BRPI0718921A2 - RF SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING SALT WATER - Google Patents

Description

RF SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING SALT WATER

Related Cases

This case claims the priority and any other benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.

60 / 865.53 0, filed November 13, 2006, entitled RF System and Methods for Processing Salt Water (Document 30064/04004) ("application λ530"); Provisional Patent Application Serial No. U.S. 60 / 938,613, filed May 17, 2007, entitled RF System and Methods for Processing Salt Water II (Document 30064/04008) ("Application λ 613"); Provisional Patent Application Serial No. U.S. 60 / 953,829, filed August 3, 2007, entitled RF system and Methods for Processing Salt Water III (Document 30064/04009); and Provisional Patent Application Serial No. US 60 / 915,345, filed May 1, 2007, entitled Field Generator For Targeted Cell Ablation (Document 30274/04036), complete descriptions of which include all appendices, diagrams, figures and photographs, are incorporated into the context by way of reference. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to systems and methods for processing water using radio frequency (RF) energy, such as, for example, RF saltwater combustion systems and methods and / or saltwater containing solutions, RF systems and methods for seawater desalination, RF systems and methods for heating seawater, saltwater and / or solutions containing saltwater, RF systems and methods for generating steam, RF systems and methods for volatilizing 30 fuels RF systems and systems for the electrolysis of water and saltwater mixtures, RF systems and methods for the production of hydrogen from saltwater and / or solutions containing saltwater, RF systems and methods for the combustion of volatiles produced by from saltwater solutions and / or RF systems for the combustion of hydrogen produced from saltwater and / or saltwater solutions.

Background of the Invention

Hydrogen gas is a fuel and therefore is a potentially viable fuel source particularly for use in internal combustion engines. Water can be a source of hydrogen gas and, unlike crude oil, which is used to produce gasoline, water, and particularly seawater, has an advantage over crude oil in that it is present in land in great abundance. What's more, burning hydrogen produces water, an environmentally clean byproduct. Many other volatile organic compounds, such as ethanol, for example, are also fuels and thus are potentially viable fuel sources for use in internal combustion engines. Likewise, ethanol has an advantage over crude oil in that ethanol can be synthesized from the fermentation of corn, sugar cane or other agricultural products and is therefore a renewable resource. of crude oil, which is not.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figures 1 to 7 are high-level block diagrams of exemplary RF systems for RF saltwater processing and / or saltwater containing solutions, such as igniting saltwater or saltwater containing solutions, generating steam from saltwater, producing and collect hydrogen from salt water or solutions containing salt water and desalinate seawater;

Figures 8A to 8C; 9A to 9C are several views and

RF transmitter heads and RF receive heads;

Figures 10 to 12, 16 and 16a are exemplary RF circuit diagrams for exemplary RF systems for RF saltwater processing and / or saltwater containing solutions such as combustion of saltwater or saltwater containing solutions, steam generation. from salt water, hydrogen production and collection from salt water or solutions containing salt water and seawater desalination; Figure 17 is a mid-level flowchart of a

exemplary embodiment of an RF methodology for the production and collection of hydrogen gas from saltwater and solutions containing saltwater;

Figures 18 (a) and 18 (b) adsorption are mid-level flowcharts of exemplary embodiments of an RF methodology for the production and combustion of hydrogen gas from salt water and for the production and combustion of hydrogen gas and production and combustion. other volatiles from solutions containing salt water; Figures 19 (a) and 19 (b) are level flowcharts.

of exemplary embodiments of an RF methodology for the production and combustion of hydrogen gas from saltwater and for the production and combustion of hydrogen gas and production and combustion of other volatiles at 30 from solutions containing saltwater and energy transfer chemistry generated by the combustion of hydrogen gas and other volatiles in mechanical energy capable of moving a piston;

Figure 20 is a mid-level flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of an RF methodology for seawater desalination;

Figure 21 is a mid-level flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of an RF methodology for performing water electrolysis; Figure 22 is an illustration showing wraps.

examples of transmission and reception with the top walls removed;

Figure 23 is a high level flowchart showing an exemplary method of combining saltwater and RF energy saltwater containing solutions;

Figure 24 is a schematic illustration showing an exemplary sealed transmission wrap that may be suitable for lowering to the ground; and

Figures 25 to 26 are mid-level flow charts of exemplary embodiments of an RF methodology for combustion of gas generated from a liquid by a transmitted RF signal.

summary

Systems are presented for using RF energy for combustion of saltwater and / or various saltwater containing solutions, to produce hydrogen from saltwater, to produce volatiles from saltwater containing solutions, to desalinate seawater and / or perform water electrolysis. An exemplary system 30 may comprise a salt water reservoir which is a mixture comprising water and salt, salt water having an effective amount of salt dissolved in water; a reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet; a supply line operatively connecting the reservoir to the reaction chamber inlet; an RF transmitter having an RF generator in circuit communication with a transmitter head, the RF generator being capable of generating an RF signal that can be absorbed at least partially by salt water having at least one frequency for transmission. via transmission head; and an RF receiver; wherein the reaction chamber is positioned such that at least a portion of the reaction chamber is between the transmission head and the RF receiver. Other exemplary systems may comprise a reservoir for containing a solution which is a mixture of water and salt and optionally containing (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof.

Similarly, methods are presented for using RF energy for combustion of saltwater and saltwater solutions, to desalination seawater, to produce hydrogen from saltwater and saltwater solutions and / or to perform water electrolysis. salted. An exemplary method may comprise providing salt water comprising a mixture of water and at least one salt; or a saltwater solution comprising a mixture of water and at least one salt and optionally containing (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof; salt water or salt water solution having an effective amount of salt dissolved in water; providing an RF transmitter having an RF generator in circuit communication with a transmission head, wherein an RF generator is capable of generating an RF signal that can be absorbed, at least partially, by the saltwater or saltwater component. the solution containing salt water and having at least one frequency for transmission via the transmission head; arranging the transmission head near salt water or salt water containing solution such that the RF signal transmitted via the transmission head interacts with at least a portion of the salt water; and transmitting the RF signal via the transmission head long enough to perform saltwater combustion or to heat the saltwater containing solution to volatilize and perform combustion of a secondary fuel source that may be optionally present. If hydrogen gas is created from seawater or saltwater solution by the RF signal, the RF signal can also be transmitted via sufficient transmission head for combustion of the hydrogen gas thus produced.

Detailed Description

In the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated and constitute a part of the report, exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated, which, together with a general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description given below, serve to exemplify principles of the invention.

General Terms

"Additive" as used in context is a chemical compound 30 which has solubility, miscibility or compatibility with various saltwater solutions (including seawater, saltwater or saltwater containing solutions and optionally containing at least one combination which, moreover, is capable of altering the receptivity of various saltwater solutions to RF energy stimulation.

"Circuit communication" as used in context is used to indicate a communicative relationship between devices. Electrical, optical and electromagnetic direct connections and indirect electrical, optical and electromagnetic connections are examples of circuit communication. Two devices are in circuit communication if a signal from one is received by the other, regardless of whether the signal is modified by some other device. For example, two devices separated by one or more of the following - transformers, opto-isolators, digital or analog buffers, analog integrators, another electronic circuitry, fiber optic transceivers, or even satellites - are in circuit communication if a signal reach each other even if the signal is modified by the device (s)

intermediate (s). As a final example, two devices not directly connected to each other (eg, keyboard and memory), but both capable of interfacing with a third device (eg, a CPU), are in circuit communication.

"Combustion", as used in context, indicates a process that rapidly produces heat and light (perhaps caused by rapid chemical change and with or without "burning" or "oxidation" in the classical sense). Saltwater and saltwater solutions respond to RF energy in many of the many systems and methods taught here with rapid heating and rapid light generation, which can be visible, UV, IR, etc. This is considered "combustion" here, even though it may be "burning" or not in the classical sense. "Combustion" here is also used to indicate the most typical incendiary "combustion", that is, the burning process in which a rapid chemical change occurs that produces heat and light, including the burning, in the classical sense, of products produced from from the saltwater reaction with RF. For example, when hydrogen is combusted or burned in the air, hydrogen is chemically oxidized in water and reacts so rapidly that a flame is produced and water is discharged as vapor.

"Desalting" as used in context is used to indicate the process of removing salt and other chemicals from water. For example, when seawater desalination is performed by heating, eg boiling, steam is produced and collected. When the collected steam is subsequently condensed back to liquid form, pure water is obtained, free of any salt or mineral. "Electrolysis", as used in context, is used to indicate the process of applying energy to water to decompose water into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Energy can be applied in the form of electrical energy, for example in the application of an electric current, or in the form of thermal energy.

"Operatively connected" or "connect

operatively, "as used in context, is used to indicate that a functional connection (for example, a mechanical or physical connection or an electrical or optical or electromagnetic or magnetic connection) exists between the components of a system.

"Saltwater" as used in the context is used to denote a mixture comprising water and salt, with saltwater having an effective amount of salt dissolved in water. "Saltwater containing solution" and "saltwater solutions" are used interchangeably and, as used in the context, indicate a mixture comprising saltwater and optionally containing one or more of the following: (i) at least one (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures of both. Thus, a salt water containing solution may comprise salt water only. "Saltwater Mixture", as used in context, is used to denote a mixture containing saltwater in conducting electrolysis with the various systems and methods taught herein.

"Secondary fuel", as used in context, is used to indicate combustible organic compounds that may be made volatile and that have solubility, miscibility or compatibility with various saltwater solutions (including saltwater, seawater or saltwater solutions containing salt water and optionally containing at least one additive). As used in context, a secondary fuel may be the only substance that is oxidizing; Thus, the use of the term secondary fuel does not necessarily require the existence of an equally oxidizing primary fuel. Salt and salt solutions can be used to increase combustion 30 of secondary fuels without salt or also oxidizing salt solution.

Systems

Referring to the drawings and Figures 1 to 16A, several different views of exemplary systems and system components are shown. It is believed that these systems and components can be used with virtually all of the various RF absorption optimizers and virtually with all methods discussed herein.

Exemplary systems of Figures 1 to 4 include an RF generator 102 in circuit communication with a transmitter head 104 for transmitting through a reaction chamber 106 an RF signal 108 generated by the RF generator 102 and transmitted by the transmitter head 104. The chamber reaction 106 may be open or closed, depending on the specific application. The reaction chamber may be, for example, a vessel or a cylinder with an associated piston.

Figure 1

Referring to Figure 1, a first exemplary embodiment of an RF 100 system using a

20 RF signal 108 for processing saltwater containing solutions

110 in the reaction chamber 106. For example, the RF signal 108 may perform combustion of the saltwater containing solution 110. As another example, the RF signal 108 may heat the saltwater containing solution 110 for further processing, e.g. steam and condensation to desalinate a saltwater solution 110. Still as another example, the RF signal 108 can produce hydrogen from the saltwater solution 110 or the RF signal can heat the saltwater solution and

Volatilize any secondary fuel that may optionally be contained in the solution. The hydrogen produced, as well as any optionally present volatilized secondary fuel, can be collected as a gas and stored for various uses, for example stored for use as a fuel. Alternatively, hydrogen or any volatilized secondary fuel or both may be combusted in reaction chamber 106. Example system 100 comprises a generator 102 in circuit communication with a transmission head 104. A reaction chamber 106 is positioned in such a manner. that at least a portion of the reaction chamber 106 is RF coupled to the transmitter head 104. In the exemplary system 100, the RF generator 102 communicates with an RF signal for transmission to the transmitter head 104. The RF signal 108 transmitted by the head 104 passes through at least a portion of the reaction chamber 106. A solution containing salt water (and also a solution optionally containing (i) at least one additive, (ii) at least one secondary fuel or (iii) mixtures of the 110) contained within the reaction chamber 106 is positioned such that the saltwater containing solution 110 (and in particular the saltwater component of the solution) absorbs at least a portion of the RF signal 108. Optionally, the RF generator 102 can be controlled by adjusting the frequency and / or power and / or envelope etc. of the generated RF signal and / or may have a mode in which an RF signal at a predetermined frequency and power is transmitted via the transmission head 104. In addition, optionally, the RF generator 102 provides an RF signal 108 with 30 varying amplitudes, pulsed amplitudes, multiple frequencies, etc.

Saltwater containing solution 110 absorbs energy as RF signal 108 travels through reaction chamber 106. The more energy absorbed by the saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution 110, the greater the temperature increase in the area leading to decomposition. hydrogen production, and in cases where the saltwater solution 110 also contains a secondary fuel, this may also lead to volatilization and combustion of the secondary fuel, rather than or in addition to saltwater decomposition and production of hydrogen. As even more energy is absorbed by the saltwater component of the saltwater solution 110, the combustion of the hydrogen being produced finally occurs. The rate of energy absorption by the saltwater containing solution 110 may be increased by increasing the strength of the RF signal 108, which increases the amount of energy moving through the reaction chamber 106. Other means of increasing the rate of absorption. Energy absorption may include, but is not limited to, concentrating the signal on a localized area of the saltwater solution 110 or mixing with the saltwater solution at least one additive that is suitably selected from a variety of chemical species to be capable of alter the energy absorption rate of the saltwater solution 110 and as a result may be able to increase the energy rate of the saltwater solution 110. Examples of additives believed to be useful in this regard include surfactants, chemical species forming azeotropic mixtures with water and chemical species which alter the freezing point of water.

Figures 2 to 4

As shown in Figures 2 to 4, exemplary systems may also include a receiver head 112 and an associated current path 114 to allow RF signal 108 to be coupled through reaction chamber 106. Systems 200, 300, 400 also use an RF signal 108 for processing solutions 110 in the reaction chamber 106. For example, the RF signal 108 may ignite the saltwater containing solution 110. As another example, the RF signal 108 may heat the saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution 110 in preparation for further processing (for example, in cases where the saltwater containing solution 110 is only saltwater, collecting and condensing steam to desalinate the saltwater; in cases where the saltwater containing solution contains a secondary fuel, volatilization secondary fuel). In yet another example, the RF signal 108 may produce hydrogen from or may volatilize a secondary fuel contained within the saltwater containing solution 110 and the hydrogen or volatilized secondary fuel or both may be collected as a gas and stored for various purposes. uses, for example, stored for use as a fuel. Alternatively, hydrogen produced or volatilized secondary fuel or both may be ignited in the reaction chamber 106.

Referring to Figure 2, the exemplary system 200 has a transmission head 104 and receiver head 112 disposed close to and on either side of at least a portion of the reaction chamber 106. This allows at least a portion of the solution containing water 110 in the reaction chamber 106 is exposed to the RF signal 108 transmitted by the transmitter head 104. A portion of the RF system may be adjusted such that the receive head 112 receives at least a portion of the RF signal 108 transmitted via the transmitter head. As a result, the receiving head 112 receives the RF signal 108 which is transmitted via the transmitting head 104.

The heads 104, 112, each or both, may have associated adjustment circuitry such as pi nets or adjustable pi nets to increase output and generate a voltage in the reaction chamber area 106 and in the saltwater containing solution 100 contained. there. Thus, as shown in Figure 3, drive head 104 may have an associated adjustment circuit 116 in circuit communication between RF generator 102 and drive head 104. Additionally, or alternatively, as shown in Figure 3, current path 114 may comprise receiving head 112 being grounded.

Referring to Figure 3, the transmission head 104 and the receiving head 112 may be isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber 106. The transmission head 104 and the receiving head 112 may be isolated by an interval of 118. An optional means of isolating the transmitter head 104 and the receive head 112 of the reaction chamber 106 is shown in Figure 4. Example system 400 includes the instrument of an insulating layer or material 410, such as Between the heads 104, 112 and the reaction chamber 106. Other optional means include providing an isolation area in the heads 104, 112 and allowing the heads to be placed in direct contact with the reaction chamber 106. The head 104 and the receiving head 112, described in more detail below, may include one or more plates of electrically conductive material.

An optional method of inducing a higher temperature in the saltwater solution 110 includes the use of a receive head 112 that is larger than the transmitter head 104 (although earlier it was believed that a smaller head would concentrate RF to increase In RF heating, a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature, perhaps because of the use of a high Q resonant circuit, which will be described in more detail below). For example, you can use a 6 inch simple circular copper plate on the Tx side and you can use a 9.5 inch simple square copper plate on the Rx side. Optionally, an RF absorption optimizer may be added to saltwater containing solution 110. An RF absorption optimizer is any means or method of increasing the tendency of the saltwater containing solution 110 to absorb more energy from the RF signal than the saltwater component. solution containing salt water would otherwise absorb. Suitable RF absorption optimizers include, for example, suspended particles of electrically conductive material, such as metals, for example iron, various combinations of metals, for example iron and 30 other metals, or magnetic particles. The many types of RF absorption optimizers will be discussed below in more detail.

The RF generator 102 may be any suitable RF signal generator that generates an RF signal at any frequency or more of the RF frequencies or frequency ranges discussed herein. The RF signal 108 generated by the RF generator 102 and transmitted by the transmitter head 104 may have a fundamental frequency in the HF or VHF interval or an RF signal in some other fundamental frequency. RF signal 108 may be a signal having one or more fundamental frequencies in the ranges 1 to 2 MHz, and / or 2-3 MHz, and / or 3 to 4 MHz, and / or 4 to 5 MHz, and / or 5 to 6 MHz, and / or 6 to 7 MHz7 and / or 7 to 8 MHz, and / or 8 to 9 MHz, and / or 9 to 10 MHz, and / or 10 to 11 MHz, and / or 11 to 12 MHz, or 12 to 13 MHz7 or 13 to 14 MHz, or 14 to 15 MHz. RF signal 108 may have a fundamental frequency of 13.56 MHz. RF generator 102 may be an ENI RF generator Model No. OEM-12B (Part No. OEM-12B-07), which is marked with US Patent No. 5,323,329 and is known to generate a 13.56 MHz RF signal for strong water attack systems. Among other things, the ENIO EM-12B RF generator has an on / off RF power switch for switching a high power (0-1250 watts) RF signal, has a power output setting to adjust the power of the generated signal. and has an RF power meter to measure the power of the RF signal being generated that can be switched to select advanced or reverse power measurement. The reverse mode power meter may be used to calibrate a tuning circuit as explained above by adjusting any variable component of the tuning circuit until the minimum power is reflected back to the power meter. (Minimum VSWR). The ENI OEM-12B generator can be cooled by a Thermo Neslab Merlin Series M33 recirculation process chiller. In a 13.56 MHz RF RF signal from the ENI 0EM-12B RF RF generator having a power of about 800 to 1000 Watts, salt water will burn. Alternatively, the RF generator may be a commercial transmitter, for example, the transmitting part of a YAESU brand FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver. An RF signal may be generated at about 13.56 MHz (one of the FCC-authorized frequencies for ISM equipment) by the transmitting part of a YAESU brand FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver by cutting off certain locking components as required. known to those skilled in the art. The RF generator and transmitter head may have associated antenna tuning circuitry (not shown) in circuit or integral communication with it, for example, automatic or manual antenna tuning circuitry, to adjust to the impedance of the antenna. transmission head and reaction chamber (and a receiver, if any). The transmitter part of a YAESU-branded FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver has such an integral antenna tuning circuitry (pressing a wTune "button causes the unit to automatically adjust to the load presented to the RF generating part) The RF generator and transmission head may have associated antenna tuning circuitry (not shown) in circuit or integral communication, for example, automatic or manual antenna tuning circuitry, to adjust to 30 impedance. reaction chamber and receiver and compensate for changes there.The transmitting part of a YAESU-branded FT-1000MP Mark-V transceiver has such a set of integral antenna tuning circuits. receiving head are possible as exemplified here.

Figures 5 to 6

Drive head 104 can be any of a number of different drive head configurations, such as an electrically conductive board having a coax coil in circuit communication with it. Alternatively, as exemplified by Figure 5, drive head 104 may comprise (or consist of) an electrically conductive plate 502 (e.g., a 6 inch diameter flat plate made of 0.020 inch stainless steel) without a coil corresponding. Transmission plate 502 may be circular and sized depending on the size of the target area and the desired voltage field generated by the plate. Similarly, as exemplified by Figure 6, the receiving head 112 may comprise (or consist of) an electrically conductive plate 602 (e.g., a 6 inch diameter flat plate made of 0.020 inch stainless steel) without a coil corresponding. The receiving plate 602 may be circular and may be sized depending on the size of the target area and the desired voltage field generated by the plate. Receive plate 602 may be sized substantially smaller or substantially larger than transmit plate 502 to change the field generated in the reaction chamber 106 by coupled RF signal 108. Alternatively, receive plate 602 or transmit plate 502 ( which includes both) can be parabolic plate with convex side facing target area (not shown). The plates can be made of copper (eg 0.090 inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel.

Figure 7 to 9

Alternatively, the transmission head 104 or receiving head 112 may each or both comprise a series of spaced and stacked electrically conductive plates. Electrically spaced and stacked conductive plates may be coaxial circular plates and may have sequentially decreasing diameters. Figure 7 shows an exemplary system 700 wherein receiving head 112 comprising spaced and stacked electrically conductive coaxial circular plates having sequentially decreasing diameters. Exemplary receiving head plates 800 may be constructed as described in Figures 8A to 8C (e.g. sized as shown with an aluminum base) and may be insulated from one another as described in Figures 8A to 8C. The plates can be made of copper (eg 0.090 inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel. Similarly, the transmission head 104 may be

comprise a series of spaced and stacked electrically conductive plates. Spaced and stacked electrically conductive plates may be coaxial circular plates and may have sequentially decreasing diameters. 30 Figures 9A through 9C show an exemplary transmission head 900 comprising spaced and stacked electrically conductive coaxial circular plates having sequentially decreasing diameters. Exemplary drive head plates 900 may be constructed as described in Figures 9A to 9C (e.g. sized as shown with a Teflon base) and may be insulated between symbols as described in Figures 9A to 9C. Alternatively, exemplary receiving head plates 800 and / or exemplary transmission head plates 900 may be in circuit-to-symbol communication, for example, directly electrically coupled in their spaced configuration with electrically conductive fasteners. The plates may be made of copper (eg 0.090 "copper plate) instead of stainless steel. A 900 transmission head with electrically insulated plates can be used with a 900 receiving head with electrically connected plates and vice versa.

Figures 10 to 16

Adjustment circuit 116 may be in communication

in circuit between the RF generator 102 and the transmission head 104 and may comprise a pi network or an adjustable pi network. An exemplary tuning circuit 1000 is shown in Figure 10 formed with components listed in that figure. Exemplary component values for Figures 10 to 16a are shown in Table 1. Tuning circuit 1000 can be connected between an RF generator 102 and a transmission head 104. Thus, as shown in Figure 11, an exemplary system can The inclusion of an ENIO EM-12B RF generator in circuit communication with the exemplary tuning circuit 1000, which is in circuit communication with the exemplary transmission head 900 for generating an RF signal 108 through the reaction chamber 106 via the RF signal coupling 108 to a receive head 112. The receive head 112 may be the same as the exemplary receive head 800, as shown in the exemplary system of Figure 11.

The exemplary implementation of the exemplary tuning circuit 1000 used in Figures 10 to 15 appears to show a voltage gain of about 15-to-1 relative to the voltage of the RF signal generated by the ENI RF generator. Thus, the exemplary setting circuit 1000 can be considered to be a voltage transformer-elevator. Larger transmission head plate voltages have been estimated to be beyond 40,000 volts per inch. Accordingly, some or all of the transmission head and / or receiving head may be sealed, enclosed in a wrapper or encapsulated in some way in an insulating material.

Figures 13 to 15 show different views of an exemplary implementation of parts of the exemplary system of Figure 12. As shown in those figures, in the implementation of the exemplary tuning circuit 1000 used in Figures 10 to 12, the larger inductor L2 may be positioned. with its longitudinal geometry axis substantially coaxial with the central geometry axis of drive head plates FPi and the central geometry axis of the small inductor L1 may be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal geometry axis of the larger inductor L2. Other components may be used to implement the tuning circuit 1000 instead of the exemplary components listed in Figures 12. For example, the smaller inductor L1 may be silver plated or may be made of 12 turns of 5/16 copper tubing. inch (or more turns of larger diameter copper tubing) for greater current carrying capacity (smaller inductor Li may be relatively hot in exemplary embodiments) and capacitor Cl may be made of thirteen (13) 100 pF capacitors instead of eleven (11) for a 1300 pF Ci capacitor. As another example, the plates on the heads may be made of copper (for example, made of 0.090 inch copper plate) instead of stainless steel. In the exemplary implementation shown in Figures 13 to 15, a region of the target area slightly closer to the drive head (about 60/40 distance ratio) warms slightly more than the dead center between the two heads. The grounded portion of the components of Figures 10 to 15 may be mounted to a 1300 copper foil or other suitable conductive sheet, and the conduction point of the FP2 filter receiving head may be mounted to a 1500 copper foil or other suitable conductive sheet. as shown in Figure 15. Grounded plates 1300, 1500 can be connected by one or more 1302 copper strips.

Figure 16

Figure 16 shows another exemplary system 1600 which is the same as system 1200 (shown in Figures 8A to 8C, 9A to 9C, 12 to 15 and as described above) except the 30 FP1 'drive head has a single drive plate. 6 inch, the 6 inch circular plate of the FP1 drive head and the three 6, 4 and 3 inch plates of the FP2 receive head are made of 0.090 inch thick copper, capacitor C1 is 1300 pF instead of 1100 pF, and the smaller L1 inductor is silver plated and made of 12 turns of 5/16 inch copper pipe. Figure 16a shows another exemplary system 1600 which is the same as system 1600 except that the receiving head FP2 'has a single 6 inch circular plate. The transmission part and the receiving part may be enclosed in one or more suitable wraps, for example wraps 3502, 3504 in Figure 22. Open circuit voltage readings have been taken on the exemplary physical mode transmission head. RF field open circuit voltages at 100 W of transmitted power were measured with a wide-band oscilloscope at about 6000 volts (for example, about 5800 V) peak-to-peak amplitude, which rises to about 22,000. volts at 1000 W of transmitted power (Figure 16A in the configuration of Figures 13 to 15). Additionally, it is believed that in these exemplary systems the voltage and current are not in phase (e.g., out of phase by a certain phase angle). Additionally, perhaps better RF heating efficiency and / or RF transmission efficiency can be realized by changing the phase relationship between voltage and current to a predetermined phase angle or determined (or optimum) phase angle. In addition, the Q of exemplary physical modalities was estimated using bandwidth (S9 or 3 dB) beyond 250 (e.g. 250 to 290) (Figure 16Α in the configuration of Figures 13 to 15). As should be apparent, RF heating using these exemplary embodiments is significantly different from induction heating (even substantially different from inductive heating at similar frequencies).

As shown in Figure 22, the circuits may be mounted in two wraps: a transmission wrap 3502 and a receive wrap 3504, with a reaction chamber 3506 between them. Exemplary transmission wrap 3502 has grounded metal walls 3512 on all sides except the side 3513 facing receiving receptacle 3504 (only four five-walled grounded walls 3512a through 3512d of exemplary transmission wrap 3502 are shown; the grounded top wall has been removed). Similarly, the exemplary receiving wrap 3504 has grounded metal walls 3,514 on all sides except the side 3515 facing the transmission wrap 3502 (only four five-walled grounded walls 3514a through 3514d of the exemplary receiving wrap 3514d). 3504 are shown; the grounded top wall has been removed). The grounded walls 3512 of the transmission wrap 3502 are in circuit communication with the grounded walls 3514 of the receiving wrap 3504. The face walls 3513 and 3515 may be made of Teflon or another suitable electrical insulator. Transmission housing 3502 and / or receiving housing 3504 may be movably mounted to allow variable spacing between the transmission head 30 and receiving head to accommodate differently sized reaction chambers 3506. Face walls 3,513 and 3515 may have associated openings (not shown) to which various rails and other structures may be connected to support a body part or other target structure between the transmission head and the receiving head. Dispersion pads (not shown) may be provided for direct grounding or capacitive grounding of the target structure, which grounding pads may be connected to grounded walls 3512, 3514 (such direct grounding or capacitive grounding pads may assist smaller target structures. absorb higher levels of RF and heat). Transmission side components 3522 may be mounted within the exemplary transmission wrapper 350 and the receiving side components 3524 may be mounted within the exemplary receiving wrapper 3504. The exemplary transmission wrapper 3502 and the Reception 3504 can be cooled with temperature sensitive fans that turn on in response to heat inside the enclosures 3502, 3504 to reach a predetermined thermal level. Exemplary transmission wrap 3502 and receive wrap 3504 also have a plurality of through connectors that allow, for example, the RF signal to pass from the RF signal generator to exemplary transmit wrap 3502 (perhaps via a power meter) and allowing the received signal to pass outside the exemplary receive wrap 3504 to a power meter and back into the receive wrap 3504. In this exemplary embodiment, the wrap 3502, 3504 may be moved to vary the spacing between the ends. distal contours of the printheads from about two inches to one foot or more apart. Several other embodiments may have different spacing ranges between adjacent distal ends of the heads, for example from about 2 inches to about 20 inches or more apart or from about 2 inches to about 40 inches or more apart. .

Each such wrapper may have grounded walls (eg aluminum) with a grounded baseplate (eg copper), except the walls near the FPi transmission head and FP2 receiving head, which may be made of an electrical insulator, such as ceramic or Teflon brand PTFE, for example, TEFLON grade virgin electrical grade PTFE or another insulator. The walls may be grounded to the copper plate using copper strips and, if a plurality of wraps are used, the wraps may have copper strips between them to ground the wraps. A long lamp with standard fluorescent light can be used to confirm effective grounding (for example, by turning on the RF signal and repeatedly placing the light bulb near the transmitter head to illuminate the lamp and then moving the lamp to locations). around the envelope, observing when the lamp stops illuminating, which confirms acceptable grounding). Grounded walls may have a layer of electrical insulation inside, such as ceramic or TEFLON brand PTFE, for example, TEFLON brand virgin grade electrical PTFE or another insulator. The exemplary systems of Figures 12 to 16 are believed to generate a very high voltage field in the target area, which is a very high voltage field that can be used to heat many different types of RF-absorbing particles as part of RF optimizers. RF absorption in conjunction with the various methods taught here. For example, the exemplary systems of Figures 12 to 16 are believed to be capable of heating and combustion of saltwater solutions in conjunction with the various methods taught herein.

Figure 24 illustrates an exemplary transmission arrangement 2400 that is adapted for at least partial submersion in a liquid. The enclosure includes a sealed circuit housing 2405 in which an adjusting circuit 2420 and a transmission head 2420 and a transmission head 2425 are enclosed. The adjustment circuit receives an RF signal from an RF generator 2410 which may be enclosed in the enclosure. as shown, or be located outside the wrap 2405. An isolated region 2430, for example an air bag or another gas pouch, is disposed between the drive head 2425 and the wrap 2405. The wrap also It may include a mounting means, such as a 2450 hook or loop, which is used to mechanically couple the wrap to a cable or other similar mechanism to lower the wrap into a hole or through confined treatment, for example with a winch. or crane (not shown) or other mowing. If the RF generator 2410 is located outside the sealed wrapper 2405, an isolated electrical conductor (not shown) may be provided for placing circuit 242 in circuit communication with the RF generator. During construction, the air from the wrap portion 2405 surrounding the coupling circuit may be evacuated and the wrap may be filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen or xenon and then sealed. The coupling circuit may or may not be adjustable (for example, preset) and may be the same as any of the coupling circuits shown or described herein, with virtually any of the transmission heads shown here. If the coupling circuit portion of the wrapper 2405 is filled with an inert gas, it is believed that much higher power RF signals can be coupled using the various coupling circuits described herein, for example, Figures 13 to 15 or Figure 16a. Alternatively, if the coupling circuit portion of the wrapper 2405 is filled with an inert gas, it is believed that significantly smaller coupling circuits can be used vis-à-vis the exemplary coupling circuit of Figures 13 through 15, because smaller components can be used (by increasing the voltage failure of the coupled components inside the enclosure). If the coupling circuit is adjustable, such adjustment can be accomplished using remotely controllable adjustable components, eg variable capacitors having stepping motors configured to change capacitor value or with remote cables to remotely change the value of the capacitor. capacitor. Thus, a wrapper control unit removal (not shown) can be used to send electrical signals to adjust the circuit to reduce or remove reflected power or a user can remotely mechanically adjust the circuit to reduce or remove reflected power. Although a grounded receive head (not shown) can be used in this configuration (for example, also enclosed in the wrap and configured to allow water to flow between the transmit and receive heads or between the isolated region and the receive head) It is believed that it may be possible to adjust the circuit without a receiving head symbol, using the target water as a receiver and a current path (such as a grounded receiving head type).

Methods

Solutions containing saltwater and optionally containing (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof may be combusted using RF signals by passing a high voltage RF signal. through the solution containing salt water. In a general sense, the methods may be characterized by providing a solution containing salt water and which may optionally contain (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures thereof and passing An RF signal is passed through the saltwater solution for combustion of the saltwater solution (Figure 23). Alternatively, in a general sense, the methods may be characterized as methods to add to increase the heating of water or other liquids. Saltwater combustion has been performed using an exemplary system that includes a circuit implementation of the circuit of Figure 16 being used to transmit an RF signal through saltwater 30 for saltwater combustion. An OCEANIC brand Natural Sea Salt Mix solution having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3 was used. A 13.56 MHz RF signal from an ENIO EM-12B RF generator having a power of about 800 to 1000 Watts (for example, about 900 Watts) was used for salt water combustion.

Figure 17

Figure 17 illustrates an exemplary high-level 1700 methodology for producing hydrogen from saltwater or saltwater containing solutions.

The methodology begins at block 1702. In block 1704 salt water is provided. Salt water comprises water and at least one salt, wherein an effective amount of salt is dissolved in water. In certain embodiments, salt is added to water or other liquids to increase heating. Optionally, a solution containing salt water and (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel or (iii) mixtures thereof may be used. Salt may be any type of useful salt that is soluble in water. An effective amount of salt is the amount of salt required to absorb sufficient energy produced by the RF signal such that salt water or a solution containing salt water decomposes to generate hydrogen. Natural Sea Salt Mix, OCEANIC brand, can be used to approximate the naturally occurring seawater composition having an effective amount of salt, which can be used additionally as saltwater or as the saltwater component in a solution containing salt water that is used in the systems and methods discussed and shown here. Such naturally occurring seawater approaches may have a specific gravity of from about 1.02 g / cm3 to 1.03 g / cm3, for example from about 1.020 to 1.024 or about 28 to 32 PPT, reading a water meter. As a naturally occurring approximation of seawater, a mixture of water and sea salt identified above, having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3 (as measured with a refractometer), was used in the systems and methods discussed and shown. on here.

It is contemplated that a saltwater reservoir or saltwater solution may be made in advance and stored in a tank such that it would be available on demand. For example, the storage tank may be connected to the reaction chamber by means of a feed tube. In this way, a previously prepared salt water supply or solution could be pumped from the storage tank into the reaction chamber via the feed tube; wherein the feed tube has one end connected to the storage tank and the other end connected to an inlet present in the reaction chamber. Again, it is believed that it is possible to use ordinary seawater.

In block 1706, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter that generates a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter can be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Optionally, the RF transmitter is also a multifrequency transmitter capable of delivering RF signals at multiple frequencies. Optionally, the RF transmitter is capable of transmitting RF signals with varying amplitudes or pulsed amplitudes. One or more shapes and sizes may be provided from a variety of different shapes and sizes of transmit and receive heads.

The transmission head may be selected from block 1708. The transmission head selection may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other factors, such as the depth, size and shape of the general target area, or specific target area to be treated, and the number of frequencies transmitted may also be used in determining the transmission head selection.

The RF receiver is provided in block 1710. The RF receiver can be set to the RF transmitter (s). At block 1712, the desired receiving head can be selected. Similar to the transmission head selection, the receiving head can be selected to suit the desired characteristics of the particular application. For example, a receive head that is larger than the transmitter head may be selected to concentrate the RF signal in a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously believed that a smaller head would concentrate RF to improve RF heating, a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature). For example, a single 6 inch circular copper plate may be used on the transmission side and a single 9.5 inch square copper plate on the receiving side may be used. Thus, the selection of various receiver head sizes and shapes allows for optimal concentration of the RF signal in the saltwater mix. 30 In block 1714, the transmission head is arranged. Transmission head arrangement is achieved by placing, for example, the transmission head near and on one side of the reaction chamber. In block 1716, the receiving head is arranged. Similarly, the receiving head arrangement is accomplished by placing, for example, the receiving head near and on the other side of the reaction chamber such that an RF signal transmitted via the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the receiving head. reaction chamber and is absorbed by the saltwater or saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution. The transmission head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Optionally, the heads may be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in block 1718. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in block 1718, the transmission time or duration may also be selected. be selected. The duration is defined, for example, for a specified period of time, or set to raise the temperature of at least a portion of saltwater or saltwater containing solution to a desired temperature / temperature range or set to a desired change. in temperature. In addition, optionally, other RF signal modifications may be selected at this time, such as amplitude, pulsed amplitude, and / or RF signal on / off pulse rate, a variable RF signal where the frequency of the RF signal varies over a defined period of time or in relation to temperatures, ranges or changes in temperatures.

In block 1720 the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitter head to the receive head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the salt water or salt water component of the salt water containing solution that is contained within the reaction chamber. Absorption of RF energy results in the decomposition of saltwater or saltwater component of the saltwater solution to generate hydrogen.

In block 1722, hydrogen produced by the decomposition of a saltwater or saltwater containing solution is collected. Hydrogen can be collected by any means. An example of a means to collect hydrogen would be to use a vacuum apparatus or pump to remove hydrogen gas as it is produced and then retain hydrogen in a physically separate location from the reaction chamber. For example, such a vacuum apparatus or pump may have an end attached to a present outlet.

20 in the reaction chamber and the other end attached to a

Gas storage container. It is contemplated that the gas storage container may be provided with valves, such as a one-way valve, such that gas can enter or be pumped into the tank, but then gas cannot exit the tank.

The methodology may terminate at block 1724 and may terminate after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a desired amount of hydrogen production has been achieved. The method can

3 0 be performed once or repeatedly or continuously or periodically or intermittently.

Figures 18 (a) and 18 (b)

Figure 18 (a) illustrates an exemplary high-level 1800 methodology for the production of hydrogen from salt water and subsequently for the combustion of hydrogen produced. Figure 18 (b) illustrates an exemplary high-level methodology 1800 for (i) sufficiently heating a saltwater containing solution which may optionally contain a secondary fuel to volatilize and cause the secondary fuel to burn; or (ii) decompose the saltwater component of the saltwater solution to generate hydrogen and subsequently cause the hydrogen produced to ignite; or (iii) both.

The methodology for both Figures 18 (a) and 18 (b) begins at block 1802. In block 1804, salt water or salt water containing solution is provided. In Figure 18 (a), salt water comprises water and at least one salt, wherein an effective amount of salt is dissolved in water. In certain embodiments, salt is added to water or other liquids to improve warming. In Figure 18 (b), the salt water solution comprises the salt water of Figure 18 (a) and optionally: (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel source, or (iii) mixtures of the same. The salt used in Figures 18 (a) to (b) can be any type of useful salt that is water soluble. Several examples of useful salts are described below in more detail. An effective amount of salt is the amount of salt required to allow the surrounding water to absorb sufficient energy produced by the RF signal such that it decomposes to generate hydrogen, or the amount of salt required to allow the surrounding water to absorb sufficient energy produced by the signal. RF such that it is sufficiently heated to volatilize and ignite any optionally present secondary fuel source. Natural Sea Salt Mix by OCEANIC may be used to approximate naturally occurring seawater composition having an effective amount of salt and which may additionally be used as the saltwater component of the saltwater solution in the systems and methods discussed and shown. on here. Such naturally occurring seawater approximations have a specific gravity of about 1.02 g / cm3 to 1.03 g / cm3, between about 1.020 to 1.024 or about 28 to 32 PPT, as read by a hydrometer. As a naturally occurring approximation of seawater, a mixture of water and sea salt identified above having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3 (as measured with a refractometer) has been used in exemplary systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that real seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed in shown here.

It is contemplated that a saltwater reservoir or a saltwater containing solution may be made in advance and stored in a tank that would be available on demand. For example, the storage tank may be connected to the reaction chamber through a feed tube. In this manner, a supply of the previously prepared saltwater or saltwater containing solution can be pumped from the storage tank to the reaction chamber via the feed tube; wherein the feed tube has one end connected to the storage tank and the other end connected to an inlet present in the reaction chamber.

In block 1806, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter can be any type of RF transmitter that generates a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Optionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter capable of providing multi-frequency RF signals. Also, optionally, the RF transmitter may be capable of transmitting RF signals with varying amplitudes or pulsed amplitudes. A number of different shapes and sizes of transmission and receiving heads can be provided.

The transmission head may be selected in block 1808. The transmission head selection may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other factors, such as the depth, size and shape of the general target area, or specific target area to be treated, and the number of frequencies transmitted, may also be used in determining the transmission head selection.

The RF receiver is provided in block 1810. 0

RF receiver can be adjusted to RF transmitter frequency (s). At block 1812, the desired receiving head can be selected. Similar to the transmission head selection, the receiving head can be selected to suit the desired characteristics of the particular application. For example, a receive head that is larger than the transmitter head may be selected to concentrate the RF signal in a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously believed that a smaller head would concentrate RF to increase RF heating). , a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature). Various sizes and shapes of receiving heads allow optimal concentration of RF signal in saltwater and saltwater containing solutions.

In block 1814, the transmission head is arranged. Transmission head arrangement is achieved, for example, by placing the transmission head near and on one side of the reaction chamber. In block 1816, the receiving head is disposed. Similarly, the receiving head arrangement is accomplished by, for example, placing the receiving head near and on the other side of the reaction chamber such that an RF signal transmitted via the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the receiving chamber. absorbed by the saltwater or saltwater component of a solution containing saltwater. The transmission head and receiving head are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated to the reaction chamber through an air gap. Optionally, the heads may be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) can be selected in block 1818. In addition to selecting the desired RF 30 frequency (s) in block 1818, the time or duration of Transmission can also be selected. The duration time is set to, for example, a specific time period or set to raise the temperature of at least a portion of saltwater or saltwater containing solution to a desired temperature / temperature range or to adjust to a desired change. in temperature. In addition, optionally, other RF signal modifications may be selected at this time, such as amplitude, pulse amplitude, an RF signal on / off pulse rate, a variable RF signal where the RF signal frequency varies. over a defined period of time or in relation to defined temperatures, ranges or temperature changes.

In block 1820, the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitter head to the receive head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the salt water or salt water component of the salt water containing solution that is present within the reaction chamber. In Figure 18 (a), the absorption of RF energy initially results in salt water decomposition to produce hydrogen, while furthermore, absorption of the RF signal finally leads to combustion of hydrogen produced by salt water decomposition. In Figure 18 (b), absorption of RF energy initially results in (i) sufficiently heating the saltwater solution to volatilize and ignite any secondary fuel that may be optionally present; or (ii) decomposing the saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution to generate hydrogen; or (iii) both. The methodology may end in block 1822 and may be terminated after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a desired amount of hydrogen production and hydrogen combustion or, alternatively, a desired amount of fuel volatilization and combustion. which may optionally be present is achieved. The method may be performed once or repeatedly or continuously or periodically or intermittently. Figures 19 (a) and 19 (b)

Figure 19 (a) illustrates an exemplary high-level 1900 methodology for producing hydrogen from salt water, for combustion of hydrogen produced and for subsequent conversion of this chemical energy to mechanical energy that drives a piston. Figure 19 (b) illustrates an exemplary high-level methodology 1900 for (i) sufficiently heating a saltwater containing solution which may optionally contain a secondary fuel to volatilize and cause the secondary fuel to burn; or (ii) decomposing the saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution to generate hydrogen and subsequently igniting the volatilized secondary fuel source or hydrogen produced; or (iii) both; and for the subsequent conversion of the chemical energy that combustion releases into mechanical energy that drives a piston.

The methodology for both Figures 19 (a) and 19 (b) begins at block 1902. In block 1904, salt water or a solution containing salt water is provided. In Figure 19 (a), salt water comprises water and at least one salt, where an effective amount of salt is dissolved in water. In certain embodiments, salt is added to water or other liquids to increase warming. In Figure 19 (b), the saltwater containing solution comprises the saltwater of Figure 19 (a) and optionally (i) at least one additive, or (ii) at least one secondary fuel, or (iii) mixtures of the same. The salt may be any type of useful salt that is water soluble. Several examples of useful salts are described below in more detail. An effective amount of salt is the amount of salt required to allow the surrounding water to absorb sufficient energy produced by the RF signal such that it decomposes to generate hydrogen, or the amount of salt required to allow the surrounding water to absorb sufficient energy produced by the signal. RF such that it is sufficiently heated to volatilize and ignite any optionally present secondary fuel source. Natural Sea Salt Mix, brand OCEANIC can be used to approximate the composition of naturally occurring seawater having an effective amount of salt and which can additionally be used as the saltwater component of the saltwater solutions that are used in the systems. and methods discussed and shown here. Such naturally occurring seawater approaches may have a specific gravity of about 1.02 g / cm3 to 1.03 g / cm3, for example, between about 1.020 to 1.024 or about 28 to 32 PPT, as read of a hydrometer. As a naturally occurring approximation of seawater, a mixture of water and sea salt 30 identified above having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3 (as measured with a refractometer) was used in exemplary systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that real seawater may be used in the systems and methods discussed and shown herein.

It is contemplated that a saltwater reservoir or a saltwater containing solution may be made in advance and stored in a tank such that it is available on demand. For example, the storage tank may be connected to the reaction chamber through a feed tube. In this manner, a previously prepared saltwater or saltwater containing solution can be pumped from the storage tank to the reaction chamber via the feed tube; wherein the feed tube has one end connected to the storage tank and the other end connected to an inlet present in the reaction chamber. Alternatively, it is contemplated that a spray nozzle may be attached to the end of a feed tube leading to the inlet present in the reaction chamber. In this arrangement, it is believed that salt water or salt water containing solution can be introduced into the reaction chamber in the form of a mist or spray.

In block 1906, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter that generates a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Optionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multiple frequency transmitter capable of providing multiple frequency RF signals. Also, optionally, the RF transmitter may be capable of transmitting RF signals with varying amplitudes or pulsed amplitudes. A number of different shapes and sizes of transmission and receiving heads may be provided.

The transmission head may be selected in block 1908. The transmission head selection may be based on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other factors, such as the depth, size and shape of the general target area, or specific target area to be treated, and the number of frequencies transmitted, may also be used in determining transmission head selection.

The RF receiver is provided in block 1910. The RF receiver can be adjusted to the RF transmitter frequency (s). At block 1812, the desired receiving head can be selected. Similar to the transmission head selection, the receiving head can be selected to suit the desired characteristics of the particular application. For example, a receive head that is larger than the transmitter head may be selected to concentrate the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although it was previously believed that a smaller head would concentrate RF to improve RF heating, a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature). A variety of receiving head sizes and shapes allow optimal concentration of the RF signal in salt water and salt water containing solution.

In block 1914, the transmission head is arranged. Transmission head arrangement is achieved, for example, by placing the transmission head near and on one side of the reaction chamber. In block 1916, the receiving head is disposed. The arrangement of the receiving head is similarly achieved by placing, for example, the receiving head near and on the other side of the reaction chamber such that an RF signal transmitted via the transmission head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber. and is absorbed by the salt water or salt water component of a solution containing salt water. The transmission head and receiving head are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Optionally, the heads are isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

The RF frequency (s) may be selected in block 1918. In addition to selecting the desired frequency (s) in block 1918, the transmission time or duration may also be be selected. The duration time is adjusted, for example, to a specified time period or adjusted to raise the temperature of at least a portion of salt water or salt water containing solution to a desired temperature / temperature range, or adjusted to a desired change. in temperature. In addition, optionally other modifications to the RF signal may be selected at this time, such as amplitude, pulse amplitude, and on / off pulse rate, a variable RF signal where the frequency of the RF signal varies over a period of time. of time or in relation to temperatures, ranges or changes in temperatures.

In block 1920, the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitter head to the receive head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the saltwater or saltwater component of the saltwater containing solution present within the reaction chamber. In Figure 19 (a), absorption of RF energy initially results in salt water decomposition to produce hydrogen, while further absorption of RF energy finally leads to combustion of hydrogen produced by salt water decomposition. In Figure 19 (b), absorption of RF energy initially results in (i) sufficiently heating the saltwater solution to volatilize and ignite any secondary fuel that may be optionally present; or (ii) decomposing the brine component of the aqueous solution to generate hydrogen; or (iii) both.

Alternatively, it is contemplated that a source of ignition, for example a spark plug, may be attached to the reaction chamber. This ignition source would also be in circuit communication with a current source, such as a battery. The arrangement contemplated herein would provide a current going to the ignition source to be switched on and off as desired. This results in the generation of an ignition event, such as with a spark plug a spark would be produced on demand. This ignition event is believed to cause the combustion of hydrogen that had been produced by the decomposition of salt water or to cause the combustion of hydrogen or any volatilized secondary fuel or both to be produced by the RF treatment of a solution containing water. salted in the reaction chamber.

In block 1922, the energy generated by the combustion of hydrogen, which is produced by the decomposition of salt water (or more generally, the energy generated by (i) the combustion of hydrogen produced by the decomposition of salt water or (ii) the volatilization and combustion of any secondary fuel that may optionally be present in a saltwater containing solution (or (iii) both) is transmitted to a piston for mechanical work. In either case, combustion of hydrogen or any secondary fuel or both generates hot exhaust gases, including steam. These hot exhaust gases expand and in doing so create an increase in pressure. It is contemplated that the head of a piston may be attached to the outlet present in the reaction chamber and the other end of the piston attached to a lever arm. As expanding exhaust gases pressure against the piston head, the lever arm is moved, transforming the chemical energy of the expanding exhaust gas into mechanical energy and performing mechanical work.

It is further contemplated that this piston arrangement may be used in conjunction with the sprinkler nozzle and ignition source described above to enable conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy and subsequently to mechanical work performance on demand. For example, this method may be in such arrangement to power an internal combustion engine. It is further contemplated that an example of 30 such as this method, together with the appropriate system, could be used would be to provide an engine that was supplied with saltwater and various solutions containing saltwater, or even directly from seawater drawn from it. ocean without further purification, rather than requiring gasoline or other water-incompatible hydrocarbon fuel to operate. Specifically, it is contemplated that this engine may be provided in an appropriate size and in a manner that may be used to drive an automobile or other form of motor vehicle.

The methodology may end in block 1924 and may be terminated after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a desired amount of hydrogen production and hydrogen combustion, or alternatively that a desired amount of volatilization and combustion. any secondary fuel source optionally present has been met. The method may be performed once or repeatedly or continuously or periodically or intermittently.

Figure 20

Figure 20 illustrates an exemplary high-level 2000 methodology for seawater desalination.

The methodology begins in block 2002. In block 2004, seawater is supplied. Any way seawater from any ocean or any concentration of salinity satisfies. Furthermore, it is contemplated that seawater can be taken from the source in its natural form and used directly without the need for any further purification or processing. Examples of various sources for seawater are described below. It is also contemplated that an amount of seawater may be stored in a reservoir or storage tank such that it would be available to fill the reaction chamber on demand.

For example, the storage tank may be connected to the reaction chamber through a feed tube. In this way, a seawater supply can be pumped from the storage tank to the reaction chamber via the feed tube; where the feed tube has one end connected to the storage tank and the other end connected to an inlet present in the reaction chamber.

In block 2006, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter that generates a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Optionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multi-frequency transmitter capable of providing multi-frequency RF signals. Still optionally, the RF transmitter may be capable of transmitting RF signals with varying amplitudes or pulsed amplitudes. A number of different transmission and receiving head sizes and shapes are provided.

The transmission head may be selected in block 2008. Transmission head selection may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other factors, such as the depth, size and shape of the general target area, or specific target area to be treated, and the number of frequencies transmitted may also be used in determining the selection of the 30 transmission head. The RF receiver is provided in block 2010. The RF receiver can be adjusted to the RF transmitter frequency (s). In block 2012, the desired receiving head can be selected. Similar to the transmission head selection, the receiving head can be selected to suit the desired characteristics of the particular application. For example, a receive head that is larger than the transmitter head may be selected to concentrate the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although previously a smaller head was thought to concentrate RF to increase heat. RF, a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature). Various sizes and shapes of receiving heads allow optimal concentration of RF signal in seawater.

In block 2014, the transmission head is arranged. Transmission head arrangement is achieved, for example, by placing the transmission head near and on one side of the reaction chamber. In block 2016, the

2 0 receiving head. The receiving head arrangement is

similarly achieved by, for example, placing the receiving head near and on the other side of the reaction chamber such that an RF signal transmitted via the transmission head to the receiving head passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by water. from the sea. The transmission head and receiving head are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads can be isolated from the reaction chamber through an air gap. Optionally, the printheads can be

30 may be isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

RF frequency (s) may be selected in block 2018. In addition to selecting the desired frequency (s) in block 2 018, the transmission time or duration can also be selected. The duration time is set, for example, for a specified period of time, or set to raise the temperature of at least a part of seawater to boiling. Additionally, optionally, other RF signal modifications are selected at this time, such as amplitude, pulse amplitude, and RF signal on / off pulse rate, a variable RF signal where the frequency of the RF signal varies over a period of time. time or in relation to set temperatures, ranges or temperature changes or desired phase transitions.

In block 2020, the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitter head to the receive head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by seawater contained within the reaction chamber. Absorption of RF energy results in seawater heating, which causes seawater to change phase and produce steam. The steam produced is free of any salt, minerals or any other non-volatile impurities initially present in seawater.

In block 2022, the steam produced by heating seawater to boiling is collected. In block 2 024, the collected steam is condensed to form purified water. Steam may be collected by any means. As an example of a means for collecting and condensing steam is using the natural tendency of hot gases, such as steam, to increase. For example, it is contemplated that an exhaust pipe having one end fixed to the outlet present in the reaction chamber and positioned directly above the reaction chamber conducts steam as it is produced away from the reaction chamber. It is further contemplated that the other end of the exhaust pipe may be attached to a remotely positioned tank and that this tank functions as a condenser such that upon entering the tank the vapor cools and undergoes vapor to water phase conversion. As a result, it is believed that purified water can be condensed and collected in such a condenser tank. It is contemplated that, optionally, the condenser tank may be externally cooled to facilitate the vapor condensation rate.

The methodology may terminate at block 2026 and may be terminated after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a desired amount of steam production and desalination has been achieved. The method may be performed once or repeatedly or continuously or periodically or intermittently.

Figure 21

Figure 21 illustrates an exemplary high level 2100 methodology for performing water electrolysis.

The methodology begins at block 2102. In block 2104, a saltwater mixture is provided. The salt water mixture comprises water and at least one salt, wherein an effective amount of salt is dissolved in water. The salt must be water soluble and, in order to effectively form both hydrogen and oxygen gases, the salt must be selected such that the corresponding salt cation has a lower standard electrode potential than H + and the anion. corresponding salt has a higher standard electrode potential than OH ". A more detailed description of the various salts and their effective amounts which are useful in this regard is given below.

In block 2106, an RF transmitter is provided. The RF transmitter may be any type of RF transmitter that generates a suitable RF signal. The RF transmitter may be a variable frequency RF transmitter. Optionally, the RF transmitter may also be a multiple frequency transmitter capable of providing RF signals at multiple frequencies. Still optionally, the RF transmitter may be capable of transmitting RF signals with varying amplitudes or pulsed amplitudes. A number of different shapes and sizes of transmission and receiving heads can be provided.

The transmission head may be selected in block 2108. The transmission head selection may be based in part on the type of RF transmitter provided. Other factors such as the depth, size and shape of the general target area, or specific target area to be treated, and the number of frequencies transmitted can also be used to determine the transmission head selection.

The RF receiver is provided in block 2110. The RF receiver can be adjusted to the RF transmitter frequency (s). At block 2112, the desired receiving head can be selected. Similar to the transmission head selection, the receiving head can be selected to suit the desired characteristics of the particular application. For example, a receive head that is larger than the transmitter head may be selected to concentrate the RF signal on a specific area in the reaction chamber (although previously a smaller head was thought to concentrate RF to increase heat. RF, a larger receiving head has been found to generate a higher temperature). Various sizes and shapes of receiving heads allow optimal concentration of the RF signal in the saltwater mix.

In block 2114, the transmission head is disposed. The transmission head arrangement is made, for example, by placing the transmission head near and on one side of the reaction chamber. At block 2116, the receiving head is disposed. Similarly, the receiving head arrangement is similarly arranged by placing the receiving head near and on the other side of the reaction chamber such that an RF signal transmitted via the transmitting head to the receiving head passes through the receiving head. reaction chamber and be absorbed by the salt water mixture. The transmission head and receiving heads are isolated from direct contact with the reaction chamber. The heads may be isolated from the reaction chamber by means of an air gap. Optionally, the heads are isolated from the target area by another insulating material.

RF frequency (s) can be selected in block 2118. In addition to selecting the desired RF frequency (s) in block 2118, you can also select the transmission time or duration. . The duration time is set, for example, to a specified time period, or set to raise the temperature of at least a portion of the saltwater mixture to a desired temperature / temperature range or set to a desired temperature change. In addition, optionally, other RF signal modifications are selected at this time, such as amplitude, pulse amplitude, and / or RF signal on / off pulse rate, a variable RF signal where the RF signal frequency varies by a defined period of time or in relation to defined temperatures, ranges or temperature changes.

At block 2120, the RF signal is transmitted from the transmitter head to the receive head. The RF signal passes through the reaction chamber and is absorbed by the saltwater mixture contained in the reaction chamber. Absorption of RF energy results in decomposition of the saltwater mixture to produce hydrogen and oxygen. In block 2122 both hydrogen and oxygen

produced by decomposing the saltwater mixture are collected. The means for collecting and separating hydrogen and oxygen produced by electrolysis from the saltwater mixture are known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques may include two vacuum gas collection vessels that are nested within one another; where the opening to the innermost gas collection vessel is covered with a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane can be made of a material that has a higher permeability to hydrogen gas than to oxygen gas. In this regard, as the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases is directed using a series of tubes and valves towards the two nested gas collection vessels within each other, only hydrogen gas is able to effectively pass through the membrane covering the vessel. internal gas collection As such, hydrogen gas becomes concentrated in the innermost gas collection vessel, while oxygen gas becomes concentrated in the outermost gas collection vessel. Thus, it is believed that hydrogen gas can be isolated and collected separately from oxygen gas.

The methodology ends at block 2124 and may be terminated after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a desired amount of hydrogen production has been achieved.

Figure 25

Figure 25 illustrates an exemplary high level 2500 methodology of performing the combustion of a liquid. The methodology begins at block 2510. In block 2510, an RF system is provided which is capable of generating an RF signal. The RF system may include an RF generator, transmitter and transmitter head and being of the type described above such that it is capable of generating a flammable gas from seawater is an open container near the transmitter head. In block 2520, a liquid is provided that includes an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid for generation of a flammable gas by the RF signal. At block 2530, the RF signal is transmitted such that it interacts with at least a portion of the liquid. In block 2540, the flammable gas generated from the liquid by the RF signal is ignited. In block 2550, the methodology terminates and may be terminated after a predetermined time interval and / in response to a determination that a portion of the liquid has been combusted.

Figure 26

Figure 26 illustrates an exemplary high level methodology 2600 for performing combustion of a liquid. The methodology begins at block 2610. In block 2610, an RF system is provided which is capable of generating an RF signal. The RF system may include an RF generator, transmitter and transmitter head and be of the type described above such that it is capable of generating a flammable gas from seawater in an open container near the transmitter head. In block 2620, a liquid is provided that includes an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid for generation of a flammable gas by the RF signal. In block 2630, the RF signal is transmitted and in block 2640, a portion of the liquid is combusted.

Additional methods using the systems described herein are contemplated where a frequency for RF signal operation can be selected such that the frequency is the same, or overlaps (partially or completely) - or has harmonics that are equal to or overlap specific RF frequencies that They are capable of stimulating or exciting any of the various energy levels of various ions, for example any of the various metal species comprising salts which are dissolved in salt water solutions. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to determine and measure 30 RF frequencies that stimulate or excite various energy levels for various metal species. In this regard, and based on empirical testing, it is believed that 13.56 stimulates and / or excites Na ions better than any other ion tested here. As such, it is believed that useful embodiments of the methods described herein may therefore also include (i) selecting an RF signal having a preferred frequency, (ii) selecting a metal salt comprising a metal species capable of being stimulated or excited by the frequency. (iii) transmitting the RF signal of the preferred frequency through or to an aqueous metal salt solution for a time sufficient to stimulate or excite the metal species present in the aqueous solution to generate heat. Alternatively, the methods may also include (i) selecting a salt comprising a preferred metal species, (ii) selecting an RF signal having a frequency (or harmonic thereof) capable of stimulating or exciting the preferred metal species, (iii) transmitting the RF signal having the frequency to or through an aqueous solution of the metal salt comprising the preferred metal species long enough to generate heat.

Additional methods using the systems described herein are contemplated, where the RF signal can be used to process clays and soils to heat and sterilize clays and soils, to directly generate hydrogen from clays and soils, and to treat clays or soils by removing or extracting organic contaminants and debris. It is contemplated, as above, that a frequency may be selected for RF signal operation such that the frequency (or a harmonic thereof) is equal to or overlaps (partially or completely) specific RF frequencies capable of stimulating or exciting any of several levels. of energy of any of the various metal species, comprising salts or metal compounds that are dissolved or distributed within the soil. Because soils often contain moisture or the metallic species present in soils and clays have water molecules coordinated with them, it is therefore believed that the systems and methods described herein can be used to heat and process such metal-containing soils. . As such, it is believed that the RF signal can be used (in any of the many ways described herein for treating salt water solutions) to produce radical-free heat and / or steam and / or hydrogen and oxygen in situ within of various soils, and in particular in clays and soils containing clay. Heat and / or vapor and / or free radical hydrogen and oxygen produced from the soil water molecules treat the surrounding soil, in particular the heat and / or free radicals generated sterilize the soil, killing any animal life. , vegetable or microbial that may also be present. It is further contemplated that steam produced in situ in this manner may also be used to volatilize and extract any hydrocarbon pollutant that may also be present in soils and clays. As such, it is contemplated that soils from contaminated commercial, residential and industrial sites, hazardous waste disposal sites, gas stations, etc. may be treated using the systems and methods described herein. One skilled in the art will understand how the RF systems and methods described herein may be coupled with known extraction and remediation processes and methods for in situ treatment of contaminated soil. Exemplary hydrocarbon contaminants that may be extracted or removed include, but are not limited to, organic solvents, petroleum and petroleum by-products, insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Similarly, it is contemplated that clathrates, zeolites and other materials containing or having various metallic species adsorbed to their surfaces or structures and containing moisture or water molecules coordinated to the present metallic species may be processed and heated in similar ways as described above. described here for soils and clays.

In accordance with the systems and methods of the present invention described above, additional embodiments are contemplated of an RF system for selective disinfection of surfaces and materials. The system includes an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitter head and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receive head. When the transmitting and receiving heads are arranged near and on either side of a surface or material and an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head through the surface or material to the receiving head at least A portion of the surface or material is disinfected without direct contact of the heads with the surface or material. It is contemplated, as above, that a frequency for RF signal operation may be selected such that the frequency (or harmonic thereof) is equal to or overlaps (partially or completely) specific RF frequencies which are capable of stimulating or exciting any of the various energy levels of any of the various metal species or metal salts or metal compounds which may, for example, be present within various microbes, bacteria or viruses. Because such environments where microbes, bacteria and viruses are found also often contain moisture, it is therefore believed that the systems and methods described herein can be used to disinfect surfaces and materials by selective heating and destruction of various microbes. , bacteria and viruses that are present on the surfaces or materials to be disinfected. The RF signal is applied long enough to locally heat and destroy any target microbe, bacteria and virus that contains metals (metals that are coordinated with water molecules or in a moisture-containing environment) that are stimulated or excited by the RF signal that has the particular frequency thus selected.

According to the systems and methods of the present invention described above, additional embodiments of an RF system for affecting a change in germination and plant life growth are contemplated. The system includes an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitter head and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receive head. When the transmission and receiving heads are arranged near and on either side of a seed or plant and an RF signal is transmitted from the transmission head through the seed or plant to the receiving head at least A part of the seed or plant is processed without direct contact of the heads with the seed or plant. For example, a seed may be placed in a brackish environment or a plant may be wetted with brine solution and one may take advantage of natural biological processes such as osmotic pumping mechanisms to create a seed or plant having an internal environment with a high concentration. higher salt. It is believed that any of the systems or methods described herein may be used to then expose the seed or plant thus prepared to an RFf signal wherein the RF signal would affect a change in seed germination rate or affect a change in seed growth rate. plant. It is believed that a frequency for RF signal operation may be selected such that the frequency (or harmonic thereof) is equal to or overlaps (partially or completely) specific RF frequencies that are capable of increasing or reducing seed germination rates and plant growth to affect such a change in germination and growth of plant life.

In accordance with the systems and methods of this

20 The invention described above, additional embodiments

contemplating RF systems and methods for processing a fluid, are provided. Processing of a fluid includes, but is not limited to, heating and / or combustion of the fluid. The fluids may be processed whether or not they contain any of the useful salts or ions (cations or anions) described herein. An exemplary fluid in this regard includes, but is not limited to, water that is extracted from oil wells and that is contaminated with petroleum residues and / or other oil contaminants.

30 hydrocarbon. Methods for processing (including heating and / or combustion) of a fluid involve using any of the systems described above and (i) providing a fluid to be processed (including heating and / or combustion of the fluid), (ii) adding an amount salt in the fluid (e.g., by adding solid salt or by adding a saline solution), and (iii) passing RF through the fluid containing an effective amount of salt to process the fluid. In general, useful systems may include an RF transmitter having an RF generator and a transmitter head and an RF receiver having a resonant circuit and a receive head. When the transmitting and receiving heads are arranged near and on either side of the fluid having an effective amount of salt added thereto, an RF signal is transmitted from the transmitting head through the salt containing fluid, to the receiving head, and at least part of the fluid is processed. Processing in this regard may include fluid heating and / or fluid combustion and, in such situations, salt is added to increase fluid heating.

Saltwater, Saltwater Solutions and Saltwater Mixtures

It is possible to use ordinary and naturally occurring seawater. In general, a salt that is useful as salt water or non-salt water containing solution or in the salt water mixtures employed in these systems and methods described herein includes any salt that has water solubility. For example, NaCl is a useful salt because NaCl is very soluble in water. Other useful salts may include salts which have, as their cation, any element in cationic form, which may be selected from the group consisting of Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, Be2 +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Ba2 +, Sr2 +, Mn2 +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Ni2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Ag +, Au +, B3 +, Al3 +, Ga3 +, In3 + and which has as the anion any element in anionic form that is selected from the group consisting of Cl ", Br", I ", borate, citrate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate and hydroxide. The salt used in the systems and methods described herein may be used as a pure salt, the salt made of a type of cation and a type of anion which are those. cations and anions listed above, or it may be a salt mixture made of more than one type of salt made of one or more types of cations and / or one or more types of anions, which are those cations and anions listed above. Again, it is possible to use ordinary and naturally occurring seawater.

Another useful saltwater (or saltwater component of solutions containing saltwater or saltwater mixtures) for use in the systems and methods described herein is seawater. This includes all types of seawater, including water taken from any of the oceans or other naturally salty bodies of water found on land. Seawater use as described herein includes the use of seawater in its natural form, that is, seawater that is taken from the ocean and used directly without further processing or purification.

Another saltwater or saltwater solution useful for use in the systems and methods described herein is brine water. Brine water can be water extracted from the ground (groundwater) and includes water that is taken from water wells and oil wells. The use of brine water as described herein includes using brine water that has been further processed or treated (e.g. by adding salt, for example by adding solid salt or a salt solution) or being in Its natural form is used directly without any further processing or purification.

Natural Sea Salt Mix, brand OCEANIC, can be used to approach naturally occurring seawater having an effective amount of salt and used as saltwater or as the saltwater component of solutions containing saltwater and mixtures of salt water employed in the systems and methods discussed and shown herein. Such naturally occurring seawater approaches have a specific gravity of about 1.02 g / cm3 to 1.03 g / cm3, for example, between about 1.020 to 1.024 or about 28 to 32 PPT, as read at from a hydrometer. A mixture of the sea salt mix identified above having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3 (as measured by a refractometer) was used in exemplary systems and methods. Alternatively, it is believed that it is possible to use real seawater in the systems and methods discussed and shown herein. The precise amount of salt in the saltwater or saltwater component of the saltwater containing solutions and saltwater mixtures used and contemplated herein may vary from specific application to specific application.

To form both hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, salts capable of forming saltwater mixtures which are useful in the electrolysis systems and electrolysis methods described herein must be water soluble salts and must also have a selected cation and anion such that cation has a standard electrode potential lower than H + and anion has a standard electrode potential greater than OH '. For example, the following cations have a standard electrode of less than H + and are therefore suitable for use as electrolyte cations: Li +, Rb +, K +, Cs +, Ba2 +, Sr2 +, Ca2 +, Na +, and Mg2 +. For example, a useful anion would be SO42 "because it has a standard electrode potential greater than OH 'and is very difficult to oxidize. It is contemplated that Na2SO4 would be a useful salt for use with the electrolysis systems and methods described herein. because it is a water soluble salt that is composed of a cation (Na +) that has a standard electrode potential less than H + and an anion (SO42 ') that has a standard electrode potential greater than OH'.

Additive

As indicated above, as used in context, an additive may be an organic, organometallic or inorganic chemical compound having solubility, miscibility or compatibility with salt water and solutions containing salt water and mixtures of salt water (including seawater or solutions containing water). optionally containing at least one secondary fuel) and capable of altering the saltwater response, various saltwater containing solutions and mixtures of saltwater in response to RF energy stimulation. Both molecular and polymeric species are contemplated as useful additives. Useful amounts of additive are further believed to include salt water containing solutions where the additive is present at least as a minor component in the salt water containing solution. Embodiments contemplated in this regard include solutions containing salt water and having from about 0.001 to about

10.0 percent by weight of additive and more preferably from about 0.01 to about 1.0 percent by weight of additive and even more preferably from about 0.001 to about 0.1 percent by weight of additive.

It is contemplated that a saltwater solution or a saltwater mixture containing an additive will respond differently to RF stimulation versus a comparable saltwater solution or saltwater mixture containing no additive. It is believed that the response of a saltwater solution or saltwater mixture to RF energy can be altered in a number of ways. For example, a change in RF response that an additive may have may include, but is not limited to, increasing or decreasing the rate at which a solution or mixture containing the additive heats, burns, or both under exposure to an amount or flux. fixed RF energy; displaying a desired temperature change or combustion level of a saltwater solution containing an additive with exposure to a greater or lesser amount of RF energy; and decreasing the surface tension of a saltwater solution containing an additive such that combustion of the saltwater solution or mixture occurs upon application of an RF field without any need to externally disturb the surface of the saltwater solution. Surfactants, including soaps and detergents, are useful additive modalities as they are known to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions. Furthermore, it is believed that water-soluble organic compounds which may reduce the heating capacity of an aqueous solution or which may change the freezing point of water or which may form azeotropic mixtures with water would also be useful additives in this regard.

Secondary Fuels

As indicated above, as used herein, a secondary fuel may be any combustible organic compound that has solubility, miscibility or compatibility with saltwater or various solutions containing saltwater or mixtures of saltwater (including seawater, saltwater or solutions containing salt water and optionally containing at least one additive). A useful amount of secondary fuel is believed to include saltwater containing solutions where the secondary fuel is present as the secondary component. Alternatively, a useful amount of secondary fuel is also believed to include salt or salt water containing solutions where the secondary fuel is present as the major component. In this regard, embodiments of seawater solutions containing from about 0.01 to about 99.99 percent by weight of at least one alternative fuel and preferably from about 1.0 to about

99.0 percent by weight of at least one alternative fuel and more preferably from about 10 to about 90 percent by weight of at least one alternative fuel and even more preferably from about 30 to about 70 percent by weight of at least one alternative fuel and even more preferably from about 40 to about 60 percent by weight of at least one alternative fuel.

It is contemplated that exposure to RF energy from a saltwater solution containing at least one secondary fuel, where the secondary fuel is the smallest constituent, may result in an improvement or a boost in fuel performance. saltwater versus the results obtained by a saltwater solution containing no secondary fuel. Alternatively, it is also contemplated that exposure to RF energy of a saltwater solution containing at least one secondary fuel, where the secondary fuel is the main constituent of the mixture, allows RF energy to be used for combustion of the secondary fuel even. that the secondary fuel in symbol may be inert to RF. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the secondary fuel can be useful as either the secondary or major component in a saltwater solution because the saltwater component of the saltwater solution is stimulated by the RF signal and absorbs energy. As such, the absorption of RF energy by the saltwater component causes the temperature of the saltwater solution to rise to the point where secondary fuel present in any amount volatilizes and becomes more capable of combustion in the presence of a spark. , flame or any other incendiary source. In this regard, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol may be used as secondary fuels because they are combustible organic solvents and are soluble with or chemically compatible with water. Furthermore, it is believed that many organic solvents and additional compounds, which may have both volatility, solubility or miscibility with aqueous solutions, would also be useful as secondary fuels in this regard. For example, it is contemplated that n-propanol, acetone, formaldehyde, acetic acid and formic acid may also be used as secondary fuels.

RF Absorption Optimizers

Saltwater, saltwater containing solutions, and saltwater mixtures can be processed using RF as-is. Alternatively, it is also believed that RF absorption optimizers 15 can be added to saltwater, saltwater containing solutions and saltwater mixtures prior to RF processing to optimize the effects of RF energy on saltwater, for example. optimized heating, optimized combustion, optimal desalination, etc. RF absorption optimizers may be particles made of RF absorbing materials, which absorb one or more frequencies of an RF electromagnetic signal substantially more than other materials. This may allow the RF signal to heat salt water (or any solution containing salt water or salt water mixture) containing RF absorption optimizers substantially more than salt water (or salt water solution or salt water mixture). that does not contain additional RF absorption optimizers.

Exemplary RF absorption optimizers include particles of electrically conductive material such as silver, gold, copper, magnesium, iron, any of the other metals and / or magnetic particles, or various combinations and permutations of gold, iron, any of the other metals and / or 5 magnetic particles. Examples of other RF absorption optimizers include: metal tubules (such as silver or gold nanotubes or silver or gold micro tubes, which may be water soluble), particles made of piezoelectric crystal (natural or synthetic), particles made from synthetic materials, particles made from biological materials, robotic particles, particles made from man-made applied materials such as organically modified silica nanoparticles (ORMOSIL).

Examples of other RF absorption optimizers that

may be used include RF absorbing carbon molecules and compounds: fullerenes (any of a class of empty closed aromatic carbon compounds consisting of twelve pentagons and different hexagonal face numbers), carbon nanotubes, other molecules or compounds having a or more layers of graphene and other RF absorbing carbon molecules and compounds, for example, C60 (also known as a "buckyball" or a "buckminsterfullerene"), C70, C76, C84, bucky-tubes (single wall carbon nanotubes , SWNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and other nanoscale or micro-sized carbon cage molecules and compounds. Such carbon based particles may be in water soluble form. Such carbon-based particles may have metal atoms (e.g., nickel atoms) integral with them, which may affect their ability to absorb and heat RF energy in response. Any of the above (and subsequently listed) particles may be sized as so-called "nanoparticles" (microscopic particles whose size is measured in nanometers, for example 1 to 1000 nm) or may be sized as so-called "microparticles". (microscopic particles whose size is measured in micrometers, eg 1 to 1000 μπι).

Additionally, RF absorbing carbon molecules and compounds can be manufactured as RF absorption optimizers to be particles with nonlinear I-V characteristics (rectification characteristics) and / or capacitance. Such nonlinear characteristics IV may result, for example, from nanotubes with a doped portion (e.g., by modulation doping) with material providing n-type semiconductor properties, adjacent to a doped portion with p-type semiconductor properties, to form a nanotube having an integral grinding pn junction. Alternatively, nanotubes can be manufactured with an integral Schottky barrier. In either case, it may be useful to use nanotubes having at least two conductive regions with a grinding region between them. Therefore, RF absorber particle rectifier circuits for RF absorption optimizers can be manufactured from RF absorber carbon molecules and compounds having non-linear I-V characteristics.

Any of the RF absorption optimizers described herein may be used alone or virtually in any combination and / or permutation of any particle or particles described herein. For example, it may be beneficial to use a plurality of different RF absorbing particles described herein for the purpose of adjusting the reaction kinetics of the various methods described herein. Thus, virtually any combination or permutation of RF absorption optimizers can be used in virtually any combination of and / or permutation of any RF absorbing particle or particles described herein to create RF absorption optimizers for use in accordance with the teachings. from here.

Of the RF absorption optimizers mentioned here, some may be suitable for a 13.56 MHz RF signal, for example silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, magnesium nanoparticles, aqueous solutions of any of the metal sulfates. mentioned herein and RF absorber molecules and carbon compounds. RF absorption optimizers using these RF absorber particles are also expected to be effective at slightly higher frequencies, such as those having a second or third harmonic frequency of 13.56 MHz.

RF signal

RF signals can have a frequency corresponding to a parameter selected from an RF optimizer, for example 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz, 915 MHz, 1.2 GHz. Several RF frequencies have been allocated to industrial, scientific equipment. and medical (ISM), for example: 6.78 MHz ± 15.0 kHz; 13.56 MHz ± 7.0 kHz; 27.12 MHz ± 163.0 kHz; 40.68 MHz ± 20.0 kHz; 915 MHz ± 13.0 MHz; 2450 MHz ± 50.0 MHz. See Part 18 of "Title 4 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations". These and other frequencies of the same order of magnitude may be used in virtually any of the systems and methods discussed herein, depending on which RF absorbing particles are used. For example, RF signals having a fundamental frequency of about 700 MHz or less may be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. RF signals that have a fundamental frequency in the high frequency range (HF) (3 to 30 MHz) of the RF range may be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. Similarly, RF signals that have a fundamental frequency in the very high frequency range (VHF) (30 to 300 MHz) of the RF range may also be suitable for many of the systems and methods described herein. Of course, RF signals at any fundamental frequency can also have harmonic components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency of frequencies. In addition, RF signals at any fundamental frequency or periodic multiple of such fundamental frequencies that are harmonic of a fundamental frequency may be selected such that the frequency equals or overlaps (partially or completely) specific RF frequencies capable of stimulating or exciting. any of the various electron energy levels of any of the various metal species comprising salts that are dissolved in salt water solutions. For example, based on empirical tests, it is believed that an RF signal with a frequency of 13.56 MHz stimulates and / or excites Na ions better than any other ion tested here. Additionally, in any of the embodiments discussed herein, the RF signal used may be a pulsed RF signal, modulated FM signal or a fixed pulse frequency signal. A pulsed signal may allow a relatively higher peak power level (for example, a single burst pulse at 1000 Watts or more, or a 1000 Watts signal having a duty cycle of about 10%. about 25%) and can create higher local temperatures in the RF absorption optimizer particles. Such pulsed signals may have any of several characteristics. For example, the RF pulse may be a square wave or may be a sine wave or have a sudden rise time with an extended resonate effect at baseline or may have a slow rise time and a fast decay, etc. Pulsed RF signals (and other shaped RF signals) can produce very localized temperatures that are higher for a period of about one millisecond or more. For example, a short 5 kilowatt RF pulse of less than one second, for example, of the order of microseconds (for example, 3 to 4 microseconds), may be sufficient to raise the temperature of the mixture sufficiently to achieve the effect. desired, eg salt water combustion, desalination, heating, hydrogen gas creation, etc.

As discussed herein, RF energy directed to salt water (or any solution containing salt water or salt water mixture) may be RF energy having a very high field strength and may also be coupled through the head portion of the reaction chamber. coupling having a very high Q (for example, a Q on the order of 250 or more). A pulsed RF signal with a relatively higher power may be effective for rapidly heating salt water, etc., such as a 5 RF HF or VHF energy pulse (eg 27.12 MHz).

Combustion Rate

Salt water combust relatively quickly in a test tube using a 600 watt RF signal at 13.56 MHz. For example, natural or artificial sea water about 1 ml per minute initially and later about 1 ml per 30 seconds since a substantial amount of water has already been burned in the test tube. In some cases, less salt allows better combustion than more salt. For example, a mixture of 99.5% ethanol and 0.5% saline will burn much better (faster) than a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and saline (see examples below). As another example, the Mexican Golf seawater entered

20 on combustion at about 2 to 3 ml for 90 seconds

at about 1000 watts using a 10 ml or 100 ml test tube with the upper surface of seawater in the RF field.

Comparative Examples Series 1: Seawater Experiments

It has previously been shown that salt water made from a sea salt mix is combusted using the RF system described in '530. Seawater has been confirmed to burn using the ENI RF generator

30 coupling the circuit of Figures 46 to 49 of US provisional patent application Serial No. 60 / 915,345, filed May 1, 2007, and entitled Field Generator For Targeted Cell Ablation (Document 3 0274/04036) ("the application '345"), the entire contents of which are incorporated into the context by way of reference 5 in its entirety with a silver-coated 6-inch circular copper transmission head (single plate) and a 9.5 inch Silver Coated Square Copper Reception (Single Plate)

It is believed that the RF field that makes saltwater

combustion is substantially the same as the field discussed in order '345 (see Figures 53 at the end of that order). (It is also believed that ocean water will ignite with other head configurations discussed in order '530, as well.)

With regard to ocean water combustion, the Golf de Mexico water which has the following characteristics was able to undergo rapid combustion with the RF system described above (a 10 ml sample was analyzed before any combustion):

Parameter Date of Results Units Limit Method for analysis Bromide 10/5/2007 57,0 Mg / l 0,5 300,0 Calcium 11/5/2007 970,0 Mg / l 0,05 6010 Chloride 5/10/2007 18552 0.0 Mg / l 1.0 300.0 Fluoret 10/5/2007 BRL Mg / l 0.1 300.0 o Magnési 11/5/2007 1600.0 Mg / l 0.5 6010 o pH 9/5 / 2007 8.02 su at 23.8 C 0.01 EPA 150.1 Potassium 5/11/2007 770.0 Mg / l 0.1 6010 Sodium 5/16/2007 12000.0 Mg / l 1.0 6010 Sulfate 5/5/2007 2533 0.0 Mg / l 1.0 300.0 In this example, the seawater that burned differed from the seawater that did not burn in the concentration of most of these components, while the calcium concentration decreased. Two 10 ml samples of water above the Gulf of Mexico were combusted to 5 ml each and were combined and the resulting 10 ml of seawater burned were analyzed and revealed the following:

Bromide May 10, 2007 57.0 Mg / l 0.5 300.0 Calcium May 11, 2007 730.0 Mg / l 0.05 601 Chloride May 10, 2007 20316.0 Mg / l 1.0 300 Fluoride May 10, 2007 BRL Mg / l 0.1 300.0 Magnesium May 5, 2007 1900.0 Mg / l 0.5 6010 PH 9/5/2007 8, 55 su at 23.8 C 0.01 EPA 150.1 Potassium 5/11/2007 860.0 Mg / l 0.1 6010 Sodium 5/5/2007 17000.0 Mg / l 1.0 6010 Sulfate 5/5/2007 3036, 0 Mg / l 1.0 300.0 A white residue forms inside the

test after combustion of salt water. Calcium may be a part of this residue.

Using the RF system described above, salt water will burn, as will HCl and NaCl solutions. Distilled water will boil in the RF field, but will not burn. Adding sea salt mix (eg OCEANIC brand Natural Sea Salt Mix) to ocean water increases the combustion rate. Adding enough sea salt mix to approximately triple sodium from ocean water causes a dramatic increase in the combustion rate of the resulting salt water mix. Thus, the methods herein may be modified by including the additional step of adding additional ions to seawater prior to combustion.

Salt water (ocean water and / or salt water made from OCEANIC-branded Natural Sea Salt Mix) will start to ignite in the RF system described above at about 250 watt RF wattage and salt water will continue to burn to wattage. lower, for example, about 200 watts after ignition. Saltwater may start to spontaneously combust at higher temperatures or may require some kind of spark (for example, a drop of saltwater dripping through the RF field, which ignites and ignites other saltwater in the field). Additionally, some type of wick (eg, a piece of paper towel) extending above the saltwater surface in the field will greatly increase the tendency of saltwater to spontaneously ignite in the RF field. Filling the test tube to the brim with salt water and then adding a few more drops of salt water facilitates ignition.

Using a configuration about 5.5 inches apart between the Tx plate and the Rx plate and the test tube being about 2 inches from the Tx plate about the top of the Tx plate and applying RF to the water. salt, products produced from exposure of saltwater to RF energy burn. The burning temperature of saltwater products exposed to RF energy was measured as high as about 1700 ° C using a FLIR Systems ThermaCAM P65 thermometer with ThermaCAM Quick View V2.0 software, which measures temperatures up to 1700 ° C (believed to be salt water burns at a higher temperature). Surprisingly, the salt water temperature in the test tube remains relatively low (for example, below 45 ° C) while the salt water is burning.

Without wishing to be limited by this description, it is believed that the special RF field generated by the RF system described above causes hydrogen in salt water to separate from oxygen and then hydrogen is burned in the presence of released oxygen and oxygen in the surrounding air. .

The RF-induced heat of saltwater combustion can be used in any of the traditional methods of accumulating and using heat, for example a heat exchanger, a Stirling engine, a turbine system, etc.

Additionally, multiple Tx and Rx heads can be used at one or more frequencies.

Series 2: Saltwater Experiments and Additive and Secondary Fuel Solutions

For all Series 2 examples described below, a circuit implementation of Figure 16 was used to transmit the RF signal through the exemplary solutions to provide the various results. Unless otherwise indicated, for all examples, a 13.56 MHz RF signal from an ENI OEM-12B RF generator having a variable power output of up to 1000 Watts for thirty seconds was applied to the reaction chamber. , which in these cases consisted of a glass test tube (in which various exemplary solutions were placed) connected to a support arm which was positioned such that the test tube was suspended between the transmission head (a plate). and the receiving head (three plates). Unless otherwise indicated, saltwater solutions used in carrying out the various examples included Gulf of Mexico saltwater, brine extracted from an oil well (located in Erie, PA), and a solution of 3, 5 percent by weight of OCEANIC brand Natural Sea Salt Mix having a specific gravity of about 1.026 g / cm3. For all ethanol-containing examples, denatured ethanol from Apple Products® was used.

Salty water

A first 100 mL sample containing salt water was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmitter head and the RF apparatus receiving head (described above). Saltwater temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 13.56 MHz RF signal was then applied at about 300 watts for about 30 seconds, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 24.0 ° C; final temperature = 25.9 ° C.

A second 100 mL saltwater sample was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmitter head and the RF apparatus receiving head (described above). Saltwater temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 13.56 MHz RF signal was then applied at about 600 watts, and as soon as the RF signal was applied, salt water combustion was initiated by momentarily placing a common steel screwdriver in contact with the edge. of the test tube. The screwdriver was removed and the RF signal was left on for about 30 seconds as salt water combustion continued. After about 30 seconds, the RF signal was turned off and salt water combustion ceased. The temperature of the saltwater sample was then measured using a fiber optic thermometer on both the top of the test tube and the bottom of the test tube. Initial temperature = 20.5 ° C; final temperature (top) = 66.0 ° C; final temperature (bottom) = 28.0 ° C.

A third 100 mL saltwater sample was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmitter head and the RF apparatus receiving head (described above). However, the salt water used here contained 1 mL stock salt water diluted 100 mL with distilled water to give a salt water solution to

0.0035%. A 13.56 MHz RF signal was then applied at about 600 watts for about 30 seconds, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Unlike the second saltwater sample, combustion of this third saltwater sample could not be initiated by placing a standard steel screwdriver in contact with the edge of the test tube. Initial temperature = 26.6 ° C; final temperature = 75.5 0C Salt water + Carbonate and / or CO2 (as "Additive")

Carbon dioxide may be useful as an additive, as may other additives that produce carbon dioxide. Photographs 9 through 11 of the embedded material show the combustion of groundwater - here a sample of brine water collected from an oil well (located in Erie, PA), while photograph 12 of the embedded material 5 shows the combustion of a groundwater. sample of brine water obtained from the Gulf of Mexico. Brine water obtained from the Gulf of Mexico was observed to burn less sporadically than brine water collected from the oil well located in Erie, PA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that high levels of carbonate salts present in the brine water collected from the Erie oil well, which are not present in the Gulf of Mexico brine collected, affect the combustibility of the brine water collected. 15 at the oil well located in Erie. It is further believed that as the brine water collected from the Erie oil well burns, the carbonate salts that are present release carbon dioxide into the sample, which acts by suppressing or limiting further combustion of the 20 brine water according to the RF signal. its applied. Thus, additional embodiments are contemplated where additives capable of combustion inhibiting or combustion suppressants may be added to any of the various saltwater solutions described herein to control or retard the rate of saltwater combustion or to limit the amount of combustion. total combustion.

Saltwater + Surfactant (as the "Additive")

A 100 mL salt water sample, which also contained a metric drop (about 0.05 mL) of a Liquid Nature Antibacterial Hand Soap, was placed in a test tube and then the test tube. was fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmitter head and the receive head of the RF apparatus (described above). A 13.56 MHz RF signal at about 600 Watts was then applied to the sample and as soon as the signal RF was applied, the salt water sample combustion started immediately. No external disturbance of the test tube (by a screwdriver, a drop of salt, use of wick or the like) was required. The RF signal has been repeatedly turned on and off; each time the RF signal was turned on, the saltwater sample immediately began to burn, while each time the RF signal was turned off, the saltwater sample immediately stopped burning.

Saltwater + Ethanol (as the "Secondary Fuel")

A first 100 mL sample containing a mixture of 50 mL ethanol and 50 mL saltwater was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the drive head and the head. receiving device (described above). A 13.56 MHz RF signal at several hundred watts was then applied to the sample and as soon as the RF signal was applied, sample combustion was initiated by momentarily placing a common steel screwdriver in contact with the edge of the test tube. Once the RF signal was turned off, sample combustion ceased.

Surprisingly, in the absence of any RF signal applied, sample combustion could not be started, even when an open flame was used to attempt combustion.

A second 100mL sample containing a mixture of 99.5mL ethanol and 0.5mL saltwater was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the test head. RF receiver head (described above). Saltwater temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 13.56 MHz RF signal was then applied to several hundred watts for about 15 seconds, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 26.6 ° C; final temperature = 62.0 ° C. This example shows that an effective amount of salt (e.g. solid salt or a salt solution) can be added to increase the heating of liquids.

A third 100 mL sample containing a mixture of 99.5 m L ethanol and 0.5 mL brine was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the test head. RF receiver head (described above). Saltwater temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. An RF signal at 13.56 MHz was then applied to several hundred watts and, as soon as the RF signal was applied, sample combustion was initiated by momentarily placing a common steel screwdriver in contact with the pipe edge. of test. The sample combustion was highly energetic and resulted in a very large flame compared to the RF combustion of a saltwater stock solution that did not contain any ethanol. The screwdriver was removed and the RF signal was left on for 15 seconds, during which the energetic combustion of the sample continued. The combustion was so energetic that a portion of the sample solution bubbled out of the test tube and fell to the laboratory floor 5 as it continued to burn. After about 15 seconds, the RF signal was turned off. However, sample combustion did not stop and the sample had to be extinguished using a fire extinguisher.

CONTROL 1: Distilled Water A 100 mL sample containing distilled water was

It was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmission head and the receiving head of the RF apparatus (described above). The temperature of distilled water was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 13.56 MHz RF signal at about 300 watts was then applied for about 30 seconds, after which the temperature was

measured again using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 24.0 ° C; final temperature = 24.8 ° C.

CONTROL 2: Tap Water

A 100 mL sample containing tap water was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmission head 25 and the RF apparatus receiving head (described above). Tap water temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 13.56 MHz RF signal at about 300 watts was then applied for about 30 seconds, after which the temperature was again measured using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 23.7 ° C; final temperature = 23.7 ° C.

CONTROL 3: 100% Ethanol

A 100 mL sample containing ethanol was placed in a test tube and the test tube was then fixed to a support arm and positioned between the transmission head and the RF apparatus receiving head (described above). The ethanol temperature was measured using a fiber optic thermometer. A 10 13.56 MHz RF signal at about 300 watts was then applied for about 15 seconds, after which the temperature was

measured again using a fiber optic thermometer. Initial temperature = 25.0 ° C; final temperature = 3 0.0 0C.

Although the present invention has been illustrated by

description of embodiments thereof, and although the embodiments have been described in some detail, it is not the applicant's intention to restrict or limit in any way the scope of the claims appended to such details. Additional advantages and modifications will immediately appear to those skilled in the art. For example, in all of the various systems and methods presented herein, the RF electromagnetic signal may be applied until no liquid remains or until substantially no liquid is present or for a shorter period of time. Additionally, the method steps herein may be performed in any order, unless in the digital terrestrial context specific steps are performed in a specific order. Thus, the invention, in its broadest aspect, is not limited to the specific details, apparatus and representative method and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, there may be departures from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept. Table I - Exemplary Component Specifications Fig. RF Gen Ci C2 C3 Li L2 FPi FP2 # N / A Capacitor Capacitor Capacitor Coil N / AN / A 10 OpF, 15kVDC Variable to Variable Vi "φ 1A" φ PN: air Vacuum HECHT57Y101MA 36-249Pf 12-500pF Copper Pipe Tube QTY: 11 4kVDC 15kVDC, 10 32 Surplus Comet PN Turns Sales of CVIC- 2.4 "φ 2.2" φ Nebraska 5OOTN / 15 OD OD PN: 12-53 11 ENI- Same as Fig. Same as Fig. Same as Same as 3 plates N / A 240V 10 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 6 "φ. 0.020 "SS 10- 0.375" Teflon Spacer 1500W 4 "cp 0.020" SS 0.375 "Teflon Spacer 3" φ ..0.020 "SS Teflon Spacer 12 Same as Fig. Same as Same as Same as Fig. 11 3 plates a Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 6 "φ .0.020" 11 5.5. 0.375 "Teflon Spacer 4" φ 0.020 "S.S 0.375" Teflon Spacer 3 "<p .. 0.020" 5.5. Teflon Spacer 16 Equal to Fig. Equal to Equal to Equal to Equal to 6 "φ x plate of Equal to Fig. 12 to Fig. 10, QTY 13 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 Copper with 11 thickness of 0.125 "16a Equal Equal Equal Fig. Equal Fig. Equal Equal Equal Fig. 16 9.5" square Fig. Fig. 16 10 10 Fig. 10 Fig. 10 of 0.125 "thick silver plated 11

Claims (70)

A method for combustion of a liquid, comprising: providing an RF system having an RF generator and a transmission head, the RF generator being capable of generating an RF signal for transmission via the transmission head and the RF signal transmitted being capable of generating flammable gas from seawater in an open container near the transmission head; Providing a liquid comprising water and at least one ion, the liquid having an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid to generate a gas that may be ignited by the transmitted RF signal; arranging the transmission head with respect to the liquid such that the transmitted RF signal interacts with at least a portion of the liquid; transmit the RF signal via the transmission head; ignite the flammable gas generated from the liquid by the transmitted RF signal to initiate combustion; and wherein the transmitted RF signal is transmitted long enough to perform combustion of at least a portion of the liquid. Method of combustion of a liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that the combustion liquid comprises water that already has an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in water to generate a gas that can be ignited by the transmitted RF signal. Method of combustion of a liquid according to either of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the combustion liquid consists essentially of groundwater which already has an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid. water to generate a gas that can be ignited by the transmitted RF signal. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the combustion liquid comprises groundwater having an amount of at least one ion added thereto. that the resulting water table reacts with the transmitted RF signal to generate a gas that can be ignited. A liquid combustion method according to claim 4, characterized in that the at least one added ion is supplied by the previously combusted liquid using the transmitted RF signal. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, characterized in that the step of igniting flammable gas comprises the spontaneous ignition of the gas capable of igniting. to be ignited. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, characterized in that the transmitted RF signal is transmitted for a time sufficient to reduce the volume of liquid by At least one room. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, characterized in that the transmitted RF signal is transmitted for a time sufficient to reduce the volume of liquid at least in half. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, characterized in that the supply step comprises spraying the liquid through the transmitted RF signal. for combustion of at least part of the liquid. Method of combustion of a liquid according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that the RF signal generated by the RF generator has a frequency of approximately 13.56 MHz. 11. Apparatus for processing salt water, characterized in that it comprises: a. an RF coupling circuit in circuit communication with a transmitter head, the RF coupling circuit being capable of coupling a 600 watt RF signal to transmit an RF signal transmitted via the transmitter head capable of generating flammable gas from water from the sea in an open container near the transmission head; and b. a sealed housing enclosing at least the RF coupling circuit. Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the transmitted RF signal comprises a current and a voltage and wherein the current and voltage are out of phase with respect to each other. 13. Saltwater processing system characterized by the fact that it comprises: a. an RF transmitter having an RF generator in circuit communication with a transmitter head, the RP generator being capable of generating an RF signal for transmission via the transmitter head and the transmitted RF signal being capable of generating a flammable gas from water. from the sea in an open container near the transmission head; and b. a reservoir for holding a saltwater solution comprising water and salt, the saltwater solution having an effective amount of salt dissolved in water for transformation by the transmitted RF signal; and wherein the reservoir is configured to supply at least a portion of the saltwater solution to a positioning relative to the RF transmitter head where a portion of the saltwater solution provided by the reservoir interacts with the RF signal transmitted by the transmitter head. RF, Seawater processing system according to claim 13, characterized in that the transmitted RF signal comprises a current and a voltage, and wherein the current and voltage are out of phase between symbol. Saltwater processing system according to either of Claims 13 or 14, characterized in that the saltwater solution comprises natural seawater. A saltwater processing system according to any one of claims 13, 14 or 15, characterized in that the saltwater solution comprises a solution made by combining water and an effective amount of sodium for processing. of the saltwater solution by the transmitted RF signal. System for the processing of salt water according to any one of claims 13, 14, 15 or 16, characterized in that the transformation by the transmitted RF signal comprises the generation of a flammable gas from the salt water solution. by the transmitted RF signal. Seawater processing system according to any one of claims 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17, characterized in that it further comprises an RF receiving head for receiving at least a portion of the RF signal transmitted by the transmission head. Seawater processing system according to any one of claims 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, characterized in that the RF transmitter further comprises an RF tuning circuit for adjusting the transmitted RF signal. via transmission head to couple the RF signal transmitted through the saltwater solution. Seawater processing system according to any one of claims 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, characterized in that it further comprises an RF receiving head for receiving at least a portion of the RF signal from the transmitter head and wherein the RF transmitter further comprises an RF tuning circuit for adjusting the RF signal transmitted via the transmitter head to couple the RF signal transmitted through the saltwater solution. Seawater processing system according to claim 19, characterized in that the RF tuning circuit comprises an adjustable pi network in circuit communication between the RF generator and the RF transmitter head. Seawater processing system according to claim 20, characterized in that the RF tuning circuit comprises an adjustable pi network in circuit communication between the RF generator and the RF transmitter head. 23. Saltwater processing system, characterized in that it comprises: a. an RF transmitter having an RF generator in circuit communication with a transmission head, wherein an RF generator is capable of generating an RF signal for transmission via the transmission head and the transmitted RF signal being capable of generating a flammable gas from water. from the sea in an open container near the transmission head; and b. a reservoir for holding a saltwater solution comprising water and salt, the saltwater solution having an effective amount of salt dissolved in water for transformation by the transmitted RF signal; ç. an RF receiver; wherein the reservoir is configured to supply at least a portion of the saltwater solution to a position between the RF transmitter head and the RF receiver. System according to Claim 23, characterized in that it comprises a reaction chamber configured to position at least a portion of the saltwater solution between the RF transmitter head and the RF receiver. System according to either claim 23 or claim 24, characterized in that the reservoir is positioned between the RF transmitter head and the RF receiver. System according to any one of claims 23, 24 or 25, characterized in that the salt water solution further comprises: a. at least one additive; or b. at least one secondary combination; or c. a mixture of both. System according to Claim 26, characterized in that the additive is a surfactant. System according to Claim 26, characterized in that the additive is capable of forming an azeotrope with water. System according to Claim 26, characterized in that the additive is capable of raising or lowering the freezing point of water. System according to claim 26, characterized in that the additive is a polymer. System according to Claim 26, characterized in that the secondary fuel is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids or mixtures thereof. System according to claim 31, characterized in that the alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol and mixtures thereof. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 or 32, characterized in that it further comprises: a supply line connected to the reservoir at a first end power line; and a spray nozzle operatively connected to a second end of the supply line such that a mist of salt water solution is delivered between the RF transmitter head and the RF receiver. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 or 33, characterized in that the salt is sea salt. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34, characterized in that the saltwater mixture comprises seawater. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,34 or 35, characterized in that the salt comprises a cation and an anion. ; the cation being selected from the group consisting of Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Ba2 +, Sr2 +, Mn2 +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Ni2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Ag +, Au +, and mixtures thereof; and the anion being selected from the group consisting of Cl-, Br-, I-, borate, citrate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and mixtures thereof. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35 or 36, characterized in that the effective amount of salt is an amount of salt forming a salt water solution having a density of about 1 g / cm3. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37, characterized in that the effective amount of Salt is an amount of salt that forms a saltwater solution that has a density of about 1.02 g / cm3 to 1.03 g / cm3. System according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 or 38, characterized in that the amount of the Effective salt is an amount of salt that forms a saltwater solution that has a density of about 1.026 g / cm3. System according to any one of claims 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 or 39, characterized in that it comprises a hydrogen collection tank operatively connected to the reaction chamber which collects the hydrogen generated within the reaction chamber. System according to any one of claims 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40, characterized in that wherein the reaction chamber comprises a sealed pressure vessel, the system comprising a actuatable member that is moved by pressure in the sealed pressure vessel. System according to any one of claims 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41, characterized in that comprising a condensation tank for collecting water, the condensation tank being operatively connected to the reaction chamber. System according to any one of claims 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38, 39, 40,41 or 42, characterized in because it comprises: an oxygen collection tank; and a discharge line that operatively connects the hydrogen collection tank and the oxygen collection tank to the reaction chamber. A system according to any one of claims 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 or 43. , characterized in that it comprises a gas permeable membrane in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, the gas permeable membrane selected to pass hydrogen gas at a first flow rate and oxygen gas at a second flow rate, wherein the first flow rate is higher than the second flow rate. A system according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. 43 or 44, characterized in that the RF transmitter head, the RF receiver and the seawater portion between the RF transmitter head and the RF receiver are arranged such that the RF signal from the transmitter head is coupled to the saltwater solution via a high Q circuit. The system of any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. 43, 44 or 45, characterized in that the transmitted RF signal is coupled to the saltwater solution via a high Q circuit. A system according to any one of claims 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. , 43, 44, 45 OR 46, characterized in that the RF generator is configured to generate an RF signal having a frequency of approximately 13.56 MHz. 48. A method for processing salt water comprising: providing salt water solution comprising water and at least one salt, wherein the salt water solution has an effective amount of salt dissolved in water; providing an RF transmitter having an RF generator in circuit communication with a transmission head, the RF generator being able to generate an RF signal that can be absorbed at least partially by the saltwater solution having at least one frequency for transmission. via transmission head; arranging the drive head near the saltwater solution such that the RF signal transmitted via the drive head interacts with at least a portion of the saltwater solution; transmit the RF signal via the transmission head; and wherein the transmitted RF signal is transmitted long enough to transform at least a portion of salt water. A method according to claim 48, characterized in that it comprises the step of adding one or more of the following to the salt water solution: a. at least one additive; and b. at least one secondary fuel; or c. a mixture of both and; wherein the transmitted RF signal is transmitted long enough to (i) decompose the saltwater solution to produce hydrogen gas or (ii) heat the saltwater solution to volatilize the secondary fuel or (iii) both; and wherein the transmitted RF signal is transmitted for a time to burn at least hydrogen gas, volatilized secondary fuel or both. Method according to either of claims 48 or 49, characterized in that the step of providing a saltwater solution is carried out by spraying a saltwater solution mist between the RF transmitter head and the receiver. RF. Method according to any one of claims 48, 49 or 50, characterized in that it comprises the step of adding at least one RF absorption optimizer to the salt water solution. Method according to any one of claims 48, 49, 50 or 51, characterized in that it comprises the step of collecting hydrogen gas produced by combustion of the salt water solution. Method according to any one of claims 48, 49, 50, 51 or 52, characterized in that the saltwater solution acting on the transmitted RF signal is surrounded by a closed reaction chamber. A method according to claim 53, characterized in that the closed reaction chamber is pressure sealed, the method comprising the step of moving an actionable element with the pressure generated within the reaction chamber by combustion of the solution. of salt water. A method according to claim 53, characterized in that the step of transmitting the transmitted RF signal is carried out long enough to boil the salt water solution, the method comprising the steps of condensing steam to form water. desalinated. A method according to claim 53, characterized in that the step of transmitting the transmitted RF signal is performed for a time sufficient to decompose the saltwater solution to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. A method according to claim 56, characterized in that it comprises the step of passing hydrogen gas and oxygen gas through a gas permeable membrane, wherein the gas permeable membrane is selected to pass hydrogen gas. at a higher flow rate than oxygen gas. 58. A method of causing a liquid to ignite, comprising: providing an RF system having an RF generator and a transmission head, the RF generator being capable of generating an RF signal for transmission via the transmission head and the transmitted RF signal being capable of generating flammable gas from seawater in an open container near the transmission head; providing a liquid comprising water and at least one ion, the liquid having an effective amount of at least one ion dissolved in the liquid for generation of a flammable gas by the transmitted RF signal; transmit the RF signal via the transmission head; and ignite at least a portion of the liquid. A method of igniting a liquid according to claim 58, wherein the combusting liquid comprises a hydrocarbon having added to it an amount of at least one ion such that the resulting treated hydrocarbon reacts. with the RF signal transmitted to significantly increase the combustion rate of the treated hydrocarbon. The method of causing a liquid to burn according to claim 59, wherein providing a liquid step comprises providing the hydrocarbon and adding to the hydrocarbon an amount of an ion water solution such that the treated hydrocarbon The resulting reaction reacts with the transmitted RF signal to significantly increase the combustion rate of the treated hydrocarbon. A method of causing a liquid to ignite according to claim 58, wherein the liquid which has been combusted comprises groundwater, wherein at least a portion of the RF system is housed in a sealed wrapper and wherein the step of providing a liquid comprises lowering the sealed wrap into an earthed opening to position the RF transmitter head near groundwater to ignite groundwater. 62. A method of treating a compound, comprising: providing an RF system having an RF generator and a transmission head, the RF generator being capable of generating an RF signal for transmission via the transmission head and the transmitted RF signal. being able to generate flammable gas from seawater in an open container near the transmission head; position the drive head near the compound; transmit the RF signal via the transmission head; and wherein the RF signal is transmitted for a period of time sufficient for the signal to act on contaminants within the compound. Method of treating a compound according to claim 62, characterized in that the compound is earth or clay. Method of treating a compound according to either claim 62 or 63, characterized in that the RF signal is transmitted for a period of time sufficient to heat unwanted organic matter in the soil or clay. A method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63 or 64, characterized in that the RF signal is transmitted for a period of time sufficient to volatilize hydrocarbon pollutants in the earth or clay. A method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63, 64 or 65, wherein the compound includes unwanted microbes, bacteria or viruses and the RF signal is transmitted for a period of enough time to destroy unwanted microbes, bacteria or viruses. A method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63, 64, 65 or 66, further comprising the step of adding an effective amount of at least one ion to the compound to optimize the composition. RF treatment by the RF signal. Method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 or 67, characterized in that the treatment comprises decontamination of the compound by the RF signal. A method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 or68, further comprising the step of adding an effective amount of at least one ion to the compound. to optimize decontamination by the RF signal. Method of treating a compound according to any one of claims 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 or 69, further comprising the step of adding an effective amount of sodium to optimize the decontamination of the compound by the RF signal.