CA1137122A - Dredge for excavating holes or channels in a water bed - Google Patents
Dredge for excavating holes or channels in a water bedInfo
- Publication number
- CA1137122A CA1137122A CA000352832A CA352832A CA1137122A CA 1137122 A CA1137122 A CA 1137122A CA 000352832 A CA000352832 A CA 000352832A CA 352832 A CA352832 A CA 352832A CA 1137122 A CA1137122 A CA 1137122A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- excavator
- frame
- excavation
- carriage
- bed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000038 chest Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/12—Underwater drilling
- E21B7/124—Underwater drilling with underwater tool drive prime mover, e.g. portable drilling rigs for use on underwater floors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/88—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements acting by a sucking or forcing effect, e.g. suction dredgers
- E02F3/8858—Submerged units
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/88—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements acting by a sucking or forcing effect, e.g. suction dredgers
- E02F3/90—Component parts, e.g. arrangement or adaptation of pumps
- E02F3/905—Manipulating or supporting suction pipes or ladders; Mechanical supports or floaters therefor; pipe joints for suction pipes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/88—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements acting by a sucking or forcing effect, e.g. suction dredgers
- E02F3/90—Component parts, e.g. arrangement or adaptation of pumps
- E02F3/92—Digging elements, e.g. suction heads
- E02F3/9212—Mechanical digging means, e.g. suction wheels, i.e. wheel with a suction inlet attached behind the wheel
- E02F3/9225—Mechanical digging means, e.g. suction wheels, i.e. wheel with a suction inlet attached behind the wheel with rotating cutting elements
- E02F3/9231—Suction wheels with axis of rotation parallel to longitudinal axis of the suction pipe
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F7/00—Equipment for conveying or separating excavated material
- E02F7/10—Pipelines for conveying excavated materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A self-sustaining excavator crab for operations particularly on a deep sea bottom, comprising a mobile truss dome carrying a vertically and radially adjustable drill or cutter.
Description
1137~
Background of the _ ention This invention relates to a dredge for excavating holes or channels in a water bed, which is particula~y adapted for use in deep water.
The holes which are excavated in the water bed with such a dredge can especially serve to install the B.O.P. of a drill well sunken down to below the bed in order to prevent that floating ice extending down to the bed would inflict damage to the installation.
The thus far known ~redges by which excavation in deep water can be performed are either supported by a long ladder or carried by the deeply extended legs of a device comprising two parts: an upper part which floats on the water surface, and a lower part which, guided along the legs, can be lowered down onto the bed, said two parts being in fixed connection with each other. Both with a ladder and with legs there is a restriction with respect to the water depth to be reached, however. It is difficult to go much deeper than about a hundred meters.
Summary of-the Invention The present invention tends to remove said restriction and this is now realized by the provision that the frame which carries the dredge is, self-sustaining, also to be lowered down onto the bed therewith. The preferred embodiment thereof is characterized in that the carrier frame consists of a dome-shaped but open truss structure which has at its periphery standing and/or wa~ing supports, and at its upper end a rotary table, and in which the dredge is to be received in a position ~`
11371~
above the bed, and is to be hrought in a position depending down to below the bed surface by a lifting rod assembly which is passed through the rotary table.
The great difference and the achieved advantage relative to the known devices with their long ladder or legs is therefore that the new device has a considerably smaller vertical extent and due to its lack of structural connection with any part above on the water surface, is operable down to considerably greater depths, as a self-sustaining mobile crab which is further characteri~ed in that the lifting rod assembly, bearing in a rotary ring which is connected to the rotary table, carries a cutter bar assembly along which a drill, cutter or excavator wheel is adjustable in the radial direction of the dredge by a fluid cylinder-piston assembly, or as an alternative or in addition thereto in that the rotary lifting rod assembly extends the drill on a canting bar, in which two cases the drill is connected by a pump line which is centrally passed through the rotary table, to a mud discharge line by a pivotal joint about which the discharge line to which buoyancy is rendered by floats, can pivot, but which is therewith adapted to be adjusted by a tackle connected to the carrier frame, in a desired position for the pressing-away operation so that the mud can be well directed to be deposed at a distant location on the bed.
By lifting or lowering the drill and therewith each time radially adjusting it by means of the cutter bar or the canting bar a hole is thus to be drilled and a slope to be excavated therewith can be covered, or a channel can be excavated as well.
Lifting and lowering the installation can be effected with the aid of a hoisting tackle to be connected thereto from the water surface, and the hoisting weight of the installation can be reduced for lifting and lowering, and can be increased to provide a massive weight to rest solidly on the bed and to stand in a stable position during the operation, ~137~ZZ
respectively, due to the fact that the carrier frame comprises buoyancy chests or tubes arranged as such, and preferably said floats are to be emptied and to be ballasted by remotely controlled valves.
With the herein described mobile underwater-installation a hole can be drilled or a channel can be excavated as the supports of the frame consist of standing legs which can be driven into the bed, but to which also drivable wheels or track belts can be secured to act as walking legs, or to be drivable. Therewith also displacing it as a vessel is intended, and by emptying it the device can be caused to float up so that it may move on the water surface, and the device can also act as a vehicle which can drive into and out of the water as an amphibian.
The invention is described in more detail hereinafter in view of the drawings in which an illustrative embodiment thereof is shown.
Figure 1 is a general representation of the drill or excavator crab according to the present invention, working on the water bed, in side view and partially in vertical section;
figure 2 is a corresponding planview;
figure 3 is a detail drawn to a larger scale in planview, seen in the direction of the arrows III-III in figure 1,of the pump section which is arranged at the top of the drill; and figure 4 shows an alternative embodiment with a canting bar instead of or in addition to the cutter bar shown in figure~1, which carries the drill in a radially adjustable manner.
The drill or excavator implement 1, constructed as an independent mobile unit, as shown in figures 1 and 2, has a standing and/or walking frame 2 consisting of a dome-shaped open truss having a plurality of spuds 3 at its periphery to which retractable and extendible wheels 4 can be connected, to also act as walking spuds. Instead of wheels, in view of the heavy load, preferably track belts are used which can be actuated so as to drive the excavator 1.
On top of the frame 2 is located a rotary table 5 on which a rotary ring 6 is provided carrying a lifting rod assembly 7 which is centrally guided in the table 5, and which by fluid cylinder-piston assemblies 8 can either be lifted up to its storage position within the frame 2, or can be lowered into its operating position below the frame as indicated with the double arrow 9 in figure 1. The fluid line 10 to the cylinders 8 is connected with a rotary joint 11 to the rotary table 5 and is, non rotatingly itself, supported by the stand 12.
The lifting rod assemblies 7 is thus vertically adjustably and rotatably guided in the table 5 and carries at its lower end the drill or cutter 13 through cutter bars 14, as represented in figure 1, and/or a canting bar 15, as illustrated in figure 4, along which or on which the drill 13 is radially adjustable by means of fluid cylinder-piston assemblies 16 as indicated with a double arrow 17 in figure 1.
Above the drill or cutter 13 a suction pump 18 is arranged, as shown in more detail in figure 3, the pressure line 19 of which i5 connected with a central rotary joint 20 to the mud discharge line 21.
To give an impression of the size of the installation 1 it is mentioned that the peripheral diameter of the carrier frame 2 as shown here is 35 meters and the vertical lifting stroke between its uppermost rest position and lowermost operating position 14 meters. The installation 1 can be operated by a hoisting tackle 22 but can also form a vehicle or vessel, i.e. an amphibian vehicle, to which end buoyancy chests which are to be emptied and ballasted, can be provided therein, and the truss tubes 23 can also serve for that purpose, with preferably remotely 1137~
controlled emptying and ballasting valves which are not further indicated in the drawings.
The lifting rod assembly 7 as shown is peripherally turnable over 358 .
In figure 1 the lifting rods are turned at an angle of 45 .
The drilled hole 24, shown in figure 1, has a diameter of 12 meters and can be covered with the cutter bars 14 and with the aid of the canting bar 15 a slope 25 can be excavated therewith. While displacing it on the wheels 4 it is also possible to dig a channel instead of a hole 24.
Then the mud is pressed through the pump line 19 and the mud line 21 which is connected thereto, to a discharge location on the water bed 26 where a good dumping without a too high spread is effected by keeping the mud line 21 by means of on the one hand floats 27 and on the other hand a hold-down tackle 28 which as shown is operable by a winch 29 arranged at the upper side of the legs 3, in a desired spouting position above the dumping location. In order to effect said pivotability of the mud line 21 it is connected as indicated with a bellows joint 30 to the non-rotatable upper part 31 of the pressure line 19 of the pump 18.
Finally it is remarked that the illustrative embodiment represented here is only intended as an example and that no restrictive meaning should be attached thereto, as still other embodiments, variations and modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.
Background of the _ ention This invention relates to a dredge for excavating holes or channels in a water bed, which is particula~y adapted for use in deep water.
The holes which are excavated in the water bed with such a dredge can especially serve to install the B.O.P. of a drill well sunken down to below the bed in order to prevent that floating ice extending down to the bed would inflict damage to the installation.
The thus far known ~redges by which excavation in deep water can be performed are either supported by a long ladder or carried by the deeply extended legs of a device comprising two parts: an upper part which floats on the water surface, and a lower part which, guided along the legs, can be lowered down onto the bed, said two parts being in fixed connection with each other. Both with a ladder and with legs there is a restriction with respect to the water depth to be reached, however. It is difficult to go much deeper than about a hundred meters.
Summary of-the Invention The present invention tends to remove said restriction and this is now realized by the provision that the frame which carries the dredge is, self-sustaining, also to be lowered down onto the bed therewith. The preferred embodiment thereof is characterized in that the carrier frame consists of a dome-shaped but open truss structure which has at its periphery standing and/or wa~ing supports, and at its upper end a rotary table, and in which the dredge is to be received in a position ~`
11371~
above the bed, and is to be hrought in a position depending down to below the bed surface by a lifting rod assembly which is passed through the rotary table.
The great difference and the achieved advantage relative to the known devices with their long ladder or legs is therefore that the new device has a considerably smaller vertical extent and due to its lack of structural connection with any part above on the water surface, is operable down to considerably greater depths, as a self-sustaining mobile crab which is further characteri~ed in that the lifting rod assembly, bearing in a rotary ring which is connected to the rotary table, carries a cutter bar assembly along which a drill, cutter or excavator wheel is adjustable in the radial direction of the dredge by a fluid cylinder-piston assembly, or as an alternative or in addition thereto in that the rotary lifting rod assembly extends the drill on a canting bar, in which two cases the drill is connected by a pump line which is centrally passed through the rotary table, to a mud discharge line by a pivotal joint about which the discharge line to which buoyancy is rendered by floats, can pivot, but which is therewith adapted to be adjusted by a tackle connected to the carrier frame, in a desired position for the pressing-away operation so that the mud can be well directed to be deposed at a distant location on the bed.
By lifting or lowering the drill and therewith each time radially adjusting it by means of the cutter bar or the canting bar a hole is thus to be drilled and a slope to be excavated therewith can be covered, or a channel can be excavated as well.
Lifting and lowering the installation can be effected with the aid of a hoisting tackle to be connected thereto from the water surface, and the hoisting weight of the installation can be reduced for lifting and lowering, and can be increased to provide a massive weight to rest solidly on the bed and to stand in a stable position during the operation, ~137~ZZ
respectively, due to the fact that the carrier frame comprises buoyancy chests or tubes arranged as such, and preferably said floats are to be emptied and to be ballasted by remotely controlled valves.
With the herein described mobile underwater-installation a hole can be drilled or a channel can be excavated as the supports of the frame consist of standing legs which can be driven into the bed, but to which also drivable wheels or track belts can be secured to act as walking legs, or to be drivable. Therewith also displacing it as a vessel is intended, and by emptying it the device can be caused to float up so that it may move on the water surface, and the device can also act as a vehicle which can drive into and out of the water as an amphibian.
The invention is described in more detail hereinafter in view of the drawings in which an illustrative embodiment thereof is shown.
Figure 1 is a general representation of the drill or excavator crab according to the present invention, working on the water bed, in side view and partially in vertical section;
figure 2 is a corresponding planview;
figure 3 is a detail drawn to a larger scale in planview, seen in the direction of the arrows III-III in figure 1,of the pump section which is arranged at the top of the drill; and figure 4 shows an alternative embodiment with a canting bar instead of or in addition to the cutter bar shown in figure~1, which carries the drill in a radially adjustable manner.
The drill or excavator implement 1, constructed as an independent mobile unit, as shown in figures 1 and 2, has a standing and/or walking frame 2 consisting of a dome-shaped open truss having a plurality of spuds 3 at its periphery to which retractable and extendible wheels 4 can be connected, to also act as walking spuds. Instead of wheels, in view of the heavy load, preferably track belts are used which can be actuated so as to drive the excavator 1.
On top of the frame 2 is located a rotary table 5 on which a rotary ring 6 is provided carrying a lifting rod assembly 7 which is centrally guided in the table 5, and which by fluid cylinder-piston assemblies 8 can either be lifted up to its storage position within the frame 2, or can be lowered into its operating position below the frame as indicated with the double arrow 9 in figure 1. The fluid line 10 to the cylinders 8 is connected with a rotary joint 11 to the rotary table 5 and is, non rotatingly itself, supported by the stand 12.
The lifting rod assemblies 7 is thus vertically adjustably and rotatably guided in the table 5 and carries at its lower end the drill or cutter 13 through cutter bars 14, as represented in figure 1, and/or a canting bar 15, as illustrated in figure 4, along which or on which the drill 13 is radially adjustable by means of fluid cylinder-piston assemblies 16 as indicated with a double arrow 17 in figure 1.
Above the drill or cutter 13 a suction pump 18 is arranged, as shown in more detail in figure 3, the pressure line 19 of which i5 connected with a central rotary joint 20 to the mud discharge line 21.
To give an impression of the size of the installation 1 it is mentioned that the peripheral diameter of the carrier frame 2 as shown here is 35 meters and the vertical lifting stroke between its uppermost rest position and lowermost operating position 14 meters. The installation 1 can be operated by a hoisting tackle 22 but can also form a vehicle or vessel, i.e. an amphibian vehicle, to which end buoyancy chests which are to be emptied and ballasted, can be provided therein, and the truss tubes 23 can also serve for that purpose, with preferably remotely 1137~
controlled emptying and ballasting valves which are not further indicated in the drawings.
The lifting rod assembly 7 as shown is peripherally turnable over 358 .
In figure 1 the lifting rods are turned at an angle of 45 .
The drilled hole 24, shown in figure 1, has a diameter of 12 meters and can be covered with the cutter bars 14 and with the aid of the canting bar 15 a slope 25 can be excavated therewith. While displacing it on the wheels 4 it is also possible to dig a channel instead of a hole 24.
Then the mud is pressed through the pump line 19 and the mud line 21 which is connected thereto, to a discharge location on the water bed 26 where a good dumping without a too high spread is effected by keeping the mud line 21 by means of on the one hand floats 27 and on the other hand a hold-down tackle 28 which as shown is operable by a winch 29 arranged at the upper side of the legs 3, in a desired spouting position above the dumping location. In order to effect said pivotability of the mud line 21 it is connected as indicated with a bellows joint 30 to the non-rotatable upper part 31 of the pressure line 19 of the pump 18.
Finally it is remarked that the illustrative embodiment represented here is only intended as an example and that no restrictive meaning should be attached thereto, as still other embodiments, variations and modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. An excavator device for underwater excavation on an excavation site on the bed of a body of water comprising:
(a) a submersible frame having support means located about the perimeter thereof arranged to rest upon said bed at points about the perimeter of said site, (b) a carriage mounted on said frame for vertical movement along and rotational movement about a first axis, (c) means for raising and lowering said carriage relative to said frame between said raised and lowered portion, (d) means for rotating said carriage about said first axis, (e) excavation means having an excavation member mounted on said carriage so as to be lowered and rotated by movement of said carriage during excavation of said site.
(a) a submersible frame having support means located about the perimeter thereof arranged to rest upon said bed at points about the perimeter of said site, (b) a carriage mounted on said frame for vertical movement along and rotational movement about a first axis, (c) means for raising and lowering said carriage relative to said frame between said raised and lowered portion, (d) means for rotating said carriage about said first axis, (e) excavation means having an excavation member mounted on said carriage so as to be lowered and rotated by movement of said carriage during excavation of said site.
2. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 1 further comprising radially adjustable support means supporting said excavation member on said frame for radial movement with respect to said first axis.
3. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 1 further comprising angularly adjustable support means supporting said excavator member for angular adjustment in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis.
4. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said excavator member is a suction device and said excavator means further comprises:
(a) a pump mounted on said carriage and communicating with said suction device, (b) a discharge conduit asembly which comprises (i) a stationary section mounted on said first axis and held stationary when said carriage is rotated in use, (ii) a first section connecting said stationary section to said pump, (iii) a discharge section connected to said stationary section by means of a flexible coupling, said discharge section projecting radially from said first axis a substantial distance from said excavator member whereby excavated material may be discharged at a discharge site remote from said excavation site, buoyancy means on said discharge section for supporting it above said bed in use.
(a) a pump mounted on said carriage and communicating with said suction device, (b) a discharge conduit asembly which comprises (i) a stationary section mounted on said first axis and held stationary when said carriage is rotated in use, (ii) a first section connecting said stationary section to said pump, (iii) a discharge section connected to said stationary section by means of a flexible coupling, said discharge section projecting radially from said first axis a substantial distance from said excavator member whereby excavated material may be discharged at a discharge site remote from said excavation site, buoyancy means on said discharge section for supporting it above said bed in use.
5. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 4 wherein said buoyancy means comprises a buoyancy chamber which can be emptied or flooded to adjust the buoyancy thereof.
6. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said frame is constructed from hollow tubular members which are adapted to be flooded and emptied to make the device submersible or buoyant in a body of water as required in use.
7. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said support means comprises leg means depending from the frame.
8. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 7 wherein said leg means are adapted to be driven into said bed to anchor said frame at said excavation site.
9. An excavator device as claimed in Claim 7 wherein wheel means are provided on each leg to facilitate movement of the frame along said bed.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL8001714 | 1980-03-24 | ||
| NL8001714A NL8001714A (en) | 1980-03-24 | 1980-03-24 | Mobile sea-bed excavation implement - is supported in free-standing frame lowered onto sea-bed |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1137122A true CA1137122A (en) | 1982-12-07 |
Family
ID=19835044
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000352832A Expired CA1137122A (en) | 1980-03-24 | 1980-05-27 | Dredge for excavating holes or channels in a water bed |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1137122A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8001714A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2562346A1 (en) * | 2011-08-23 | 2013-02-27 | BAUER Maschinen GmbH | Underwater drilling assembly and method for producing a borehole |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL8104791A (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1983-05-16 | Berk Hendrikus Van | METHOD FOR VACUUMING UNDERWATER SOIL MATERIAL AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD |
| EP0091264A1 (en) * | 1982-03-29 | 1983-10-12 | Alluvial Mining & Shaft Sinking Company Limited | Submersible pumping equipment |
| CN102028016B (en) * | 2010-11-02 | 2015-01-28 | 章开元 | Auxiliary binding method for crabs |
| NL2018072B1 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-07-02 | Carpdredging Ip B V | A RECTANGULAR FRAME |
-
1980
- 1980-03-24 NL NL8001714A patent/NL8001714A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-05-27 CA CA000352832A patent/CA1137122A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2562346A1 (en) * | 2011-08-23 | 2013-02-27 | BAUER Maschinen GmbH | Underwater drilling assembly and method for producing a borehole |
| CN103089151A (en) * | 2011-08-23 | 2013-05-08 | 包尔机械有限公司 | Underwater drilling assembly and method for producing a borehole |
| US9140068B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2015-09-22 | Bauer Maschinen Gmbh | Underwater drilling arrangement and method for making a bore |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL8001714A (en) | 1981-10-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |