CN104133936B - The method for considering to calculate each position lightning strike probability of construction of structures when the object of periphery - Google Patents
The method for considering to calculate each position lightning strike probability of construction of structures when the object of periphery Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The method for considering to calculate each position lightning strike probability of construction of structures when the object of periphery.The present invention simplifies thunder and lightning environment complicated in the Nature, according to electric geometry method, the probability that one point of absolute flat big ground is struck by lightning is set as a lightning stroke unit, any one of calculates on building the probability size that position is struck by lightning accordingly.Specific method be by the three-dimensional space where building according to certain partition of the scale be space lattice, according to formula K=A*G3/ R is calculated, wherein K is the lightning stroke multiplying power at some position on building, A corresponds to the quantity of the R/I lightning strike spot at the position, and G is the size (unit: rice) of grid, and R is ball radius (unit: rice).The invention also provides the concepts of equivalent intercept volume, it is indicated that, equivalent intercept area is compared, it is more scientific rationally that a possibility that building is by lightning stroke is measured with equivalent intercept volume, and give two kinds of possible definition modes of equivalent intercept volume.
Description
Technical field
The invention patent is that (object can be building, structures or other any be higher than for a kind of consideration surrounding objects
The facility or device for having fixed position on ground) when quantitatively calculate building (including structures united below for simplicity
Referred to as building) the method for probability be struck by lightning of different parts, be suitable for lightning protection industry, for Building Engineering Design
Institute, weather bureau, autonomous regions and municipalities lightning protection center, lightning protection company, lightning protection Ban Deng relevant unit to building carry out Lightning Strike Risk Evaluation,
Design, examination and the detection work of thunderstorm electricity protective device.
Background technique
Thunder and lightning is to threaten one of maximum natural calamity to building.The year estimated number of lightning strokes for calculating building is lightning stroke
The important composition link of risk assessment and lightning protection work.According to National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB50057-2010
" Code for design of lightning protection of buildings " (hereinafter referred to as GB50057) and GB50343-2012((hereinafter referred to as GB50343)) rule
Fixed, the year of building expects that the calculation formula of number of lightning strokes is as follows:
N=k × Ng × Ae(formula 1)
In equation 1,NIt is the year estimated number of lightning strokes of building；kIt is correction coefficient, is generally taken as 1； NgIt is building
The annual density (abbreviation CG lightning density) of their location lightning stroke the earth；AeIt is number of lightning strokes identical as building intercept on ground
Equivalent intercept range (hereinafter referred to as intercept range) area (equivalent intercept area, abbreviation intercept area).Meter about Ae
It calculates, GB50057 and GB50343 are provided: the building of cuboid form, the plan view such as attached drawing of intercept range on the ground
It is the rectangle that a quadrangle is fillet shown in 1, the length of the round rectangle isL+2D, width isW+2D, the half of four fillets
Diameter isD, intercept area is calculated according to the following formula:
Ae = [ L×W + 2(L+W)×D + πD 2 ]×10-6 (formula 2)
In formula 2:L、W、DIt is length, width and expansion width (unit: rice) of cuboid building respectively；
The expansion width of so-called buildingD, refer to the intercept range of building and its peripheral extent phase on the ground
Than the width expanded away.Expand width with the height of buildingHAnd become；When the height of buildingHWhen less than 100 meters, press
Following equation obtainsD:
D=[H×(200-H ) ] 0.5(formula 3)
When the height of buildingHWhen equal to or more than 100 meters, obtained by following equationD:
D=H(formula 4)
The above are the regulations in GB50057 and GB50343.Have in different standard or specifications to the definition for expanding width
Institute is different, such as regulation in GB21714.2 " lightning protection part 2: risk management ": no matter the height of building is how many,
Expand width all in accordance with the height value of three times, i.e., is obtained by following equationD:
D=3H(formula 5)
Since the definition for expanding width is different, so same seat building, according to different standards or proper calculation
Intercept area, obtained result may be different.In order to distinguish, the intercept area Ae table in GB50057 and GB50343
Show, and intercept area is indicated with Ad in GB21714.Here general to be referred to as intercept area without clearly distinguishing Ae and Ad.Below
The case lifted is carried out according to the definition Ae in GB50057 and GB50343.
Above description is the calculation formula of the intercept area for the building that shape is cuboid；Cuboid building is also named
Regular building can apply formula directly to calculate its intercept area；It is not the asymmetric buildings of cuboid for shape
Object, none unified formula calculate its intercept area, is generally drawn with CAD or the mode of computer software modeling is counted
It calculates, Computing Principle is the same.
Above description is the contents in national standard.Intercept area is used to measure the lightning stroke wind that building can suffer from
Danger, in general, under the premise of not considering other factors, intercept area and thunderbolt risk are directly proportional, sections of building
Receipts area is bigger, and thunderbolt risk is bigger.But in turn, the big building of thunderbolt risk, intercept area is but not necessarily big,
This example below such as:
The problems of current national standard: one
Fujian Hakka dwelling has a kind of traditional residence be Tulou or enclose room, and the formalness of this building is just seemingly
It is circular (also having a rectangular but more rare) castle, as shown in Fig. 2.The structure of Tulou is more peculiar, periphery
One circle be it is highest, have a height of five or six floors, and intermediate part is not high, usually square or one-storey house.Inside Tulou
Situation is as shown in Fig. 3.
Assuming that there is such Tulou, the height that annulus is enclosed on periphery one is 20 meters, and the outer diameter of annulus is 80 meters, and internal diameter is
50 meters；Due to the building of 20 meters of height, its expansion width is 60 meters, and the intercept range greater than the internal diameter of annulus, therefore Tulou exists
Projection on ground is one complete round (rather than annulus), which is+20*3=140 meter R=80,
Circular area is π * R2=61575 square metres.Here it is the intercept areas of the Tulou.
It is now assumed that the Tulou was built up after many years, the residents of Tulou are determined because of acute housing shortage in Tulou annulus institute
The central area encircled creates a seat height building again, and height is 100 meters, and length and width is respectively 40 meters.This seat height building build up with
Three-dimensional configuration afterwards is as shown in Fig. 4.According to the regulation of GB50057 and GB50343, due to height for 100 meters building its
Expanding width is also 100 meters, not departing from the intercept range of original Tulou, so after having created hundred meters of high buildings of this seat,
High building and the intercept area of Tulou entirety are still 61575 square metres.That is, after newly-built hundred meters of high buildings, intercept area
There is no any variation.
Certainly, if according to the regulation in GB21714.2, highly for 100 meters of building, its expansion width is 300 meters,
Its intercept area just increases in this way, but this problem is still likely to occur on the Tulou of other sizes, is not just gone to live in the household of one's in-laws on getting married here
It states.
Recited above is a virtual case.In real life, for conservation of historic buildings and fire-fighting etc.
Requirement, creating thing as a seat height building inside the Tulou can not occur, but come from the angle of technology to this
It is inquired into, is also necessary.
There is the reason of this problem
It, will from this case it can be found that whether only individually calculating original Tulou, or after building up high building
High building and Tulou calculate as a whole, and obtained intercept area is identical under both of these case.In other words, no
It is with or without such seat height building by the centre of this Tulou, intercept area is the same, without any variation.
But has a problem in that the height of original Tulou only has 20 meters, the height for building up the later building entirety of high building is significantly increased
To 100 meters, the risk being struck by lightning unquestionably is considerably increased, but thunderbolt risk is measured with intercept area, but
There is no any variation.This is problematic certainly.
In fact, measuring the size of thunderbolt risk with intercept area, the correctness of this way is to establish a hypothesis
Under the premise of establishment: assuming that the density of lightning stroke the earth is unrelated with the building on ground, in other words, no matter the building on ground
Object quantity and height degree, CG lightning density will not be all affected by.Under the premise of this assumes to set up, building is high
Intensive region is spent, although there are many quantity of building, its intercept range is overlapped, and therefore, total intercept area is simultaneously
Do not increase, CG lightning density does not also increase, therefore thunderbolt risk is constant, such as the case of Tulou described above.
Above this assume it is clear that mistake.By the observation of lightning positioning system all over the world, send out
Existing: the density for the earth that is struck by lightning is actually subjected to the influence of the building on ground, and in general, the building quantity in region is got over
More, height is higher, then the CG lightning density in the region is bigger；Same one piece of region, is a piece of vacant lot before non-Development control area,
High building stands in great numbers after building up, develop front and back CG lightning density who it is high who is low, be unquestionable.Therefore, with the big of intercept area
It is small to measure thunderbolt risk, it is problematic.
The basic reason for generating this problem is: the thunderbolt risk that building is subjected to is occurred in three-dimensional space
, and intercept area is the concept of a planar.The thunder of measurement 3 D stereo is removed with the concept of a planar
Risk is hit, it is undoubtedly insufficient incomplete.This is a problem present in current national standard.
The problems of current national standard: two
In addition, existing national standard the probability (abbreviation strike mechanism) that each position of building is struck by lightning can not be carried out it is quantitative
It calculates.
About the probability of lightning stroke building, there are some basic common sense, such as: building is higher, and the probability being struck by lightning is just
It is bigger；The probability that building different parts are struck by lightning is different, and the probability that the top of building is struck by lightning is greater than its underpart；
If there is a higher object on side, and the probability that building is struck by lightning can reduce, etc..These are basic conventional wisdom is that unquestionable
, the technical staff for being almost each engaged in Thunder Protection is well known to this.
Although these are basic conventional wisdom is that correctly, it is qualitative rather than quantitative that these statements, which are ambiguous,.Than
Such as, in the case of the above-mentioned Tulou, thunderbolt risk is measured with intercept area, it is clear that is unsuccessful；Building
Does is top lightning strike probability greater than lower part, but specific big how many? how to measure? when there is higher building on side, lightning strike probability
Can decline, but specific decline how much? how to calculate? about these problems, existing standard or specification is not provided with one
The method that lightning strike probability can be quantitatively calculated.
GB50057 has this of interest and attempts to solve these problems, and building is listed in Appendix B vulnerable to lightning stroke
Position, such as attached plan view shown in fig. 5, (a) on the left side are the flat roof decks of a rectangle, (b) on the right be a gradient not
Double-slope roof greater than 1/10.For both roofings, four rooms angle is the highest position of strike mechanism, is secondly four rooms
Eaves；In the case where the gradient of double-slope roof is relatively more slow (in easy flights in 1/10), although its ridge is highest portion on roof
Position, but be not subject to be struck by lightning.
Attached drawing 6 is the plan view that the gradient is greater than 1/10 but the double-slope roof less than 1/2, the both ends at four rooms angle and ridge
It is the highest position of strike mechanism, followed by eaves and ridge.
The plan view for the double-slope roof that attached drawing 7 is the gradient not less than 1/2, four rooms angle, ridge both ends most vulnerable to thunder
It hits, is secondly ridge and the eaves positioned at eminence；Since the gradient is steeper, two eaves that this roofing is located at lower are not subject to
Lightning stroke,.
By above description it can be found that the strike mechanism of building different parts is divided into three grades by GB50057, from
It is high to Low to be respectively: strike mechanism highest, vulnerable to lightning stroke, not vulnerable to lightning stroke, and according to these three grades to common flat roof and
The case where roofing of double building on the top of slope objects, is analyzed.
This classification method of GB50057, there is following problems:
For the gradient of inclined roof, be only divided into three kinds of situations (less than 1/10, be greater than 1/10 and less than 1/2, be greater than 1/2) be
It is obvious inadequate；
The form of building has very much, is far above flat roof and saddle roof both forms, GB50057 is to other forms
Building do not account for；
Other than the protruding parts such as room angle, eaves, ridge, the roofing of building may also be by lightning stroke (although it is struck by lightning
Rate is smaller), but GB50057 does not account for this；
GB50057 does not account for the influence of other buildings on periphery to the strike mechanism of this building yet；Even moreover,
The same position of same building building, the probability by the lightning stroke of varying strength are also different.According to actual observation, thunder and lightning
Stream is exponentially distributed according to its intensity size, and the lightning stroke probability of happening of high current is small, and the lightning stroke probability of happening of low current is big, therefore
When we say lightning strike probability, it is contemplated that the intensity of lightning current.
Therefore, this classification method of GB50057, it is essentially and qualitative variable amount of.
The above is the Second Problem described in us, i.e., existing national standard can not quantitatively calculate the thunder at each position of building
Hit probability.
Background knowledge
Some problems present in current national standard are described above, introduce our solution below.It is first
The introduction of some background knowledges.
In modern lightning protection theory, according to rolling ball method (the Rolling Sphere of electric geometry method foundation
Method) be direct lightning strike protection theoretical basis, principle is exactly to simulate a big ball, along building outer surface roll, when
Sphere only touches arrester or only touches arrester and ground, and when can not touch some position of building, then it is assumed that
The position obtains the protection of arrester.
The lightning protection classification of building is different, and the ball radius of use is also different, corresponds respectively to different intensity of lightning current.
Ball radius R is listed on page 36 of 2010 editions of IEC62305-1 and the calculation formula of intensity of lightning current I is as follows:
The * of R=10 I0.65
This formula may also indicate that are as follows: I=(R/10)1.54 (formula 6)
Above in this formula, R is ball radius, and the last flashover distance (referred to as lightning stroke away from) of lightning stroke, unit are
m；I is corresponding intensity of lightning current, unit kA.Since the contents of the present invention and rolling ball method relationship are little, hereinafter, R
Refer to lightning stroke away from.
According to formula above, available corresponding relationship of the lightning stroke away from R Yu intensity of lightning current I, as shown in the table:
Corresponding relationship of the lightning stroke of table 1 away from R Yu intensity of lightning current I
| Building lightning protection classification | Lightning stroke is away from R(meters) | Intensity of lightning current I(kA) |
| First kind protection of buildings against lightning | 30 | 5.4 |
| Second class protection of buildings against lightning | 45 | 10.1 |
| Third class protection of buildings against lightning | 60 | 15.8 |
| The open storage grounds such as grain, cotton | 100 | 34.7 |
Intensity of lightning current corresponding with R is I, and hereinafter, intensity of lightning current I is equal to (R/10) by us1.54 Thunder
It dodges and is referred to as R/I lightning.
The above is relevant background knowledge, and here is the particular content of our innovation and creation.
Summary of the invention
Based on above-mentioned theory basis, we have proposed consider to calculate each position lightning strike probability of construction of structures when the object of periphery
Method.In this method of concrete application, need to simplify atmosphere thunder and lightning environment, here is three assumed conditions:
Assuming that one: in outdoor atmospheric environment, any one spatial point generate lightning a possibility that be all interpretable；
This is simplified, it is assumed that any one spatial point all can produce lightning；We will generate this spatial point of lightning
Referred to as play flash-point；
Assuming that two: any one distribution situation for playing the intensity of the lightning current of lightning produced by flash-point be all it is computable,
In other words, predictable；This is simplified, it is assumed that any one rise flash-point generate lightning a possibility that be all identical, institute
The distribution situation of the intensity of lightning current of the lightning of generation is also identical, that is to say, that all flash-points that rise all are identical；
Assuming that three: any one plays any one lightning caused by flash-point, it is assumed that its intensity of lightning current is I, therewith phase
Corresponding lightning stroke is away from for the * of R=10 I0.65, then playing the periphery of flash-point at this, longitudinal separation is less than the spatial dimension of R up and down
Interior, if there is having building or ground (including object on ground, such as trees etc.), then this plays R/I caused by flash-point
Lightning will beat on the building or ground distance, and this rises on that nearest point (being known as connecing flash-point) of flash-point；If in distance
Exist in the spatial dimension of R without building or ground, then this plays R/I lightning caused by flash-point and will send out with other flash-points
It dodges and is consumed between raw cloud, any one will not be got to and connect on flash-point.In other words, any one plays R/ caused by flash-point
I lightning, if distance be R spatial dimension in connect flash-point with the presence of one or more if, it will beat apart from recently
One connects on flash-point.
Note that it is above-mentioned it is multiple connect flash-point, be not necessarily and belong to same solitary building.That is, if
Rising near flash-point has more solitary buildings and when distance is both less than R, and R/I lightning can beat connecing in a nearest building of distance
On flash-point.
Above three hypothesis are simplified thunder and lightning environment complicated in the Nature, it is of course also possible to according to it is certain
The law of nature or rule known considers increasingly complex situation.For example, first it is assumed that some conditions can be increased, it is specified that
Lightning can not occur in the spatial dimension apart from ground how many height, or, it is specified that under which type of meteorological condition not
Lightning may occur；Article 2 is it is assumed that can specify that a possibility that each flash-point generates lightning and its height apart from ground
It is directly proportional, alternatively, related with some meteorological element (such as: atmospheric gas pressure, air humidity, atmospheric electric field intensity etc.) at that time；
Article 3 is it is assumed that can specify that each a possibility that connecing flash-point reception lightning connects the soil resistivity in region locating for flash-point with this
Size is related etc..Such additional conditions can enumerate many items, if all enumerating and by each, it will non-
Normal cumbersome and hello prolixity, simultaneously as in atmospheric environment up to the present the mechanism of production of thunder and lightning does not have there are also many problems
It makes clear, it is technically and infeasible.
For purpose that is theoretical and giving top priority to what is the most important is simplified, we herein do not examine these more complicated situations
Consider, is accounted for only according to simplest situation.We gradually go deep into after being not precluded with various aspects research, to us
The possibility of some additional conditions is added in the calculation method invented, however, be to use simple or complicated assumed condition,
Whether certain additional conditions are added, do not affect the integrality and independence of our this invention.
Under the premise of above three hypothesis are set up, the probability that each position is struck by lightning on building is can to calculate
Out.Do not considering the institutes such as each position electric conductivity of weather, meteorological condition, geography, soil, humidity, atmospheric environment, building
Under the premise of having other correlative factors, this lightning strike probability only has with the spatial shape of building itself and its surrounding building
It closes.
Basic conception: lightning stroke and connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power at unit
Before further progress elaboration, a basic concept is first introduced: lightning stroke unit.
Assuming that a piece of absolutely flat the earth, unpatrolled, there is no any building or trees on ground, can recognize at this time
It is all identical for the probability that any point on ground is struck by lightning.According to above three it is assumed that on ground any point hang down
Generated R/I lightning in the range of straight overhead distance R, all will beat on this aspect of ground, in other words, flat big ground it is every
A point can receive all R/I lightnings occurred in the range of its vertical overhead distance R, such as: apart from 30 meters of ground
Current strength caused by each flash-point in range is not less than the lightning current of 5.4kA, all will beat in a flash-point vertical lower
Ground on, and play the lightning current for being not more than 5.4kA caused by flash-point other than 30 meters of ranges, will not beat on the ground；
Similarly, the lightning current of 15.8kA is not less than caused by each flash-point within the scope of 60 meters of ground, all will beat in a flash-point
On the ground of vertical lower, and the lightning current no more than 15.8kA occurred other than 60 meters of ranges, it will not beat on the ground.Show
It is intended to as shown in Fig. 8.
Sudden strain of a muscle characteristic is connect as each point of flat big ground has, can will be located at flat big ground
The probability that is struck by lightning of a point, referred to as one lightning stroke unit.Lightning stroke unit is the basic unit for measuring lightning strike probability.Root
According to lightning stroke unit, the concept of lightning stroke multiplying power can be further obtained.Lightning stroke multiplying power indicates that some point is by a possibility that lightning stroke
How many lightning stroke units are in other words how many times of an a possibility that point of flat big ground is by lightning stroke.Lightning stroke multiplying power
It can be referred to as to connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.
Connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power can be used to a possibility that intuitively measuring lightning stroke of some point by some intensity of lightning current, such as
Some point is 10 to the sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that connects of R/I lightning, indicates that a possibility that this point is struck by lightning by R/I is 10 lightning stroke units, or
Person says, is equivalent to a point of flat big ground by 10 times of the R/I probability being struck by lightning.It connects and dodges multiplying power and can be greater than 1, it can also be with
Less than 1, it might even be possible to be 0, for example, the point inside interior of building or basement, connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is exactly 0.It connects and dodges multiplying power extremely
It is less 0, it is impossible to less than 0.
Note that while N times mentioned here connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power, the intercept area of this point in a way can be understood as
It is equivalent to the intercept area of the N number of point in flat big ground, still, since the point on mathematical concept is not no area, point and point
Between be unable to the size of reference area, so, for the point on mathematical concept, connect that dodge multiplying power be not no unit.
But in fact, in description below us it can be seen that, if by building in a grid formation come if indicating,
Then a point mentioned here is not the point on mathematical concept, refers to a position on building in fact, is to have area
's.In this case, connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is also to have unit, and unit is also area, and a unit area is exactly a grid
Area.
Total year of a certain panel region of being struck by lightning estimated number of lightning strokes and the average of each point of this panel region connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power
It is related, theoretically for, the two is directly proportional.Assuming that we can obtain sufficiently large absolute flat big of a piece of area
Ground, in this, as benchmark (referred to as benchmark the earth), in addition there are also one piece of regions, other other than the planarization on ground is different
Various aspects condition (weather, meteorology, geographical environment, geologic(al) factor etc.) is all identical with benchmark the earth.Assuming that many years of benchmark the earth
Annual lightning stroke the earth density be N0, the latter annual lightning stroke the earth density be N1, then it is known that the latter's each point
Average connect that dodge multiplying power be N1/N0.
But this is theoretic.In fact, due in modern society depth of building it is intensive, want to obtain a piece of area foot
Enough big absolute flat the earth are substantially impossible as benchmark, if any, also different surely accurate observation
To the annual thunderbolt frequency of its many years.Moreover, between different regions, the various aspects such as weather, vegetation, geographical environment, soil
Factor is impossible to identical, can not carry out such comparison.Thus connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is a theoretic numerical value, is
The reference value that the spatial shape of consideration building is obtained without considering other factors.
It is studied by the case of a flagpole and connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power: the analysis of three kinds of situations
We connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power further to study.Assuming that there is a flagpole, height is h meters, is established alone one
The absolutely flat big ground of piece.Study the upper point in top (referred to as flagpole top) of this root flagpole to R/I lightning below
Connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.Several situations can be divided into discuss respectively:
Situation one: if the height h=0 of this root flagpole, which is exactly a point of flat big ground in fact, should
The case where probability that point is struck by lightning is exactly a lightning stroke unit, receives R/I lightning is as shown in Fig. 8.
Situation two: if the height h of this root flagpole is greater than 0 but is less than R, at this time using ground as X-axis, with flagpole sheet as Y
Axis can draw out the sectional view of the attractive volume on flagpole top, as shown in Fig. 9.The attractive volume on flagpole top, in three-dimensional space
In form be similar to a pan form, the bottom of a pan be circle, the circular center of circle is flagpole top, and circular radius is exactly
The height h of flagpole；We calculate the fitting equation of pot edge below:
On sectional view, with the basic point (intersection point of flagpole and ground) of flagpole for origin, horizontal direction is X-axis, vertical side
To for Y-axis, then the coordinate on flagpole top is (0, h).According to three above us it is assumed that in order to guarantee that connecing for flagpole top dodges space
Thunder and lightning caused by each interior flash-point is got on flagpole top rather than on ground, the point within the pot edge of pan to flagpole
The distance on top is closer than the distance to ground, similarly it is found that point other than pot edge to flagpole top distance than arrive ground away from
From remote.Since pot edge is the line of demarcation in pot outside pot, each point (coordinate x, y) on pot edge to flagpole top (coordinate 0,
H) distance is equal to each point on pot edge to the vertical range (y) on ground, according to the song of the available pot edge of this known conditions
Line equation, as follows:
(x-0)2 + (y-h)2=y2(formula 7)
Being simplified can obtain: x2 – 2hy + h2=0, here it is the fitting equation of pot edge in sectional view.The curve
It is divided into left and right two, is located at the two sides of Y-axis, bilateral symmetry, arising from the bottom of a pan of pan, (i.e. straight line y=h, wherein h is flag
The height of bar), it upwardly extends respectively, until meeting straight line y=R.
Straight line y=R is the line of demarcation of pan and pot cover.Pot cover is the top half of the attractive volume on flagpole top.Due to
The distance on point to flagpole top within pot cover is less than ball radius R, and the distance of the point other than pot cover to flagpole top is greater than R, therefore
It is recognised that this pot cover is exactly using flagpole top as the centre of sphere, using a part of the R sphere established by radius, i.e. height
Part higher than R.Y=R is substituted into formula 7, x=± (2hR-h can be obtained2)0.5, here it is pot edge on sectional view and pot covers
Separation x coordinate.
Obtained pan calculated above is mutually closed with spherical pot cover, obtained space body is exactly that flagpole top is opposite
Connecing for R/I lightning is answered to dodge region (being also attractive volume).The R/I lightning occurred in this region, all will beat on flagpole top.
This space is referred to as to the R/I lightning space on flagpole top, these being located in this space are played into flash-point and are referred to as flagpole top
R/I lightning rise flash-point.
The concept of attractive volume once lifted in other people document, for example Kang Chunhua is " based on attractive volume
In a building lightning stroke characteristic research " text, describes according to attractive volume and predict the strike mechanism of single building in groups of building
With the method for the lightning stroke characteristic of entire group；Shao Yi describes utilization far away from " research of building lightning strike probability characteristic " text
Attractive volume is come the method for predicting to calculate the lightning strike probability of building, and still, in the research of forefathers, " attractive volume method can only
The lightning strike probability ... ... for calculating building entirety, can not distinguish the lightning strike probability at each position of building ".And we
Creativity and innovation can calculate the lightning strike probability at each position of building although related with attractive volume.
Situation three:, can be using flagpole top as the centre of sphere, with ball radius when the height h of this root flagpole has been more than ball radius R
R is radius, and a sphere is obtained in three-dimensional space, this sphere is clipped lower half portion, leaves behind top half, such as
Shown in attached drawing 10.Here the concept of pan described above can also be borrowed, only this pan does not have pot edge, pot
Bottom radius is R.
Since this third situation is more representative, below we specially discuss to such case.It is set forth below
All calculated examples lifted, carry out both for such case.
It discusses for the third situation therein
The spatial dimension of known half of sphere on this, is exactly the R/I lightning space on flagpole top, generates in this space
R/I lightning, all will beat on flagpole top.We can calculate flagpole top accordingly and connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power for R/I lightning.Assuming that flagpole
Top be a small ball (be referred to as small ball below, pays attention to and the differentiation of the sphere in R/I lightning space), radius r, then on
The surface area of half small ball is 4 π r2/ 2=2 π r2 , the volume of upper half of roundlet ball is 2 π r3/3；Corresponding to flagpole top
R/I lightning space sphere radius be R+r, volume be 2 π (R+r)3/3；Then on the surface of small ball top half
Any point is connect the surface area for dodging multiplying power for the hemispheroidal volume in lightning space divided by upper half of roundlet ball by R/I lightning stroke:
〔 2π(R+r )32 π r of/3-3/3 〕/ 2πr2 =((R+r)3- r3 〕/ 3r2
=(R3+3R2r+3Rr2+r3- r3)/3r2 =(R3+3R2r+3Rr2)/3r2
According to calculating formula above, it is assumed that the radius of the small ball in flagpole top is 0.1 meter, then available different R/I thunder
In the case where sudden strain of a muscle the small ball in flagpole top take up an official post anticipate any connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power:
The small ball in flagpole top connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power under the different R/I lightning of table 2
| Ball radius R | Corresponding intensity of lightning current I | Connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power |
| 100 | 34.7 | 334334 |
| 60 | 15.8 | 120601 |
| 45 | 10.1 | 67951 |
| 30 | 5.4 | 30301 |
It can be found that the intensity of lightning current of R/I lightning is smaller from upper table, flagpole top is got over by the R/I probability being struck by lightning
It is small, such as: (correspond to intensity of lightning current 5.4kA) connecing when dodging multiplying power and there was only 100 meters of ball radius when ball radius is 30 meters
0.09 or so of (corresponding intensity of lightning current 34.7kA)；That is, flagpole top for high current be struck by lightning connect dodge effect to get well
Sudden strain of a muscle effect is connect in what is be struck by lightning to low current, the phenomenon that risk of shielding failure observed in this and real work is also to match.
So-called risk of shielding failure, when exactly setting up defences according to some lightning protection classification, intensity of lightning current is lower than the R/I lightning of the category
Lightning may still be got on protected object around arrester, for example, when setting up defences according to third class protection of buildings against lightning, ball radius R
=60 meters, the current strength of R/I lightning is 34.7kA, then lightning of the intensity lower than 34.7kA may still be got to around arrester
On building.
We continue to discuss below.As the radius r that the intensity of lightning current of R/I lightning is fixed value and the small ball in flagpole top
When for underrange, the case where being calculated, is listed as follows:
Sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is connect when the radius r of the 3 small ball in flagpole top of table is underrange
| Ball radius R | The small crown radius r in flagpole top | R/I connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power |
| 60 | 0.1 | 120601 |
| 60 | 0.2 | 30301 |
| 60 | 0.5 | 4921 |
| 60 | 1 | 1261 |
By upper table it can be found that being that point connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power on the small ball in flagpole top due to discussed here, so, when
When R/I lightning is fixed, the radius r of the small ball in flagpole top is bigger, then certain point is got over by the R/I probability being struck by lightning on small ball
It is small；It is well understood that when r increases, the surface area of the small ball in flagpole top increases this point, then in contrast wherein certain point by
The probability of lightning stroke just reduces (certainly, since the surface area of small ball also increases, so small ball is as a whole by thunder
There is no reductions for the probability hit, instead increased).It assume that a kind of extreme situation, the radius of the small ball in flagpole top becomes
It is extremely big as the big radius with the earth, then the probability that any point is struck by lightning on its surface is just and flat big
Ground ground is the same, and connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is 1, that is, only one lightning stroke unit.Certainly as a whole for, so as the earth
Big object, the probability being struck by lightning are very very big (in fact, all the time, having lightning to exist on earth surface
Occur incessantly).
It is discussed above, not instead of the small ball in flagpole top as a whole connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power, upper surface is taken up an official post meaning
Any connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power, is the discussion of academic attitude.Because the point on mathematical concept is not no area, no matter how
Small flagpole, such point has numerous on flagpole top.In fact, since flagpole top can not be made very big (even again
High flagpole again greatly, although its bottom may be made very sturdy, flagpole top is all very little), table such for flagpole top
For the object of area very little, as long as it is struck by lightning, regardless of thunder is beaten on which is put, all entire flagpole top will be caused to damage
Evil, so, the discussion of academic attitude has little significance, and the way in practical application is should be by entire flagpole top as a whole
Consider, in other words, entire flagpole top is calculated as a point.In the case where this practical application, described one
Point refers to some position on building or structures in fact, at this time the point in abbreviation practical application.It is noted that sum number
Notional point is learned mutually to distinguish.
It is calculated with the method for grid
In practical applications, the solid space of flagpole and its periphery can be divided into space lattice one by one, Mei Gekong
Between grid replaced with its central point, then each space lattice is respectively calculated.Grid is noted that when grid division
Size cannot be too big, can not be too small.If the size of space lattice is too big, although the time needed for calculating is less,
It is that the result calculated can be relatively thicker；If size is too small, although the result calculated can be more accurate, needed for calculating
Time can be relatively more, in addition, for the small articles as the flagpole top, size too it is small be it is not all right, if the size of grid
Less than the size on flagpole top, then flagpole top can be divided into multiple and different points, therefore, it is small that size of mesh opening cannot be less than flagpole top
The size of ball, while being also noted that and the small ball in flagpole top be not divided into different grids, just may be implemented in this way by
The purpose that entire flagpole top considers as a point.Both division modes as shown in Fig. 11 are all wrong.
Division for size of mesh opening, ununified regulation, user can flexibly grasp this according to their own needs
Scale.Under normal circumstances, it is proposed that divided according to 1 meter of mesh scale.
When being struck by lightning below to calculate away from R=60 meter under different size of mesh opening flagpole top as a whole connect sudden strain of a muscle again
Rate.Since this Comparision is cumbersome, it is therefore preferred that being carried out with the mode of software programming, specific method is by flagpole top week
The three-dimensional space enclosed stamps grid (size of grid is G) according to different sizes, then judges each grid respectively
Central point to flagpole top distance whether less than 60 meters, if it does, then thinking that this grid belonged to flagpole top connects sudden strain of a muscle
Space；Each grid is successively calculated, if belonging to connecing for flagpole top dodges space, its sum plus one finally may know that
How many grid is to belong to connecing for flagpole top to dodge space in total, and sum is indicated with lightning stroke points A.Following table can be obtained:
What 4 gridding of table was calculated connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power (at R=60 meters)
| Size of mesh opening G | Belong to the R/I lightning stroke points A on flagpole top | K=A*G3/R |
| 60 | 3 | 10800 |
| 20 | 66 | 8800 |
| 15 | 150 | 8550 |
| 10 | 509 | 8500 |
| 5 | 3846 | 8025 |
| 4 | 7401 | 7888 |
| 3 | 17354 | 7812 |
| 2 | 57944 | 7724 |
| 1 | 457717 | 7629 |
| 0.5 | 3641673 | 7586 |
| 0.25 | 29049549 | 7565 |
| 0.1 | 453064165 | 7551 |
| 0.05 | 3622120243 | 7546 |
In upper table it can be seen that, the number for playing flash-point with being gradually reduced for size of mesh opening G, in the attractive volume of flagpole top
Amount A is gradually increased, and in the case that this point is it is well understood that size of mesh opening is small, the quantity of grid is naturally just more.It is, therefore, apparent that not
Flagpole top can be directly indicated with numerical value A connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.
It is known that the sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that connects on flagpole top all should be one solid regardless of according to which type of size grid division
Definite value.After study, it has been found that use parameter K=A*G3/ R come indicate to connect dodge multiplying power be suitable.In upper table, with net
The gradually diminution of lattice size G, parameter K gradually restrain, and are finally intended to a fixed value；Therefore, it can be indicated with this parameter K
Flagpole top connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.If size of mesh opening G is taken as 1 meter, this formula can also be reduced to K=A/R, and here it is on building
The calculation formula for connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that some point is struck by lightning relative to R/I.
From upper table it is also found that since A is not no unit, the unit of G and R are all rice, so lightning stroke multiplying power K=
A*G3The unit of/R is square metre.In other words, for the point in practical application, what is represented due to it is some in construction of structures
There is surface area at position, and also usable area indicates the unit for multiplying power of being struck by lightning at this time, and a lightning stroke unit is exactly a unit
The flat the earth of area；It is struck by lightning multiplying power, the lightning strike probability for exactly indicating here is equivalent to the flat the earth of how many a unit areas.
Certainly, for the point in mathematical concept, since it is not no area, so lightning stroke multiplying power is also no unit
's.Pay attention to distinguishing.
From calculating above it is also found that dodging multiplying power according to actual connect that mesh space is calculated with theoretical value and being
Fairly close, such as: in table 3, when the radius of the small ball in flagpole top is 0.1 meter, the sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that connects at any point is thereon
120601, the surface area of upper half of roundlet ball (without the concern for lower half of roundlet ball) is 2 π r at this time2=2*3.14*0.01=
0.0628 square metre, so it is 120601*0.0628=7573 that multiplying power is dodged in total the connecing of upper half of roundlet ball, this is theoretical value；
And in table 4, according to 0.1 meter of size of mesh opening, the sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that connects being calculated is 7551, this is actual value.Theoretical value and reality
Actual value is fairly close (error only has 3/1000ths), illustrates our theory and calculation method is to stand the test of practice.
It is implemented with the method for software programming
The only very simple small ball in flagpole top of a form calculated above connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.More for form
There is the case where other buildings on complicated building or structures and periphery, also can calculate building not with this method
Sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is connect with position.It is substantially impossible to calculate by hand since this calculating process is very cumbersome, so best
It is realized with the mode of software programming, the specific method is as follows:
Other buildings of this solitary building and periphery are measured and modeled respectively, then according to certain grid ruler
Very little G divides the three-dimensional space on building and periphery, and each space lattice is replaced with a spatial point.
At least available in this way two set P and Q, are the set of spatial point.Wherein, set P is entire three-dimensional vertical
The set of each spatial point in body space is a finite set.
If a currently only solitary building, the set for forming each spatial point of this solitary building is exactly set Q, is shown
So, Q set is a subset of P set.
If there is a more than solitary building, a set can be established respectively to every solitary building, be referred to as Q1,
Q2 ..., Qn set.At this point, Q1, Q2 ..., Qn set be all P set subset, but not any intersection between each other.
Such operation is carried out to each of P set spatial point p: successively counting each of each Q set point one by one
Q finds out a nearest point q of distance p, if the distance between p and q are less than ball radius R, then it is assumed that this spatial point of p is
Belong to the attractive volume of q, one will be increased corresponding to the quantity of the attractive volume point of q.
P set is counted one by one after finishing, attractive volume point corresponding to each point q in available each Q set
Quantity, that is, belong to the quantity A of the R/I lightning flash-point of each q point, and then available parameter K=A * G3/ R, just
It is that this position of building representated by this point of q connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power for R/I lightning.
The sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power that connects for all spatial points for forming a solitary building is added up, a data TotalK is obtained, this
Sample, under the premise of the solitary building is by being struck by lightning, the probability that lightning stroke is beaten at some position of building be exactly K/
TotalK；If the probability that the solitary building is struck by lightning is X, the probability that this position of building is struck by lightning is exactly X*
K / TotalK；If the year of the solitary building estimated number of lightning strokes is N, the estimated lightning stroke time of the year at this position of building
Number is exactly N * K/TotalK.
Above to calculate, in the case where size of mesh opening is smaller, calculated result is more accurate, but the corresponding spent time
It is more.
Since each Ground flash has a corresponding intensity of lightning current, if having passed through long-term observation, grasp
The distribution situation of the intensity of lightning current of the Ground flash in some region, then can lightning stroke accordingly to each position of building it is general
Rate carries out more accurate calculate.Here the distribution situation of so-called intensity of lightning current refers to lightning current different in the region
Respectively shared ratio is how many to the Ground flash of intensity.It is analyzed by long-term observation and scientific and reasonable data, it is available
The distribution situation of local intensity of lightning current.
It is known that the same point under different intensity of lightning current, connect dodge multiplying power be it is different, such as table 2 above
It is shown.Assuming that region locating for building, the intensity of lightning current that locality is occurred is generally all bigger, then obviously for flagpole top
It is located at the object of eminence in this way, connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is object relatively high, and that those are in lower position, connects sudden strain of a muscle times
Rate is just more lower, and difference between the two can be very big；But if the intensity of lightning current that the region occurs is generally all smaller,
Then difference between the two may not be just very big.It therefore, can the ratio according to shared by the Ground flash of different intensity of lightning current
It is weighted and averaged to sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power is connect accordingly, connects sudden strain of a muscle times according to obtained from the distribution situation of local intensity of lightning current in this way
Rate, referred to as comprehensive connects sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.Comprehensive connecing dodges multiplying power more close to local actual conditions.
The thunderbolt risk of building is measured with equivalent intercept volume
At the same time, the concept of equivalent intercept volume can also be obtained.According to the case of Tulou described above, we
It is known that due to lightning stroke occur in three-dimensional space, measured with equivalent intercept area building by
A possibility that lightning stroke, be it is defective, in contrast, measured with the equivalent intercept volume of 3 D stereo, it is more particularly suitable.
So-called equivalent intercept volume is the equivalent volume of the identical number of lightning strokes of building intercept in three-dimensional space,
Its numerical value unit is volume, cubic meter.Equivalent intercept volume it can be appreciated that intercept body volume.We are in previous application
Patent of invention (patent No.: once introduced the concept of intercept body in 201210182588.8).
The calculation method of equivalent intercept volume can there are many, here is two kinds of possible methods:
Define one: the definition with equivalent intercept area matches.For the isolated building of flat big ground, from building
The ground of the edge each point (being highly set as H) of top perimeter outward is projected according to certain slope H/D, obtains a sky
Mesosome, the space body is using ground as bottom surface, and using the top surface of building as top surface, side is in the face collectively constituted using each incident line
Face, the volume of the space body are exactly the equivalent intercept volume of building.About the slope H/D of the incident line, in different specifications
Can have in different regulations, such as GB50057 and GB50343 and provide, when the height H of building is less than 100 meters:
D=[H × (200-H)] 1/2
When the height H of building is equal to or more than 100 meters:
D=H
It is provided in GB21714.2, no matter H is how many, is all:
D=3H
In three above formula, H is the height of building upper top each point, and D is obtained when projecting outward from top each point
Expansion width, H/D is exactly the slope of the incident line, and the slope is different under different formula, but ineffective which is public
Formula calculates, and the definition of equivalent intercept volume is all the volume for the intercept body that each incident line is surrounded.Attached drawing 12 is one
The sectional view of the intercept body of seat cuboid building, attached drawing 13 is the perspective view of the intercept body of certain cylindrical construction object.
The equivalent intercept body obtained according to this method, intercept range specified in projection, that is, national standard on the ground.
Define two: assuming that having a spatial point p in the space that building periphery is above the ground level, if on p to building
The distance at any point is less than lightning stroke away from R, then this spatial point p just belongs to the intercept body of the building, is total to by all these p points
With the intercept body of composition building, volume is exactly equivalent intercept volume.Attached drawing 14 is that a certain seat cylinder defined like this is built
The perspective view of the intercept body of object is built, form is similar to the return capsule of spaceship.
If spatial point p nearby has a more than building, the distance of p point to these buildings is both less than R, in this feelings
Under condition, the shortest distance of these buildings is arrived according to p point respectively to judge, nearest from which building, then p point just belongs to this
The intercept body of building.In this way, the intercept body of different buildings can be divided in the case where building is intensive
Boundary, having allowed for periphery in calculating intercept volume has the case where other buildings.
As for R, different lightning strokes away from when can have different definition, for example, when setting up defences according to first kind protection of buildings against lightning,
R=30 meters；Second class protection of buildings against lightning, R=45 meters；Third class protection of buildings against lightning, R=60 meters, etc..In different lightning protection grades
Under, the size of R is different, and corresponding R/I lightning is also different, and obtained equivalent intercept volume is also different.
Therefore, when calculating equivalent intercept volume according to the method, clearly corresponding R/I lightning is needed.It is specific when calculating, it can be with
It is calculated with the method for grid, if it is known that the quantity for playing flash-point for belonging to the R/I lightning of certain building is A, size of mesh opening
For G, then A*G3It is exactly the equivalent intercept volume of this building.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the plan view of the intercept range of cuboid building on the ground；
Fig. 2 is that the outdoor scene outside Kakkas and their Earthen Building is shone；
Fig. 3 is that the outdoor scene inside Kakkas and their Earthen Building is shone；
Fig. 4 is the perspective view for covering the later Tulou of high building；
Fig. 5 is position (1) of the building vulnerable to lightning stroke；
Fig. 6 is position (2) of the building vulnerable to lightning stroke；
Fig. 7 is position (3) of the building vulnerable to lightning stroke；
Fig. 8 is a lightning stroke unit on flat geodetic ground；
Fig. 9 is that connecing for flagpole top of the height lower than R dodges space；
Figure 10 is that connecing for flagpole top of the height higher than R dodges space；
Figure 11 is two kinds of wrong ways for dividing space lattice；
Figure 12 is the sectional view of the first intercept volume of cuboid building；
Figure 13 is the perspective view of the first intercept volume of cylindrical construction object；
Figure 14 is the perspective view of second of intercept volume of cylindrical construction object.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of method of the lightning strike probability for each different parts for calculating construction of structures, including to construction of structures itself and periphery
The process that other objects are measured and modeled, characterized in that this method meets following three assumed condition:
Assuming that one: in outdoor atmospheric environment, any one spatial point generate lightning a possibility that be all it is interpretable, to this
Simplified, it is assumed that any one spatial point all can produce lightning, this spatial point for generating lightning is referred to as
Flash-point；
Assuming that two: any one distribution situation for playing the intensity of the lightning current of lightning produced by flash-point is all computable, or
It says, it is predictable；This is simplified, it is assumed that any one rise flash-point generate lightning a possibility that be all it is identical, it is produced
Lightning intensity of lightning current distribution situation it is also identical, that is to say, that all flash-points that rise all are identical；
Assuming that three: any one plays any one lightning caused by flash-point, it is assumed that its intensity of lightning current is I, is corresponded
Lightning stroke away from for R=10*I0.65, then on the periphery for playing flash-point, longitudinal separation is less than in the spatial dimension of R up and down, if
There are building or ground, then this rise R/I lightning caused by flash-point will beat on the building or ground distance this
On that nearest point of flash-point, which is known as connecing flash-point；If without building or ground in the spatial dimension of distance R
Face exists, then this plays R/I lightning caused by flash-point and will dodge and be consumed between other flash-points generation clouds, will not get to
Any one connects on flash-point；
Using a point on absolute flat geodetic ground by a possibility that lightning stroke as a basic unit, by building certain
A point compares therewith by a possibility that lightning stroke, measures a possibility that each different parts of building are by lightning stroke with this
Size；The form of construction of structures itself and periphery object is indicated in the form of a grid, the size of grid can be in a certain range
Interior variation represents this grid position locating on building with the central point of each grid, with formula K=A*G3/ R is counted
The each different parts for calculating building connect sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power to what R/I was struck by lightning, and wherein R is lightning stroke away from A corresponds to the R/ at this position
I lightning plays the quantity of flash-point, and G is size of mesh opening.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, being characterized in probability and thunder and lightning that each different parts of building are struck by lightning
Intensity of flow I is related, according to formula R=10*I0.65Lightning stroke when available different intensity of lightning current is away from R, according to different
Lightning stroke calculates lightning strike probability away from R.
3. each spatial point generates lightning according to the method described in claim 1, feature assumes that in outdoor atmospheric environment
A possibility that and current distributions be computable.
4. any one plays R/ caused by flash-point according to the method described in claim 1, feature assumes that in atmospheric environment
I lightning, if having in the spatial dimension that its peripheral distance is R it is one or more not necessarily belong to same solitary building connect sudden strain of a muscle
Point exists, it will beats and connects on flash-point away from nearest one；If not connecing flash-point in the spatial dimension that distance is R to deposit
, it will occur to dodge between cloud, will not get on any one building or ground.
5. according to the method described in claim 1, be characterized in by form a solitary building all spatial points connect dodge multiplying power into
Row is cumulative, obtains a data TotalK, then under the premise of the solitary building is by being struck by lightning, lightning stroke is beaten in a certain of building
The probability at a position is exactly K/TotalK；If the probability that the solitary building is struck by lightning is X, which is struck by lightning general
Rate is exactly X*K/TotalK；If the year of the solitary building estimated number of lightning strokes is N, the year at this position of building is estimated
Number of lightning strokes is exactly N*K/TotalK.
6. according to the method described in claim 1, being characterized in the Ground flash of the region difference intensity of lightning current according to locating for building
Respectively shared ratio is dodged multiplying power and is weighted and averaged to connecing for each position of building, to obtain comprehensive connecing sudden strain of a muscle multiplying power.
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| CN105760694B (en) * | 2016-03-10 | 2018-09-11 | 吉林建筑大学 | A kind of equivalent area computational methods of the identical number of lightning strokes of building intercept |
| CN106570241A (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2017-04-19 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Method and system for adjusting layout of lightning arrester of ultra high voltage direct current converter station |
| CN107451329B (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-11-05 | 山东大学 | Scale wind power plant space optimization method for arranging based on lightning protection |
| CN108052702B (en) * | 2017-11-23 | 2021-07-20 | 上海无线电设备研究所 | Lightning partitioning method based on lightning shortest path space geometric topology principle |
| CN109241693B (en) * | 2018-11-15 | 2023-07-21 | 中国船舶重工集团海装风电股份有限公司 | Method for measuring and calculating lightning protection level of wind generating set |
| CN110189405B (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2023-05-23 | 重庆市勘测院 | Live-action three-dimensional modeling method considering building density |
| CN111913073B (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2023-06-13 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Fuzzy positioning method and device for lightning strike faults of 10kV distribution line |
| CN114638427A (en) * | 2022-03-28 | 2022-06-17 | 武汉雷光数字科技有限公司 | Lightning protection method for ancient buildings based on risk identification |
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