CA2461368A1 - Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser - Google Patents
Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2461368A1 CA2461368A1 CA 2461368 CA2461368A CA2461368A1 CA 2461368 A1 CA2461368 A1 CA 2461368A1 CA 2461368 CA2461368 CA 2461368 CA 2461368 A CA2461368 A CA 2461368A CA 2461368 A1 CA2461368 A1 CA 2461368A1
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- mask
- cladding
- core
- absorbing material
- electromagnetic radiation
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Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 25
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract 27
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract 25
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 13
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract 9
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 claims 26
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002840 optical waveguide grating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Landscapes
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
A novel Bragg grating filter in optical waveguiding fiber with suppressed cladding mode coupling and method of producing same is disclosed. The novel grating structure is induced in both the core and the cladding of the optical fiber irrespective of the photosensitivity of the core or cladding to actinic radiation. Such core and cladding of the optical fiber need not be chemically doped to support the grating. The method incorporates an ultra short duration pulse laser source. Electromagnetic radiation provided from the laser propagates to a diffractive element positioned a specific distance to the target material such that the diffracted electromagnetic radiation forms a 2-beam interference pattern, the peaks of which are sufficiently intense to cause a change in index of refraction.
Claims (27)
1. A method for inducing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern in an at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, comprising the steps of:
providing the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material;
disposing a mask to be used as an interferometer, adjacent to the partially light transmissive or absorbing material such that light incident upon the mask is transmitted directly into said material; and, irradiating surface of the mask with electromagnetic radiation having a predetermined wavelength range and having a pulse duration of less than or equal to 500 picoseconds, wherein the mask is disposed to permit a portion of the electromagnetic radiation to interact with the mask and be incident on the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the mask for producing a spatial intensity modulation pattern within the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, the electromagnetic radiation incident on the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material being sufficiently intense to cause a change in an index of refraction of the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, wherein electromagnetic radiation interacting with the surface of the mask has a sufficiently low intensity to not significantly alter produced spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
providing the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material;
disposing a mask to be used as an interferometer, adjacent to the partially light transmissive or absorbing material such that light incident upon the mask is transmitted directly into said material; and, irradiating surface of the mask with electromagnetic radiation having a predetermined wavelength range and having a pulse duration of less than or equal to 500 picoseconds, wherein the mask is disposed to permit a portion of the electromagnetic radiation to interact with the mask and be incident on the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the mask for producing a spatial intensity modulation pattern within the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, the electromagnetic radiation incident on the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material being sufficiently intense to cause a change in an index of refraction of the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material, wherein electromagnetic radiation interacting with the surface of the mask has a sufficiently low intensity to not significantly alter produced spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
2. A method of inducing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern as defined in claim 1 wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is a cladding of an optical waveguide and wherein the step of the mask is disposed to permit a portion of the electromagnetic radiation to interact with the mask and be incident on the cladding, the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the mask for producing a spatial intensity modulation pattern within the cladding, the electromagnetic radiation incident on the cladding being sufficiently intense to cause a change in an index of refraction of the cladding, the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the surface of the mask having a sufficiently low intensity to not significantly alter produced spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
3. A method of providing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern in at least a partially transmissive or absorbing material, as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of disposing a mask to be used as an interferometer includes the steps of disposing and orienting the mask adjacent to the at least partially transmissive material at a distance "d"
such that group velocity walk-off results in pure 2-beam interference within the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material when irradiated with a pulse of light of less than or equal to 100 picoseconds, wherein the distance "d" is chosen such that the difference in times of arrival of the order pairs due to group velocity walk-off results in the pure 2-beam interference pattern of subbeams of said pulse of light that have passed through or reflected off of the mask.
such that group velocity walk-off results in pure 2-beam interference within the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material when irradiated with a pulse of light of less than or equal to 100 picoseconds, wherein the distance "d" is chosen such that the difference in times of arrival of the order pairs due to group velocity walk-off results in the pure 2-beam interference pattern of subbeams of said pulse of light that have passed through or reflected off of the mask.
4. An optical waveguide grating comprising:
a core having a refractive index n1;
a cladding provided around an outer periphery of said core, said cladding having a refractive index n2 different than the refractive index n1 of said core, wherein the cladding is not substantially photosensitive to actinic radiation (UV); and, a grating written in the cladding.
a core having a refractive index n1;
a cladding provided around an outer periphery of said core, said cladding having a refractive index n2 different than the refractive index n1 of said core, wherein the cladding is not substantially photosensitive to actinic radiation (UV); and, a grating written in the cladding.
5. A method, as defined in claim 1 for inducing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern in an at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material wherein said material is an optical waveguide having a cladding and a core and wherein the modulated refractive index pattern is a blazed grating.
6. A method as defined in claim 2 wherein the spatially modulated refractive index pattern is a grating and wherein a grating is also written in a core of the optical waveguide.
7. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the grating in the core and the grating in the cladding is contiguous and extends across a boundary between the cladding and the core along a cross-section of the waveguide.
8. An optical waveguide as defined in claim 7, wherein the grating extending through a cross section of the core and the cladding is substantially uniform, said grating for reflecting a component of light propagating through said core having a predetermined wavelength.
9. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is an optical fiber and wherein the optical fiber comprises an external jacket layer and wherein in the step of providing electromagnetic radiation, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation propagates from the diffractive optical element through the external jacket layer.
10. A method as defined in claim 2 where the cladding comprises more than one cladding region.
11. A method according to claim 6 wherein the grating structure in the core and cladding is larger than the cross-section of the fundamental guided mode where the coupling coefficient between core and cladding modes is near zero
12. A method according to claim 6 where the optical waveguide is an optical fiber, wherein the grating structure in the core and cladding is larger than the cross-section of the LP01 guided mode where the coupling coefficient k01,µv between core and cladding modes is near zero.
13. A method according to claim 2 where said cladding is not photosensitive to actinic UV
radiation.
radiation.
14. An optical waveguide according to claim 1 where said at least partially transmissive or absorbing material is an optical waveguide and wherein the modulated refractive index pattern is in a fusion region of a fused biconic tapered coupler.
15. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is a tapered optical fiber.
16. A method according to claim 3, wherein the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material is an optical waveguide having a core and a cladding.
17. A method according to claim 1, comprising the step of providing a laser source and a focusing element, the laser source for providing the electromagnetic radiation, wherein the focusing element focuses electromagnetic radiation provided by the laser source to a region near a surface of the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material such that said electromagnetic radiation does not significantly alter the spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
18. A method according to claim 1, comprising the step of providing a laser source and a focusing element, the laser source for providing the electromagnetic radiation, wherein the focusing element is optically disposed between the laser source and the mask, the focusing element for focusing electromagnetic radiation provided by the laser source to a region near a surface of the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material such that said electromagnetic radiation does not significantly alter the spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
19. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein during the step of providing electromagnetic radiation, the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material and the beam are relatively moved so as to extend the grating.
20. A method for inducing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern in at least a partially transmissive material or absorbing, comprising the steps of:
providing the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material;
disposing and orienting a mask adjacent to the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material at a distance "d" such that group velocity walk-off results in at least 2-beam interference within the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material when irradiated with a pulse of light of less than or equal to 100 picoseconds, wherein the distance "d" is chosen such that the difference in times of arrival of the order pairs due to group velocity walk-off affects the number of interfering order pairs to produce an at least 2-beam interference pattern of subbeams of said pulse of light that have passed through or reflected off of the mask;
irradiating the mask with pulsed light having a duration of less than 100 ps to generate the index modulated pattern in the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material.
providing the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material;
disposing and orienting a mask adjacent to the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material at a distance "d" such that group velocity walk-off results in at least 2-beam interference within the at least partially transmissive or absorbing material when irradiated with a pulse of light of less than or equal to 100 picoseconds, wherein the distance "d" is chosen such that the difference in times of arrival of the order pairs due to group velocity walk-off affects the number of interfering order pairs to produce an at least 2-beam interference pattern of subbeams of said pulse of light that have passed through or reflected off of the mask;
irradiating the mask with pulsed light having a duration of less than 100 ps to generate the index modulated pattern in the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material.
21. An optical waveguide having a grating formed in the core and cladding of the waveguide, wherein the grating is substantially uniform and contiguous from the core and into the cladding made by the method of claim 20, and wherein the spatially modulated refractive index pattern defined in claim 20 forms the grating.
22. A waveguide as defined in claim 21, wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is SMF-28 optical fiber.
23. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is a crystal.
24. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is a sapphire optical fiber, the sapphire optical fiber having an induced index change for providing a single-mode core, the single-mode core for propagating electromagnetic radiation at a design wavelength.
25. A method as in claim 1 where in the mask is a phase mask.
26. A method of inducing a spatially modulated refractive index pattern as defined in claim 1 wherein the at least partially light transmissive or absorbing material is a core of an optical waveguide and wherein the step of the mask is disposed to permit a portion of the electromagnetic radiation to interact with the mask and be incident on the core, the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the mask for producing a spatial intensity modulation pattern within the core, the electromagnetic radiation incident on the core being sufficiently intense to cause a change in an index of refraction of the core, the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the surface of the mask having a sufficiently low intensity to not significantly alter produced spatial intensity modulation properties of the mask.
27. An optical waveguide according to claim 26 where said core is not photosensitive to actinic UV radiation.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2461368A CA2461368C (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2004-03-19 | Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
| US11/104,545 US20050232541A1 (en) | 2003-08-01 | 2005-04-13 | Optical fiber sensor based on retro-reflective fiber bragg gratings |
| US11/243,193 US7379643B2 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2005-10-05 | Optical fiber sensor based on retro-reflective fiber Bragg gratings |
| US12/169,920 US7689087B2 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2008-07-09 | Method of changing the birefringence of an optical waveguide by laser modification of the cladding |
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US45618403P | 2003-03-21 | 2003-03-21 | |
| US60/456,184 | 2003-03-21 | ||
| CA2436499A CA2436499C (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2003-08-01 | Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
| CA2,436,499 | 2003-08-01 | ||
| US10/639,486 | 2003-08-13 | ||
| US10/639,486 US6993221B2 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2003-08-13 | Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
| EP03405845.3 | 2003-11-26 | ||
| EP03405845.3A EP1460459B1 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2003-11-26 | Method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
| US54594904P | 2004-02-20 | 2004-02-20 | |
| US60/545,949 | 2004-02-20 | ||
| CA2461368A CA2461368C (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2004-03-19 | Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2461368A1 true CA2461368A1 (en) | 2004-09-21 |
| CA2461368C CA2461368C (en) | 2012-07-31 |
Family
ID=32996408
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2461368A Expired - Lifetime CA2461368C (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2004-03-19 | Bragg grating and method of producing a bragg grating using an ultrafast laser |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2461368C (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7689087B2 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2010-03-30 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada | Method of changing the birefringence of an optical waveguide by laser modification of the cladding |
| US8272236B2 (en) | 2008-06-18 | 2012-09-25 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada | High temperature stable fiber grating sensor and method for producing same |
| US10132994B2 (en) | 2014-04-03 | 2018-11-20 | Universite Laval | Writing of high mechanical strength fiber Bragg gratings through the polymer coating of an optical fiber |
-
2004
- 2004-03-19 CA CA2461368A patent/CA2461368C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7689087B2 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2010-03-30 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada | Method of changing the birefringence of an optical waveguide by laser modification of the cladding |
| US8272236B2 (en) | 2008-06-18 | 2012-09-25 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada | High temperature stable fiber grating sensor and method for producing same |
| US8402789B2 (en) | 2008-06-18 | 2013-03-26 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada | High temperature stable fiber grating sensor and method for producing same |
| US10132994B2 (en) | 2014-04-03 | 2018-11-20 | Universite Laval | Writing of high mechanical strength fiber Bragg gratings through the polymer coating of an optical fiber |
| US10845533B2 (en) | 2014-04-03 | 2020-11-24 | UNIVERSITé LAVAL | Writing of high mechanical strength fiber bragg gratings using ultrafast pulses and a phase mask |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2461368C (en) | 2012-07-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20240319 |