CN104287888B - 用于创建眼睛手术和松弛切口的装置 - Google Patents
用于创建眼睛手术和松弛切口的装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种治疗患者的眼睛中靶组织的系统和方法,其包括产生光束,使用扫描仪偏转光束以形成第一和第二治疗图案,将第一治疗图案传送至靶组织以形成提供至患者的眼睛的眼房的通路的切口,并且将第二治疗图案传送至靶组织以沿着或靠近角膜缘组织或沿着在患者的眼睛的角膜缘组织前部的角膜组织而形成松弛切口,以减少其散光。
Description
本申请是2008年3月13日提交的申请号为200880007850.7的名称为“用于创建眼睛手术和松弛切口的装置”的申请的分案申请。
相关申请
本申请要求2007年3月13日提交的美国临时申请No.60/906944的权益,其通过引用被包含于此。
技术领域
本发明涉及眼科手术过程和系统。
背景技术
白内障摘除是世界上最常进行的手术过程之一,在美国每年约进行二百五十万的案例,全球于2000年进行了九百一十万的案例。预期在2006年全球估算约增加至一千三百三十万个案例。这一市场由各种部分组成,包括用于植入的人工晶状体,有助于手术操作的粘弹性聚合物,包括超声乳化晶状体尖端、管以及各种刀和钳子的一次性器械。通常使用术语称为晶状体乳化法的技术执行现代的白内障手术,其中使用具有用于冷却目的的相关水流的超声尖端,以在术语称为晶状体前囊切开术或者更新近的撕囊术中在晶状体前囊中进行开口之后,对晶状体的相对硬核进行雕刻。在这些步骤以及通过抽吸方法而不断裂以移除其余软晶状体皮层之后,将合成可折叠人工晶状体(IOL)通过小切口插入眼睛。
许多白内障患者有散光。当角膜在一个方向上具有不同于其他方向的曲率时,可以发生散光。即使许多患者具有更严重的像差,但当前不使用IOL矫正超过5D的散光。对其矫正通常还包括使得角膜形状更球形,或者至少更径向对称。具有大量的方法,包括角膜移植术、散光角膜切除术(AK)、角膜松弛切口(CRI)以及角膜缘松弛切口(LRI)。使用手动、机械切割进行上述方法。当前,完全使用标准的技术和方法,不容易或可预测地完全矫正散光。进行手术以矫正不均匀性的患者中的约三分之一发现,他们的眼睛退回到相当大的度数,并且仅注意到小改善。另三分之一的患者发现,散光度显著地减少了,但是并未得以完全矫正。其余三分之一患者具有最鼓舞人心的结果,实现了大部分或所有的所需矫正。
需要一种眼科手术方法、技术和装置,以提升可能与扩散性白内障和其他眼科病相关的角膜成型的护理标准。
发明内容
使用扫描系统,可以在角膜和/或角膜缘中快速和精确地形成开口,所述扫描系统实施图案化的激光切割。图案化的激光切割提高了准确性和精确性,同时减少了手术过程的时间。
用于在患者眼睛中治疗靶组织的扫描系统包括用于产生光束的光源,在控制器的控制下用于反射光束以形成光束的第一和第二治疗图案的扫描仪,以及用于将第一治疗图案传送至靶组织以在其中形成白内障切口的传送系统,所述白内障切口提供了至患者眼睛的眼房的通路。传送系统还用于将第二治疗图案传送至靶组织,以沿着或靠近角膜缘组织或者沿着患者眼睛的角膜缘组织的前部的角膜组织形成松弛切口,以减小其散光。
在阅读说明书、权利要求书和随附附图之后,本发明的其他目的和特征将变得明显。
附图说明
图1是光束扫描系统的示意图。
图2是示出可选光束结合方案的光学图。
图3是具有可选OCT结构的光束扫描系统的示意图。
图4是具有另一可选OCT组合方案的光束扫描系统的示意图。
图5A是示出白内障切口的患者眼睛的顶视图。
图5B是示出白内障切口的患者眼睛的侧横截面视图。
图6是具有表面轮廓仪子系统的光束扫描系统的示意图。
图7是示出角膜松弛切口的患者眼睛的顶视图。
图8是患者眼睛的侧横截面视图,示出了具有特定形状的切口。
图9是患者眼睛附近的接触透镜的侧横截面视图。
具体实施方式
与当前标准的护理相比,本文公开的技术和系统提供了许多优点。特别地,使用三维构图的激光切割,在角膜和/或角膜缘中快速和精确地形成开口。与传统方法相比,改善了切口的准确性和精确性,同时减少了手术过程的持续时间以及与创建切口相关的风险。本发明可以利用解剖和光学特性和反馈以执行散光角膜切除术,诸如角膜缘和角膜松弛切口以及创建外科手术切口,向外科医师提供至眼睛的前房的通路。根据临床情况,可以使得外科手术切口为完全的或部分的。可以使用波前传感器、干涉计、表面轮廓仪或其他这种设备,以产生指令,用于矫正散光或其他视觉像差。同样地,可以使用这些相同的设备以验证图案化的扫描系统的手术矫正,甚至在治疗手术过程中调整其以产生所期望的结果。而且,可以在多个阶段使用本发明以协作恢复散光矫正,并且在伤口恢复处理过程中驱动矫正治疗。本发明还提供受图像指导的切口对准。
本发明提供的外科手术方法能够在角膜和角膜缘中和周围精确的位置中形成非常小的和几何精确的开口和切口。切口允许更精确或修改成常规眼科手术过程,以及允许新的手术过程。切口不局限于仅为圆环形,而可以是有利于治疗或继续手术过程的任意形状。这些切口可以定位成使得它们能够自然密封;或者使用自体固有或合成组织胶、光化学粘合剂或其他这种方法。而且,本发明提供了用于自动产生具有最佳效果的切口图案。
这里所述的技术允许的另一手术过程提供了对切口或切口图案的受控形成。常规技术受限于使用机械切割器械可从眼睛外侧到达的区域,并且因而仅能够创建从组织的前部至后部的切口。相反地,可以使用这里描述的可受控、图案化的激光技术,以在事实上的任何位置和以事实上的任何形状创建切口。可以在前部和后部进行匹配切口。本发明独特地适于执行这种匹配切口。
而且,这些切口可以被修改以补充非对称IOL,其被插入作为手术过程的一部分或者先前已经被插入。本发明能够测量IOL的安置和随后的自动计算和产生这些令人称赞的角膜或角膜缘切口。这里所述的可控的、已构图的激光技术还具有有效和/或利用精确的透镜测量和其他尺寸信息,其允许形成切口或开口,同时最小化对周围组织的影响。
本发明可以由这样的系统实施,所述系统投射或扫描光束进入患者的眼睛68,诸如图1中所示的系统2,包括超快(UF)光源4(例如,毫微微秒激光器)。使用该系统,可以在患者的眼睛中以三个维度扫描光束:X,Y,Z。在该实施例中,UF波长可以在1010nm至1100nm之间改变,并且脉冲宽度可以从100fs至10000fs之间变化。脉冲重复频率也可以从10kHZ至250kHz之间变化。关于对非靶组织的无意损伤的安全限制受在关于重复率和脉冲能量的上限限制;同时,完成手术过程的阈值能量、时间、和稳定性受脉冲能量和重复率的下限限制。在眼睛68中并且尤其在晶状体69和眼睛的前囊中的聚焦点的峰值功率足够产生光学击穿,并且开始等离子体介导消融处理。优选采用近红外波长,因为在光谱范围中减小了生物组织中的线性光吸收和散射。作为一个实例,激光器4可以是重复脉冲的1035nm的设备,其以100kHz的重复率产生500fs脉冲,并且在10微焦范围中产生独立脉冲能量。
激光器4经由输入和输出设备302而受控于控制电子装置300,以产生光束6。控制电子装置300可以是计算机、微控制器等。在该实例中,整个系统受控于控制器300和移动通过输入/输出设备IO302的数据。可以使用图形用户界面GUI 304,以设置系统操作参数,处理在GUI 304上的用户输入(UI)306,以及显示收集到的诸如眼睛结构的图像的信息。
所产生的UF光束6朝向患者眼睛68行进,通过半波片8和线性偏光器10。光束的偏光态可以被调整,从而使得所期望量的光通过半波片8和线性偏光器10,其一起用作为UF光束6的可变衰减器。另外,线性偏光器10的方向确定入射在光束组合器34上的入射光偏光态,由此最优化光束组合器的通量。
UF光束行进通过遮光器12、光圈14和拾取设备16。出于过程和安全的原因,系统受控的遮光器12确保打开/关闭对激光器的控制。光圈设置了对激光束有用的外径,而拾取设备监控有用光束的输出。拾取设备16包括部分反射镜20和检测器18。可以使用检测器18测量脉冲能量、平均功率或其组合。可以使用该信息以反馈至用于衰减的半波片8,并且核实遮光器12是否打开或关闭。此外,遮光器12可以具有位置传感器,以提供冗余状态检测。
光束通过光束调节级22,其中可以修改诸如光束直径、发散度、圆形度和散光的光束参数。在该所示的实例中,光束调节级22包括2元件光束扩展望远镜,其包括球面光学器件24和26,以便于实现所需的光束尺寸和准直。虽然本文中未示出,但是可以使用变形或其它光学系统以实现所期望的光束参数。用于确定这些光束参数的因素包括激光的输出光束参数、系统的整体放大倍率以及在治疗位置处的所期望的数值孔径(NA)。此外,可以使用光学系统22以使光圈14成像至所期望的位置(例如,下文所述的2-轴的扫描设备50之间的中心位置)。这样,确保通过光圈14的光量能够通过扫描系统。随后,拾取设备16进行对可用光的可靠测量。
从调节级22出射之后,光束6反射离开折叠镜28、30和32。出于对准目的,这些镜可以调节。随后,光束6入射在光束组合器34上。光束组合器34反射UF光束6(并且发射下文描述的OCT光束114和瞄准光束202)。为了使光束组合器有效操作,入射角优选保持在45度以下,并且固定光束可能处的偏光。对于UF光束6,线性偏光器10的方向提供了固定的偏光。
在光束组合器34之后,光束6继续行进在z-调整或Z扫描设备40上。在该说明性实例中,z-调整包括具有两个透镜组42和44的伽利略望远镜(每个透镜组包括一个或多个透镜)。透镜组42沿着z-轴围绕望远镜的准直位置移动。这样,患者的眼睛68中光斑的聚焦位置沿着z轴移动,如图所示。一般地,在透镜42的运动和焦点的运动之间存在固定的线性关系。在该情况下,z-调整望远镜具有近似2×光束扩展率,以及透镜42的移动与焦点的移动的1:1关系。作为选择地,透镜组44可以沿着z-轴移动以促使z-调整和扫描。z-调整是用于在眼睛68中进行治疗的z-扫描设备。其可以受到系统的自动和动态控制,并且被选择为独立的或与下文所述的X-Y扫描设备相互影响。可以使用镜36和38,用于将光轴对准z-调整设备40的轴。
在通过z-调整设备40之后,由镜46和48将光束6引导至x-y扫描设备。镜46和48能够被调整以用于对准目的。优选在控制电子装置300的控制下使用两个镜52和54,通过扫描设备50实现X-Y扫描,其使用电动机、检流计或任何其他公知的光学移动设备在垂直方向上旋转。镜52和54位于靠近下述的物镜58和接触透镜66组合的焦阑位置,如下所述。倾斜这些镜52/54,使得它们偏转光束6,引起在位于患者的眼睛68中的UF焦点的平面中侧向位移。物镜58可以是复杂的多元件透镜元件,如图所示,并且由透镜60、62和64指示。透镜58的复杂性将由扫描区域尺寸、聚焦焦点尺寸、物镜58的近侧和远侧上可获得的工作距离以及像差控制量所规定。一个实例是在10mm的区域上产生10μm的光斑尺寸、焦距60mm的f-theta透镜58,其具有15mm直径的输入光束尺寸。作为选择地,由扫描仪50进行的X-Y扫描可以通过使用一个或多个可移动光学元件(例如,透镜,光栅)来实现,所述可移动光学元件经由输入和输出设备302而被控制电子装置300控制。
扫描仪50在控制器300的控制下,可以自动产生瞄准和治疗扫描图案。这种图案可以包括单点光、多点光,连续图案的光、多个连续图案的光、和/或其任意组合。此外,瞄准图案(使用下述的瞄准光束202)不必与治疗图案(使用光束6)相同,但是优选的,至少限定其边界以便出于患者安全性考虑而确保仅在所期望的目标区域中传送治疗光。例如,这可以通过使得瞄准图案提供预期治疗图案的轮廓而实现。这样,可以使得用户即使不知道各个焦点自己的准确位置,也可以知晓治疗图案的空间范围,并且因而最优化扫描的速度、效率和精确性。还可以使瞄准图案作为闪烁被感知,以便于进一步增强其对用户的可视性。
可以使用光学接触透镜66以帮助进一步将光束6聚焦到患者的眼睛68中,同时帮助稳定眼睛位置,所述光学接触透镜66可以是任何合适的眼用透镜。光束6的定位和特性和/或光束6形成在眼睛68上的扫描图案可以进一步通过使用诸如操纵杆的输入设备或其他任何适合的用户输入设备(例如,GUI 304)而被控制,以定位患者和/或光学系统。
可以设置UF激光器4和控制器300以瞄准眼睛68中目标结构的表面,并且确保光束6将聚焦在合适的位置,并且不会意外地损伤非靶组织。可以使用本文中所述的成像形式和技术,诸如举例而言,光学相干断层成像术(OCT)、浦肯雅成像、Scheimpflug成像、或超声,以确定位置,并且测量晶状体和晶状体囊的厚度以向激光聚焦方法提供更好的精确性,包括形成2D和3D构图。使用包括下列的一种或多种方法,还可以实现激光聚焦,所述方法包括直接观察瞄准光束、光学相干断层成像术(OCT)、浦肯雅成像、Scheimpflug成像、超声或其他已知的眼科或医学成像形式和/或其组合。虽然其他形式在本发明的范围中,在图1的实施例中,描述了一种OCT设备100。眼睛的OCT扫描将提供关于晶状体囊前部和后部的轴位置、白内障核的边界以及前房的深度的信息。随后,将该信息装载入控制电子装置300,并且用于编程和控制随后的激光协助的外科手术过程。还可以使用信息以确定涉及手术过程的大量参数,诸如举例而言,用于切割晶状体囊以及分割晶状体皮层和核的焦点平面的上轴限和下轴限、以及晶状体囊的厚度等。
图1中的OCT设备100包括宽带或扫频光源102,其由光纤耦合器104分成参考臂106和采样臂110。参考臂106包括模块108,其包含参考反射以及合适的分散和路径长度补偿。OCT设备100的采样臂110具有输出连接器112,其作为至UF激光系统的其余部分的接口。随后,由耦合器104将从参考臂106和采样臂110返回的信号导向检测设备128,其采用时域、频率或单点检测技术。在图1中,使用频域技术,具有920nm的OCT波长和100nm的带宽。
从连接器112出射之后,使用透镜116准直OCT光束114。由透镜116的焦距确定已准直的光束114的尺寸。由眼睛中的焦点处的所期望的NA以及导向眼睛68的光束串的放大倍率来确定光束114的尺寸。一般地,在焦平面中,OCT光束114不需要具有与UF光束6相同高的NA,因而在光束组合器34的位置,OCT光束114的直径小于UF光束6。在准直透镜116之后是光圈118,其进一步修改眼睛处的OCT光束114的最终的NA。选择光圈118的直径以最优化入射在靶组织上的OCT光以及返回信号的强度。使用可以是主动或动态的偏光控制元件120以补偿例如可能由角膜双折射中的各个差别引起的偏光态改变。随后使用镜122和124以将OCT光束114导向光束组合器126和34。出于对准目的,并且尤其用于将OCT光束114覆盖在光束组合器34之后的UF光束6之上,可以调整镜122和124。相似地,使用光束组合器126以将OCT光束114与下述的瞄准光束202组合在一起。
一旦与在光束组合器34之后的UF光束6组合,OCT光束114沿着与UF光束6相同的路径,通过系统的其余部分。这样,OCT光束114指示了UF光束6的位置。OCT光束114穿过z-扫描40和x-y扫描50的设备,随后穿过物镜58、接触透镜66并且进入眼睛68。从眼睛内部的结构出来的反射和散射提供了返回光束,其折回通过光学系统、进入连接器112,通过耦合器104,并且至OCT检测器128。这些返回的反射提供了OCT信号,它们接着由系统解释为UF光束6的焦点的X、Y、Z中的位置。
OCT设备100的工作原理是,测量其参考臂和采样臂之间的光路长度中的差别。因而,将OCT通过z-调整40,并未延伸OCT系统100的z-范围,这是因为光路长度不作为42的移动的函数进行改变。OCT系统100具有固有的与检测方案相关的z-范围,并且在频域检测的情况下,其尤其与分光计和参考臂106的位置相关。在图1中使用的OCT系统100的情况下,在水相环境中,z-范围近似为1-2mm。将该范围延伸至至少4mm,涉及了OCT系统100中参考臂的路径长度的调整。在采样臂中将OCT光束114穿过z-调整40的z-扫描,允许最优化OCT信号强度。通过将OCT光束114聚焦在目标结构上,同时通过匹配地增加OCT系统100的参考臂106中的路径而调节已延伸的光路长度,而实现上述操作。
因为由于诸如沉浸指数、折射率以及彩色和单色的像差而在OCT测量中关于UF聚焦设备的基本差值,必须考虑用UF光束焦点位置来分析OCT信号。应当进行作为X、Y、Z的函数的校准或配准程序,以便于将OCT信号信息匹配至UF焦点位置以及涉及绝对尺寸量。
还可以使用对瞄准光束的观察以协助用户指导UF激光聚焦。此外,假设瞄准光束精确地表示了红外光束参数,那么代替红外OCT和UF光束,肉眼可见的瞄准光束可能有助于对准。在图1所示的结构中采用了瞄准子系统200。由瞄准光束光源201产生瞄准光束202,诸如运行在633nm波长的氦-氖激光器。作为选择地,可以使用630-650nm范围中的激光二极管。使用氦氖633nm的光束的优点是其长的相干长度,其将允许使用瞄准路径作为激光不相等路径干涉仪(LUPI),以例如测量光束串的光学质量。
一旦瞄准光束光源产生瞄准光束202,使用透镜204来准直瞄准光束202。由透镜204的焦距确定已准直的光束的大小。由眼睛中的焦点处所期望的NA以及导向眼睛68的光束串的放大倍率,决定瞄准光束202的大小。一般地,瞄准光束202应当在焦平面中具有与UF光束6接近相同的NA,并且因而,瞄准光束202具有与在光束组合器34的位置处的UF光束类似的直径。由于在系统对准眼睛的靶组织期间,瞄准光束意于代替UF光束6,大部分瞄准路径模仿如前所述的UF路径。瞄准光束202进行通过半波片206和线性偏光器208。可以调整瞄准光束202的偏光态,从而所期望量的光通过偏光器208。因而,元件206和208用作为用于瞄准光束202的可变衰减器。另外,偏光器208的方向确定入射在光束组合器126和34上的入射偏光态,由此固定偏光态,并且允许最优化光束组合器的通量。当然,如果使用半导体激光器作为瞄准光束光源200,可以改变驱动电流以调整光学功率。
瞄准光束202继续通过遮光器210和光圈212。系统受控的遮光器210提供了瞄准光束202的开/关控制。光圈212设置瞄准光束202的外部有效直径,并且可以被适当地调整。可以使用测量眼睛中的瞄准光束202的输出的校准程序,以经由偏光器206的控制而设置瞄准光束202的衰减。
其次,瞄准光束202通过光束调节设备214。可以使用一种或多种公知的光束调节光学元件来修改诸如光束直径、发散性、圆形度和散光的光束参数。在从光纤中出现瞄准光束202的情况下,光束调节设备214可以简单地包括具有两个光学元件216和218的光束扩张望远镜,以便实现预期的光束大小和准直。根据在眼睛68的位置匹配UF光束6和瞄准光束202所需要的内容来规定用于确定诸如准直度的瞄准光束参数的最终因素。通过适当地调整光束调节设备214,可以考虑色差。此外,使用光学系统214将光圈212成像至所期望的位置,诸如光圈14的共轭位置。
接着,瞄准光束202反射离开折叠镜222和220,它们优选可调整用于精密对准在光束组合器34之后的UF光束6。随后,瞄准光束202入射在光束组合器126上,在其中瞄准光束202与OCT光束114组合。光束组合器126反射瞄准光束202,并且发射OCT光束114,这允许在两个波长范围更有效地运作光束组合功能。作为选择,光束组合器126的发射和反射功能可以颠倒并且结构可以反转。在光束组合器126之后,由光束组合器34将瞄准光束202和OCT光束114一同与UF光束6组合。
图1中示意性地示出用于成像在眼睛68上或内的靶组织的设备,示为成像系统71。成像系统包括照相机74和照明光源86,用于创建靶组织的图像。成像系统71收集图像,图像可以由系统控制器300使用以提供中心围绕或位于预定结构中的图案。用于观察的照明光源86通常是宽带和不相干的。例如,光源86可以包括多个LED,如图所示。观察光源86的波长优选在700nm至750nm的范围中,但是可以是光束组合器56所接受的任何波长,所述光束组合器56将观察光与用于UF光束6和瞄准光束202的光束路径组合(光束组合器56反射观察波长,同时发射OCT波长和UF波长)。光束组合器56可以部分地发射瞄准波长,从而瞄准光束202对于观察照相机74是可见的。在光源86前面的可选的偏光元件84可以是线性偏光器、四分之一波片、半波片或任何组合,并且用于优化信号。如近红外波长产生的假彩色图像是可接受的。
使用与UF光束6和瞄准光束202相同的物镜58和接触透镜66,将来自光源86的照明光引导向下朝向眼睛。反射和散射离开眼睛68中的各种结构的光由相同的透镜58和66收集,并且引导返回朝向光束组合器56。其中,经由光束组合器和镜82将返回的光引导返回进入观察路径,并且引导至照相机74上。照相机74可以是例如但不局限于具有合适尺寸形式的任何基于硅的检测器阵列。视频透镜76将图像形成在照相机的检测器阵列上,同时光学元件80和78分别提供偏光控制和波长过滤。光圈或虹膜81提供了对成像NA的控制,并且因而提供了对聚焦深度和景深的控制。小光圈提供的优点是大的景深,其有助于患者对接过程。作为选择,可以切换照明和照相路径。而且,可以使得瞄准光源200在红外范围内发射,其将不能直接可见但是可以使用成像系统71对其捕获和显示。
通常需要粗调配准,从而当接触透镜66接触角膜时,靶结构处于系统的X、Y扫描的捕获范围中。因而,对接过程是优选的,其优选在系统靠近接触状况(即,患者的眼睛68和接触透镜66之间的接触)时考虑患者的运动。观察系统71被配置成使得聚焦深度足够大,以至于在接触透镜66接触眼睛68之前可以看见患者的眼睛68和其他显著特征。
优选地,将运动控制系统70集成在总控制系统2中,并且可以移动患者、系统2或其元件、或此两者,以实现接触透镜66和眼睛68之间精确和可靠的接触。而且,可以将真空抽吸子系统和凸缘包含在系统2中,并且用于稳定眼睛68。可以在监视成像系统71的输出的同时完成经由接触透镜66将眼睛68对准系统2,并且可以手动执行,或通过借助于控制电子装置300经由IO302以分析成像系统71电子产生的图像而自动执行。还可以使用力和/或压力传感器的反馈以识别接触以及启动真空子系统。
在图2的可选实施例中示出可选的光束组合结构。例如,图1中的被动光束组合器34可以被替换为图2中的主动光束组合器140。主动光束组合器34可以是移动或动态受控元件,诸如检流计扫描镜,如图所示。主动组合器140改变其角度方向,以便于每次一个地将UF光束6或已组合的瞄准光束202和OCT光束114引导朝向扫描仪50并且最终将其引导朝向眼睛68。主动组合技术的优点在于其避免了使用被动光束组合器将光束与相似波长范围或偏光状态组合的困难。该能力折衷了及时地同时具有光束的能力以及由于主动光束组合器140的位置公差引起可能的较差准确性和精确性。
图3中示出了另一可选实施例,其类似于图1的实施例,但是使用了用于OCT 100的可选方法。图3中,除了参考臂106已经被参考臂132代替之外,OCT 101与图1中的OCT 100相同。通过在透镜116之后包括分光器130而实现该自由空间OCT的参考臂132。随后,参考光束132行进通过偏光控制元件134,并且随后进行至参考返回模块136上。参考返回模块136包含合适的分散和路径长度调整和补偿元件,并且产生合适的参考信号,用于与采样信号干涉。现在OCT 101的采样臂出现在分光器130之后。该自由空间结构的可能优点包括单独的偏光控制和参考和采样臂的维持。OCT 101的基于光纤的分光器104还可以由基于光纤的循环器代替。作为选择地,与参考臂136相反,OCT检测器128和分光器130可以一起移动。
图4示出了用于组合OCT光束114和UF光束6的另一可选实施例。在图4中,OCT 156(其可以包括OCT 100或101的结构中的任一个)被配置成使得使用光束组合器152在z-扫描40之后OCT156的OCT光束154耦合至UF光束6。这样,OCT光束154避免了使用z-调整。这允许OCT 156可能更容易地折叠进入光束,并且缩短了路径长度,用于更稳定的操作。如关于图1所讨论的,该OCT结构耗费了已优化的信号返回强度。存在许多可能的OCT干涉计的结构,包括时域和频域方法、单光束和双光束方法、扫频源等,如美国专利No.5748898、5748352、5459570、6111645和6053613中所述(所述文献通过参考被包含于此)。
本发明准备创建切口以允许接近透镜移除仪器,通常称为“白内障切口”。这被示为图5A和5B中所示的患者的眼睛68上的白内障切口402。在这些图中,在眼睛68上形成白内障切口402以提供通过角膜406至晶状体412的通路,同时使瞳孔404扩大。切口402被示出在角膜406中,但是可选择地位于角膜缘408或巩膜410中。可以使切口具有可调整的弧形尺寸(半径和范围)、径向方向和深度。在所有情况下,可能不需要完全切割,例如,诸如在使眼睛对环境开放进一步引起眼内炎的风险之处的未除菌区域。在这种情况中,本发明可以提供白内障切口,其仅局部地穿刺角膜406、角膜缘408和/或巩膜410。系统2中的内在的成像设备还可以提供用于计划切口的输入。例如,成像系统71和/或OCT 100可以识别角膜缘边界,并且指导切口以预定深度沿着该边界。而且,当采用冷钢技术以及保持刀刃笔直以避免切口最终穿刺角膜406和巩膜410时,外科医生通常难以在相对于角膜缘410的正确位置开始切口。这种成角度的切口提供了更大的可能性以具有撕裂状的边缘,并且相当高风险患有眼内炎。
本发明可以利用集成的OCT系统100可以根据角膜缘408和巩膜410之间大的光散射差别相对于角膜406而识别角膜缘408和巩膜410。可以使用OCT设备100对它们直接成像,并且由系统2的CPU 300可以确定和使用从清楚(角膜406)至散射(巩膜410)的过渡(角膜缘408)的位置,以指导激光创建的切口的位置。相应于该过渡的扫描仪位置值定义了角膜缘408的位置。因而,一旦彼此配准,OCT 100可以指导波束6相对于角膜缘408的位置。同样,可以使用该相同的成像方法以识别组织的厚度。因而,可以精确地定义切口的深度以及在组织中的布置。鉴于此,选择OCT设备100的波长优选考虑需要巩膜测量。800-1400nm范围中的波长尤其适于此,因为它们在组织中散射较少(并且穿刺深度约1mm),同时避免由水或以其它方式降低其性能的其他组织成分所引起的线性光吸收。
从眼睛上方直接观察,标准白内障切口通常需要约30°的角膜缘角度。已经示出这种切口平均引起0-1.0D的散光。因而,可能使得实现术后屈光正常更为困难。为了解决散光,本发明还产生散光角膜切除术(AK)切口。通常通过沿着其高陡度轴松弛不对称构形的角膜,使用这种切口矫正散光。与白内障切口类似,可以沿着或靠近角膜缘精确地设置这种松弛切口(RI),并且这些切口已知为角膜缘松弛切口(LRI)。然而,松弛切口仅是局部穿刺切口。它们应当留出至少200μm的组织厚度,以便于维持它们行进的结构完整性。类似地,角膜松弛切口(CRI)是设置在透明角膜组织中角膜缘之前的切口,其同样用于临床的散光矫正。除了特定的临床细节之外,圆周方向和角度范围还受白内障切口的影响。因而,使用本发明,可以与白内障切口协作计划和执行RI,以实现比其它可能更好的视力矫正。为了最优化整个治疗,白内障切口不应当设置在或靠近角膜的高陡度轴。如果这样,传统地仅推荐一个RI。基于临床医生当前采用描述RI的设置和范围的经验观察,存在大量列线图。这些包括但不局限于Donnenfeld、Gills、Nichamin和Koch列线图。
图6示出了如图1中所示的系统2,但是具有子系统以表征患者角膜的散光。特别地,包括X-Y扫描仪50远端的轮廓仪415,以允许连续不受阻地观察患者的眼睛68的角膜。经由波束组合器419将轮廓仪415及其传感器417添加至系统2,并且如图6中所示通过输入/输出总线302连接至系统控制器300。与图1中所述的结构相比,在本实施例中,接触透镜66或其相对于眼睛68的角膜406的设置可能需要修改,或加以补偿,以适合运行的轮廓仪的模式。这是因为轮廓仪415需要角膜处于其自然状态,未被迫接触表面,并且可能符合其形状,以精确地测量角膜406,并且经由输入/输出总线302和控制电子装置300向系统2提供数据用于计算和对准。作为选择地,可以移动接触透镜66使之与眼睛不接触,并且使得系统2的诊断和治疗部分横穿间隙421至眼睛68,如图9所示。随后,在波束6、114和202的调整和配准中必须考虑通过移除接触透镜66而形成眼睛68和系统2之间关系的改变。使用OCT 100以识别角膜406的位置和形状在这方面尤其有用,因为角膜406的反射将提供非常强的信号,使得配准笔直向前。
在本实施例中,可以使用轮廓仪415以指示散光角膜切开术,以矫正患者角膜的形状,以减少其散光。轮廓仪415可以是角膜散光(placido)系统、三角测量系统、激光位移传感器、干涉仪或其它这种设备,其测量也称为表面轮廓的角膜外貌,或者测量角膜的表面垂度(即,矢),作为横穿某一已定义轴的尺寸的函数。该轴通常是眼睛的视轴,但是也可以是角膜的光轴。作为选择地,轮廓仪415可以被替换为波阵面传感器,以更完全地光学表征患者的眼睛。波阵面感测系统测量眼睛的光学系统的像差。用于实现该任务的常规技术是Shack-Hartmann波阵面传感器,其测量从眼睛的瞳孔出射的光的波阵面(固定相的表面)的形状。如果眼睛是理想的光学系统,那么这些波阵面将是很平坦的。由于眼睛不理想,那么波阵面不平坦并且具有不规则的曲线形状。Shack-Hartmann传感器将入射的波束及其整体波阵面分割成子光束,将波阵面分割成单独的小平面,由微透镜将它们每一个聚焦在检测像素的子阵列上。根据每个小平面的焦点撞击其像素的子阵列的位置,那么可以确定局部波阵面倾斜(或斜度)。随后分析所有的小平面一同导致确定总波阵面形式。从理想的总平坦波阵面的这些偏离指示局部化的矫正,其可以形成在角膜表面中。可以由控制器300使用对波阵面传感器的测量值以经由系统中存在的预报算法来自动指示散光角膜切开术,如上所述。
图7示出了这种散光角膜切开术的一种可能结构。在该实例中,示出了眼睛68,并且在角膜406的区域中的多个位置形成一组松弛切口RI 420。同样,如本领域中已知的,在角膜缘408或巩膜410中可以形成这种松弛切口。当角膜是非球形时,存在散光;即,在一条经线中比其他(正交的)经线中更为陡峭。无论散光是“循规性”、“反规性”或斜轴性,确定角膜形状的特性是重要的。在“循规性”的散光中,垂直经线比水平经线更陡峭;在“反规性”散光中,水平经线比垂直经线更陡峭。角膜缘松弛切口(LRI)是对散光角膜切开术(AK)的修正,是治疗散光的一种手术过程。LRI设置在角膜的远外周方面上(角膜缘),形成更圆形的角膜。减少散光,并且改善了未矫正的视力。LRI可以矫正散光高达8屈光度(D);然而,使用LRI当前通常预备用于矫正0.5-4D的散光。虽然与角膜松弛切口(CRI)相比,LRI是功能较差的矫正程序,但是LRI产生更少的术后眩目和更少的患者不适。此外,这些切口恢复更快。与CRI不同,在角膜缘形成切口维持了角膜的理想光学品质。LRI还是更可靠的手术过程,即使在早期案例中,外科医生通常也获得极好的结果。
使用列线图可以确定松弛切口420的所期望的长度、数量和深度。起始点列线图可以通过LRI的长度和数量来用滴定法测量外科手术。然而,长度和设置可以根据外貌和和其他因素而改变。目标是减少圆柱形光功率,并且绝对地避免过度纠正循规性散光,这是因为应当最小化反规性散光。形成在巩膜、角膜缘或角膜中的松弛切口通常用在循规性散光和低的反规性散光的情况。当结合反规性散光使用松弛切口时,可以将LRI稍稍移入角膜中,或者作为选择地,可以设置LRI与巩膜、角膜缘或角膜中的另一松弛切口相对。对于具有循规性散光或斜轴性散光的患者而言,暂时形成松弛切口,并且将LRI设置在陡峭的轴上。应当对于角膜的外貌定制LRI的设置。在不对称散光的情况下,最陡峭的轴上的LRI可以稍稍延长,并且在较平坦的两条陡峭轴上缩短相同量。成对的LRI无需形成在相同的经线上。具有低(<1.5D)反规性散光的患者在陡峭的经线上仅接收单一LRI,被设置成与白内障切口相对。然而,如果散光大于1.5D,那么应当使用一对LRI。在反规性散光的情况下,可以在白内障切口中包括一对LRI。LRI的长度不受白内障切口的存在的影响。使用当前方法难以精确地执行这些。在低的循规性散光情况下,在90°形成单一6-mm LRI(0.6mm的深度)。在循规性散光情况中(如果白内障切口是暂时的,并且LRI在上方),LRI可以独立于白内障切口。
而且,与必须从外侧开始并且向内切割的传统冷钢外科手术方法创建切口不同,使用光源用于形成这些切口允许从内侧向外形成RI 420并且因此更好地保持了组织的结构整体性,并且限制了撕裂和感染的风险。而且,使用系统2的成像和扫描特征,可以自动形成白内障切口402和松弛切口420。可以产生一对治疗图案,其形成切口402和420,因而对这些切口的绝对和相对定位提供了更精确的控制。按序或同时施加该对治疗图案(即,可以将该对治疗图案组合成形成两类切口的单一治疗图案)。为了正确地对准治疗光束图案,使用指示治疗图案将投射的位置的可见光,可以首先将来自系统2的瞄准光束和/或图案投射在靶组织上。这允许外科医生在实际应用治疗图案之前,调整和确认该治疗图案的尺寸、位置和形状。之后,使用系统2的扫描能力可以将二维或三维治疗图案快速施加至靶组织上。
使用常规技术不可获得的用于创建用于白内障切口402的可选几何形状的专用扫描图案也是可能的。图8中示出了一个实例。示出了白内障切口402的可选几何形状的横截面视图,其具有斜面特征430。斜面特征430可以有助于伤口恢复、封口或锁闭。利用系统2的三维扫描能力,可以精确和迅速地实现这种三维白内障切口402。虽然示出了斜面切口,使用本发明允许许多这种几何形状,并且处于本发明的范围中。如前所述,示出切口402位于角膜406中,但是可以作为选择地位于角膜缘408或巩膜410中。
对于如挡在诸如角膜缘或巩膜的外部大部分区域中形成切口时的大区域,可以使用特定接触透镜。该接触透镜可以是前房角镜或透镜。透镜不需要直径对称。可以仅延伸透镜的一部分以到达眼睛的较外部区域,诸如角膜缘408和巩膜410。通过正确地旋转专用透镜到达任何靶位置。
应当理解,本发明不局限于上述和本文中所示的实施例,而是包括落入附属权利要求书的范围中的任何和所有改变。例如,本文中本发明的参考文献并不意于限制任何权利要求书的范围或权利要求项的范围,但是作为代替地,仅参考一个或多个权利要求所覆盖的一个或多个特征。图1、3和4中所示的扫描仪50下游的所有光学元件形成光学元件的传送系统,用于将光束6、114和202传送至靶组织。可以想到,根据系统的所期望特征,在传送系统中可以省略一些或甚至大部分所示的光学元件,其仍然可靠地向靶组织传送已扫描的光束。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于切割患者的眼睛(68)中的靶组织的光束扫描系统(2),所述光束扫描系统包括:
UF激光光源(4),被配置为发送包含多个激光脉冲的激光光束(6);
成像设备(100),被配置为产生能够用于形成眼睛组织的图像的信号,所述眼睛组织包括所述患者的眼睛的角膜、角膜缘和巩膜;
扫描仪(40,50),能够操作以使所述激光光束的焦点扫描所述患者的眼睛内的不同位置;以及
控制器(300),操作地耦合至所述UF激光光源、所述成像设备、和所述扫描仪,并且被配置为:
(a)操作所述成像设备以扫描所述眼睛组织从而产生用于所述靶组织的成像数据;
(b)使用所述成像数据以限定第一切口图案和第二切口图案,所述第一切口图案用于切割白内障切口,所述第二切口图案用于切割用于减少散光的一个或多个松弛切口;以及
(c)操作所述UF激光光源和所述扫描仪以使所述激光光束以所述第一切口图案扫描,其中,基于所述成像数据通过所述控制器引导所述激光光束的所述焦点,以使所述激光脉冲切割所述角膜或角膜缘中的所述白内障切口;
(d)操作所述UF激光光源和所述扫描仪以使所述激光光束以所述第二切口图案扫描,其中,基于所述成像数据通过所述控制器引导所述激光光束的所述焦点,以使所述激光脉冲在至少一个所述角膜缘和所述巩膜内切割所述一个或多个松弛切口,从而减少散光。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,其中UF激光光源和扫描仪被配置为操作以使所述激光脉冲切割所述白内障切口,从而使所述白内障切口仅局部地穿刺所述角膜或角膜缘。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,其中UF激光光源和扫描仪被配置为操作以使所述激光脉冲切割所述白内障切口,从而使所述白内障切口形成弧形的形状。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,其中UF激光光源和扫描仪被配置为操作以使所述激光脉冲通过沿着所述角膜的高陡度轴松弛所述角膜来切割所述松弛切口。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,其中UF激光光源和扫描仪被配置为操作以使所述激光脉冲切割所述白内障切口,从而使所述白内障切口不设置在或者靠近所述角膜的高陡度轴。
6.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,其中UF激光光源和扫描仪被配置为操作以使所述激光脉冲切割所述白内障切口,从而使所述白内障切口具有斜面。
7.根据权利要求1所述的光束扫描系统,还包括用于测量所述患者的眼睛的所述角膜的表面轮廓的轮廓仪,其中,所述控制器使用所测得的角膜表面轮廓限定所述第二切口图案,从而治疗所述患者的眼睛的散光。
8.根据权利要求7所述的光束扫描系统,其中所述轮廓仪被布置在所述扫描仪的远端,以允许连续不受阻地观察所述患者的眼睛的所述角膜。
9.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,还包括波阵面传感器以光学表征所述患者的眼睛,其中,所述控制器被配置为使用通过所述波阵面传感器得到的所述患者的眼睛的测量值限定所述第二切口图案,从而治疗所述患者的眼睛的散光。
10.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,其中至少一个所述一个或多个松弛切口不穿过(a)所述靶组织的前表面和(b)所述靶组织的后表面中的至少一个。
11.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,其中所述一个或多个松弛切口包括在所述患者眼睛的角膜缘和巩膜中的至少一个内的多个离散的切口。
12.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,其中所述一个或多个松弛切口中的至少一个被从内向外切割。
13.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,其中所述扫描仪包括X-Y扫描设备和Z-扫描设备,所述Z-扫描设备能够操作以沿着大体对齐所述激光光束的z-轴移动所述激光光束的焦点,所述X-Y扫描设备能够操作以横向于所述z-轴移动所述激光光束的焦点,其中所述激光光束传播通过所述X-Y扫描设备之前先传播通过所述Z-扫描设备。
14.根据权利要求13所述的光束扫描系统,其中,所述成像设备包括产生OCT光束的光学相干断层成像术(OCT)设备,所述OCT光束通过Z-扫描设备聚焦并且通过X-Y扫描设备扫描。
15.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的光束扫描系统,其中所述成像设备包括光学相干断层成像术(OCT)设备。
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