CA1079773A - Encapsulated composite metallized strip and method of making the same - Google Patents
Encapsulated composite metallized strip and method of making the sameInfo
- Publication number
- CA1079773A CA1079773A CA272,846A CA272846A CA1079773A CA 1079773 A CA1079773 A CA 1079773A CA 272846 A CA272846 A CA 272846A CA 1079773 A CA1079773 A CA 1079773A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- metallized
- strip
- composite
- extruder
- plastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/04—External Ornamental or guard strips; Ornamental inscriptive devices thereon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/12—Articles with an irregular circumference when viewed in cross-section, e.g. window profiles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
- B29C48/154—Coating solid articles, i.e. non-hollow articles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion is provided in which a thin flat composite metallized strip is encapsulated in a chin sheath of transparent plastic by extruding the transparent plastic about the metallized strip.
The hot encapsulant is preferably permanently laterally curved with the metal film being positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve. In the composite metallized strip, a metal film having a thickness of less than about 25 microns is sandwiched between and bonded to a thin transparent layer of polyethylene terephthalate and a layer of pigmented polyvinyl chloride which helps to provide the strength needed to avoid delamination as the composite metallized strip is drawn through the extruder.
A longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion is provided in which a thin flat composite metallized strip is encapsulated in a chin sheath of transparent plastic by extruding the transparent plastic about the metallized strip.
The hot encapsulant is preferably permanently laterally curved with the metal film being positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve. In the composite metallized strip, a metal film having a thickness of less than about 25 microns is sandwiched between and bonded to a thin transparent layer of polyethylene terephthalate and a layer of pigmented polyvinyl chloride which helps to provide the strength needed to avoid delamination as the composite metallized strip is drawn through the extruder.
Description
~ 9773 The present invention relates to decorative trim strips which present a metallic appearance and which are longitudinally bendable without disrupting the thin metal-lized film which is relied upon ~o provide the desired metallic appearance. These are preferably of nonplanar cross section.
Decorative trim strips having a plastic body portion bonded to a layer of transparent plastic (usually polyeth~lene tereph~halate) having a metallic ilm on one 10 sur-face thereof to provide a metallized appearanc~ are known. -~
This metallized film is sandwiched between the plastic body portion and the transparent layer to be visible through this layer. This composite oE plastic body portion and metal-lized layer is enclosed or enc~p9ula~ed within a sheath o~
resinous plastic which is transparent -to provide the final decorative trim strip. In practice, encapsulation is achieved by extruding a sheat~ of molten transparen-t plastic about a strip or ribbon of the composite descri~ed abo~7e, and this forms a continuous strip which simulates in appear-ance a conventional chrome or stainless steel strip and has similar ~unctional and decorative utility.
In this ~onventio~al prac~ice, the plastic body portion is massive, the metal film is laterally conigured in the composite as it goes through the extruder, and this lateral configuration is not changed thereafter.
It would be desirable if a thin and flat metal-lized composite could be encapsulated to form a thin ;
extrusion. It would be particularly desirable if this thin extrusion could be laterally formed to a desirecl -
Decorative trim strips having a plastic body portion bonded to a layer of transparent plastic (usually polyeth~lene tereph~halate) having a metallic ilm on one 10 sur-face thereof to provide a metallized appearanc~ are known. -~
This metallized film is sandwiched between the plastic body portion and the transparent layer to be visible through this layer. This composite oE plastic body portion and metal-lized layer is enclosed or enc~p9ula~ed within a sheath o~
resinous plastic which is transparent -to provide the final decorative trim strip. In practice, encapsulation is achieved by extruding a sheat~ of molten transparen-t plastic about a strip or ribbon of the composite descri~ed abo~7e, and this forms a continuous strip which simulates in appear-ance a conventional chrome or stainless steel strip and has similar ~unctional and decorative utility.
In this ~onventio~al prac~ice, the plastic body portion is massive, the metal film is laterally conigured in the composite as it goes through the extruder, and this lateral configuration is not changed thereafter.
It would be desirable if a thin and flat metal-lized composite could be encapsulated to form a thin ;
extrusion. It would be particularly desirable if this thin extrusion could be laterally formed to a desirecl -
-2-1~7g773 :
permanent nonplanar cross section. Unfortunately, the thin flat composite metallized strips which are available in commerce are unable to withstand the condit:ions encountered within the extruder, as for example, when one attempts to extrude a hot melt of transparent polyvinyl chloride plastic around the thin flat metallized composite. I~ore particu larly, the conventional available metallized composite contains an aluminum filrn vapor deposiked upon a thin layer of polyeth~Jlene tere~hthalate having a thickness of about 0.0005 inch with the rQetallized film protected by a layer of pigmented polyvinyl chloride having a thickness of about 0.006 inch, and when the hot polyvinyl chloride encapsulant is ex~ruded around ~his composite metallized strip, the ~.' metal film wrinkles and bunches up and is renderecl un-sightly.
This problem of wrinkling and bunching of the ~ :
metallic film in the extruder is not encountered in the ~-ordinary production of decorative trim strips because the metallized polyethylene terephthalate is backed-up by a massive plastic backing which is inconsistent with the thin and preerably nonplanar cross sectional longitudinally bendable structures desired herein. I the polyvinyl chlo-ride layer which is bonded to the metal fiLm in this inven-tion has a thickness substantially greater than 0.050 inch, then the resulting composite is thick and rigid and, partic-ularly after lateral curving, tne longitudinal bendability desired herein is reduced. The prior art in this field is illustrated by U. S. Patent Nos. 3,881,04~, 3,8~3,475,
permanent nonplanar cross section. Unfortunately, the thin flat composite metallized strips which are available in commerce are unable to withstand the condit:ions encountered within the extruder, as for example, when one attempts to extrude a hot melt of transparent polyvinyl chloride plastic around the thin flat metallized composite. I~ore particu larly, the conventional available metallized composite contains an aluminum filrn vapor deposiked upon a thin layer of polyeth~Jlene tere~hthalate having a thickness of about 0.0005 inch with the rQetallized film protected by a layer of pigmented polyvinyl chloride having a thickness of about 0.006 inch, and when the hot polyvinyl chloride encapsulant is ex~ruded around ~his composite metallized strip, the ~.' metal film wrinkles and bunches up and is renderecl un-sightly.
This problem of wrinkling and bunching of the ~ :
metallic film in the extruder is not encountered in the ~-ordinary production of decorative trim strips because the metallized polyethylene terephthalate is backed-up by a massive plastic backing which is inconsistent with the thin and preerably nonplanar cross sectional longitudinally bendable structures desired herein. I the polyvinyl chlo-ride layer which is bonded to the metal fiLm in this inven-tion has a thickness substantially greater than 0.050 inch, then the resulting composite is thick and rigid and, partic-ularly after lateral curving, tne longitudinal bendability desired herein is reduced. The prior art in this field is illustrated by U. S. Patent Nos. 3,881,04~, 3,8~3,475,
3,755,052, 3,745,056, 3,711,360, 3,547,516 and 3,245,~64.
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, ..................... . ~, ,, 10797~73 More particularly, the convcntionally used polyethylene tere-phthalate film which is metallized is as thin as possihle because it is so expensive and it cannot itself sustain the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching more than about 12% which is the maximum which can be tolerated before the metal film delaminates. Since the metal film is very thin, normally less than about 25 microns in thickness, it cannot resist the stress, and the delamination destroys the uniform reflective appearance which is desired.
We have found that if at least the metal film surface of the metallized polyethylene terephthalate is coated or laminated to a plastic support layer having sufficient thickness to prevent the polyethylene terephthalate from being excessively stretched when it is pulled through the extruder, the metal film does not bunch up or wrinkle and retains its attractive, uniformly reElective appearance.
According to one aspect o the present invention, there is provlded a method of producing a longitudinally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a thin flat metallized composite strip to an extruder, said metallized composite strip being constituted by a metal film -;
having a thickness less than 25 microns deposited upon a thin layer of trans-parent plastic incapable of sustaining the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching to cause said metal fllm to delamlnate, and at least one plastic support layer including a pigmented plastic support layer bonded to said metal Eilm, said support layer having a thickness, of from 0.010-0.050 inch to prevent said trans-parent plastic from stretching excessively whereby delamination of said metal film is avoided as said composite strip passes through said extruder, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip ~ithin a thin sheath of hot transparent plastic, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause its shape to ~e permanently retained.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encapsulated
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.
, ..................... . ~, ,, 10797~73 More particularly, the convcntionally used polyethylene tere-phthalate film which is metallized is as thin as possihle because it is so expensive and it cannot itself sustain the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching more than about 12% which is the maximum which can be tolerated before the metal film delaminates. Since the metal film is very thin, normally less than about 25 microns in thickness, it cannot resist the stress, and the delamination destroys the uniform reflective appearance which is desired.
We have found that if at least the metal film surface of the metallized polyethylene terephthalate is coated or laminated to a plastic support layer having sufficient thickness to prevent the polyethylene terephthalate from being excessively stretched when it is pulled through the extruder, the metal film does not bunch up or wrinkle and retains its attractive, uniformly reElective appearance.
According to one aspect o the present invention, there is provlded a method of producing a longitudinally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a thin flat metallized composite strip to an extruder, said metallized composite strip being constituted by a metal film -;
having a thickness less than 25 microns deposited upon a thin layer of trans-parent plastic incapable of sustaining the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching to cause said metal fllm to delamlnate, and at least one plastic support layer including a pigmented plastic support layer bonded to said metal Eilm, said support layer having a thickness, of from 0.010-0.050 inch to prevent said trans-parent plastic from stretching excessively whereby delamination of said metal film is avoided as said composite strip passes through said extruder, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip ~ithin a thin sheath of hot transparent plastic, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause its shape to ~e permanently retained.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encapsulated
-4-1C~7~773 metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a metallized composite strip to an extruder~ said metallized composite strip being constituted by a plastic support layer having a thickness of from 0.010 inch to O.OS0 inch bonded to a layer of transparent plastic having a metal film coating with a thickness less than 25 microns on the face thereof bonded to said support ~.
layer, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip within a sheath of hot transparent plastic, laterally bending said hot encapsulate to provide a non-planar cross section, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause said nonplanar cross section to be permanently retai~ned. ~-According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally bent and longitucl:inally bellcltlble re~lect:ive extrusion compris.i.ng a th:in :Elat composite motallizecl str:ip encapsullted :in a th.in sheath of transparent plastic, sa;d composite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally curved and longitudinally bendable re~lective extrusion, useful as a drip rail, said extrusion comprising a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said composite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than . about 25 microns sandwiched betneen and bonded to a layer of transparent ,i plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form a hooked portion in nhich the metal film is posit;oned to be visible ~ .
through the convex portion of the curve, the other end of said sheath being upright.
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:1079773 According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally bent and longitudinally bendahle reflective extrusion useful as a composite locking strip, said extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said composite mctallized s~rip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form the front of the locking strip in which the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve, said sheath including a cross-portion extending therefrom, said cross-portion being curved to overlie the hook end of a drip rail.
In the practice of this invention, the composite metallized strip comprising a film oE metal sandwiched between the pigmented layer and the thin transparent layer :i9 pulled through an extruder to apply a sheath oE trans-parent molten plastic entirely around the composite metallized strip to form a thin hot encapsulate. The molten plastic is preferably polyvinyl chloride.
In accordance with a feature of this invention, the thin encapsulated composite strip is laterally shaped while hot, and then cooled to permanently retain the desired nonplanar cross section.
The metallized film is very thin and has little strength of its own having a maximum th:ickness of about 25 microns, and a usual thickness oE
less than 3 microns.
In preEerred practice, the metallized composite strip is fed through a conventional extruder having, for example a cross-head extrusion die through which the composite strip is supported and guided by a nose piece located as close to the exit aperture of the extruder as is convenient to minimize the thermal ;mpact upon the composite strip which is encapsulated.
Molten thermoplastic material is fed into the extruder, preferably as near to the exit end of the extruder as possible, again to minimize thermal impact. The extruded -5a-.
;. . :~ , ~79~773 product exits hot from the extruder in a generally flat condition (or a portion of it is flat) and is drawn through a formiII,g zone where it is laterally bent ~:o provide a thin strip of nonplanar cross section. More particularly, the flat product is laterally bent to form a curve, and the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve. It is preferred to have the metal film in tension in the curved product.
The forming zone of the extruder is desirably contained in a cooling zone so that lateral bending or shaping is coupled with some hardening of the thin encapsulated com-posite strip into the desired nonplanar cross section. The product is then further cooled so that the desired cross section is permanently retained.
The resulting shaped encapsulated composite metal-lized strip is longitudinally bendable without disfiguring -~
the metallized film, and this adapts the product for decora-tive utillties where longitudinal bending is necessary.
The present invention will be better understood by referring to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentar~ cross sectional view o~
an illustrative composite metallized strip;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a drip rail of this invention mounted above a door of a truck;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a composite drip rail taken substantially along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
FIG 4 illustrates in solid line a cross sectional view of a T-shaped locking strip in accordance with principles of the present invention, and depicts in phantom or broken line the shape of the T-shaped locking strip after it has been laterally bent;
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~ 3 FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the T-shaped locking strip after it has been longitudinally bent and mounted between a drip rail and a window;
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of the T-shaped locking strip mounted about the quartPr window of a vehicle;
and FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of one method of forming laterally bent and longitudinally bendable extrusion product in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
P~eferring to FIG. 1 of ~he drawings, there is shown ;
a partial cross section of an elongated composite met:allized strip 10 havlng a reflectlve metal film 12 sandwlched between a li~ht-transmissive fluid-impervious thin layer 14 and a thicker plastic layer 16. The composite metallized strip lO
can be used in various extrusion products, such as a decora- : :
tive trim strip, or a composite drip rail 18 as shown in FIG. 3 or a T-shaped locking strip 20 as shown in FIG. 5.
The reflective metal fil~ 12 ls constituted by a multitude of flakes or particles, such as aluminum particles, vapor deposited or otherwise bonded to the thin layer 14.
The maximum thickness of the metal layer 12 is about 25 :
microns, with a usual thickness of less tha-n 3 ~icrons. The metal ilm has little strength of its own, and it provides generally planar surfaces 22 and 24. Vapor deposited alum-inum having a thickness of about ~ micr~ns ls used in the illustrated Eorm of the invention.
The layer 14 is of clear, transparent or translucent plastic material to enable the me~al film to be seen through the layer, but since it is so thin, it alone cannot adequately .
; 7 ~O 7 9 ~ 3 sustain the tension encountered within the ex~ruder. As sho~l i'L~ FI~. 1, the layer 1~ is thinner -~han the support layer lG, and it is less tlnan 0.~01 inch in thickness to minimize its cost. In the illustrated form of the invention, polyethylene terephthalate with a thickness of 0.0005 inch is used. The layer 14 has an outer surface 26 and an inner surface 28 which are generally in coplanar relationship to each other. The inner surface 28 is coextensive with and bonded to the planar surface 22 of the metal film 12.
The su~Port layer 16 overlies the second planar surface 2~ o~ the metal film 12 and is generally an opaque plastic layer. In the illustra~ion, the support layer is of blaclc-pigmentccl polyvinyl chloride having a thickness o~
~.01~ i~cll. The support layer 16 Itas a surface 30 bon~ed to the metal film and an exterior surface 32. Molten thermo-plastic material surrounds the metallized strip 10 during extrusion to form a thin sheath around the same. The term "thin" here denotes easy bendability with inger pressure.
The usual sheath thickness will be from about 0.0~ inch to about 0.3 inch.
An important feature of this invention is that the support layer 16 is of a sufficient thickness and strength to hold up under the elevated extrusion temperatures so that the composite metallized strip 10 is not unduly stretched while it is pulled through the extruder, and this prevents buckling, breaking-up and bunching of the metal fil~ in the extruder. Another important aspect of this invention is tha~
the support layex 16 is sufficiently thin after the encapsu-lated product has been laterally shaped to accommodate longi-tudinal bending and flexing of the finished product. For 10~9773 pigmented polyvinyl chloride, the support layer 16 has at'nickness o at least O.~ln inch wllen transparent polyvinyl chloride is the encapsulating resin. The thickness of the pigmented polyvinyl chloride should preferably not exceed 0.050 inch, to acconmodate longitudinal bending and flexing of the laterally bent final produc~. The preferred thick-ness range of the pigmented polyvinyl chloride layer 16 is from about 0.012 inch to about 0.030 inch. For some types :
of extrusion produc~s, it is desirable to keep the thickness of the polyvinyl chloride plastic support layer as small as possible within ~he above preferred range, that is preferably about 0.012 inch, to maximize the flexibility o the composite metallized strip. Preferably, ~he harclness o~ the polyvinyl chloride suppor~ layer 16 is abol.lt l~3-~5 Silore harcirlesg (D
scale usi.ng the 15 second delay metho(L).
The composi~e n~etallized strip 10 may be used in producing a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encap-sulated metallized extrusion product, such as a J-shaped composite drip rail 18 as shown in FI~. 3. The J-shaped drip rail has an elongated main body or sheath 34 of light-trans-missive ~luid-impervious thermoplastic, such as transparent polyvinyl cnloride, with laterally opposed exterior surfaces 3S and 37. 'i'he main body is generally J-shaped with an up-right portion 36 and a hooked portion 38. The back surface 40 of the upright portion 36 is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive ~2 which is normally covered with a peel-able paper backing prior to use. When it is desired to , secure the drip rail to the exterior surface 44 of a truck as shown, the peelable paper backing is removed and discarded.
The upwardly-facing surface 46 of the hooked portion 38 !~
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'" _ 9_ ': ' . .. ,'', :. :
~ O 7 ~73 generally defines a channel, conduit or gutter for retaining and channeling water. The main body 34 thermoplastically encapsulates the composite metallized strip 10 with the ex-terior surface 32 of support layer 16 facing exterior surface 35 and the light-transmissive fluid-impervious layer 14 facing exterior surface 37 so that ~he reflective metal film 12 may be viewed from exterior surface 37. As shown in FIG. 2, the drip rail can be longitudinally bent and fixedly secured above the door 50 of a truck 52 or the like to catch falling rain water or melting snow and channel the water to the roadway.
The elongated composite metal strip 10 is also ~tseful in forming a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable extrusion product such as a composite T-shaped locking strip 20 (see FlG. 5) for mounting around the quarter window 54 of an automobile 56; such as the back quarter window of a Chevrolet Vega (see FIG. 6). When installed, the T-shaped locking strip serves as a decorative trim as well as a weather strip. As shown in the solid line of FIG. 4, the T-shaped locking strip 20 is initially formed in the extruder with a thermoplastic body or sheath 58 of transparent or translucent plastic, such as clear non-pigmented polyvinyl chloride.
This thermoplastic body 58 envelopes the metallized strip to form a metallized portion 60 and a cross-portion 62 extending therefrom. The metallized strip 10 is encapsulated with the metal film 12 facing away from the cross-portion 62 so that it can be viewed from the front or top surface 63 of the T-shaped locking strip shown in FIG. 5. The T-shaped locking strip 20 is laterally bent as shown in phantom or broken line in FIG. 4, so that it can later be laterally bent as shown in '~. ,, ' ' . ~
~ O~ 73 FIG. 6 to enable mounting around the window 54. In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the portion 63 overlies the unattached hook end of the drip rail 18'. The end 61 of the base portion 60 is wedged between the window and the drip rail.
FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic view of one rnet'nod of forming a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encap~
sulated metallized e~trusion product 64. In FIG. 7, the composite .me~alli7ed s~rip 1~ i5 fed in-to an extruder 66, such as a c oss-'nead extrusion die. In the illustrative embodiment, the composite metallized strip 10 is supported and guided by a nose piece positioned in the rearward section of the extruder 66. Simultaneously, molten thermoplastic materai:L, such as clear nonpigmented polyvinyl chloride, is fed into ~he extruder at 6~. ~"ne molten thermoplastic intimately contacts and encapsulates the composite metallized strip 10 near the exit of the cross-head extrusion die so as to minimize thermal impact. The extrusion die has an internal contour conforming to a preselected cross sectional shape of the generally 1at extruded product 70. For the J-shaped composite drip rail 18 the internal contour of the extrusion die is shaped so that the extruded product exits hot from the extruder in a generally flat condition. For the composite T-shaped locking strip 20, the extruded product exits hot from the extruder in a T-shaped configuration substantially as shown in solid line in FIG. 4, but -the metallized portion 60 is substantially flat. The hot pliable extruded product or encapsulate 70 upon exiting the extruder 66 is drawn through a ~orming zone 72 generally defined ~y water-cooled plates or blocks 74 having a water-inlet 76 and a water-outlet 78, ,, :
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where the extruded product is laterally bent and cooled.
The internal contour or passageway of the water-cooled plates or blocks generally conforms to the ultimate non-planar cross sectional shape of ~he laterally bent extruded product 80. For example, the composite dri.p rail is laterally bent to a J-shape in the ~orming zone. The T-shaped locking strip, however, is laterally bent in the forming zone so as to take on the configuration shown in FIG. 5. The laterally bent extruded product exits the water-cooled plates or blocks in a warm condition and is drawn through a cooling zone 32, such as a water trough, where the product is cooled and hardened so that the desired cross section is permanently retained. In the preferred embodiment the cooling zone is par~ of the formlng zone. The resultant laterally bent and hardened extrusion product 64 is longitudinally bendable without disfiguration or delamination of the composite metal-lized strip 10.
While polyvinyl chloride is of especial value in the present invention, it can be replaced by other similar resins, such as polyvinylidene chloride, cellulose acetate butyrate, and the like. The transparent plastic on which the metal ilm is deposited is preferably clear, very strong Eor its thickness, and high temperature resistant. Polyethylene terephthalate is outstanding for this utility, but other similar resins, such as polyamides, illustrated by Nylon, may also be used.
While ~he illustrative products have all involved ` the preferred convex lateral bend, concave bends are also contemplated, and the invention includes the formation of flat extrusions. Moreover, it is to be understood that .
`' ': ' ', ' ', ,' : ' ' ~9773 ~ ~
, various modifications and substitutions may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of the invention, ,~ `;' `'':
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layer, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip within a sheath of hot transparent plastic, laterally bending said hot encapsulate to provide a non-planar cross section, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause said nonplanar cross section to be permanently retai~ned. ~-According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally bent and longitucl:inally bellcltlble re~lect:ive extrusion compris.i.ng a th:in :Elat composite motallizecl str:ip encapsullted :in a th.in sheath of transparent plastic, sa;d composite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally curved and longitudinally bendable re~lective extrusion, useful as a drip rail, said extrusion comprising a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said composite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than . about 25 microns sandwiched betneen and bonded to a layer of transparent ,i plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form a hooked portion in nhich the metal film is posit;oned to be visible ~ .
through the convex portion of the curve, the other end of said sheath being upright.
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~ 5 i ~ .
:1079773 According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a laterally bent and longitudinally bendahle reflective extrusion useful as a composite locking strip, said extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said composite mctallized s~rip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form the front of the locking strip in which the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve, said sheath including a cross-portion extending therefrom, said cross-portion being curved to overlie the hook end of a drip rail.
In the practice of this invention, the composite metallized strip comprising a film oE metal sandwiched between the pigmented layer and the thin transparent layer :i9 pulled through an extruder to apply a sheath oE trans-parent molten plastic entirely around the composite metallized strip to form a thin hot encapsulate. The molten plastic is preferably polyvinyl chloride.
In accordance with a feature of this invention, the thin encapsulated composite strip is laterally shaped while hot, and then cooled to permanently retain the desired nonplanar cross section.
The metallized film is very thin and has little strength of its own having a maximum th:ickness of about 25 microns, and a usual thickness oE
less than 3 microns.
In preEerred practice, the metallized composite strip is fed through a conventional extruder having, for example a cross-head extrusion die through which the composite strip is supported and guided by a nose piece located as close to the exit aperture of the extruder as is convenient to minimize the thermal ;mpact upon the composite strip which is encapsulated.
Molten thermoplastic material is fed into the extruder, preferably as near to the exit end of the extruder as possible, again to minimize thermal impact. The extruded -5a-.
;. . :~ , ~79~773 product exits hot from the extruder in a generally flat condition (or a portion of it is flat) and is drawn through a formiII,g zone where it is laterally bent ~:o provide a thin strip of nonplanar cross section. More particularly, the flat product is laterally bent to form a curve, and the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve. It is preferred to have the metal film in tension in the curved product.
The forming zone of the extruder is desirably contained in a cooling zone so that lateral bending or shaping is coupled with some hardening of the thin encapsulated com-posite strip into the desired nonplanar cross section. The product is then further cooled so that the desired cross section is permanently retained.
The resulting shaped encapsulated composite metal-lized strip is longitudinally bendable without disfiguring -~
the metallized film, and this adapts the product for decora-tive utillties where longitudinal bending is necessary.
The present invention will be better understood by referring to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentar~ cross sectional view o~
an illustrative composite metallized strip;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a drip rail of this invention mounted above a door of a truck;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a composite drip rail taken substantially along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
FIG 4 illustrates in solid line a cross sectional view of a T-shaped locking strip in accordance with principles of the present invention, and depicts in phantom or broken line the shape of the T-shaped locking strip after it has been laterally bent;
.
.
. .
~ 3 FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the T-shaped locking strip after it has been longitudinally bent and mounted between a drip rail and a window;
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of the T-shaped locking strip mounted about the quartPr window of a vehicle;
and FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of one method of forming laterally bent and longitudinally bendable extrusion product in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
P~eferring to FIG. 1 of ~he drawings, there is shown ;
a partial cross section of an elongated composite met:allized strip 10 havlng a reflectlve metal film 12 sandwlched between a li~ht-transmissive fluid-impervious thin layer 14 and a thicker plastic layer 16. The composite metallized strip lO
can be used in various extrusion products, such as a decora- : :
tive trim strip, or a composite drip rail 18 as shown in FIG. 3 or a T-shaped locking strip 20 as shown in FIG. 5.
The reflective metal fil~ 12 ls constituted by a multitude of flakes or particles, such as aluminum particles, vapor deposited or otherwise bonded to the thin layer 14.
The maximum thickness of the metal layer 12 is about 25 :
microns, with a usual thickness of less tha-n 3 ~icrons. The metal ilm has little strength of its own, and it provides generally planar surfaces 22 and 24. Vapor deposited alum-inum having a thickness of about ~ micr~ns ls used in the illustrated Eorm of the invention.
The layer 14 is of clear, transparent or translucent plastic material to enable the me~al film to be seen through the layer, but since it is so thin, it alone cannot adequately .
; 7 ~O 7 9 ~ 3 sustain the tension encountered within the ex~ruder. As sho~l i'L~ FI~. 1, the layer 1~ is thinner -~han the support layer lG, and it is less tlnan 0.~01 inch in thickness to minimize its cost. In the illustrated form of the invention, polyethylene terephthalate with a thickness of 0.0005 inch is used. The layer 14 has an outer surface 26 and an inner surface 28 which are generally in coplanar relationship to each other. The inner surface 28 is coextensive with and bonded to the planar surface 22 of the metal film 12.
The su~Port layer 16 overlies the second planar surface 2~ o~ the metal film 12 and is generally an opaque plastic layer. In the illustra~ion, the support layer is of blaclc-pigmentccl polyvinyl chloride having a thickness o~
~.01~ i~cll. The support layer 16 Itas a surface 30 bon~ed to the metal film and an exterior surface 32. Molten thermo-plastic material surrounds the metallized strip 10 during extrusion to form a thin sheath around the same. The term "thin" here denotes easy bendability with inger pressure.
The usual sheath thickness will be from about 0.0~ inch to about 0.3 inch.
An important feature of this invention is that the support layer 16 is of a sufficient thickness and strength to hold up under the elevated extrusion temperatures so that the composite metallized strip 10 is not unduly stretched while it is pulled through the extruder, and this prevents buckling, breaking-up and bunching of the metal fil~ in the extruder. Another important aspect of this invention is tha~
the support layex 16 is sufficiently thin after the encapsu-lated product has been laterally shaped to accommodate longi-tudinal bending and flexing of the finished product. For 10~9773 pigmented polyvinyl chloride, the support layer 16 has at'nickness o at least O.~ln inch wllen transparent polyvinyl chloride is the encapsulating resin. The thickness of the pigmented polyvinyl chloride should preferably not exceed 0.050 inch, to acconmodate longitudinal bending and flexing of the laterally bent final produc~. The preferred thick-ness range of the pigmented polyvinyl chloride layer 16 is from about 0.012 inch to about 0.030 inch. For some types :
of extrusion produc~s, it is desirable to keep the thickness of the polyvinyl chloride plastic support layer as small as possible within ~he above preferred range, that is preferably about 0.012 inch, to maximize the flexibility o the composite metallized strip. Preferably, ~he harclness o~ the polyvinyl chloride suppor~ layer 16 is abol.lt l~3-~5 Silore harcirlesg (D
scale usi.ng the 15 second delay metho(L).
The composi~e n~etallized strip 10 may be used in producing a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encap-sulated metallized extrusion product, such as a J-shaped composite drip rail 18 as shown in FI~. 3. The J-shaped drip rail has an elongated main body or sheath 34 of light-trans-missive ~luid-impervious thermoplastic, such as transparent polyvinyl cnloride, with laterally opposed exterior surfaces 3S and 37. 'i'he main body is generally J-shaped with an up-right portion 36 and a hooked portion 38. The back surface 40 of the upright portion 36 is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive ~2 which is normally covered with a peel-able paper backing prior to use. When it is desired to , secure the drip rail to the exterior surface 44 of a truck as shown, the peelable paper backing is removed and discarded.
The upwardly-facing surface 46 of the hooked portion 38 !~
' .
'" _ 9_ ': ' . .. ,'', :. :
~ O 7 ~73 generally defines a channel, conduit or gutter for retaining and channeling water. The main body 34 thermoplastically encapsulates the composite metallized strip 10 with the ex-terior surface 32 of support layer 16 facing exterior surface 35 and the light-transmissive fluid-impervious layer 14 facing exterior surface 37 so that ~he reflective metal film 12 may be viewed from exterior surface 37. As shown in FIG. 2, the drip rail can be longitudinally bent and fixedly secured above the door 50 of a truck 52 or the like to catch falling rain water or melting snow and channel the water to the roadway.
The elongated composite metal strip 10 is also ~tseful in forming a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable extrusion product such as a composite T-shaped locking strip 20 (see FlG. 5) for mounting around the quarter window 54 of an automobile 56; such as the back quarter window of a Chevrolet Vega (see FIG. 6). When installed, the T-shaped locking strip serves as a decorative trim as well as a weather strip. As shown in the solid line of FIG. 4, the T-shaped locking strip 20 is initially formed in the extruder with a thermoplastic body or sheath 58 of transparent or translucent plastic, such as clear non-pigmented polyvinyl chloride.
This thermoplastic body 58 envelopes the metallized strip to form a metallized portion 60 and a cross-portion 62 extending therefrom. The metallized strip 10 is encapsulated with the metal film 12 facing away from the cross-portion 62 so that it can be viewed from the front or top surface 63 of the T-shaped locking strip shown in FIG. 5. The T-shaped locking strip 20 is laterally bent as shown in phantom or broken line in FIG. 4, so that it can later be laterally bent as shown in '~. ,, ' ' . ~
~ O~ 73 FIG. 6 to enable mounting around the window 54. In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the portion 63 overlies the unattached hook end of the drip rail 18'. The end 61 of the base portion 60 is wedged between the window and the drip rail.
FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic view of one rnet'nod of forming a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable encap~
sulated metallized e~trusion product 64. In FIG. 7, the composite .me~alli7ed s~rip 1~ i5 fed in-to an extruder 66, such as a c oss-'nead extrusion die. In the illustrative embodiment, the composite metallized strip 10 is supported and guided by a nose piece positioned in the rearward section of the extruder 66. Simultaneously, molten thermoplastic materai:L, such as clear nonpigmented polyvinyl chloride, is fed into ~he extruder at 6~. ~"ne molten thermoplastic intimately contacts and encapsulates the composite metallized strip 10 near the exit of the cross-head extrusion die so as to minimize thermal impact. The extrusion die has an internal contour conforming to a preselected cross sectional shape of the generally 1at extruded product 70. For the J-shaped composite drip rail 18 the internal contour of the extrusion die is shaped so that the extruded product exits hot from the extruder in a generally flat condition. For the composite T-shaped locking strip 20, the extruded product exits hot from the extruder in a T-shaped configuration substantially as shown in solid line in FIG. 4, but -the metallized portion 60 is substantially flat. The hot pliable extruded product or encapsulate 70 upon exiting the extruder 66 is drawn through a ~orming zone 72 generally defined ~y water-cooled plates or blocks 74 having a water-inlet 76 and a water-outlet 78, ,, :
. .
where the extruded product is laterally bent and cooled.
The internal contour or passageway of the water-cooled plates or blocks generally conforms to the ultimate non-planar cross sectional shape of ~he laterally bent extruded product 80. For example, the composite dri.p rail is laterally bent to a J-shape in the ~orming zone. The T-shaped locking strip, however, is laterally bent in the forming zone so as to take on the configuration shown in FIG. 5. The laterally bent extruded product exits the water-cooled plates or blocks in a warm condition and is drawn through a cooling zone 32, such as a water trough, where the product is cooled and hardened so that the desired cross section is permanently retained. In the preferred embodiment the cooling zone is par~ of the formlng zone. The resultant laterally bent and hardened extrusion product 64 is longitudinally bendable without disfiguration or delamination of the composite metal-lized strip 10.
While polyvinyl chloride is of especial value in the present invention, it can be replaced by other similar resins, such as polyvinylidene chloride, cellulose acetate butyrate, and the like. The transparent plastic on which the metal ilm is deposited is preferably clear, very strong Eor its thickness, and high temperature resistant. Polyethylene terephthalate is outstanding for this utility, but other similar resins, such as polyamides, illustrated by Nylon, may also be used.
While ~he illustrative products have all involved ` the preferred convex lateral bend, concave bends are also contemplated, and the invention includes the formation of flat extrusions. Moreover, it is to be understood that .
`' ': ' ', ' ', ,' : ' ' ~9773 ~ ~
, various modifications and substitutions may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of the invention, ,~ `;' `'':
~ ' `
-13- - ~
' ' ' .
' ':' ~:
Claims (19)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of producing a longitudinally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a thin flat metallized composite strip to an extruder, said metallized composite strip being constituted by a metal film having a thick-ness less than 25 microns deposited upon a thin layer of trans-parent plastic incapable of sustaining the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching to cause said metal film to delaminate, and at least one plastic support layer including a pigmented plastic support layer bonded to said metal film, said support layer having a thickness, of from 0.010-0.050 inch to prevent said transparent plastic from stretching excessively whereby delamination of said metal film is avoided as said composite strip passes through said extruder, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metal-lized composite strip within a thin sheath of hot transparent plastic, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause its shape to be permanently retained.
2. A method of producing a laterally bent and longitudi-nally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a thin flat metallized composite strip to an extruder said metallized composite strip being constituted by a metal film having a thickness less than 25 microns deposited upon a thin layer of transparent plastic incapable of sustaining the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching to cause said metal film to delamin-ate, and at least one plastic support layer including a pigmented plastic support layer bonded to said metal film, said support layer having a thickness of from 0.010-0.050 inch to prevent said transparent plastic from stretching excessively whereby delamination of said metal film is avoided as said composite strip passes through extruder, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip within a thin sheath of hot transparent plastic, laterally bending said hot encapsulate to provide a nonplanar cross section, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause said non-planar cross section to be permanently retained.
3. A method of producing a laterally bent and longitudi-nally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a thin flat metallized composite strip to an extruder, said metallized composite strip being constituted by a metal film having a thickness less than 25 microns sandwiched between a pigmented plastic support layer, and a thin layer of trans-parent plastic incapable of sustaining the tensile forces used to pull the metallized composite through the extruder without stretching to cause said metal film to delaminate, said pigmented plastic support layer having a thickness of from 0.010-0.050 inch to prevent said transparent plastic from stretching excessively whereby delamination of said metal film is avoided as said com-posite strip passes through said extruder, feeding molten trans-parent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip within a thin sheath of hot transparent plastic, laterally bending said hot encapsulate to provide a nonplanar cross section, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause said nonplanar cross section to be permanently retained.
4. A method as recited in claim 1 in which said hot encapsulate is generally flat and laterally bent to form a curve, the metallized strip being positioned within said encapsulate so that the metal film thereof is visible through the convex portion of the curve.
5. A method as recited in claim 4 in which said plastic support layer is pigmented polyvinyl chloride, said transparent plastic is polyethylene terephthalate, and said molten trans-parent plastic is polyvinyl chloride.
6. A method as recited in claim 5 in which said poly-ethylene terephthalate has a thickness of less than 0.001 inch.
7. A method as recited in claim 3 in which said sheath includes a cross-portion extending therefrom.
8. A method as recited in claim 7 in which said lateral bending includes the bending of said cross-portion.
9. A method of producing a laterally bent and longitudin-ally bendable encapsulated metallized extrusion comprising, feeding a metallized composite strip to an extruder, said metal-lized composite strip being constituted by a plastic support layer having a thickness of from 0.010 inch to 0.050 inch bonded to a layer of transparent plastic having a metal film coating with a thickness less than 25 microns on the face thereof bonded to said support layer, feeding molten transparent plastic to said extruder, withdrawing from the extruder a hot encapsulate of said metallized composite strip within a sheath of hot transparent plastic, laterally bending said hot encapsulate to provide a non-planar cross section, and then cooling said hot encapsulate to rigidify said encapsulate and cause said nonplanar cross section to be permanently retained.
10. A method as recited in claim 9 in which said lateral bending is accompanied by cooling.
11. A method as recited in claim 9 in which said plastic support layer is pigmented polyvinyl chloride, and said molten transparent plastic is also polyvinyl chloride.
12. A laterally bent and longitudinally bendable reflect-ive extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said composite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved.
13. An extrusion as recited in claim 12 in which said sheath is curved so that the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve.
14. An extrusion as recited in claim 12 in which said opaque layer is pigmented polyvinyl chloride, said layer of transparent plastic is polyethylene terephthalate, and said sheath is formed of clear polyvinyl chloride.
15. An extrusion as recited in claim 14 in which said polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of less than 0.001 inch and said pigmented polyvinyl chloride has a thickness of from 0.010 inch to 0.050 inch.
16. An extrusion as recited in claim 15 in which said pigmented polyvinyl chloride has a thickness of less than about 0.030 inch, and said sheath has a thickness of from about .04 inch to about 0.3 inch.
17. A laterally curved and longitudinally bendable reflect-ive extrusion, useful as a drip rail, said extrusion comprising a laterally bent and longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said com-posite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form a hooked portion in which the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve, the other end of said sheath being upright.
18. An extrusion as recited in claim 17 in which the upright end of said sheath carries a pressure-sensitive adhesive on the side thereof remote from said hooked portion.
19. A laterally bent and longitudinally bendable reflective extrusion useful as a composite locking strip, said extrusion comprising a thin flat composite metallized strip encapsulated in a thin sheath of transparent plastic, said com-posite metallized strip comprising a film of metal having a thickness of less than about 25 microns sandwiched between and bonded to a layer of transparent plastic and a layer of opaque plastic, said sheath containing said composite metallized strip being permanently laterally curved at one end thereof to form the front of the locking strip in which the metal film is positioned to be visible through the convex portion of the curve, said sheath including a cross-portion extending therefrom, said cross-portion being curved to overlie the hook end of a drip rail.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/685,095 US4081504A (en) | 1976-05-10 | 1976-05-10 | Encapsulated composite metallized strip and method of making the same |
| US71971676A | 1976-09-02 | 1976-09-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1079773A true CA1079773A (en) | 1980-06-17 |
Family
ID=27103491
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA272,846A Expired CA1079773A (en) | 1976-05-10 | 1977-02-28 | Encapsulated composite metallized strip and method of making the same |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1079773A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1585495A (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5763753U (en) * | 1980-10-03 | 1982-04-15 | ||
| CA1311511C (en) * | 1987-01-20 | 1992-12-15 | Robert Adell | Edge guards having non-metallic bodies |
| DE3735181A1 (en) * | 1987-10-17 | 1989-06-08 | Plava Kunststoffe Gmbh | Roof rail for motor vehicle roofs |
| GB2358037B (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2003-11-12 | Draftex Ind Ltd | Sealing trimming glass-guiding or finishing strips |
| DE102011056016A1 (en) * | 2011-12-05 | 2013-06-06 | Dura Automotive Body & Glass Systems Gmbh | trim panel |
-
1977
- 1977-02-28 CA CA272,846A patent/CA1079773A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-05-09 GB GB19355/77A patent/GB1585495A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1585495A (en) | 1981-03-04 |
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