CA2279668C - An electric heating device for a vehicle window parapet - Google Patents
An electric heating device for a vehicle window parapet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2279668C CA2279668C CA002279668A CA2279668A CA2279668C CA 2279668 C CA2279668 C CA 2279668C CA 002279668 A CA002279668 A CA 002279668A CA 2279668 A CA2279668 A CA 2279668A CA 2279668 C CA2279668 C CA 2279668C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- heating device
- vehicle according
- profiled strip
- heat
- vehicle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/02—Internal Trim mouldings ; Internal Ledges; Wall liners for passenger compartments; Roof liners
- B60R13/0237—Side or rear panels
- B60R13/0243—Doors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
- B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
- B60H1/2227—Electric heaters incorporated in vehicle trim components, e.g. panels or linings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J10/00—Sealing arrangements
- B60J10/20—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape
- B60J10/26—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape characterised by the surface shape
- B60J10/265—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape characterised by the surface shape the surface being primarily decorative
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J10/00—Sealing arrangements
- B60J10/20—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape
- B60J10/27—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape having projections, grooves or channels in the longitudinal direction
- B60J10/273—Sealing arrangements characterised by the shape having projections, grooves or channels in the longitudinal direction for enclosing or housing devices for purposes other than sealing, e.g. cables
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J10/00—Sealing arrangements
- B60J10/60—Sealing arrangements characterised by defrosting arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J10/00—Sealing arrangements
- B60J10/70—Sealing arrangements specially adapted for windows or windscreens
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
- B60N2/56—Heating or ventilating devices
- B60N2/5678—Heating or ventilating devices characterised by electrical systems
- B60N2/5685—Resistance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
- B60N2/75—Arm-rests
- B60N2/78—Arm-rests post or panel mounted
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/02—Internal Trim mouldings ; Internal Ledges; Wall liners for passenger compartments; Roof liners
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/02—Internal Trim mouldings ; Internal Ledges; Wall liners for passenger compartments; Roof liners
- B60R13/0206—Arrangements of fasteners and clips specially adapted for attaching inner vehicle liners or mouldings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/02—Internal Trim mouldings ; Internal Ledges; Wall liners for passenger compartments; Roof liners
- B60R13/0237—Side or rear panels
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
- Automobile Manufacture Line, Endless Track Vehicle, Trailer (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
- Seal Device For Vehicle (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
A vehicle is described having a window parapet (2) on the inside of the vehicle and a profiled strip (3) which is fixed on said parapet, having the unusual feature of an electric heating device being arranged in the window parapet region.
Description
. .",a.
An Electric Heating Device for a Vehicle Window Parapet The invention relates to a vehicle having a window parapet an the inside of the vehicle and a profiled strip which is fixed on said parapet.
In the interior of vehicles, a window parapet which is on the side of the vehicle body generally forms the lower end of vehicle side windows. The window parapet is generally flitted with a profiled strip which is provided for aesthetic reasons but also, with a perpendicularly downwardly pointing leg, serves to hold vehicle interior panelling elements. Window parapets of this type are provided in many vehicles (land craft, aircraft and watercraft), so that the term ~~vehicle~~ should be understood in the widest possible sense.
As has been shown in practice, vehicle occupants like to lean against the profiled strip (parapet strip) or also use the latter as an armrest. However, this type of use decreases rapidly during the cold season, because the temperatures transmitted to the profiled strip by the respective window pane and vehicle shell are then found to be extremely unpleasant. On the other hand, manufacturers of vehicles are very interested in providing their customers with the greatest possible comfort, which also includes suppressing or covering cold bridges.
The present invention, in the case of a vehicle having a window parapet and a facing, profiled strip or the like fixed on it, seeks to provide a facing or profiled strip that may also be used during the cold season as an armrest, for example, without accompanying unpleasantness.
According to the invention, this aspect is achieved by an electric heating device arranged in the window parapet region.
An electric heating device of this type, which can be .. .""i. , , a i,w, " , operated by the general vehicle electrics, makes it possible to bring the garapet strip rapidly to a pleasant temperature and to maintain this temperature. The fact that electrical heating devices are customary in the vehicle sphere, specifically in the form of heatable rear windows, exterior mirrors or else seats, could not readily lead to the invention because for this to happen for one thing the problem described would have had to have been recognized and also, for another thing, the statement would have had to have been made to the effect that the vehicle electricity supply system can be used to solve the problem and also is sufficient for the power consumption. Credit is also due to the inventor that after he recognized the problem he provided an electric heating device and did not, for example, fall back on a relatively complicated hot water circuit, as may have possibly have been more obvious.
The electric heating device can be arranged in a simple manner between the window parapet and the profiled strip. The arrangement may also take place on the window parapet and/or on the profiled strip.
If the arrangement of the electric heating device on the profiled strip is preferred, it is recommended to construct the profiled strip with channels which run longitudinally through it and may be open or else closed towards the window parapet as well as extruded in.
The heating device comprises at least one electric resistance wire which is optionally laid in a zigzag or wave shape. The resistance wire is expediently embedded in a support consisting of electrically insulated material. In the simplest case, the support consists of covering foils which cover the heat conductor on both sides.
An Electric Heating Device for a Vehicle Window Parapet The invention relates to a vehicle having a window parapet an the inside of the vehicle and a profiled strip which is fixed on said parapet.
In the interior of vehicles, a window parapet which is on the side of the vehicle body generally forms the lower end of vehicle side windows. The window parapet is generally flitted with a profiled strip which is provided for aesthetic reasons but also, with a perpendicularly downwardly pointing leg, serves to hold vehicle interior panelling elements. Window parapets of this type are provided in many vehicles (land craft, aircraft and watercraft), so that the term ~~vehicle~~ should be understood in the widest possible sense.
As has been shown in practice, vehicle occupants like to lean against the profiled strip (parapet strip) or also use the latter as an armrest. However, this type of use decreases rapidly during the cold season, because the temperatures transmitted to the profiled strip by the respective window pane and vehicle shell are then found to be extremely unpleasant. On the other hand, manufacturers of vehicles are very interested in providing their customers with the greatest possible comfort, which also includes suppressing or covering cold bridges.
The present invention, in the case of a vehicle having a window parapet and a facing, profiled strip or the like fixed on it, seeks to provide a facing or profiled strip that may also be used during the cold season as an armrest, for example, without accompanying unpleasantness.
According to the invention, this aspect is achieved by an electric heating device arranged in the window parapet region.
An electric heating device of this type, which can be .. .""i. , , a i,w, " , operated by the general vehicle electrics, makes it possible to bring the garapet strip rapidly to a pleasant temperature and to maintain this temperature. The fact that electrical heating devices are customary in the vehicle sphere, specifically in the form of heatable rear windows, exterior mirrors or else seats, could not readily lead to the invention because for this to happen for one thing the problem described would have had to have been recognized and also, for another thing, the statement would have had to have been made to the effect that the vehicle electricity supply system can be used to solve the problem and also is sufficient for the power consumption. Credit is also due to the inventor that after he recognized the problem he provided an electric heating device and did not, for example, fall back on a relatively complicated hot water circuit, as may have possibly have been more obvious.
The electric heating device can be arranged in a simple manner between the window parapet and the profiled strip. The arrangement may also take place on the window parapet and/or on the profiled strip.
If the arrangement of the electric heating device on the profiled strip is preferred, it is recommended to construct the profiled strip with channels which run longitudinally through it and may be open or else closed towards the window parapet as well as extruded in.
The heating device comprises at least one electric resistance wire which is optionally laid in a zigzag or wave shape. The resistance wire is expediently embedded in a support consisting of electrically insulated material. In the simplest case, the support consists of covering foils which cover the heat conductor on both sides.
In accordance with a refinement of the invention, the heat conductor can be formed from a metallized surface-area construction, such as band material, textile material, mesh material, nonwoven material, metallized staple fibres or from a wire winding.
In order to keep the power consumption as low as possible, in a development of the invention means are provided which essentially deflect the heat output of the heat conductor towards the profiled strip and largely suppress the dissipation of heat towards the window parapet on the side of the vehicle body. For this purpose, the heat conductor can be embedded in a support which, on the side of the heat conductor, consists of a heat-insulating material and, on the other side of the heat conductor, consists of a material which does not hinder the area-specific heat output of the heat conductor. It may additionally be advisable to fit the profiled strip with heat-conductible means, such as aluminium foils or the like.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, the drawing merely comprising Fig. 1. /
Fig. 1, which is the sole figure, shows a vehicle side wall 1, which may be the side wall of a bus. A profiled strip 3, which consists, for example, of plastic, is supported on a window parapet 2 in the interior of the vehicle, the horizontally aligned profiled limb of which profiled strip bears against a vehicle side window pane 4 and the vertically aligned limb of which fits over a vehicle panelling element 5.
An exterior profiled strip 6 bears against the outside of the vehicle side window pane 4.
Vehicle occupants like to lean against the profiled strip 3 or else use it as an armrest. In order to make this use possible even in the cold season without the vehicle occupants experiencing an unpleasant cold effect, an electric heating device I ....nil ~ . In lily ~i ~ - n having at least one heat conductor 7 is now provided in the window parapet region. The heating device is situated between the window parapet 2 and the profiled strip 3 and expediently, at the same time, in a longitudinal channel 8 running through the profiled strip 3. The arrangement of the heating device in a longitudinal channel 8, which may also - other than shown - be designed as a hollow channel, makes it possible for the heating device to be preassembled on the profiled strip 3.
An aluminium foil 9 is incorporated in the prof fled strip 3. A film of the type of foil 9 may also be stuck on at the back.
A heat-insulation layer (not shown may advantageously also be provided.
A cable lug 11, which is connected to an electric conductor 12 belonging to the vehicle electric supply system, may in each case be attached to the ends of the heat conductor 7. It goes without saying that the cable lug 11 and conductor 12 are to be arranged such that they are covered.
The design of the electric heating device will not be explained in more detail because an expert can to this extent go back to conventional systems which are then to be appropriately adapted to the new intended purpose. It should also be left open as to whether the electric heating device is to be fitted with an electric control device to avoid overheating, or as to whether it is advisable to set the resistance of the heat conductor 7 in such a manner that at the maximum operating voltage, in particular at the customary voltage of 12 or 24 V in motor vehicles, a certain, specified temperature is not exceeded. The expert should have all options within the context of the invention left open. To this extent, an expert should also not be prevented from providing a heat conductor 7 which extends over the entire length of a vehicle, for example a bus, or is divided into heat conductor elements arranged in series.
In order to keep the power consumption as low as possible, in a development of the invention means are provided which essentially deflect the heat output of the heat conductor towards the profiled strip and largely suppress the dissipation of heat towards the window parapet on the side of the vehicle body. For this purpose, the heat conductor can be embedded in a support which, on the side of the heat conductor, consists of a heat-insulating material and, on the other side of the heat conductor, consists of a material which does not hinder the area-specific heat output of the heat conductor. It may additionally be advisable to fit the profiled strip with heat-conductible means, such as aluminium foils or the like.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, the drawing merely comprising Fig. 1. /
Fig. 1, which is the sole figure, shows a vehicle side wall 1, which may be the side wall of a bus. A profiled strip 3, which consists, for example, of plastic, is supported on a window parapet 2 in the interior of the vehicle, the horizontally aligned profiled limb of which profiled strip bears against a vehicle side window pane 4 and the vertically aligned limb of which fits over a vehicle panelling element 5.
An exterior profiled strip 6 bears against the outside of the vehicle side window pane 4.
Vehicle occupants like to lean against the profiled strip 3 or else use it as an armrest. In order to make this use possible even in the cold season without the vehicle occupants experiencing an unpleasant cold effect, an electric heating device I ....nil ~ . In lily ~i ~ - n having at least one heat conductor 7 is now provided in the window parapet region. The heating device is situated between the window parapet 2 and the profiled strip 3 and expediently, at the same time, in a longitudinal channel 8 running through the profiled strip 3. The arrangement of the heating device in a longitudinal channel 8, which may also - other than shown - be designed as a hollow channel, makes it possible for the heating device to be preassembled on the profiled strip 3.
An aluminium foil 9 is incorporated in the prof fled strip 3. A film of the type of foil 9 may also be stuck on at the back.
A heat-insulation layer (not shown may advantageously also be provided.
A cable lug 11, which is connected to an electric conductor 12 belonging to the vehicle electric supply system, may in each case be attached to the ends of the heat conductor 7. It goes without saying that the cable lug 11 and conductor 12 are to be arranged such that they are covered.
The design of the electric heating device will not be explained in more detail because an expert can to this extent go back to conventional systems which are then to be appropriately adapted to the new intended purpose. It should also be left open as to whether the electric heating device is to be fitted with an electric control device to avoid overheating, or as to whether it is advisable to set the resistance of the heat conductor 7 in such a manner that at the maximum operating voltage, in particular at the customary voltage of 12 or 24 V in motor vehicles, a certain, specified temperature is not exceeded. The expert should have all options within the context of the invention left open. To this extent, an expert should also not be prevented from providing a heat conductor 7 which extends over the entire length of a vehicle, for example a bus, or is divided into heat conductor elements arranged in series.
Claims (12)
1. In a vehicle having a window parapet (2), and a facing profiled strip (3), the improvement of an electric heating device arranged in the window parapet region between the window parapet (2) and the facing, profiled strip (3).
2. In a vehicle having a window parapet (2) and a facing profiled strip (3), an electric heating device arranged on one of the window parapet (2) and the facing, profiled strip (3).
3. The vehicle according to claim 2 wherein the heating device is arranged on the profiled strip (3) and the profiled strip (3) has channels (8) running longitudinally through it which channels are adapted to accommodate the heating device.
4. The vehicle according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the heating device comprises at least one heat conductor (7).
5. The vehicle according to claim 4 wherein the heat conductor comprises at least one electric resistant wire laid in a zigzag or wave shape.
6. The vehicle according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the heating device comprises a support comprising an electrically insulated material having at least one heat conductor (7) embedded in it.
7. The vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the support consists of foils which cover the at least one heat conductor (7) on both sides.
8. The vehicle according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 6 or 7 wherein the heat conductor (7) is formed from a metallized surface-area construction, taken from the group and textile material, mesh material, nonwoven material, metallized staple fibres and a wire winding.
9. The vehicle according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further including means for deflecting heat output of the heating device (7) towards the profiled strip (3) and suppress dissipation of heat towards the window parapet (2).
10. The vehicle according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the heating device is embedded in a support, the support comprising a heat-insulating material on one side of the heating device and, non-heat-insulating material on the other side of the heating device.
11. The vehicle according to any one of claims 3 to 10, characterized in that the profiled strip (3) includes heat-conductible means.
12. The vehicle according to claim 11 wherein the heat-conductible means comprises aluminum foil.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19839494 | 1998-08-29 | ||
| DE19839494.2 | 1998-08-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2279668A1 CA2279668A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| CA2279668C true CA2279668C (en) | 2005-11-15 |
Family
ID=7879222
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002279668A Expired - Fee Related CA2279668C (en) | 1998-08-29 | 1999-08-06 | An electric heating device for a vehicle window parapet |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0987131B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE215023T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2279668C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19924363A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2174557T3 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL195137B1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT987131E (en) |
| SI (1) | SI0987131T1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10033774A1 (en) * | 2000-07-12 | 2002-01-24 | Volkswagen Ag | Fastening device for two covers has fixing element on both covers with a lighting lead between them |
| DE10159813C1 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2003-01-02 | Draexlmaier Lisa Gmbh | Method of heating an automotive vehicle, comprises introducing electrical heating into an interior lining element with carrier and foam layers involves production of slits into the foam layer and holes through the foam and carrier layers |
| DE10159814B4 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2011-06-01 | Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH | Method for producing a heated interior trim part and heated interior trim part |
| DE102009052535C5 (en) * | 2009-11-11 | 2023-06-01 | Nbhx Trim Gmbh | interior lining |
| DE102011000980B9 (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2014-12-31 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Choke with dynamic bias |
| CN110962761A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2020-04-07 | 郑州宇通客车股份有限公司 | Window lower frame decoration and vehicle |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2094382B (en) * | 1981-02-28 | 1984-09-12 | Hobbins Stanley Howard | Reducing condensation on a window frame |
| DE3302511A1 (en) * | 1983-01-26 | 1984-07-26 | Fa. Walter Näßl, 8000 München | Heatable window pane |
| NL8801906A (en) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-02-16 | Volvo Car Bv | VEHICLE HEATING SYSTEM. |
-
1999
- 1999-05-27 DE DE19924363A patent/DE19924363A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-08 EP EP99113187A patent/EP0987131B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-08 ES ES99113187T patent/ES2174557T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-08 AT AT99113187T patent/ATE215023T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-08 SI SI9930071T patent/SI0987131T1/en unknown
- 1999-07-08 DE DE59901047T patent/DE59901047D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-08 PT PT99113187T patent/PT987131E/en unknown
- 1999-08-06 CA CA002279668A patent/CA2279668C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-26 PL PL335126A patent/PL195137B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0987131A1 (en) | 2000-03-22 |
| CA2279668A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 |
| ATE215023T1 (en) | 2002-04-15 |
| DE19924363A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
| EP0987131B1 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
| ES2174557T3 (en) | 2002-11-01 |
| PL335126A1 (en) | 2000-03-13 |
| SI0987131T1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
| PT987131E (en) | 2002-08-30 |
| DE59901047D1 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
| PL195137B1 (en) | 2007-08-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |