CA1140326A - Anhydrous foam with gas for acidizing high temperatures subterraneam formations - Google Patents
Anhydrous foam with gas for acidizing high temperatures subterraneam formationsInfo
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- CA1140326A CA1140326A CA000370422A CA370422A CA1140326A CA 1140326 A CA1140326 A CA 1140326A CA 000370422 A CA000370422 A CA 000370422A CA 370422 A CA370422 A CA 370422A CA 1140326 A CA1140326 A CA 1140326A
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Abstract
"Abstract of the Disclosure"
Subterranean formations having temperatures above about 250° F. are acidized by introducing a substantially anhy-drous foamed treating fluid through a well and into the for-mation. The treating fluid contains a gas, a nonionic substan-tially hydrophohic foaming agent and an acid precursor which is normally liquid halogenated hydrocarbon having one or two car-bon atoms per molecule. The acid precursor hydrolyzes in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid.
Subterranean formations having temperatures above about 250° F. are acidized by introducing a substantially anhy-drous foamed treating fluid through a well and into the for-mation. The treating fluid contains a gas, a nonionic substan-tially hydrophohic foaming agent and an acid precursor which is normally liquid halogenated hydrocarbon having one or two car-bon atoms per molecule. The acid precursor hydrolyzes in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid.
Description
Thi~ invention relates to a method for treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a well, and more particu-larly concerns a method for acidizing relatively hiqh tempera-ture subterranean formations penetrated by a well.
Acidization of wells is a well-known process for increasing or restoring the permeability of subterranean for-mations to thereby facilitate the flow of formation fluids, such as oil, gas or a geothermal fluid, into the well from the formation, and also facilitate the injection of fluids through the well into the formation. Acidization involves treating the formation with an acid, typically hydrochloric acid, in order to dissolve clogging depositst such as carbonate scale, thereby opening pores and other flow channels and increasing the perme-ability of the formation. Hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, commonly known as "mud acid", is typically employed to dissolve siliceous deposits.
Numerous acidization methods have been proposed to cope with varying well conditions and special formation prob-lems. However, in recent years the increased activity in drill-ing very deep oil and gas wells and geothermal wells has out-paced the development of suitable acidization methods, primarily due to the high temperature of these formations.
A problem common to all the prior art acidization pro-cesses is the corrosion of the well equipment, par-ticularly the downhole tubing and casing, which is exposed to the acidizing fluid. Because the reactivity of an acid is significantly in-creased at higher temperatures, the corrosion of well equipment is especially serious in the acidization of high temperature formations.
Corrosion inhibitors are generally incorporated into the acidizing fluid prior to its injection into the well. How-ever, the effectiveness of the known corrosion inhibitors --1-- ~. .'1 ~ ., decreases at higher temperatures, and the expense of the cor-rosion inhibitors, which are significant even at low tempera-tures, become prohibitive at temperatures above about 250 F.
Another diEficulty with the known corrosion inhibitors, especially when used in the large quantities required in high temperature wells, is their tendency to form insoluble solids upon reaction with formation materials, thereby damaging the formation.
Another problem in the acidization of high tempera-ture formations is that the acid is rapidly consumed by the reactive material immediately adjacent the borehole before the acid can pene-trate any significant distance into the formation.
Without adequate formation penetration, the acidization opera-tion is of little value. In view of these prob]ems, the prior art acidization methods are limited, as a practical matter, to the acidization of formations having temperatures on the order of 250 F. and less.
The aforementioned problems have been overcome to a large extent by the use of the methods disclosed in my U.S.
Patent 4,148,360 and my U.S. Patent 4,203,492 wherein a substan-tially anhydrous acid precursor is injected into the Eormation and is allowed to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid. Elowever the acid precursors used in these me-thods nave relatively high liquid densities. For example, tetrachloro-me-thane has a specific gravity of about 1.594. These high densities may result in various problems depending, inter alia, upon the particular injection sequence employed, the configura-tion of the well and the characteristics of the formation being acidized. For example, where alternate slugs of an aqueous liquid and the acid precursor are injected, the acid precursor may segregate by gravity through the aqueous liquid slug preced-ing it. Under other circumstances, the acid precursor may 3~t~
segregate by gravity to the lower zones of the formation to be acidized, which segregation could result in an undeslrably non-uniform acidization of the formation zones. Also, a portion of the dense acid precursor could settle into the bottom of a well during injection, and hydrolysis of that portion could result in the undesirable corrosion of well equipment. Thus, a need exists for a method for acidizing high temperature subterranean formations using acid precursor-containing treating fluids having a lower density thar the acid precursor.
Accordingly, it is a primary objeet of this invention to provide a method for acidizing high temperature subterranean formations using treating fluids having intermediate to rela-tively low densities.
Another objeet of the invention is to provide an aeidization method which results in no more than an acceptable rate of eorrosion of metal well equipment.
Still another objeet of the invention is to provide a simple but effective method for acidizing subterranean forma-tions having temperatures on the order of 250 F. to 700 F.
and higher, which method results in little or no corrocion of the well hardware.
Yet another objeet of the invention is to provide an aeidization method for high temperature formations which does not require the use of eorrosion inhibitors or other expensive chemical additives.
A further object of this invention is to provide an acidization method in which a noncorrosive, nonscaling, acid precursor is displaced through a well and into a high te~pera-ture formation, wherein the precursor reac-ts in situ to gener-ate a strong acid.
A still further object of this invention is to pro-vide a method for acidizing those portions of high temperature formations which are relatively remote from a borehole.
Another object of this inven-tion is to provide a metnod for simultaneously acidizing and hydraulically fractur-ing a high temperature subterranean formation.
Still further objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.
Briefly, the invention provides a method for acidiz-ing a subterranean formation having a temperature above about 250 F., which comprises: (a) introducing a substantially an-hydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said forma-tion, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a gas,
Acidization of wells is a well-known process for increasing or restoring the permeability of subterranean for-mations to thereby facilitate the flow of formation fluids, such as oil, gas or a geothermal fluid, into the well from the formation, and also facilitate the injection of fluids through the well into the formation. Acidization involves treating the formation with an acid, typically hydrochloric acid, in order to dissolve clogging depositst such as carbonate scale, thereby opening pores and other flow channels and increasing the perme-ability of the formation. Hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, commonly known as "mud acid", is typically employed to dissolve siliceous deposits.
Numerous acidization methods have been proposed to cope with varying well conditions and special formation prob-lems. However, in recent years the increased activity in drill-ing very deep oil and gas wells and geothermal wells has out-paced the development of suitable acidization methods, primarily due to the high temperature of these formations.
A problem common to all the prior art acidization pro-cesses is the corrosion of the well equipment, par-ticularly the downhole tubing and casing, which is exposed to the acidizing fluid. Because the reactivity of an acid is significantly in-creased at higher temperatures, the corrosion of well equipment is especially serious in the acidization of high temperature formations.
Corrosion inhibitors are generally incorporated into the acidizing fluid prior to its injection into the well. How-ever, the effectiveness of the known corrosion inhibitors --1-- ~. .'1 ~ ., decreases at higher temperatures, and the expense of the cor-rosion inhibitors, which are significant even at low tempera-tures, become prohibitive at temperatures above about 250 F.
Another diEficulty with the known corrosion inhibitors, especially when used in the large quantities required in high temperature wells, is their tendency to form insoluble solids upon reaction with formation materials, thereby damaging the formation.
Another problem in the acidization of high tempera-ture formations is that the acid is rapidly consumed by the reactive material immediately adjacent the borehole before the acid can pene-trate any significant distance into the formation.
Without adequate formation penetration, the acidization opera-tion is of little value. In view of these prob]ems, the prior art acidization methods are limited, as a practical matter, to the acidization of formations having temperatures on the order of 250 F. and less.
The aforementioned problems have been overcome to a large extent by the use of the methods disclosed in my U.S.
Patent 4,148,360 and my U.S. Patent 4,203,492 wherein a substan-tially anhydrous acid precursor is injected into the Eormation and is allowed to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid. Elowever the acid precursors used in these me-thods nave relatively high liquid densities. For example, tetrachloro-me-thane has a specific gravity of about 1.594. These high densities may result in various problems depending, inter alia, upon the particular injection sequence employed, the configura-tion of the well and the characteristics of the formation being acidized. For example, where alternate slugs of an aqueous liquid and the acid precursor are injected, the acid precursor may segregate by gravity through the aqueous liquid slug preced-ing it. Under other circumstances, the acid precursor may 3~t~
segregate by gravity to the lower zones of the formation to be acidized, which segregation could result in an undeslrably non-uniform acidization of the formation zones. Also, a portion of the dense acid precursor could settle into the bottom of a well during injection, and hydrolysis of that portion could result in the undesirable corrosion of well equipment. Thus, a need exists for a method for acidizing high temperature subterranean formations using acid precursor-containing treating fluids having a lower density thar the acid precursor.
Accordingly, it is a primary objeet of this invention to provide a method for acidizing high temperature subterranean formations using treating fluids having intermediate to rela-tively low densities.
Another objeet of the invention is to provide an aeidization method which results in no more than an acceptable rate of eorrosion of metal well equipment.
Still another objeet of the invention is to provide a simple but effective method for acidizing subterranean forma-tions having temperatures on the order of 250 F. to 700 F.
and higher, which method results in little or no corrocion of the well hardware.
Yet another objeet of the invention is to provide an aeidization method for high temperature formations which does not require the use of eorrosion inhibitors or other expensive chemical additives.
A further object of this invention is to provide an acidization method in which a noncorrosive, nonscaling, acid precursor is displaced through a well and into a high te~pera-ture formation, wherein the precursor reac-ts in situ to gener-ate a strong acid.
A still further object of this invention is to pro-vide a method for acidizing those portions of high temperature formations which are relatively remote from a borehole.
Another object of this inven-tion is to provide a metnod for simultaneously acidizing and hydraulically fractur-ing a high temperature subterranean formation.
Still further objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.
Briefly, the invention provides a method for acidiz-ing a subterranean formation having a temperature above about 250 F., which comprises: (a) introducing a substantially an-hydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said forma-tion, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a gas,
(2) a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and (3) one or more normally liquid acid precursors having a general-ized formula:
C H X
x y z wherein X represents one or more halogens;
x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y ~ x; and z = 2x - y -~ 2, and which is thermally stable under the temperature and pres-sure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis; and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to gener-ate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
The invention also provides a method for acidizing a subterranean formation having a tempera-ture above about 250 F., wnich comprises: (a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a noncorrosive gas, (2) between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent of a non-ionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and (3) one or
C H X
x y z wherein X represents one or more halogens;
x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y ~ x; and z = 2x - y -~ 2, and which is thermally stable under the temperature and pres-sure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis; and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to gener-ate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
The invention also provides a method for acidizing a subterranean formation having a tempera-ture above about 250 F., wnich comprises: (a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a noncorrosive gas, (2) between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent of a non-ionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and (3) one or
3~6 more acid precursors selected from the group consisting of tetrachloromethane, bromotrichloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoro-ethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, and fluorotrichloroethane, and said treating fluid containing between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of said gas, calculated at the temperature and pressure conditions of said formation, per volume of said acid precursor; and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
The foaming agent and gas impart to the treating fluid a desired density which is lower than the density of the acid precursor.
The method of this invention allows acidization of subterranean formations in which the prior art acidization methods are rendered impractical due to the high formation temperatures. The invention provides an acidization method for high temperature Eormations in which corrosion of well equip-ment is substantially eliminated and the undesirable consumption of acid by the formation immediately adjacen-tthe borehole is avoided. The method can be employed in high temperature forma-tions having a large connate water concentration, such as a for-mation containing an aqueous geothermal fluid, or in high temperature formations having little or no connate water~ The method has the advantage of being operable with conventional well equipment and does not require the use of exotic alloys or other materials to avoid corrosion of the well equipment. The variety of treating fluid densities possible with the use of the foamed treating fluid of this invention makes it feasible 30 to acidize high temperature subterranean formations with widely varying characteristics.
The method of this invention is suitable for the --S--acidlzation of relatively high temperature sub-terranean for-mations and finds particular utility in the acidization of sub-terranean formations having temperatures on the order of 250~ F.
and higher, such as between 250 F. and 700 F. and especially from 400 F. to 700 F. By proper selection of acid precursors described more fully hereinbelow, the method of this invention is suitable for acidizing subterranean formations containing carbonate materials, such as limestone and dolomite, siliceous materials, such as sandstone and clay, and other acid-soluble formation constituents.
The acid precursor suitable for use in the method of this invention is a normally liquid, halogenated hydrocarbon having one or two carbon atoms per molecule. More specifically, the acid precursor is a normally liquid halogenated hydrocarbon having the generalized formula:
C H X
x y z wherein x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y _ x; and z = 2x - y + 2, and which is thermally stable under the high temperature and pressure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis.
As used throughout this application and the appended c]aims, the parameter "X" represents one or more halogens, that is, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or a mixture of two or more halogens.
The term "thermally stable" as used herein is meant to exclude compounds which spontaneously decompose and/or polymer-ize under the temperature and pressure conditions to be en-countered. Halogenated hydrocarbons which thermally decompose under the conditions encountered prior -to hydrolysis are to be avoided since some of the decomposition products, such as chlorine, are highly toxic, and other of the decomposition V~6 products, such as a tar resulting from the pyrolysis of halo-genated hydrocarbons having three or more carbon atoms per mole-cule, tend to form plugging deposits which are difficult to remove.
The term "normally liquid" as used herein includes those compounds which exist as liquids under the ambient temp~
erature and pressure conditions at the well site. In general, a compound which is "normally liquidt' for the purposes of this invention has a normal melting point less than about 80 F., preferably less than about 30 F., and has a normal boiling point above about 80 F., preferably above about 120 F.
Normally liquid compounds are more easily handled at the well site and more easily injected through a well into the subter-ranean formation in the method of this invention. The term "normally liquid" is meant to exclude compounds which exist only as a solid or a gas under the temperature and pressure con-ditions to which they will be exposed during handling at the well site and introduction into the well.
The treating fluid injected through a well in the method of this invention should consist essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and an acid precursor or a mixture of acid precursors, and should prefer-ably not contain any more than a minor amount of other materials, such as water, hydrocarbons, ionic or other hydrophilic surfac-tants or any other material which would significantly affect the rate of hydrolysis of the acid precursor. The addition of conventional hydrophilic surfactants tends to undesirably draw water into the treating fluid, and the addition of these sur-factants and/or other hydrocarbon additives to the treating fluids typically retards the rate and degree of hydrolysis of the acid precursor. The presence of such compounds at very high temperatures often results in the production of pyrolytic products which damage the formation. The presence of any significant amount of oxygen-containing compounds, including oxygen-containing hydrocarbon solvents, such as alcohols and ketones, should be avoided since at high temperatures these compounds are often corrosive even in an anhydrous state.
As discussed above, polymerizable or pyrolyzable com-pounds must be avoided in the acidization method particularly in very high temperature wells. Accordingly, unsaturated hydro-carbons must also be avoided. Halogenated hydrocarbons having three or more carbon atoms, and at very high temperatures two or more carbon atoms, tend to hydrolyze to form polymerizable and/or pyrolyzable side reaction products, such as propylene and acetic acid, respectively, and must therefore also be avoided. It is also preferable to avoid compounds which are flammable or explodable under the temperature and pressure con-ditions to which they are exposed during handling at the well site.
The halogenated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom per molecule which are suitable ~or use as the acid precursor in the method of this invention include the normally liquid compounds having the general formulas CX4 or HCX3 which are thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to be en-countered. Suitable compounds of the forrnula CX4 include:
tetrachloromethane, fluorotrichloromethane, bromotrichloro-methane and dibromodichloromethane. Suitable compounds of the formula HCX3 include: trichloromethane, tribromomethane, chloro-dibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, iododibromomethane, chlorodiiodomethane, iododichlorome-thane and fluorochlorobromo-methane.
The halogenated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms per molecule which are suitable for use as the acid precursor in the method of this invention include the normally liquid compounds having the general formulas C2X6, HC2X5 and H2C2X4 which are thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to be encountered. Suitable compounds of the for-mula C2X6 include: 1,2-difluorotetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-tri-fluorotrichloroethane and 1,1,2-trifluorotribromoethane. Suit-able compounds of the formula HC2X5 include: pentachloroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, fluorotetrabromoethane, difluorotri-bromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-tribromoethane, 1,1 -dichloro-1,2,2-tribromoethane, dibromotrifluoroethane, dibromotrichloro-ethane and fluorodichlorodibromoethane. Suitable compounds ofthe formula H2C2X4 include: tetrachloroethane (both the sym-metrical and unsymmetrical isomers), tetrabromoethane (both the symmetrical and unsymmetrical isomers), fluorotrichloroethane, l-fluoro-1,1,2-tribromoethane, 1-fluoro-1,2,2-tribromoethane, difluorodichloroethane, 1,2-difluoro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1-difluoro-2,2-dibromoethane, chlorotribromoethane, l,l-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, l,l-dichloro-2,2-dibromoethane and bromotricllloroethane.
Mixtures of the described aeid preeursors can also be employed either in the form of a solution or an admixture. The use of a plurality of discrete slugs of different acid pre-cursors, o~ mixtures of acid precursors, is also contemplated and in some cases is preferred, as is described more fully hereinbelow.
The selection of a particular acid precursor for use in the method of th's invention will depend, inter alia, upon the hydrohalic acid desired, the formation material to be acid-ized, the temperature and pressure conditions to which the acid precursor will be exposed prior to hydrolysis, and the avail-ability, cost and handling characteristics of the acid precur-sor. For the acidization of carbonate materials and other acid-soluble formation materials having high concentrations of calcium, magnesium or other multivalent cations, acid precur-sors which hydrolyze to generate hydrochloric, hydrobromic or hydroiodic acids are preferred, particularly the hydrochloric acid precursors. However, for the acidization of siliceous materials, such as clay, hydrofluoric acid precursors are pre-ferred and acid precursors which hydrolyze to generate a mix-ture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids are particularly preferred. Alternatively, for the acidization of siliceous materials an acid precursor which hydrolyzes to generate hydro-]0 chloric, hydrobromic and/or hydroiodic acid can be used incombination with an aqueous fluoride salt solution as dis-closed in my U.S. Patent 4,203,492.
In general, the halogenated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom are preferred over the halogenated hycirocarbons having two carbons, especially at formation temperatures above about 500F., because various side reaction products of the hydrolysis of the halogenated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms, such as acetic acid, can be pyrolyzed to form plugging solid residues at these very high temperatures. Of the halo-genated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom, the acid precur-sors of the formula CX4 are preferred, and -tetrachloromethane (i.e., carbon tetrachloride) is particularly preferred due to its ability to hydrolyze readily over the temperature range 250 to 700 F., as well as its low cost and availability.
The preferred hydrochloric acid precursors are tetra-chloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane and -tetra-chloroethane, with tetrachloromethane being particularly pre-ferred. Preferred acid precursors which hydrolyæe to form a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids are bromotrichlo~
methane, chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, trichloro-dibromoethane, l,l-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dibromoethane.
33~6 Preferred acid precursors which hydrolyze to form a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids are 1,1,2-trifluorotri-chloroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane and fluorotrichloroethane, with l,1,2-trifluorotrichloroethane being particularly pre-ferred.
The foaming agent selected for use in the method of this invention should be a nonionic substantially hydrophobic compound which is miscible with or soluble in the acid precur-sors of this invention and whieh is eapable of forming a sub-stantially anhydrous foam with the aeid precursor and a gas.As used herein the term "nonionie substantially hydrophobic foaming agent" means a foaming agent which does not ionize in water and which does not attraet or draw water into the treating fluid in whieh the foaming ayent is dissolved. As described hereinbelow, the presence of any significant amount of water in the treating fluid may result in the premature hydrolysis of the aeid preeursor. Accordingly, the use of hydrophilic surfaetants should be avoided.
Also the foaming agent should be nonpyrolyzing and non-polymerizing under eonditions to whieh it will be exposed. Pre-ferably, the foaming agent should have little or no effect on the hydrolysis rate of the acid precursor. In many cases, such minor amounts of the foaming agent are re~Iuired that no notice-able acceleration or retardation of the hydrolysis rate will oceur. Depending upon the desired use of the foamed treating fluid, it may only be necessary that the foaming agent be capa~e of forming a foam which is stable for the short tiMe required to position the treating fluid in the formation. In other cir-cumstances, such as where the foam is relied UpOII for diverting subse~uently injected fluids to less permeable zones of the formation, a foaming agent capable of forming a more stable foam wili be required. Suitable foaming agents will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this description.
One preferred class of nonionic substantially hydro-phobic foaming agents is the fluoro aliphatic radical-contain-ing esters, particularly those having between about 10 and about 30 weight percent of carbon-bonded fluorine in the fluoro-aliphatic radical. See for example the fluorochemical surfac-tants disclosed in Paint and Varnish Production, 1972, pages 27-32. A particularly preferred foaming agent for use in the method of this invention is the fluorochemical surfactant marketed by 3M of St. Paul, Minnesota as a 50 weight percent solution of tne foaming agent in an aromatic solvent under the registered trademark Fluorad* FC740. The active ingredient of Fluorad* YC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution is a fluoro aliphatic radical-containing ester having about 25 weight per-cent carbon-bonded fluorine in the fluoro aliphatic radical.
The concentration of the foaming agent in the treat-ing fluid will typically be between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent depending upon the amount required to form a treating fluid of the desired fluid density and foam stability.
Preferably, the amount of the foaming agent is minimized con-sistent with the desired foam density and stability so as to minimize its effect on hydrolysis of the acid precursor. Foam-ing agent concentrations between about 0.01 and about 0.5 weight percent are preferred, and good results are achieved when the treating fluid contains between about 0.05 and about 0.15 weight percent of the foaming agent.
The selection of a gas for use in the foamed treating fluid of this invention is not critical, but rather is made in view of factors known to those skilled in the art, such as the cost and availability as well as the corrosivity and other handling characteristics of the gas. It is contemplated that * Registered Trademark of 3M.
potentially corrosive gases, such as oxygen, air and/or carbon dioxide, may be used under conditions in which the corrosion to well equipment due to these gases is controlled below an acceptable maximum amount. Other readily available gases, such as flue gases, exhaust gases or the like, may also be used.
However, the use of a noncorrosive gas, particularly nitrogen, is preferred so as to minimize corrosion of the injection equip-ment and the well hardware.
The amount of gas employed will depend upon the desired density of the treating fluid and the density of the acid precursor employed, with the amount of gas necessarily being greater to achieve lower treating fluid densities. As used herein the term "volume of gas per volume of acid precur-sor" refers to the volume of the gas calculated at the antici-pated downhole temperature and pressure conditions during in-jection of the treating fluid to the volume of the liquid acid precursor. Typically, between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor will be used in the method of this invention depending upon the desired density of the treating fluid. Where it is desired to have a treating fluid density approximately equal to that of water or other aqueous fluid in the formation, such as between about 0.95 and about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter (gm/cc), between about 0.6 and about 0.7 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor will be required.
In certain formations, it may be desirable to inject a relatively low density foamed treating fluid and use the foam as a diverting agent and/or a solids-carrying fluid, as well as an acidizing fluid. For example, in formations having zones of varying permeability it may be desirable to first inject a very low density foamed treating fluid of this invention to tempor-arily plug the more permeable zones of the formation and then, using this foam as a diverting agent, injec-t a slightly more dense foamed treating fluid into the lower permeability zones.
A foamed treating fluid of this invention having a density between about 0.2 and about 0.3 gm/cc (typically requiring be-tween about 5 and about 6 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor) makes an excellent flow-diverting and/or solids-carrying foam. And a foamed treating fluid of this invention having a density between about 0.8 to 0.85 gm/cc (typically requiring between about 0.9 and about 1.0 volume of gas per volume of acid precursor) is suitable as an intermediate density foamed treating fluid with lesser flow-diverting and solids-carrying capacity.
The use of the foamed treating fluid of this inven-tion can result in many of the advantages derived from the use of conventional foamed aqueous acid solutions, such as (1) a reduction in clean up time due to a lower hydrostatic head in the well and -the backflushing action of the gas in the foam as pressure is released and (2) deeper penetration of the acid into the formation due to the large volumes of gas injected as well as reduced fluid loss to adjacent formations. The foamed treat-ing fluids of this invention are also used to great advantage in fracture-acidizing methods. And, of course, the use of the substantially anhydrous treating fluids of -this invention are best suited to high temperature formations where the known foamed acidizing methods are unsuitable.
In the method of this invention, a foamed treating fluid consisting essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and an acid precursor is introduced through a well and into the subterranean formation to be acid-ized. During its passage through the well, the treating fluidmust be in a substantially anhydrous state to avoid premature hydrolysis and the resulting corrosion of the injection equipment. The term "substantially anhydrous" as used herein is meant to include treating fluids having not more than a minor amount of water. The amount of water which can be tolerated in the treating fluid depends primarily upon the temperature to which the treating fluid is heated during its passage through the well. For example, at relatively low treating fluid temperatures, such as temperatures on the order of 250 to 300 F., water concentrations of about 10 weight per-cent may be acceptable because the acid precursor and water are immiscible and therefore do not hydrolyze readily. However, at relatlvely high treating fluid temperatures, such as on the order of 500 to 700 F., water concentrations must be less than about 1 weight percent due to the accelerated rate of hydrolysis at these temperatures. For the purposes of this invention, a treating fluid is "substantially anhydrous" when it contains less than the amount of water required to cause a significant amount of hydrolysis during passage through the well, which significant amount results in an unacceptable rate of corrosion of the injection equipment. Best results are ob-tained when the treating fluid is introduced into the well as an anhydrous foam.
The introduction of the treating fluid into the sub-terranean formation can be accomplished by a variety oE well-known fluid injectlon methods, provided that the acid precursor is not prematurely mixed with water. The suitability of a particular method for injection of the treating fluid will depend, inter alia, upon whether or not water must also be in-jected through the well. No water injection is normally requi~d in the acidization of a formation containing an aqueous geo-thermal fluid, such as steam or brine. However, deep oil and gas wells, particularly hot, dry gas wells, usually will require the injection of water to hydrolyze the acid precursor.
One method for injecting the treating fluid comprises running a dry, or substantially dry, injection tubing having a remoteiy controllable downhole valve into the well; introducing the desired quantity of the substantially anhydrous treating fluid into the injection tubing; openiny the downhole valve and displacing the treating fluid from the injection tubing into the formation by means of a displacement fluid. This pro-cedure is especially preferred for those acidization operations which do not require water injection, such as in the acidiza-tion of a formation containing geothermal steam, brine or other high temperature aqueous fluid. As the temperature of the formation to be acidized is increased, the importance of having a water-free treating fluid and a water-free injection tubing is increased. The displacement fluid can be any inert fluid, such as nitrogen or an aqueous or oleaginous fluid which is noncorrosive and nonplug-forming under the conditions en-countered in the injection tubing. ~referred oleaginous dis-placement fluids are the solvent refined paraffinic lubricating oil base stocks, known as neutral oils and bright stoc~s, such as are used conventionally in the manufacture of lubricating oils for industrial turbines and other machines operatinng at high temperatures.
A slightly modified injection procedure is employed for the acidization operations in which water injection is also required. As in the above-described procedure, the substantia~y anhydrous treating fluid is injected through an injection tubing into the subterranean formation. Since the relatively water-free formations which require water injection, such as hot, dry gas wells, typically have temperatures between about 250 F. and about 400 F., the presence of minor amounts of water in the treating fluid and/or injection tubing is not as critical.
Accordingly, where the treating fluid and tne water have about the same density both the substantially anhydrous treating fluid and water can be introduced through the injection tubingl preferably in the form of a plurality of small, discrete alter-nating slugs. ~ecause the acid precursors and foaming agent are relatively insoluble in water tl~re will be little mixing and/or hydrolysis during the passage through the injection tub-ing at these temperatures.
A particularly preferred method for injecting both an acid precursor and water into the formation (especially where the foamed treating fluid has a density substantially less than the water) comprises injecting a slug of the substantially anhydrous treating fluid through a water-free injection tubing;
simultaneously injecting water through the well annulus between the injection tubing and the walls of the borehole; and there-after injecting a slug of excess water followed by an inert displacement fluid, such as nitrogen, through the injection tubing and well annulus to overdisplace the mi~ed acid precur-sor and water into the formation. This procedure produces good mixing of the acid precursor and water in the borehole prior to entry into the formation, and yet, because the hydrolysis rate is relatively slow, the hydrohalic acid is not produced to any significant extent until the reaction mixture has been dis-placed well into the formation. The excess water injected removes any acid precursor remaining in the injection tubing, and the nitrogen displaces the reaction mixture into the Eor-mation away from the borehole.
In a preferred embodiment of the method of this inven-tion a high temperature subterranean formation is hydraulically fractured as the acid precursor is hydrolyzing in situ. The techni~ue of fracture-acidizing is well known and therefore need not be described more fully herein except for the follow-ing novel features. In a preferred method of fracture acidiz-ing, the sub,tantially anhydrous treating fluid is introduced ~t9~6 under pressure through the injection tubing and into the suh-terranean formation while an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble, viscosity-increasing agent is simultaneously injected under pressure through the well annulus and subsequent-ly through the injection tubing to displace the acid precursor into the subterranean formation as it is being hydraulically fractured. The exposed fracture surfaces provide a hot, clear~
surface for reaction with the in situ produced acid. Suitable viscosity increasing agents include the thermally stable, water-soluble polymers normally used in hydraulic fracturing, such as pclyacrylamides and polyvinylpyrrolidones. As is conventional, acid-insoluble propping agents can be injected to hold the newly formed fractures open after the pressure is reduced. The propping agents can be advantageously entrained in the foamed treating fluid of this invention.
The factors to be considered in selecting the quantity of acid precursor and/or water to be injected in the method of this invention are essentially the same as in a conventional acidization operation. By way of example, an acid treatment which would conventionally call for the use of about 10,640 gal-lons of a 15 weight percent hydrochloric acid solution, requires the injection of about 1,000 gallons of tetrachloromethane and, in the case of a relatively water-free Eormation, about 9,640 gallons of water. The design of a particular acidization oper-ation using the method of this invention will therefore become obvious to those skilled in the art from these well-known factors when taken in view of this disclosure.
In one preferred method for acidization of siliceous formation materials, two discrete slugs of substantially anhy-drous foamed fluids are successively introduced into the sub-terranean formation. The first slug, or preflush fluid, consists essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric acid precursor, preferably tetracnloromethane. The second slug consists essentially of gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid precursor, such as 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, or preferably consists essentially of a mixture of gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foam-ing agent and a hydrochloric acid precursor, such as tetra-chloromethane, and an acid precursor, such as l,1,2-trichloro-trifluoroethane, which hydrolyzes to form a mixture of hydro-fluoric and hydrochloric acids. Preferably, the mixture of acid precursors employed in the second slug is one which will hydrolyze in situ to generate an acid solution having a hydro-chloric acid to hydrofluoric acid ratio therein of between about 2 and about 5, as is conventional in a "mud acid". The function of the hydrochloric acid produced by hydrolysis of the preflush fluid is (1) to provide a low pH environment relative-ly free of cations which would otherwise form insoluble fluoride or fluosilicate salts, such as calcium fluoride and sodium fluosilicate, respectively, with the subsequently produced hydrofluoric acid, and (2) to consume carbonates and other high-ly reactive, nonsiliceous materials in the formation thereby conserving the later-introduced hydrofluoric acid for reaction with the siliceous materials to be acidized.
In another preferred method for acidizing siliceous materials in ~ high temperature formation, the hydrofluoric acid required is genera-ted in situ by the hydrolysis of an acid precursor to form hydrochloric, hydrobromic or hydroiodic acid which subsequently combines with a fluoride salt injected separately in an aqueous solution to form the hydrofluoric acid, as disclosed in my U.S. Patent 4,203,492. In this embodiment it is also preferred to inject a foarned preflush fluid consist-ing essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric and/or hydrobromic acid pre-cursor as described above. Preferred preflush acid precursors include tetrachloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethane, bromotrichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, trichlorodibromoethane, dichlorodibromo~
ethane and mixtures thereof.
After the preflush fluid has solubilized the nonsili-ceous materials, these materials shou]d be removed from the portion of the formation which is to be acidized by the subse-quently injected materials. The removal may be accomplished byinjecting a displacement fluid to overdisplace the solubilized materials deep into the formation or, alternatively, the solu-bilized materials may be produced through the well.
Whenever the formation to be ac~idized contains water-swellable clays, care must be taken to avoid swelling these clays, which swelling could result in severely reducing the permeability of the formation. Various methods are known for avoiding clay swelling. In particular, any aqueous solution injected before or during the acidizing operation should contain an agent, such as ammonium chloride, to prevent clay swelling.
In addition to the gas used to foam the treating fluid of this invention, an inert gas, such as nitrogen, can be added to the other fluids injected in the method of this invention to aid in the mixing of the acid precursor and water in the forma-tion. Between about 50 and about 5,000 standard cubic feet of the inert gas per barrel of the injected fluid is preferred, and good results are obtained when about 1,000 standard cubic feet of nitrogen per barLel of fluid is employed.
After displacement of the treating fluid into the for-mation, the well is shut in for a preselected time to allow theacid precursor to hydrolyze and the in situ-produced acid to be consumed in the desired acidization of formation materials.
V~
The degree of hydrolysis achieved in situ is determined by -the length of time the well is shut in. When less than complete hydrolysis is achieved, precautions must be taken to handle the unreacted acid precursor and any noxious intermediate reaction products. After the preselected period, the borehole is pre-ferably flushed with a conventional well cleaning fluid, such as water, and the well effluent is contacted in a pit or other contacting device with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution for a short time prior to returning the well to its normal injecti~
or production operation.
The degree of hydrolysis achieved in a preselected period of time will depend, inter alia, upon the composition of the treating fluid and the temperature and pressure conditions in the formation. The rate of hydrolysis generally increases with increases in temperature and/or pressure. In formations having temperatures between about 250 F. and about 350 F., at least about 50 percent hydrolysis is desired, preferably at least about 80 percent hydrolysis. In these formations, less than complete hydrolysis will normally be employed, as a practi-cal matter, due to the long shut-in period required for com-plete hydrolysis. The quantity of acid precursor injected must, of course, be larger at these lower degrees of hydrolysis in order to provide the same yield of hydrohalic acid. In hi~her temperature formations, substantially complete hydrolysis can be achieved within a relatively short time period, such as less than ~ hours, and is therefore preferred. The -time required for any desired degree of hydrolysis can be determined in the laboratory by a simple test which is described below in the determination of the time required for complete hydrolysis of tetrachloromethane.
A series of tests are performed to determine the time required for complete hydrolysis of tetrachloromethane at about 350 F. Approximatel~r 1 gram of tetrachloromethane, 15 grams of deionized water and a calcium carbonate chip weighing about 2.6 grams are placed in a glass test tube and the test tube is sealed. The sealed tube is placed inside a cylindrical auto-clave having an internal dlmension slightly larger than the external dimensions of the sealed tube. The autoclave is pressurized with nitrogen to about 1,200 p.s.i.g. The contents of the autoclave are heated rapidly, e.g., at a rate of 50 F.
per minute, up to 350 F. and then held at this temperature for varying preselected periods of time. At this temperature, the pressure inside the sealed tube is approximately 1000 p.s.i.g.
At the end of the preselected time period, the contents of the autoclave are rapidly cooled to room temperature by circulating nitrogen through the autoclave. The glass tube is broken to recover the unreacted calcium carbonate chip for weighing. Cal-culations from the equation which represents the overall hydrolysis-acidization reaction:
CC14 + 2CaC03 > 2CaC12 + 3co2 the weight loss expected for 100 percent hydrolysis of the 1 gram of tetrachloromethane is about 1.3 grams. The test in which the autoclave contents are maintained at 350 F. for 68 hours indicates complete hydrolysis of the tetrachloromethane.
Similar series of tests are conducted for 400 F. and 500 F., and the time required for complete hydrolysis under these con-ditions is found to be about 4 hours and one hour, respectively.
Finally, a series of tests are conducted to determine the time required for complete hydrolysis of te~rachloromethane to which has been added 0.2 or 2.0 volume percent of Fluorad* FC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution (representing a foaming agent concentration of about 0.063 and about 0.63 weight percent, * Registered Trademark of 3M
~V~3~6 respectively). In both cases, less than 4 hours is required to achieve complete hydrolysis of the tetrachlorome-thane at 400 F.
If the rate of hydrolysis of a selected acid precur-sor is too rapid for a particular acidizing treatment, a retarder may be incorporated into the treating fluid to retard the hydrolysis reaction. The retarder should be nonpolymeriz-able and nonpyrolyzable under the high temperature and pressure conditions in the formation, and should be nonreactive with the formation constitutents and the in situ-produced acid. Suitable retarders include the solvent refined, paraffinic lubricating oil base stocks, known as neutral oils and bright stocks. Pre-ferred retarders are the highly paraffinic "white oils" which are acid refined from these base stocks. Exemplary retarders and their properties are as follows:
Retarder Gravity Normal Boiling Viscosity API Point Range ( F.) (SSU) _ 90 ~eutral Oil 30.8 640 - 790 90 at 100 F.
300 Neutral Oil 27.7 710 - g80 300 at 100 F.
175 Bright Stock 24.3 800 - plus 175 at 210 F.
These base stocks typically are between 70 and 90 percent saturated hydrocarbons with the balance being aromatic hydro-carbons. I~hite oils are even more highly paraffinic.
The rate of hydrolysis can also be retarded by in-creasing the salt concentration of the aqueous fluid with which the acid precursor reacts in situ to generate the hydrohalic acid. For example, at 400 F. complete hydrolysis of tetra-chloromethane requires about six hours in a 3 weight percent NaCl solution as compared to only about four hours in fresh water. Advantage may be taken of this effect during hydrolysis of the acid precursor by placement of a spacer fluid having a high salt content, such as a 30 weight percent solution of ammonium chloride, in the well adjacent to the formation to be acidized in order to substantially prohibit hydrolysis of any acid precursor remaining in contact with the well. Alterna-tively, or in addition, acid-soluble particulate solids, such as calcium carbonate particles, may be deposited in the bottom of the well after placement of the acid precursor to both con-sume any acid present in the well and, due to the inhibiting effect of the resulting calcium chloride, inhibit the hydrolysis of any acid precursor remaining in the well.
Normally only very high temperature formations, such as geothermal formations having temperatures between about 500 F. and about 700 F. will require the use of a retarder. EIow-ever, use of a retarder in acidizing other subterranean forma-tions having temperatures above about 400 F. is contemplated.
When a retarder is required, the foamed treating fluid injected through the well into the formation in the method of this in-vention will consist essentially of a gas, a nonionic substan-tially hydrophobic foaming agent, the retarder and the acid precursor. Exemplary treating fluids are mixtures consisting of from about 50 to 95 weight percent acid precursor with the balance being the retarder, gas and foaming agent. The amount of retarder required for a particular acidization treatment is easily determined by repeating the aforementioned test for determining the time required for the desired degree of hydroly-sis with differing amounts of retarder. For example, the time required for complete hydrolysis of a treating fluid consist-ing of 1 gram of a neutral oil marke~ed by Union Oil Company of California under the name Union 300 Neutral Oil* and ] gram of tetrachloromethane when mixed with 15 milliliters of a 3 weight percent NaCl solution was determined by this test to be * Trademark of Union Oil Company of California between 16 and 20 hours at 400 F. as compared to less than 6 hours for tetrachloromethane in a 3 weight percent ~laCl solu-tion without the retarder.
Primary advantages realized in the method of this in-vention result from the fact that the acid precursors employed are noncorrosive under the high temperature conditions en-countered prior to hydrolysis in the formation. To demonstrate the noncorrosivity of the anhydrous acid precursors, a series of tests are performed to determine the rate of corrosion of tetrachloromethane at a variety of high temperatures. ~nhyd-rous tetrachloromethane and a weighed corrosion test specimen of N-80 steel are placed in a glass tube which is then sealed.
The sealed tube is placed in an autoclave and is heated to a preselected high temperature for a selected period of time, after which it is cooled to 100 F. for the balance of 22 hours.
The test specimen is then removed from the glass tube and weighed. The weight loss is converted to pounds per square foot of surface area. A weight loss of about 0.050 pounds per square foot is considered the maximum acceptable rate. Results of this series of tests are as follows:
Temperature Time Corrosion Rate ( F.) (Hours)(pounds/sq. foot) 400 6 0.002 600 6 0.005 650 6 0.015 650 6 0.021 700 ~ 0.012 700 6 0.029 This data indicates that metal surfaces exposed to anhydrous tetrachloromethane prior to hydrolysis in the method of this invention will not be corroded to any significant extent. Accordingly, the method of this invention is suitable for the acidization of subterranean formations having tempera-tures much higher than the 250 F. practical maximum tempera-ture of the prior art acidization methods.
The invention is further illustrated by the following example which is illustrative of specific modes of practicing the invention and is not intended as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
A natural gas-bearing dolomite formation having a temperature of about 350 F. and located at a depth of about 21,800 feet is acidized in accordance with the method of this invention. A production well penetrating the formation has a production tubing disposed therein. Nine discrete slugs of liquid are sequentially injected at a rate of about 20 barrels per minute through the production tubing into a mixing zone of the well adjacent the formation. The first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth slugs are each a 200 barrel slug of fresh water containing about 1,000 standard cubic feet of nitrogen per barrel. The second, fourth, sixth and eighth slugs are each a foamed anhydrous treating fluid consisting of about 25 barrels of tetrachloromethane, about 0.3 volume percent of Fluorad* FC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution and about 0.7 volume of nitrogen per volume of tetrachloromethane. The treat-ing fluid has a density of about 0.95 gm/cc. The injected fluids are at least partially mixed in said mixing zone -to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is displaced into the formation by injecting through the production tubing about 1 million standard cubic feet of nitrogen. The well is shut in for a period of 68 hours to allow substantially complete hydrol~
ysis of the tetrachloromethane and complete reaction of the in * Registered trademark of 3M
~4~326 situ-produced acid. At the end of this time period, the well is opened and the well effluent is contacted at the well site with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution prior to returning the well to natural gas production.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, of course, that the in-vention is not limited thereto since many obvious modifications can be made, and it is intended to include within this invention any such modifications as will fall within the scope of the appended claims.
The foaming agent and gas impart to the treating fluid a desired density which is lower than the density of the acid precursor.
The method of this invention allows acidization of subterranean formations in which the prior art acidization methods are rendered impractical due to the high formation temperatures. The invention provides an acidization method for high temperature Eormations in which corrosion of well equip-ment is substantially eliminated and the undesirable consumption of acid by the formation immediately adjacen-tthe borehole is avoided. The method can be employed in high temperature forma-tions having a large connate water concentration, such as a for-mation containing an aqueous geothermal fluid, or in high temperature formations having little or no connate water~ The method has the advantage of being operable with conventional well equipment and does not require the use of exotic alloys or other materials to avoid corrosion of the well equipment. The variety of treating fluid densities possible with the use of the foamed treating fluid of this invention makes it feasible 30 to acidize high temperature subterranean formations with widely varying characteristics.
The method of this invention is suitable for the --S--acidlzation of relatively high temperature sub-terranean for-mations and finds particular utility in the acidization of sub-terranean formations having temperatures on the order of 250~ F.
and higher, such as between 250 F. and 700 F. and especially from 400 F. to 700 F. By proper selection of acid precursors described more fully hereinbelow, the method of this invention is suitable for acidizing subterranean formations containing carbonate materials, such as limestone and dolomite, siliceous materials, such as sandstone and clay, and other acid-soluble formation constituents.
The acid precursor suitable for use in the method of this invention is a normally liquid, halogenated hydrocarbon having one or two carbon atoms per molecule. More specifically, the acid precursor is a normally liquid halogenated hydrocarbon having the generalized formula:
C H X
x y z wherein x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y _ x; and z = 2x - y + 2, and which is thermally stable under the high temperature and pressure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis.
As used throughout this application and the appended c]aims, the parameter "X" represents one or more halogens, that is, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or a mixture of two or more halogens.
The term "thermally stable" as used herein is meant to exclude compounds which spontaneously decompose and/or polymer-ize under the temperature and pressure conditions to be en-countered. Halogenated hydrocarbons which thermally decompose under the conditions encountered prior -to hydrolysis are to be avoided since some of the decomposition products, such as chlorine, are highly toxic, and other of the decomposition V~6 products, such as a tar resulting from the pyrolysis of halo-genated hydrocarbons having three or more carbon atoms per mole-cule, tend to form plugging deposits which are difficult to remove.
The term "normally liquid" as used herein includes those compounds which exist as liquids under the ambient temp~
erature and pressure conditions at the well site. In general, a compound which is "normally liquidt' for the purposes of this invention has a normal melting point less than about 80 F., preferably less than about 30 F., and has a normal boiling point above about 80 F., preferably above about 120 F.
Normally liquid compounds are more easily handled at the well site and more easily injected through a well into the subter-ranean formation in the method of this invention. The term "normally liquid" is meant to exclude compounds which exist only as a solid or a gas under the temperature and pressure con-ditions to which they will be exposed during handling at the well site and introduction into the well.
The treating fluid injected through a well in the method of this invention should consist essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and an acid precursor or a mixture of acid precursors, and should prefer-ably not contain any more than a minor amount of other materials, such as water, hydrocarbons, ionic or other hydrophilic surfac-tants or any other material which would significantly affect the rate of hydrolysis of the acid precursor. The addition of conventional hydrophilic surfactants tends to undesirably draw water into the treating fluid, and the addition of these sur-factants and/or other hydrocarbon additives to the treating fluids typically retards the rate and degree of hydrolysis of the acid precursor. The presence of such compounds at very high temperatures often results in the production of pyrolytic products which damage the formation. The presence of any significant amount of oxygen-containing compounds, including oxygen-containing hydrocarbon solvents, such as alcohols and ketones, should be avoided since at high temperatures these compounds are often corrosive even in an anhydrous state.
As discussed above, polymerizable or pyrolyzable com-pounds must be avoided in the acidization method particularly in very high temperature wells. Accordingly, unsaturated hydro-carbons must also be avoided. Halogenated hydrocarbons having three or more carbon atoms, and at very high temperatures two or more carbon atoms, tend to hydrolyze to form polymerizable and/or pyrolyzable side reaction products, such as propylene and acetic acid, respectively, and must therefore also be avoided. It is also preferable to avoid compounds which are flammable or explodable under the temperature and pressure con-ditions to which they are exposed during handling at the well site.
The halogenated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom per molecule which are suitable ~or use as the acid precursor in the method of this invention include the normally liquid compounds having the general formulas CX4 or HCX3 which are thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to be en-countered. Suitable compounds of the forrnula CX4 include:
tetrachloromethane, fluorotrichloromethane, bromotrichloro-methane and dibromodichloromethane. Suitable compounds of the formula HCX3 include: trichloromethane, tribromomethane, chloro-dibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, iododibromomethane, chlorodiiodomethane, iododichlorome-thane and fluorochlorobromo-methane.
The halogenated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms per molecule which are suitable for use as the acid precursor in the method of this invention include the normally liquid compounds having the general formulas C2X6, HC2X5 and H2C2X4 which are thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to be encountered. Suitable compounds of the for-mula C2X6 include: 1,2-difluorotetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-tri-fluorotrichloroethane and 1,1,2-trifluorotribromoethane. Suit-able compounds of the formula HC2X5 include: pentachloroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, fluorotetrabromoethane, difluorotri-bromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-tribromoethane, 1,1 -dichloro-1,2,2-tribromoethane, dibromotrifluoroethane, dibromotrichloro-ethane and fluorodichlorodibromoethane. Suitable compounds ofthe formula H2C2X4 include: tetrachloroethane (both the sym-metrical and unsymmetrical isomers), tetrabromoethane (both the symmetrical and unsymmetrical isomers), fluorotrichloroethane, l-fluoro-1,1,2-tribromoethane, 1-fluoro-1,2,2-tribromoethane, difluorodichloroethane, 1,2-difluoro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1-difluoro-2,2-dibromoethane, chlorotribromoethane, l,l-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, l,l-dichloro-2,2-dibromoethane and bromotricllloroethane.
Mixtures of the described aeid preeursors can also be employed either in the form of a solution or an admixture. The use of a plurality of discrete slugs of different acid pre-cursors, o~ mixtures of acid precursors, is also contemplated and in some cases is preferred, as is described more fully hereinbelow.
The selection of a particular acid precursor for use in the method of th's invention will depend, inter alia, upon the hydrohalic acid desired, the formation material to be acid-ized, the temperature and pressure conditions to which the acid precursor will be exposed prior to hydrolysis, and the avail-ability, cost and handling characteristics of the acid precur-sor. For the acidization of carbonate materials and other acid-soluble formation materials having high concentrations of calcium, magnesium or other multivalent cations, acid precur-sors which hydrolyze to generate hydrochloric, hydrobromic or hydroiodic acids are preferred, particularly the hydrochloric acid precursors. However, for the acidization of siliceous materials, such as clay, hydrofluoric acid precursors are pre-ferred and acid precursors which hydrolyze to generate a mix-ture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids are particularly preferred. Alternatively, for the acidization of siliceous materials an acid precursor which hydrolyzes to generate hydro-]0 chloric, hydrobromic and/or hydroiodic acid can be used incombination with an aqueous fluoride salt solution as dis-closed in my U.S. Patent 4,203,492.
In general, the halogenated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom are preferred over the halogenated hycirocarbons having two carbons, especially at formation temperatures above about 500F., because various side reaction products of the hydrolysis of the halogenated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms, such as acetic acid, can be pyrolyzed to form plugging solid residues at these very high temperatures. Of the halo-genated hydrocarbons having one carbon atom, the acid precur-sors of the formula CX4 are preferred, and -tetrachloromethane (i.e., carbon tetrachloride) is particularly preferred due to its ability to hydrolyze readily over the temperature range 250 to 700 F., as well as its low cost and availability.
The preferred hydrochloric acid precursors are tetra-chloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane and -tetra-chloroethane, with tetrachloromethane being particularly pre-ferred. Preferred acid precursors which hydrolyæe to form a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids are bromotrichlo~
methane, chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, trichloro-dibromoethane, l,l-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane, and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dibromoethane.
33~6 Preferred acid precursors which hydrolyze to form a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids are 1,1,2-trifluorotri-chloroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane and fluorotrichloroethane, with l,1,2-trifluorotrichloroethane being particularly pre-ferred.
The foaming agent selected for use in the method of this invention should be a nonionic substantially hydrophobic compound which is miscible with or soluble in the acid precur-sors of this invention and whieh is eapable of forming a sub-stantially anhydrous foam with the aeid precursor and a gas.As used herein the term "nonionie substantially hydrophobic foaming agent" means a foaming agent which does not ionize in water and which does not attraet or draw water into the treating fluid in whieh the foaming ayent is dissolved. As described hereinbelow, the presence of any significant amount of water in the treating fluid may result in the premature hydrolysis of the aeid preeursor. Accordingly, the use of hydrophilic surfaetants should be avoided.
Also the foaming agent should be nonpyrolyzing and non-polymerizing under eonditions to whieh it will be exposed. Pre-ferably, the foaming agent should have little or no effect on the hydrolysis rate of the acid precursor. In many cases, such minor amounts of the foaming agent are re~Iuired that no notice-able acceleration or retardation of the hydrolysis rate will oceur. Depending upon the desired use of the foamed treating fluid, it may only be necessary that the foaming agent be capa~e of forming a foam which is stable for the short tiMe required to position the treating fluid in the formation. In other cir-cumstances, such as where the foam is relied UpOII for diverting subse~uently injected fluids to less permeable zones of the formation, a foaming agent capable of forming a more stable foam wili be required. Suitable foaming agents will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this description.
One preferred class of nonionic substantially hydro-phobic foaming agents is the fluoro aliphatic radical-contain-ing esters, particularly those having between about 10 and about 30 weight percent of carbon-bonded fluorine in the fluoro-aliphatic radical. See for example the fluorochemical surfac-tants disclosed in Paint and Varnish Production, 1972, pages 27-32. A particularly preferred foaming agent for use in the method of this invention is the fluorochemical surfactant marketed by 3M of St. Paul, Minnesota as a 50 weight percent solution of tne foaming agent in an aromatic solvent under the registered trademark Fluorad* FC740. The active ingredient of Fluorad* YC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution is a fluoro aliphatic radical-containing ester having about 25 weight per-cent carbon-bonded fluorine in the fluoro aliphatic radical.
The concentration of the foaming agent in the treat-ing fluid will typically be between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent depending upon the amount required to form a treating fluid of the desired fluid density and foam stability.
Preferably, the amount of the foaming agent is minimized con-sistent with the desired foam density and stability so as to minimize its effect on hydrolysis of the acid precursor. Foam-ing agent concentrations between about 0.01 and about 0.5 weight percent are preferred, and good results are achieved when the treating fluid contains between about 0.05 and about 0.15 weight percent of the foaming agent.
The selection of a gas for use in the foamed treating fluid of this invention is not critical, but rather is made in view of factors known to those skilled in the art, such as the cost and availability as well as the corrosivity and other handling characteristics of the gas. It is contemplated that * Registered Trademark of 3M.
potentially corrosive gases, such as oxygen, air and/or carbon dioxide, may be used under conditions in which the corrosion to well equipment due to these gases is controlled below an acceptable maximum amount. Other readily available gases, such as flue gases, exhaust gases or the like, may also be used.
However, the use of a noncorrosive gas, particularly nitrogen, is preferred so as to minimize corrosion of the injection equip-ment and the well hardware.
The amount of gas employed will depend upon the desired density of the treating fluid and the density of the acid precursor employed, with the amount of gas necessarily being greater to achieve lower treating fluid densities. As used herein the term "volume of gas per volume of acid precur-sor" refers to the volume of the gas calculated at the antici-pated downhole temperature and pressure conditions during in-jection of the treating fluid to the volume of the liquid acid precursor. Typically, between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor will be used in the method of this invention depending upon the desired density of the treating fluid. Where it is desired to have a treating fluid density approximately equal to that of water or other aqueous fluid in the formation, such as between about 0.95 and about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter (gm/cc), between about 0.6 and about 0.7 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor will be required.
In certain formations, it may be desirable to inject a relatively low density foamed treating fluid and use the foam as a diverting agent and/or a solids-carrying fluid, as well as an acidizing fluid. For example, in formations having zones of varying permeability it may be desirable to first inject a very low density foamed treating fluid of this invention to tempor-arily plug the more permeable zones of the formation and then, using this foam as a diverting agent, injec-t a slightly more dense foamed treating fluid into the lower permeability zones.
A foamed treating fluid of this invention having a density between about 0.2 and about 0.3 gm/cc (typically requiring be-tween about 5 and about 6 volumes of gas per volume of acid precursor) makes an excellent flow-diverting and/or solids-carrying foam. And a foamed treating fluid of this invention having a density between about 0.8 to 0.85 gm/cc (typically requiring between about 0.9 and about 1.0 volume of gas per volume of acid precursor) is suitable as an intermediate density foamed treating fluid with lesser flow-diverting and solids-carrying capacity.
The use of the foamed treating fluid of this inven-tion can result in many of the advantages derived from the use of conventional foamed aqueous acid solutions, such as (1) a reduction in clean up time due to a lower hydrostatic head in the well and -the backflushing action of the gas in the foam as pressure is released and (2) deeper penetration of the acid into the formation due to the large volumes of gas injected as well as reduced fluid loss to adjacent formations. The foamed treat-ing fluids of this invention are also used to great advantage in fracture-acidizing methods. And, of course, the use of the substantially anhydrous treating fluids of -this invention are best suited to high temperature formations where the known foamed acidizing methods are unsuitable.
In the method of this invention, a foamed treating fluid consisting essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and an acid precursor is introduced through a well and into the subterranean formation to be acid-ized. During its passage through the well, the treating fluidmust be in a substantially anhydrous state to avoid premature hydrolysis and the resulting corrosion of the injection equipment. The term "substantially anhydrous" as used herein is meant to include treating fluids having not more than a minor amount of water. The amount of water which can be tolerated in the treating fluid depends primarily upon the temperature to which the treating fluid is heated during its passage through the well. For example, at relatively low treating fluid temperatures, such as temperatures on the order of 250 to 300 F., water concentrations of about 10 weight per-cent may be acceptable because the acid precursor and water are immiscible and therefore do not hydrolyze readily. However, at relatlvely high treating fluid temperatures, such as on the order of 500 to 700 F., water concentrations must be less than about 1 weight percent due to the accelerated rate of hydrolysis at these temperatures. For the purposes of this invention, a treating fluid is "substantially anhydrous" when it contains less than the amount of water required to cause a significant amount of hydrolysis during passage through the well, which significant amount results in an unacceptable rate of corrosion of the injection equipment. Best results are ob-tained when the treating fluid is introduced into the well as an anhydrous foam.
The introduction of the treating fluid into the sub-terranean formation can be accomplished by a variety oE well-known fluid injectlon methods, provided that the acid precursor is not prematurely mixed with water. The suitability of a particular method for injection of the treating fluid will depend, inter alia, upon whether or not water must also be in-jected through the well. No water injection is normally requi~d in the acidization of a formation containing an aqueous geo-thermal fluid, such as steam or brine. However, deep oil and gas wells, particularly hot, dry gas wells, usually will require the injection of water to hydrolyze the acid precursor.
One method for injecting the treating fluid comprises running a dry, or substantially dry, injection tubing having a remoteiy controllable downhole valve into the well; introducing the desired quantity of the substantially anhydrous treating fluid into the injection tubing; openiny the downhole valve and displacing the treating fluid from the injection tubing into the formation by means of a displacement fluid. This pro-cedure is especially preferred for those acidization operations which do not require water injection, such as in the acidiza-tion of a formation containing geothermal steam, brine or other high temperature aqueous fluid. As the temperature of the formation to be acidized is increased, the importance of having a water-free treating fluid and a water-free injection tubing is increased. The displacement fluid can be any inert fluid, such as nitrogen or an aqueous or oleaginous fluid which is noncorrosive and nonplug-forming under the conditions en-countered in the injection tubing. ~referred oleaginous dis-placement fluids are the solvent refined paraffinic lubricating oil base stocks, known as neutral oils and bright stoc~s, such as are used conventionally in the manufacture of lubricating oils for industrial turbines and other machines operatinng at high temperatures.
A slightly modified injection procedure is employed for the acidization operations in which water injection is also required. As in the above-described procedure, the substantia~y anhydrous treating fluid is injected through an injection tubing into the subterranean formation. Since the relatively water-free formations which require water injection, such as hot, dry gas wells, typically have temperatures between about 250 F. and about 400 F., the presence of minor amounts of water in the treating fluid and/or injection tubing is not as critical.
Accordingly, where the treating fluid and tne water have about the same density both the substantially anhydrous treating fluid and water can be introduced through the injection tubingl preferably in the form of a plurality of small, discrete alter-nating slugs. ~ecause the acid precursors and foaming agent are relatively insoluble in water tl~re will be little mixing and/or hydrolysis during the passage through the injection tub-ing at these temperatures.
A particularly preferred method for injecting both an acid precursor and water into the formation (especially where the foamed treating fluid has a density substantially less than the water) comprises injecting a slug of the substantially anhydrous treating fluid through a water-free injection tubing;
simultaneously injecting water through the well annulus between the injection tubing and the walls of the borehole; and there-after injecting a slug of excess water followed by an inert displacement fluid, such as nitrogen, through the injection tubing and well annulus to overdisplace the mi~ed acid precur-sor and water into the formation. This procedure produces good mixing of the acid precursor and water in the borehole prior to entry into the formation, and yet, because the hydrolysis rate is relatively slow, the hydrohalic acid is not produced to any significant extent until the reaction mixture has been dis-placed well into the formation. The excess water injected removes any acid precursor remaining in the injection tubing, and the nitrogen displaces the reaction mixture into the Eor-mation away from the borehole.
In a preferred embodiment of the method of this inven-tion a high temperature subterranean formation is hydraulically fractured as the acid precursor is hydrolyzing in situ. The techni~ue of fracture-acidizing is well known and therefore need not be described more fully herein except for the follow-ing novel features. In a preferred method of fracture acidiz-ing, the sub,tantially anhydrous treating fluid is introduced ~t9~6 under pressure through the injection tubing and into the suh-terranean formation while an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble, viscosity-increasing agent is simultaneously injected under pressure through the well annulus and subsequent-ly through the injection tubing to displace the acid precursor into the subterranean formation as it is being hydraulically fractured. The exposed fracture surfaces provide a hot, clear~
surface for reaction with the in situ produced acid. Suitable viscosity increasing agents include the thermally stable, water-soluble polymers normally used in hydraulic fracturing, such as pclyacrylamides and polyvinylpyrrolidones. As is conventional, acid-insoluble propping agents can be injected to hold the newly formed fractures open after the pressure is reduced. The propping agents can be advantageously entrained in the foamed treating fluid of this invention.
The factors to be considered in selecting the quantity of acid precursor and/or water to be injected in the method of this invention are essentially the same as in a conventional acidization operation. By way of example, an acid treatment which would conventionally call for the use of about 10,640 gal-lons of a 15 weight percent hydrochloric acid solution, requires the injection of about 1,000 gallons of tetrachloromethane and, in the case of a relatively water-free Eormation, about 9,640 gallons of water. The design of a particular acidization oper-ation using the method of this invention will therefore become obvious to those skilled in the art from these well-known factors when taken in view of this disclosure.
In one preferred method for acidization of siliceous formation materials, two discrete slugs of substantially anhy-drous foamed fluids are successively introduced into the sub-terranean formation. The first slug, or preflush fluid, consists essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric acid precursor, preferably tetracnloromethane. The second slug consists essentially of gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid precursor, such as 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, or preferably consists essentially of a mixture of gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foam-ing agent and a hydrochloric acid precursor, such as tetra-chloromethane, and an acid precursor, such as l,1,2-trichloro-trifluoroethane, which hydrolyzes to form a mixture of hydro-fluoric and hydrochloric acids. Preferably, the mixture of acid precursors employed in the second slug is one which will hydrolyze in situ to generate an acid solution having a hydro-chloric acid to hydrofluoric acid ratio therein of between about 2 and about 5, as is conventional in a "mud acid". The function of the hydrochloric acid produced by hydrolysis of the preflush fluid is (1) to provide a low pH environment relative-ly free of cations which would otherwise form insoluble fluoride or fluosilicate salts, such as calcium fluoride and sodium fluosilicate, respectively, with the subsequently produced hydrofluoric acid, and (2) to consume carbonates and other high-ly reactive, nonsiliceous materials in the formation thereby conserving the later-introduced hydrofluoric acid for reaction with the siliceous materials to be acidized.
In another preferred method for acidizing siliceous materials in ~ high temperature formation, the hydrofluoric acid required is genera-ted in situ by the hydrolysis of an acid precursor to form hydrochloric, hydrobromic or hydroiodic acid which subsequently combines with a fluoride salt injected separately in an aqueous solution to form the hydrofluoric acid, as disclosed in my U.S. Patent 4,203,492. In this embodiment it is also preferred to inject a foarned preflush fluid consist-ing essentially of a gas, a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and a hydrochloric and/or hydrobromic acid pre-cursor as described above. Preferred preflush acid precursors include tetrachloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethane, bromotrichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane, trichlorodibromoethane, dichlorodibromo~
ethane and mixtures thereof.
After the preflush fluid has solubilized the nonsili-ceous materials, these materials shou]d be removed from the portion of the formation which is to be acidized by the subse-quently injected materials. The removal may be accomplished byinjecting a displacement fluid to overdisplace the solubilized materials deep into the formation or, alternatively, the solu-bilized materials may be produced through the well.
Whenever the formation to be ac~idized contains water-swellable clays, care must be taken to avoid swelling these clays, which swelling could result in severely reducing the permeability of the formation. Various methods are known for avoiding clay swelling. In particular, any aqueous solution injected before or during the acidizing operation should contain an agent, such as ammonium chloride, to prevent clay swelling.
In addition to the gas used to foam the treating fluid of this invention, an inert gas, such as nitrogen, can be added to the other fluids injected in the method of this invention to aid in the mixing of the acid precursor and water in the forma-tion. Between about 50 and about 5,000 standard cubic feet of the inert gas per barrel of the injected fluid is preferred, and good results are obtained when about 1,000 standard cubic feet of nitrogen per barLel of fluid is employed.
After displacement of the treating fluid into the for-mation, the well is shut in for a preselected time to allow theacid precursor to hydrolyze and the in situ-produced acid to be consumed in the desired acidization of formation materials.
V~
The degree of hydrolysis achieved in situ is determined by -the length of time the well is shut in. When less than complete hydrolysis is achieved, precautions must be taken to handle the unreacted acid precursor and any noxious intermediate reaction products. After the preselected period, the borehole is pre-ferably flushed with a conventional well cleaning fluid, such as water, and the well effluent is contacted in a pit or other contacting device with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution for a short time prior to returning the well to its normal injecti~
or production operation.
The degree of hydrolysis achieved in a preselected period of time will depend, inter alia, upon the composition of the treating fluid and the temperature and pressure conditions in the formation. The rate of hydrolysis generally increases with increases in temperature and/or pressure. In formations having temperatures between about 250 F. and about 350 F., at least about 50 percent hydrolysis is desired, preferably at least about 80 percent hydrolysis. In these formations, less than complete hydrolysis will normally be employed, as a practi-cal matter, due to the long shut-in period required for com-plete hydrolysis. The quantity of acid precursor injected must, of course, be larger at these lower degrees of hydrolysis in order to provide the same yield of hydrohalic acid. In hi~her temperature formations, substantially complete hydrolysis can be achieved within a relatively short time period, such as less than ~ hours, and is therefore preferred. The -time required for any desired degree of hydrolysis can be determined in the laboratory by a simple test which is described below in the determination of the time required for complete hydrolysis of tetrachloromethane.
A series of tests are performed to determine the time required for complete hydrolysis of tetrachloromethane at about 350 F. Approximatel~r 1 gram of tetrachloromethane, 15 grams of deionized water and a calcium carbonate chip weighing about 2.6 grams are placed in a glass test tube and the test tube is sealed. The sealed tube is placed inside a cylindrical auto-clave having an internal dlmension slightly larger than the external dimensions of the sealed tube. The autoclave is pressurized with nitrogen to about 1,200 p.s.i.g. The contents of the autoclave are heated rapidly, e.g., at a rate of 50 F.
per minute, up to 350 F. and then held at this temperature for varying preselected periods of time. At this temperature, the pressure inside the sealed tube is approximately 1000 p.s.i.g.
At the end of the preselected time period, the contents of the autoclave are rapidly cooled to room temperature by circulating nitrogen through the autoclave. The glass tube is broken to recover the unreacted calcium carbonate chip for weighing. Cal-culations from the equation which represents the overall hydrolysis-acidization reaction:
CC14 + 2CaC03 > 2CaC12 + 3co2 the weight loss expected for 100 percent hydrolysis of the 1 gram of tetrachloromethane is about 1.3 grams. The test in which the autoclave contents are maintained at 350 F. for 68 hours indicates complete hydrolysis of the tetrachloromethane.
Similar series of tests are conducted for 400 F. and 500 F., and the time required for complete hydrolysis under these con-ditions is found to be about 4 hours and one hour, respectively.
Finally, a series of tests are conducted to determine the time required for complete hydrolysis of te~rachloromethane to which has been added 0.2 or 2.0 volume percent of Fluorad* FC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution (representing a foaming agent concentration of about 0.063 and about 0.63 weight percent, * Registered Trademark of 3M
~V~3~6 respectively). In both cases, less than 4 hours is required to achieve complete hydrolysis of the tetrachlorome-thane at 400 F.
If the rate of hydrolysis of a selected acid precur-sor is too rapid for a particular acidizing treatment, a retarder may be incorporated into the treating fluid to retard the hydrolysis reaction. The retarder should be nonpolymeriz-able and nonpyrolyzable under the high temperature and pressure conditions in the formation, and should be nonreactive with the formation constitutents and the in situ-produced acid. Suitable retarders include the solvent refined, paraffinic lubricating oil base stocks, known as neutral oils and bright stocks. Pre-ferred retarders are the highly paraffinic "white oils" which are acid refined from these base stocks. Exemplary retarders and their properties are as follows:
Retarder Gravity Normal Boiling Viscosity API Point Range ( F.) (SSU) _ 90 ~eutral Oil 30.8 640 - 790 90 at 100 F.
300 Neutral Oil 27.7 710 - g80 300 at 100 F.
175 Bright Stock 24.3 800 - plus 175 at 210 F.
These base stocks typically are between 70 and 90 percent saturated hydrocarbons with the balance being aromatic hydro-carbons. I~hite oils are even more highly paraffinic.
The rate of hydrolysis can also be retarded by in-creasing the salt concentration of the aqueous fluid with which the acid precursor reacts in situ to generate the hydrohalic acid. For example, at 400 F. complete hydrolysis of tetra-chloromethane requires about six hours in a 3 weight percent NaCl solution as compared to only about four hours in fresh water. Advantage may be taken of this effect during hydrolysis of the acid precursor by placement of a spacer fluid having a high salt content, such as a 30 weight percent solution of ammonium chloride, in the well adjacent to the formation to be acidized in order to substantially prohibit hydrolysis of any acid precursor remaining in contact with the well. Alterna-tively, or in addition, acid-soluble particulate solids, such as calcium carbonate particles, may be deposited in the bottom of the well after placement of the acid precursor to both con-sume any acid present in the well and, due to the inhibiting effect of the resulting calcium chloride, inhibit the hydrolysis of any acid precursor remaining in the well.
Normally only very high temperature formations, such as geothermal formations having temperatures between about 500 F. and about 700 F. will require the use of a retarder. EIow-ever, use of a retarder in acidizing other subterranean forma-tions having temperatures above about 400 F. is contemplated.
When a retarder is required, the foamed treating fluid injected through the well into the formation in the method of this in-vention will consist essentially of a gas, a nonionic substan-tially hydrophobic foaming agent, the retarder and the acid precursor. Exemplary treating fluids are mixtures consisting of from about 50 to 95 weight percent acid precursor with the balance being the retarder, gas and foaming agent. The amount of retarder required for a particular acidization treatment is easily determined by repeating the aforementioned test for determining the time required for the desired degree of hydroly-sis with differing amounts of retarder. For example, the time required for complete hydrolysis of a treating fluid consist-ing of 1 gram of a neutral oil marke~ed by Union Oil Company of California under the name Union 300 Neutral Oil* and ] gram of tetrachloromethane when mixed with 15 milliliters of a 3 weight percent NaCl solution was determined by this test to be * Trademark of Union Oil Company of California between 16 and 20 hours at 400 F. as compared to less than 6 hours for tetrachloromethane in a 3 weight percent ~laCl solu-tion without the retarder.
Primary advantages realized in the method of this in-vention result from the fact that the acid precursors employed are noncorrosive under the high temperature conditions en-countered prior to hydrolysis in the formation. To demonstrate the noncorrosivity of the anhydrous acid precursors, a series of tests are performed to determine the rate of corrosion of tetrachloromethane at a variety of high temperatures. ~nhyd-rous tetrachloromethane and a weighed corrosion test specimen of N-80 steel are placed in a glass tube which is then sealed.
The sealed tube is placed in an autoclave and is heated to a preselected high temperature for a selected period of time, after which it is cooled to 100 F. for the balance of 22 hours.
The test specimen is then removed from the glass tube and weighed. The weight loss is converted to pounds per square foot of surface area. A weight loss of about 0.050 pounds per square foot is considered the maximum acceptable rate. Results of this series of tests are as follows:
Temperature Time Corrosion Rate ( F.) (Hours)(pounds/sq. foot) 400 6 0.002 600 6 0.005 650 6 0.015 650 6 0.021 700 ~ 0.012 700 6 0.029 This data indicates that metal surfaces exposed to anhydrous tetrachloromethane prior to hydrolysis in the method of this invention will not be corroded to any significant extent. Accordingly, the method of this invention is suitable for the acidization of subterranean formations having tempera-tures much higher than the 250 F. practical maximum tempera-ture of the prior art acidization methods.
The invention is further illustrated by the following example which is illustrative of specific modes of practicing the invention and is not intended as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
A natural gas-bearing dolomite formation having a temperature of about 350 F. and located at a depth of about 21,800 feet is acidized in accordance with the method of this invention. A production well penetrating the formation has a production tubing disposed therein. Nine discrete slugs of liquid are sequentially injected at a rate of about 20 barrels per minute through the production tubing into a mixing zone of the well adjacent the formation. The first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth slugs are each a 200 barrel slug of fresh water containing about 1,000 standard cubic feet of nitrogen per barrel. The second, fourth, sixth and eighth slugs are each a foamed anhydrous treating fluid consisting of about 25 barrels of tetrachloromethane, about 0.3 volume percent of Fluorad* FC740 fluorochemical surfactant solution and about 0.7 volume of nitrogen per volume of tetrachloromethane. The treat-ing fluid has a density of about 0.95 gm/cc. The injected fluids are at least partially mixed in said mixing zone -to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is displaced into the formation by injecting through the production tubing about 1 million standard cubic feet of nitrogen. The well is shut in for a period of 68 hours to allow substantially complete hydrol~
ysis of the tetrachloromethane and complete reaction of the in * Registered trademark of 3M
~4~326 situ-produced acid. At the end of this time period, the well is opened and the well effluent is contacted at the well site with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution prior to returning the well to natural gas production.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, of course, that the in-vention is not limited thereto since many obvious modifications can be made, and it is intended to include within this invention any such modifications as will fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (18)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for acidizing a subterranean formation having a temperature above about 250° F., which comprises:
(a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a gas, (2) a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and (3) one or more normally liquid acid precur-sors having a generalized formula:
CxHyXz wherein X represents one or more halogens;
x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y ? x; and z = 2x - y + 2, and which is thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis; and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
(a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a gas, (2) a nonionic substantially hydrophobic foaming agent and (3) one or more normally liquid acid precur-sors having a generalized formula:
CxHyXz wherein X represents one or more halogens;
x = 1 or 2;
y = 0, 1 or 2, but y ? x; and z = 2x - y + 2, and which is thermally stable under the temperature and pressure conditions to which it is exposed prior to hydrolysis; and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said acid precursor is selected from the group consisting of tetrachloro-methane, bromotrichloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloro-ethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, fluorotrichloroethane and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said acid precursor is tetrachloromethane.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said acid precursor is a mixture of tetrachloromethane and 1,1,2-trichlorotri-fluoroethane.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said treating fluid is introduced into said well in a plurality of discrete slugs and including the step of introducing into said well a plurality of discrete slugs of an aqueous liquid interposed between said discrete slugs of said treating fluid.
6. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said treating fluid contains between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent of said foaming agent.
7. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said treating fluid contains between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of said gas, calculated at the temperature and pressure condi-tions of said formation, per volume of said acid precursor.
8. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said gas is a noncorrosive gas comprised of nitrogen.
9. A method for acidizing a subterranean formation having a temperature above about 250° F., which comprises:
(a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a noncorrosive gas, (2) between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent of a nonionic substantially hydro-phobic foaming agent and (3) one or more acid precur-sors selected from the group consisting of tetrachloro-methane, bromotrichloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-trifluoroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, and fluoro-trichloroethane, and said treating fluid containing between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of said gas, calculated at the temperature and pressure conditions of said formation, per volume of said acid precursor;
and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
(a) introducing a substantially anhydrous foamed treating fluid through a well into said formation, said treating fluid consisting essentially of (1) a noncorrosive gas, (2) between about 0.005 and about 1 weight percent of a nonionic substantially hydro-phobic foaming agent and (3) one or more acid precur-sors selected from the group consisting of tetrachloro-methane, bromotrichloromethane, trichloromethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-trifluoroethane, fluorotetrachloroethane, and fluoro-trichloroethane, and said treating fluid containing between about 0.1 and about 20 volumes of said gas, calculated at the temperature and pressure conditions of said formation, per volume of said acid precursor;
and (b) allowing said acid precursor to hydrolyze in situ to generate a hydrohalic acid which reacts to increase the permeability of said formation.
10. The method defined in claim 9 wherein said acid precursor is tetrachloromethane.
11. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein said subterranean formation is a hydrocarbon-bearing formation and wherein said method further comprises the step of introducing an aqueous fluid through said well so as to mix with said treating fluid in said formation.
12. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein said subterranean formation contains an aqueous geothermal fluid and wherein said treating fluid is introduced through a substanti-ally water-free tubing into said formation.
13. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein said foaming agent is a fluoro aliphatic radical-containing ester.
14. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein between about 10 and about 30 weight percent of said foaming agent is carbon-bonded fluorine in a fluoro aliphatic radical containing ester.
15. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein the amount of said gas in said treating fluid is selected so as to control the downhole density of said treating fluid between about 0.95 and about 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter.
16. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein the amount of said gas in at least a first portion of said treat-ing fluid is selected so as to control the downhole density of said first portion between about 0.2 and 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
17. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 wherein the amount of said gas in a subsequently injected second portion of said treating fluid is selected so as to control the downhole density of said second portion between about 0.8 and about 0.85 grams per cubic centimeter.
18. The method defined in claim 1 or 9 further com-prising the step of hydraulically fracturing said formation during the introduction of said treating fluid.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US133,275 | 1980-03-24 | ||
| US06/133,275 US4267887A (en) | 1979-02-22 | 1980-03-24 | Method for acidizing high temperature subterranean formations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1140326A true CA1140326A (en) | 1983-02-01 |
Family
ID=22457812
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000370422A Expired CA1140326A (en) | 1980-03-24 | 1981-02-09 | Anhydrous foam with gas for acidizing high temperatures subterraneam formations |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS56146586A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1140326A (en) |
| MX (1) | MX155276A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ196216A (en) |
| PH (1) | PH16604A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4624314A (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1986-11-25 | Amerigo Technology Limited | Modified waterflood technique for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery from argillaceous subterranean reservoirs |
-
1981
- 1981-02-09 CA CA000370422A patent/CA1140326A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-02-09 NZ NZ19621681A patent/NZ196216A/en unknown
- 1981-03-17 PH PH25370A patent/PH16604A/en unknown
- 1981-03-23 MX MX18649581A patent/MX155276A/en unknown
- 1981-03-24 JP JP4186081A patent/JPS56146586A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4624314A (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1986-11-25 | Amerigo Technology Limited | Modified waterflood technique for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery from argillaceous subterranean reservoirs |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PH16604A (en) | 1983-11-24 |
| MX155276A (en) | 1988-02-12 |
| NZ196216A (en) | 1983-03-15 |
| JPS56146586A (en) | 1981-11-14 |
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