CA1072131A - Heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel - Google Patents
Heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steelInfo
- Publication number
- CA1072131A CA1072131A CA278,809A CA278809A CA1072131A CA 1072131 A CA1072131 A CA 1072131A CA 278809 A CA278809 A CA 278809A CA 1072131 A CA1072131 A CA 1072131A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- chrome
- weight
- molten steel
- heat insulating
- article
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
- B22D7/06—Ingot moulds or their manufacture
- B22D7/10—Hot tops therefor
- B22D7/102—Hot tops therefor from refractorial material only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/02—Linings
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This invention relates to a heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel comprising a basic mixture of 50 to 95% by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 to 40 % by weight of inorganic fibrous materials and 1 to 10 % of binder, characterized by including 1 to 10% by weight of a chrome-containing material in terms of chrome oxide (Cr2O3).
This invention relates to a heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel comprising a basic mixture of 50 to 95% by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 to 40 % by weight of inorganic fibrous materials and 1 to 10 % of binder, characterized by including 1 to 10% by weight of a chrome-containing material in terms of chrome oxide (Cr2O3).
Description
~0~2 The present invention relates to an improvement in or relating to a heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel.
When treating molten steel such as in receiving, transporting, casting and ingot making thereof there is used, in place of vessel or hot top portion of ingot case where a heat retention is required, a ~eat insulating article which is a board-like moulding of a mixture of 50-95~o by welght of refr&ctory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrG~s materials and 1 - 10~ by weight of binder and in additlon 0.5 -8% by weight of organic fibrous materials if circum-stances require, instead of conventional lining con-sisting of only refractory materials. -~or example, . .
- in ladle, steel melting vessel such as tundish, casting article and the hot top portion of ingot case there is applied, as means for making up for heat-retaining effect which is in short for refractory -brick alone, a lining in which acid, neutral or basic refractory materials such as siliceous sand, olivine, chamotte, sillimanite, alumina, bauxite, magnesia, brick powder, diatomaceous earth, perlite and other rocks are mixed with asbestos, rock wool, slag wool, ; kaolin fiber and the like as inorganic fibers, and if -~ circumstances require said mixture may include organic fibers such as pulp, sawdust, cotton flocks and other fiber flocks, the mixture is added and further mixed with binders such as resin, glue, starch, sugars, sulfite pulp waste liquor, clays, water glass, ~0 aluminium phosph~te and colloidal silica, the mixture .
10~2~3i .
is then moulded to a flat board, curved board, and a round or square cylinder, and finally it is dried for solidification. The inorganic fibers in the mixture components have effect of reducing the bulk specific gravity, of mouldings to lower the heat volume and thermal conductivity ænd decreasing heat radiation of the molten steel. Since such mouldings are a substance where comparatively low melting point materials of various silicates hzve naturally been fiberized or silicates having low melting point have artificially been fiberized, however, they are short of refractori-ness thereby causing a lowered refractoriness oi the mouldings in their entirety and producing affinlty to molten slag. In other words there is a disadvantage that such mouldings are likely tc be subjected to erosion by slag. Conventionally an adiabatic heat retention board is not of permanent lining but consumable property, and life period of a certain e~tent, e.g. working period as clear use limit is definite by the life of nozzle as in the tundish for the continuous cast ng of steel. When replacing the nozzle, lining also need be changed simult&neously, and purpose will be answered if the nozzle has a ~trength sufficient to effect an adiabatic heat retention for only the nozzle life. According to the improvement of nozzle, however, its life has been elongated and also the desired life of adiabatic lining material has become to require a long time.
Nevertheless, to increase a refractoriness without lowering the heat retaining properties Gf adiabatic
When treating molten steel such as in receiving, transporting, casting and ingot making thereof there is used, in place of vessel or hot top portion of ingot case where a heat retention is required, a ~eat insulating article which is a board-like moulding of a mixture of 50-95~o by welght of refr&ctory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrG~s materials and 1 - 10~ by weight of binder and in additlon 0.5 -8% by weight of organic fibrous materials if circum-stances require, instead of conventional lining con-sisting of only refractory materials. -~or example, . .
- in ladle, steel melting vessel such as tundish, casting article and the hot top portion of ingot case there is applied, as means for making up for heat-retaining effect which is in short for refractory -brick alone, a lining in which acid, neutral or basic refractory materials such as siliceous sand, olivine, chamotte, sillimanite, alumina, bauxite, magnesia, brick powder, diatomaceous earth, perlite and other rocks are mixed with asbestos, rock wool, slag wool, ; kaolin fiber and the like as inorganic fibers, and if -~ circumstances require said mixture may include organic fibers such as pulp, sawdust, cotton flocks and other fiber flocks, the mixture is added and further mixed with binders such as resin, glue, starch, sugars, sulfite pulp waste liquor, clays, water glass, ~0 aluminium phosph~te and colloidal silica, the mixture .
10~2~3i .
is then moulded to a flat board, curved board, and a round or square cylinder, and finally it is dried for solidification. The inorganic fibers in the mixture components have effect of reducing the bulk specific gravity, of mouldings to lower the heat volume and thermal conductivity ænd decreasing heat radiation of the molten steel. Since such mouldings are a substance where comparatively low melting point materials of various silicates hzve naturally been fiberized or silicates having low melting point have artificially been fiberized, however, they are short of refractori-ness thereby causing a lowered refractoriness oi the mouldings in their entirety and producing affinlty to molten slag. In other words there is a disadvantage that such mouldings are likely tc be subjected to erosion by slag. Conventionally an adiabatic heat retention board is not of permanent lining but consumable property, and life period of a certain e~tent, e.g. working period as clear use limit is definite by the life of nozzle as in the tundish for the continuous cast ng of steel. When replacing the nozzle, lining also need be changed simult&neously, and purpose will be answered if the nozzle has a ~trength sufficient to effect an adiabatic heat retention for only the nozzle life. According to the improvement of nozzle, however, its life has been elongated and also the desired life of adiabatic lining material has become to require a long time.
Nevertheless, to increase a refractoriness without lowering the heat retaining properties Gf adiabatic
- 2 -~O'~Z~31 .
lining material it is impossible to lengthen the use -period of moulded heat retaining board with only the above-mentioned inorganic ~ibers because of their low refractory degree, egcept that some ?articular of the inorganic fibers, and at present carbonaceous fibers onl~r are samewhat satisfactory, However, there 2, e disadvantages that carbonaceous fiber is expensive and that according to the kind of steel, carburisation from said fibers may cause trouble.
In the present invention there is prepared a basic mlxture of known components as metal'urgical refractory heat insulating materials, i.e. of 50 -.
95~ by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrous materials and 1 - 10~
by weight of binder, and further 0,5 - 8~o by weight of organic fibrous material if circumstances re~uire, and then 1 - 10% by weight of chrome oxide (Cr203) is included in said mixture to increase durability at high temperature. There may be other refractories than chrome o~ide, which are either same or higher in refractoriness, but they are 10~J resistant against the erosion by slag and weak against the spalling of slag. That is, zirconia is weak against basic slag because of acid, electrofused alumina is likely to be eroded by iron o~ide, silicon carbiae is burned in ogidizing atomosphere, and magnesia is ~eak against acid slag because of basic. Thus these refractories may be eroded by slag despite their high ~eat re-sistancy so that they must b~ changed according to the properties of object each time when molten steel ., .
.
~ . ~
10'7Z131 is treated. Chrome oxide employed in the present invention is of low a~.inity with slag and hardly subject to erosion so that to coat the fiber surfaces with chrome oxide may prevent erosion by slag, stop average wearing from the surface of a heat insulating article when it is used, and avoid sudden lowering of mechanical strength as a lining because initial thickness of the article is maintained thereby de-creasing unexpected accidents such as coming off of the lining, which is caused by shortened thickness in use.
- The chrome oxide employed in the invention may be, besides pure chrome oxide, materials or products containing natural or artificial chromes such as chromite, chrome-magnesite brick, chrome-silica brick and chrome-alumina brick or baked - - -articles of chrome hydroxide recovered from the waste liquor for chrome Jlating. In use they may be crushed. As mixing method of chrome oxide, any will do in uniform mixing over the whole heat insulating article, im~regnating or mixing with the whole surface contacting hot melt, or mixing or impregnating with part of the portion contacting hot melt, particularly the entire thickness of the portion which is in contact - with slag, or a portion near the surface. By mixing the chrome oxide with the known components as refractory heat insulating materials it is possible to lengthen the life of a heat insulating article for heat retention in treating-molten steel. Suitable mixing amount will be in the range 1-10$ in terms of .. ; , .
t ~
.
~0~2131 Cr203 in mixing portion, mixing o~ less than l~ i8 insufficient to enhance mechanical strength whatever less amount of inorganic fiber is included in the heat insulatir~ article, and even mixing of more than 10%
does not produce higher effect than in 10%.
~ he following e2amples illustrates the present invention but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
There was used, for the sleeve for hot top heat retention and the tundish for continuous casting of steel, a heat insulating article wherein a conventional mixture of 50 - 95% by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrous materials, and 1 - 10% by weight of binder, and 0.5 - 8~ by weight of organic fibrous materials if circumstance require, is added with chrome oxide, to compare with the case where chrome oxide is not added.
(l) Sleeve for hot top heat retention ~ Present Mi~in~ of sleeve Conventional article invention Siliceous sand90.0~o 85.7%
Asbestos 1.5% 1.4%
Pulp 3.0% 2.9%
Phenol resin 5.5~o 5.3%
Chromite (30% in - 5.~% (1.4% i~
~ terms of Cr203) ~ terms of~Cr203) 7-Ingot case: 9 ton bottom pouring s~uare ingot case. Feeder head volume: 9.5% `- ;
- In a single stool there were used ingot cases where conventional article and the present article iO';'2131 - were employed respectively.
Pouring was done in every 7 ingot Ca8es per charge.
Thickness of sleeve: 25 mm C Weight of the heat- Thermit~he~-retaining retaining agent h~bt used in feeder head agent: 25 ~g surface:
Time from melt pouring h up to discharge: 5 ours Molten steel temperature: 1570 C
Molten steel was poured into ingot cases under the above casting conditions, and a heat-retaining agent was sprinkled over the feeder head surface to leave the molten steel as it is. In five hours the æteel ingot was discharged from the ingot cases, erosion resistivity of sleeve by molten slag was , - ~ - compared to obtain the following mean value:
.; . .
Mixture of conventional 3 mm (erosi~n thick-article: ness of lining) , ~ ~
!'~. : Mixture of the ~resent 1 mm (erosion thick-~- ~ invention: ~ ~ ness of lining) Further, in the mi~ture according to the ; invention the shrinkage of th~e feeder head was less - by lO~mm on the average in the erosion thickness of ~- 20 ;lining than in conventional article.
(2) Heat-retaining lining material of tundish . ~ .
A lining was carried out over the refractory bricks of tundish, wherein there is compared (i)~a case in which a heat insulating article of con~entional mixture was applied over the whole bottom and sida surfaces with (ii) a case in which a heat insulating .
- ` 6 : - .
i ~0~ 31 ' .
article of conventional mixture wa~ applied over the bottom portion and the lower half of the side surface, and that of the mixture of this invention over the - upper half of the side surface. .
Thickness of heat-retaining Bottom 60 mm lining material: --~ Side surface 40 mm Temperature of molten steel: 1610C
Amount and time period for 600 ton charging molten steel:
- 200 min.
Mi~ture of heat-retaining lining material:
- Conventional Present - article invention Olivine sand . 75.0~ 63.5%
Rock wool 2Q 0% 16.9%
Sodium silicate 5~0% 4.5~
- Baked ar~i~c"~eD of 15.1~ (about . - chrome ~*g ~o - - 10~ in terms - A in terms of Cr203) - of Cr203) After using the tundish under the above conditions .
the thickness of the heat-retaining lining material was checked for comparison, to obtain the following - result o~ the average:
~rosion thick- -. ~ ness of linin~ -.
- - Bottom portion: 25 mm : 20 ~ower portion of ~ -~ - side-surface: 20 mm Upper portion of Conventional article 10 mm side surface:
Article of present - invention ~25 mm ; ~According to the conventional article,-much - erosion occurs at the upper portion of the side surface i.e. in the neighbourhood of slag line and the thickness ~ 7--: : , ' - .- . -_ _ '. ~ ', ~ - -,' ' ~` 107213 ``~
. ~, .
:~ of lO mm may generally involve a danger of coming oii.
. To the contrary, the mixture of the pre~ent invention shows that less erosion pccurs in slag line and that ~?~ it is possible to lengthen the treating period of time.
-. " ' ' . ~ . .
" .
.
~ .
r~.r ..
.~;
.... .
'.i~ ` . , ,~, ., ~ . . .
. :. - - - ~ . .
~ . - . - .
j . .
'. ! , ! . . ` . .
,_ !. - :
' `'' '~'~ ~ - '- ` ' .
,: ' `~, '' : ` : `
- ~ .
' ~ ` ' .
.
. `
8 - . -. ~ .
lining material it is impossible to lengthen the use -period of moulded heat retaining board with only the above-mentioned inorganic ~ibers because of their low refractory degree, egcept that some ?articular of the inorganic fibers, and at present carbonaceous fibers onl~r are samewhat satisfactory, However, there 2, e disadvantages that carbonaceous fiber is expensive and that according to the kind of steel, carburisation from said fibers may cause trouble.
In the present invention there is prepared a basic mlxture of known components as metal'urgical refractory heat insulating materials, i.e. of 50 -.
95~ by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrous materials and 1 - 10~
by weight of binder, and further 0,5 - 8~o by weight of organic fibrous material if circumstances re~uire, and then 1 - 10% by weight of chrome oxide (Cr203) is included in said mixture to increase durability at high temperature. There may be other refractories than chrome o~ide, which are either same or higher in refractoriness, but they are 10~J resistant against the erosion by slag and weak against the spalling of slag. That is, zirconia is weak against basic slag because of acid, electrofused alumina is likely to be eroded by iron o~ide, silicon carbiae is burned in ogidizing atomosphere, and magnesia is ~eak against acid slag because of basic. Thus these refractories may be eroded by slag despite their high ~eat re-sistancy so that they must b~ changed according to the properties of object each time when molten steel ., .
.
~ . ~
10'7Z131 is treated. Chrome oxide employed in the present invention is of low a~.inity with slag and hardly subject to erosion so that to coat the fiber surfaces with chrome oxide may prevent erosion by slag, stop average wearing from the surface of a heat insulating article when it is used, and avoid sudden lowering of mechanical strength as a lining because initial thickness of the article is maintained thereby de-creasing unexpected accidents such as coming off of the lining, which is caused by shortened thickness in use.
- The chrome oxide employed in the invention may be, besides pure chrome oxide, materials or products containing natural or artificial chromes such as chromite, chrome-magnesite brick, chrome-silica brick and chrome-alumina brick or baked - - -articles of chrome hydroxide recovered from the waste liquor for chrome Jlating. In use they may be crushed. As mixing method of chrome oxide, any will do in uniform mixing over the whole heat insulating article, im~regnating or mixing with the whole surface contacting hot melt, or mixing or impregnating with part of the portion contacting hot melt, particularly the entire thickness of the portion which is in contact - with slag, or a portion near the surface. By mixing the chrome oxide with the known components as refractory heat insulating materials it is possible to lengthen the life of a heat insulating article for heat retention in treating-molten steel. Suitable mixing amount will be in the range 1-10$ in terms of .. ; , .
t ~
.
~0~2131 Cr203 in mixing portion, mixing o~ less than l~ i8 insufficient to enhance mechanical strength whatever less amount of inorganic fiber is included in the heat insulatir~ article, and even mixing of more than 10%
does not produce higher effect than in 10%.
~ he following e2amples illustrates the present invention but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
There was used, for the sleeve for hot top heat retention and the tundish for continuous casting of steel, a heat insulating article wherein a conventional mixture of 50 - 95% by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 - 40~ by weight of inorganic fibrous materials, and 1 - 10% by weight of binder, and 0.5 - 8~ by weight of organic fibrous materials if circumstance require, is added with chrome oxide, to compare with the case where chrome oxide is not added.
(l) Sleeve for hot top heat retention ~ Present Mi~in~ of sleeve Conventional article invention Siliceous sand90.0~o 85.7%
Asbestos 1.5% 1.4%
Pulp 3.0% 2.9%
Phenol resin 5.5~o 5.3%
Chromite (30% in - 5.~% (1.4% i~
~ terms of Cr203) ~ terms of~Cr203) 7-Ingot case: 9 ton bottom pouring s~uare ingot case. Feeder head volume: 9.5% `- ;
- In a single stool there were used ingot cases where conventional article and the present article iO';'2131 - were employed respectively.
Pouring was done in every 7 ingot Ca8es per charge.
Thickness of sleeve: 25 mm C Weight of the heat- Thermit~he~-retaining retaining agent h~bt used in feeder head agent: 25 ~g surface:
Time from melt pouring h up to discharge: 5 ours Molten steel temperature: 1570 C
Molten steel was poured into ingot cases under the above casting conditions, and a heat-retaining agent was sprinkled over the feeder head surface to leave the molten steel as it is. In five hours the æteel ingot was discharged from the ingot cases, erosion resistivity of sleeve by molten slag was , - ~ - compared to obtain the following mean value:
.; . .
Mixture of conventional 3 mm (erosi~n thick-article: ness of lining) , ~ ~
!'~. : Mixture of the ~resent 1 mm (erosion thick-~- ~ invention: ~ ~ ness of lining) Further, in the mi~ture according to the ; invention the shrinkage of th~e feeder head was less - by lO~mm on the average in the erosion thickness of ~- 20 ;lining than in conventional article.
(2) Heat-retaining lining material of tundish . ~ .
A lining was carried out over the refractory bricks of tundish, wherein there is compared (i)~a case in which a heat insulating article of con~entional mixture was applied over the whole bottom and sida surfaces with (ii) a case in which a heat insulating .
- ` 6 : - .
i ~0~ 31 ' .
article of conventional mixture wa~ applied over the bottom portion and the lower half of the side surface, and that of the mixture of this invention over the - upper half of the side surface. .
Thickness of heat-retaining Bottom 60 mm lining material: --~ Side surface 40 mm Temperature of molten steel: 1610C
Amount and time period for 600 ton charging molten steel:
- 200 min.
Mi~ture of heat-retaining lining material:
- Conventional Present - article invention Olivine sand . 75.0~ 63.5%
Rock wool 2Q 0% 16.9%
Sodium silicate 5~0% 4.5~
- Baked ar~i~c"~eD of 15.1~ (about . - chrome ~*g ~o - - 10~ in terms - A in terms of Cr203) - of Cr203) After using the tundish under the above conditions .
the thickness of the heat-retaining lining material was checked for comparison, to obtain the following - result o~ the average:
~rosion thick- -. ~ ness of linin~ -.
- - Bottom portion: 25 mm : 20 ~ower portion of ~ -~ - side-surface: 20 mm Upper portion of Conventional article 10 mm side surface:
Article of present - invention ~25 mm ; ~According to the conventional article,-much - erosion occurs at the upper portion of the side surface i.e. in the neighbourhood of slag line and the thickness ~ 7--: : , ' - .- . -_ _ '. ~ ', ~ - -,' ' ~` 107213 ``~
. ~, .
:~ of lO mm may generally involve a danger of coming oii.
. To the contrary, the mixture of the pre~ent invention shows that less erosion pccurs in slag line and that ~?~ it is possible to lengthen the treating period of time.
-. " ' ' . ~ . .
" .
.
~ .
r~.r ..
.~;
.... .
'.i~ ` . , ,~, ., ~ . . .
. :. - - - ~ . .
~ . - . - .
j . .
'. ! , ! . . ` . .
,_ !. - :
' `'' '~'~ ~ - '- ` ' .
,: ' `~, '' : ` : `
- ~ .
' ~ ` ' .
.
. `
8 - . -. ~ .
Claims (4)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel, comprising a basic mixture of 50 - 95% by weight of refractory materials, 0.5 - 40% by weight of inorganic fibrous materials and 1 - 10% by weight of binder, characterized by including 1 - 10% by weight of a crushed chrome-containing material in terms of chrome oxide (Cr2O3).
2. A heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said basic mixture additionally contains 0.5 - 8% by weight of an organic fibrous material.
3. A heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said article is either a sleeve for the heat-retaining of feeder head or a lining for heat-retaining.
4. A heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the chrome-containing materials are selected from the group of pure chrome oxide, chromite, chrome-magnesite brick, chrome-silica brick, chrome-alumina brick, and baked articles of chrome hydroxide recovered from waste liquor in chrome plating.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6682876A JPS52149222A (en) | 1976-06-08 | 1976-06-08 | Adiabatic plate for treatment of molten metal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1072131A true CA1072131A (en) | 1980-02-19 |
Family
ID=13327077
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA278,809A Expired CA1072131A (en) | 1976-06-08 | 1977-05-19 | Heat insulating article for the treatment of molten steel |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS52149222A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU505551B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1072131A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2724291A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2354304A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1537192A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104014721B (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2016-06-08 | 方学军 | A kind of light dolomite alcohol-base foundry coating and preparation method thereof |
| CN104014726B (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2016-06-08 | 方学军 | A kind of alcohol-base foundry coating of mullite/magnesia compound and preparation method thereof |
| CN104190858B (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2016-08-24 | 芜湖市鸿坤汽车零部件有限公司 | Alcohol-base foundry coating that a kind of sillimanite/titanium dioxide is compound and preparation method thereof |
| CN116217248A (en) * | 2022-12-02 | 2023-06-06 | 河钢乐亭钢铁有限公司 | Low-cost long-life slag blocking wall with hit package and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1280006A (en) * | 1968-06-26 | 1972-07-05 | Foseco Trading Ag | Production of heat insulating hot top linings for ingot moulds |
| GB1329825A (en) * | 1969-10-31 | 1973-09-12 | Foseco Trading Ag | Production of ingots and castings |
| GB1364665A (en) * | 1971-12-07 | 1974-08-29 | Foseco Trading Ag | Tundishes |
-
1976
- 1976-06-08 JP JP6682876A patent/JPS52149222A/en active Granted
-
1977
- 1977-05-19 CA CA278,809A patent/CA1072131A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-05-19 GB GB2117777A patent/GB1537192A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-05-28 DE DE19772724291 patent/DE2724291A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1977-05-31 AU AU25657/77A patent/AU505551B2/en not_active Expired
- 1977-06-01 FR FR7716691A patent/FR2354304A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1537192A (en) | 1978-12-29 |
| FR2354304A1 (en) | 1978-01-06 |
| JPS52149222A (en) | 1977-12-12 |
| AU505551B2 (en) | 1979-11-22 |
| JPS554512B2 (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| DE2724291A1 (en) | 1977-12-22 |
| AU2565777A (en) | 1978-12-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |