas during welding adopts high-purity argon Specifically, it includes: 1) cleaning and grinding the surrounding area of the base metal weld, 2) mounting the 1) treated aluminum alloy plate pair on the welding mold, 3) first fixing the 2) paired plate by reverse spot welding, Then spot-weld the front to fix the paired plates, 4) use MIG welding robot twin wire welding to fully weld the reverse weld of 3), 5) hoist the plate obtained from 4) welding to the formal assembly, and then fully weld 3) in the way of double wire welding Forming welds, 6) Cleaning the welds to get products. The welding method of the present invention optimizes the welding steps, welding process, welding materials, welding equipment and welding environment, avoids welding seam defects, and improves the mechanical properties and quality stability of products.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于铝合金领域，涉及铝合金焊接成型方法，特别涉及一种地铁车厢用铝合金侧墙焊接方法。The invention belongs to the field of aluminum alloys, and relates to an aluminum alloy welding forming method, in particular to an aluminum alloy side wall welding method for a subway carriage.
背景技术Background technique
随着科学技术的不断发展，地铁在各个城市得到了广泛应用。轨道车辆的不断提速，对车辆的安全运行提出了越来越高的要求，其中，轨道车辆车体的质量和焊接性能对车辆的安全运行具有举足轻重的作用。With the continuous development of science and technology, the subway has been widely used in various cities. The continuous speed increase of rail vehicles has put forward higher and higher requirements for the safe operation of the vehicles. Among them, the quality and welding performance of the rail vehicle body play a decisive role in the safe operation of the vehicles.
现有技术中，由于铝合金的焊接性能较差，极易出现焊接变形及焊缝缺陷，不能满足轨道车辆车体在高速运行时的力学性能要求。In the prior art, due to the poor welding performance of the aluminum alloy, welding deformation and weld defects are very easy to occur, which cannot meet the mechanical performance requirements of the rail vehicle body during high-speed operation.
因此，如何满足地铁车体对铝合金中部侧墙的要求，成为本领域技术人员所要解决的重要技术问题。Therefore, how to meet the requirements of the subway car body for the aluminum alloy middle side wall has become an important technical problem to be solved by those skilled in the art.
发明内容Contents of the invention
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种地铁车厢用铝合金侧墙焊接方法。In view of this, the object of the present invention is to provide a method for welding aluminum alloy side walls for subway cars.
为达到上述目的，本发明提供如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
地铁车厢用铝合金侧墙焊接方法，母材选取6005A-T6铝合金板材，填充材料选取AlMg4.5MnZr，焊接方法采用MIG手工焊和机器人焊接，焊接时保护气体采用高纯氩气，具体包括以下步骤：The aluminum alloy side wall welding method for the subway car, the base material is 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy plate, the filler material is AlMg4.5MnZr, the welding method adopts MIG manual welding and robot welding, and the protective gas is high-purity argon during welding, including the following step:
1)焊前准备：清洗打磨母材焊缝周边区域，去除氧化层及杂质；1) Preparation before welding: cleaning and grinding the surrounding area of the base metal weld to remove the oxide layer and impurities;
2)组对安装：将1)处理后的铝合金板材组对反装在焊接模具上，调整各板材位置，使各板材之间的焊接缝隙为0.5～0.8mm；2) Pair installation: put the treated aluminum alloy plates in reverse on the welding mold, and adjust the position of each plate so that the welding gap between the plates is 0.5-0.8 mm;
3)点焊固定：首先采用MIG手工焊反面点焊固定2)的组对板材，然后正面点焊固定组对板材，点焊时单个焊缝长度为45-55mm，各焊点间距为1.5-2m；3) Fixing by spot welding: firstly use MIG manual welding to fix the paired plates of 2) by spot welding on the reverse side, and then fix the paired plates by spot welding on the front side. 2m;
4)反装满焊：采用MIG焊接机器人双丝焊接满焊3)的反装焊缝，焊接时前丝功率控制范围：60～80％，后丝功率控制范围：50～65％；4) Reverse full welding: MIG welding robot double wire welding is used for full welding 3), the power control range of the front wire during welding: 60-80%, and the power control range of the rear wire: 50-65%;
5)正装满焊：将4)焊接所得板材吊装至正装，然后双丝焊接方式满焊3)中正装焊缝；5) Positive and full welding: Hoist the plate obtained from 4) welding to the formal loading, and then double-wire welding method to fully weld 3) the middle and full welding seams;
6)焊后清理：清理焊缝得产品。6) Post-weld cleaning: clean up the weld to get the product.
作为本发明的优选，所选铝合金板材长度为10-25m，厚度为60-130mm，宽度为300-700mm。As a preference of the present invention, the selected aluminum alloy plate has a length of 10-25m, a thickness of 60-130mm, and a width of 300-700mm.
作为本发明的优选，步骤1)焊前准备时打磨清洗范围为焊缝周边40-60mm范围内的区域，打磨深度不超过0.2mm，且打磨纹路平行于焊缝方向。As a preference of the present invention, the scope of grinding and cleaning in step 1) before welding preparation is within the range of 40-60mm around the weld seam, the grinding depth is not more than 0.2mm, and the grinding lines are parallel to the direction of the weld seam.
作为本发明的优选，焊接时环境温度不低于18℃，湿度不高于60％。As a preference of the present invention, the ambient temperature during welding is not lower than 18°C, and the humidity is not higher than 60%.
作为本发明的优选，步骤4)反装满焊之前还包括预处理反装点焊的步骤，步骤5)正装满焊之前还包括预处理正装点焊的步骤；预处理正反装点焊时彻底清除点固焊点的缺陷及杂质，并使得点固焊点的起弧与收弧端具有一定坡度。As preferred of the present invention, step 4) also includes the step of pretreatment and reverse spot welding before the reverse full welding, and step 5) also includes the step of pretreatment positive and negative spot welding before the full welding; Remove the defects and impurities of spot-fixed solder joints, and make the arc-starting and arc-ending ends of spot-fixed solder joints have a certain slope.
作为本发明的优选，步骤2)组对安装时共选取4块铝合金板材，按安装位置依次为A、B、C、D；步骤3)点焊固定时按照反装焊缝AB—正装焊缝AB—反装焊缝BC—正装焊缝BC—反装焊缝CD—正装焊缝CD的顺序进行。As a preference of the present invention, step 2) select 4 pieces of aluminum alloy sheets altogether during group pair installation, according to the installation positions, they are A, B, C, D in sequence; step 3) when spot welding is fixed, follow the reverse installation welding seam AB—upright installation welding Seam AB—reverse installation seam BC—front installation seam BC—reverse installation seam CD—front installation welding seam CD.
作为本发明的优选，步骤3)点焊固定时第一个点焊段距起弧端不小于200mm，最后一个点焊段距末尾端100-200mm，各铝合金板材点焊固定后整体错边量不大于0.5mm，保证焊后整体组对宽度为1892mm-1894mm。As a preference of the present invention, step 3) when spot welding is fixed, the first spot welding section is not less than 200mm from the arc starting end, the last spot welding section is 100-200mm from the end end, and each aluminum alloy plate is spot welded and fixed. The amount is not more than 0.5mm, to ensure that the overall pairing width after welding is 1892mm-1894mm.
作为本发明的优选，步骤3)反装满焊之前需预处理反装点焊，步骤4)正装满焊之前需预处理正装点焊，处理时按照反装点焊AB预处理—反装焊缝AB满焊—反装点焊BC预处理—反装焊缝BC满焊—反装点焊CD预处理—反装焊缝CD满焊—正装点焊AB预处理—正装焊缝AB满焊—正装点焊BC预处理—正装焊缝BC满焊—正装点焊CD预处理—正装焊缝CD满焊。As a preference of the present invention, step 3) requires pretreatment of the reverse spot welding before the reverse full welding, and step 4) requires pretreatment of the positive spot welding before the positive full welding, and pretreatment according to the reverse spot welding AB pretreatment during processing—the reverse weld seam AB full welding—reverse mounting spot welding BC pretreatment—reverse mounting weld BC full welding—reverse mounting spot welding CD pretreatment—reverse mounting weld CD full welding—positive mounting spot welding AB pretreatment—positive mounting weld AB full welding—positive mounting point Welding BC pretreatment—full fitting weld BC welding—full fitting spot welding CD pretreatment—full fitting weld CD full welding.
作为本发明的优选，反装满焊和正装满焊之前还包括在每条焊缝添加引弧板的步骤，所述引弧板材质与母材材质相同，规格为60×100×6mm。As a preference of the present invention, before reverse full welding and positive full welding, it also includes the step of adding an arc starting plate to each weld seam. The material of the arc starting plate is the same as that of the base metal, and the specification is 60×100×6mm.
本发明的有益效果在于：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
本发明的焊接方法，大优化了焊接步骤、焊接工艺、焊接材料、焊接设备及焊接环境，有效控制变形量及错边量，避免了焊缝缺陷，提高了产品力学性能及质量稳定性，解决了常规焊接方法所得到铝合金侧墙不能满足地铁使用要求的问题。The welding method of the present invention greatly optimizes the welding steps, welding process, welding materials, welding equipment and welding environment, effectively controls the amount of deformation and misalignment, avoids weld defects, improves the mechanical properties and quality stability of the product, and solves the problem of The problem that the aluminum alloy side wall obtained by the conventional welding method cannot meet the requirements of the subway is solved.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果更加清楚，本发明提供如下附图进行说明：In order to make the purpose, technical scheme and beneficial effect of the present invention clearer, the present invention provides the following drawings for illustration:
图1为实施例1反装固定时结构示意图；Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram when embodiment 1 is reversed and fixed;
图2为点焊固定后侧墙板的横截面图；Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of the rear side wall panel fixed by spot welding;
图3为实施例1正装固定时结构示意图；Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram when embodiment 1 is installed and fixed;
图4为实施例1焊接完成后中部侧墙板的横截面图。Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the middle side wall panel after the welding of embodiment 1 is completed.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面将结合附图，对本发明的优选实施例进行详细的描述。The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
实施例1：Example 1:
如图1-4所示，本实施例地铁车厢用铝合金侧墙焊接方法，母材选取6005A-T6铝合金板材，填充材料选取AlMg4.5MnZr，焊接方法采用MIG手工焊和机器人焊接，焊接时保护气体采用高纯氩气，具体包括以下步骤：As shown in Figure 1-4, the welding method of the aluminum alloy side wall for the subway car in this embodiment, the base material is selected from 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy plate, the filler material is selected from AlMg4.5MnZr, and the welding method adopts MIG manual welding and robot welding. The protective gas adopts high-purity argon, which specifically includes the following steps:
1)焊前准备：清洗打磨母材焊缝周边区域，去除氧化层及杂质；1) Preparation before welding: cleaning and grinding the surrounding area of the base metal weld to remove the oxide layer and impurities;
2)组对安装：将1)处理后的铝合金板材组对反装在焊接模具上，调整各板材位置，使各板材之间的焊接缝隙为0.5～0.8mm；2) Pair installation: put the treated aluminum alloy plates in reverse on the welding mold, and adjust the position of each plate so that the welding gap between the plates is 0.5-0.8mm;
3)点焊固定：首先采用MIG手工焊反面点焊固定2)的组对板材，然后正面点焊固定组对板材，点焊时单个焊缝长度为45-55mm，各焊点间距为1.5-2m；3) Fixing by spot welding: firstly use MIG manual welding to fix the paired plates of 2) by spot welding on the reverse side, and then fix the paired plates by spot welding on the front side. 2m;
4)反装满焊：采用MIG焊接机器人双丝焊接满焊3)的反装焊缝，焊接时前丝功率控制范围：60～80％，后丝功率控制范围：50～65％；4) Reverse full welding: MIG welding robot double wire welding is used for full welding 3), the power control range of the front wire during welding: 60-80%, and the power control range of the rear wire: 50-65%;
5)正装满焊：将4)焊接所得板材吊装至正装，然后双丝焊接方式满焊3)中正装焊缝；5) Positive and full welding: Hoist the plate obtained from 4) welding to the formal loading, and then double-wire welding method to fully weld 3) the middle and full welding seams;
6)焊后清理：焊接结束后，空置冷却至室温，松开夹具，使用抹布擦除焊缝黑灰，焊缝边缘的母材清理不干净使用手刷进行清理，保证焊缝不被破坏，用风铣刀去除引弧﹑收弧板，不允许强力锤击；6) Post-weld cleaning: After welding, leave it to cool down to room temperature, loosen the clamp, and use a rag to wipe off the black ash on the weld. If the base metal at the edge of the weld is not clean, use a hand brush to clean it to ensure that the weld is not damaged. Use a wind milling cutter to remove the arc starting and closing plates, and strong hammering is not allowed;
7)焊后检验：按照图纸及相关技术协议对焊缝进行检验，保存检验记录，对修补焊缝按原检验要求重新进行检验；7) Post-weld inspection: inspect the welds according to the drawings and relevant technical agreements, keep the inspection records, and re-inspect the repaired welds according to the original inspection requirements;
8)调修：将烤枪调成中间蓝火长度10～15mm，用蓝火尖均匀对焊缝进行加热；加热速度为50～90cm/min；严格控制加热温度在120～200℃。8) Adjustment: adjust the roasting gun so that the length of the blue flame in the middle is 10-15mm, and heat the weld seam evenly with the blue flame tip; the heating speed is 50-90cm/min; the heating temperature is strictly controlled at 120-200°C.
作为本发明的优选，所选铝合金板材长度为10-25m，厚度为60-130mm，宽度为300-700mm。As a preference of the present invention, the selected aluminum alloy plate has a length of 10-25m, a thickness of 60-130mm, and a width of 300-700mm.
本实施例中，步骤1)焊前准备时打磨清洗范围为焊缝周边40-60mm范围内的区域，打磨深度不超过0.2mm，且打磨纹路平行于焊缝方向。In this embodiment, the range of grinding and cleaning in step 1) during the pre-welding preparation is the area within the range of 40-60 mm around the weld seam, the grinding depth is not more than 0.2 mm, and the grinding lines are parallel to the direction of the weld seam.
本实施例中，焊接时环境温度不低于18℃，湿度不高于60％。In this embodiment, the ambient temperature during welding is not lower than 18° C., and the humidity is not higher than 60%.
本实施例中，步骤4)反装满焊之前还包括预处理反装点焊的步骤，步骤5)正装满焊之前还包括预处理正装点焊的步骤；预处理正反装点焊时彻底清除点固焊点的缺陷及杂质，并使得点固焊点的起弧与收弧端具有一定坡度。In the present embodiment, step 4) also includes the step of pretreatment and reverse spot welding before the reverse full welding, and step 5) also includes the step of pretreatment positive and negative spot welding before the positive and negative welding; The defects and impurities of the spot-fixed solder joints make the arc-starting and arc-ending ends of the spot-fixed solder joints have a certain slope.
作为本实施例的优选，步骤2)组对安装时共选取4块铝合金板材，按安装位置依次为A、B、C、D；步骤3)点焊固定时按照反装焊缝AB—正装焊缝AB—反装焊缝BC—正装焊缝BC—反装焊缝CD—正装焊缝CD的顺序进行。As a preference of this embodiment, in step 2) a total of 4 aluminum alloy plates are selected during group installation, and the installation positions are A, B, C, D in sequence; step 3) when spot welding is fixed, follow the reverse installation welding seam AB—upright installation The sequence of weld AB—reverse installation weld BC—front installation weld BC—reverse installation welding CD—front installation welding CD—is carried out.
作为本实施例的优选，步骤3)点焊固定时第一个点焊段距起弧端不小于200mm，最后一个点焊段距末尾端100-200mm，各铝合金板材点焊固定后整体错边量不大于0.5mm，保证焊后整体组对宽度为1892mm-1894mm。As a preference of this embodiment, step 3) when spot welding is fixed, the first spot welding section is not less than 200mm from the arc starting end, and the last spot welding section is 100-200mm from the end end. The edge amount is not more than 0.5mm, and the overall pairing width after welding is guaranteed to be 1892mm-1894mm.
作为本实施例的优选，步骤3)反装满焊之前需预处理反装点焊，步骤4)正装满焊之前需预处理正装点焊，处理时按照反装点焊AB预处理—反装焊缝AB满焊—反装点焊BC预处理—反装焊缝BC满焊—反装点焊CD预处理—反装焊缝CD满焊—正装点焊AB预处理—正装焊缝AB满焊—正装点焊BC预处理—正装焊缝BC满焊—正装点焊CD预处理—正装焊缝CD满焊。As a preference of this embodiment, step 3) requires pretreatment of reverse spot welding before full reverse welding, and step 4) pretreatment of positive spot welding is required before positive full welding. During processing, pretreatment according to reverse spot welding AB—reverse welding Seam AB full welding—reverse installation spot welding BC pretreatment—reverse installation welding seam BC full welding—reverse installation spot welding CD pretreatment—reverse installation welding seam CD full welding—front installation spot welding AB pretreatment—front installation weld AB full welding—formal installation Spot welding BC pretreatment—full fitting weld BC welding—full fitting spot welding CD pretreatment—full fitting weld CD welding.
作为本实施例的优选，反装满焊和正装满焊之前还包括在每条焊缝添加引弧板的步骤，所述引弧板材质与母材材质相同，规格为60×100×6mm。As a preference of this embodiment, before reverse full welding and forward full welding, a step of adding an arc starting plate to each weld seam is included, the material of the arc starting plate is the same as that of the base metal, and the specification is 60×100×6 mm.
本实施例的焊接方法，大优化了焊接步骤、焊接工艺、焊接材料、焊接设备及焊接环境，有效控制变形量及错边量，避免了焊缝缺陷，提高了产品力学性能及质量稳定性，解决了常规焊接方法所得到铝合金侧墙不能满足地铁使用要求的问题。The welding method of this embodiment greatly optimizes the welding steps, welding process, welding materials, welding equipment and welding environment, effectively controls the amount of deformation and misalignment, avoids weld defects, and improves the mechanical properties and quality stability of the product. The problem that the aluminum alloy side wall obtained by the conventional welding method cannot meet the requirements of the subway is solved.
最后说明的是，以上优选实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制，尽管通过上述优选实施例已经对本发明进行了详细的描述，但本领域技术人员应当理解，可以在形式上和细节上对其作出各种各样的改变，而不偏离本发明权利要求书所限定的范围。Finally, it should be noted that the above preferred embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail through the above preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that it can be described in terms of form and Various changes may be made in the details without departing from the scope of the invention defined by the claims.
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