AU607576B2 - Improved automatic combustion control method for a rotary combustor - Google Patents

Description

PATENTS ACT 1952 607576 P/00/011I Form COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

(ORIGINAL)

FOR OFFICE USE Short Title: tt Cl: Application Number: Lodged: Complete Speciication-Lodged: Accepted: Lapsed: Published: 4 Priority: 25th February, 1988 Related Art: 111S doc Unmejt conn-lnsfl,&] '1411,1.a 1ts 1,ja) t~ P 1hd ~Corr1ect ior TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION Name of Applicant: Address of Applicant: Actual Inventor: Address for Service: 1310 Beulah Road, Churchill. Pittsburgh. PA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

15235 Suh Yong LEE -Maca-rthur Mews- 6-E Villiers Street.,4 t 1 -NORTH -PARRAMATTA.- 215 1 Z for the Invention entitled: Complete Specification "IMPROVED AUTOMATIC COMBUSTION CONTROL METHOD FOR A ROTARY COMBUSTOR" The following statement is t: full description of this invention, including the best method of performing It known Note., The description Is to be typeJ In double spacing, pica type lace, In an area not exceeding 250 mm In depth and 160 mm In width, en tough white paper of good quality and It Is to be Inserted Inside this form.

14S99/78-L 1459978-LPrinted by C J. Ttjo.4wsoN. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra The invention relates to a rotary combustor, for the incineration of wet or dry municipal solid waste material, and more particularly to an improved automatic S' combustion control method for the rotary combustor.

5 Due to the shrinking available capacity in ,o landfills for the disposal of solid waste, a corresponding reduction in the volume of municipal solid waste for such t disposal has been pursued. The principal method used in this program is the incineration of combustible materials.

Although such a program has shown to be successful in 9, reducing the volume of municipal solid waste, as well as C it having the added advantage of producing energy, exhaust emissions from these plants need to be rigidly controlled so as to minimize the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons emitted. Some states have set stringent requirements as to the amount of carbon monoxide 4 6allowed in exhaust emissions as well as a minimum oxygen level. Failure to meet these emission requirements could result in the shut down of the incinerator. By operating these incinerators more efficiently, more complete combustion will result and hence, exhaust emissions will satisfy the statutory requirements.

One type of incineration plant is known as a water-cooled rotary combustor. An example of such a combustor is described in U.S. Patent 3,822,651 to Harris et al. A water-cooled rotary combustor generally includes 2 a combustion barrel having a generally cylindrical side wall affixed to-annular support bands which are received on rollers to permit rotation of the barrel about its longitudinal axis. The barrel has a generally open input end for receiving material to be burned, such as municipal solid waste which can vary in moisture content. The opposite or output end of the barrel is disposed in a flue. The combustion barrel is tilted from the horizontal, the input end being higher than the output end. As the waste mater.al burns, it travels along the longitudinal axis of t,.

barrel such that solid combustion products exit the barrel at the lower output end. Exhaust gases and solid combustion products exit the barrel at the output end. The S combustion barrel is cooled by cooling pipes joined by gas porous interconnections to form the generally cylindrical Q0* side wall of the barrel.

.o0 Since the composition of the waste material varies, it can be difficult to maintain a constant feed O rate of the solid waste into the barrel, and thus the intensity of the fire varies over time. Also, the heat of combustion of solid waste for each input charge into the combustor varies greatly. As a result, the constitution of so the exhaust gases can also vary over time. By controlling Sthe rate of combustion within the barrel, a more efficient incineration occurs and produces a more stable constitution of the exhaust gases and less unburned hydrocarbons. More *:Ga particularly, it is important to maintain the carbon monoxide level below 100 ppm since that is the level 0° required by most State laws. Another requirement imposed on the operators of municipal waste incinerators is that the oxygen level in the exhaust gases not fall below 3%.

Another problem associated with inefficient combustion of municipal solid waste within a rotary combustor is that of clinker formation. Clinkers, usually consisting of molten ash, softened glass material, etc., can be aormed in the combustor and can cause problems in combustor performance. The major cause for the clinker to t- -3form is a localized hot spot in the combustor. Due to the varied nature of municipal solid waste, it is not always possible to have a perfectly uniform and even burning fuel bed in the combustor.

Thus, the object of the present invention is to most accurately control the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons present in the exhaust of a rotary combustor so as to provide for the most efficient combustion of municipal solid waste.

t 0.10 Another object of the present invention is to compensate for changes in the rate of combustion occurring 0 o within a rotary combustor due to the variable nature of *0 municipal solid waste.

It is a further object of the present invention to automatically control the combustion rate in a rotary combustor so as to maintain the temperature in the combustor o 0 o at a stable level which is high enough to complete 0..i combustion, but at a level below where the clinker starts to 0"00'" form.

og ,°20 According to the invention there is provided a method 0 6r°ae, of automatically controlling combustion in a rotary combustor 0 1 having a rotating combustion barrel in which solid waste material is ourned by air supplied to the barrel through holes disposed throughout its length and periphery, the air is supplied through a plurality of ducts into three portions of the barrel, an inlet portion adjacent the end into which solid waste is introduced into the barrel, an outlet portion I -Y disposed adjacent the end from which exhaust gases and ash exit the barrel and an intermediate portion disposed between the Inlet and outlet portions, the ducts are further divided to supply both underfired air and overfired air to each portion of the barrel, characterized by the steps of individually varying the overfired and underfired air to each portion of the barrel in response to changes in the temperature in the barrel and changes in the percent of oxygen in exhaust gases and 0 140 varying the speed at which the barrel rotates in 00 o. o response to changes in the temperature in the barrel to 0 00 0o provide generally complete combustion of the solid S00.

waste at a temperature which prevents clinker formation within the barrel.

The invention will become more apparent by reading the 0 0 0" following detail description in conjunction with the e00 0 a 0 drawings, which are shown by way of example only, wherein: *o"0o Figure 1 is a cross-sectional, side-elevational view oa 0 of a rotary combustor incorporating an improved combustion control method according to the present 0 0 invention; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional, end-elevational schematic view of the rotary combustor taken along the line II-II in Fig. 1; Figure 3 is an enlargement of a fragmentary segment of the structure of Fig. 2; Figure 4A is a graph of volume percent oxygen in the 1CA.> exhaust gases of a rotary combustor versus time; 0-T\ Z'v c# 1_ Figure 4B is a graph of parts per million (ppm) of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas of a rotary combustor versus time, the same time as that shown in Fig. 4A; and Figure 5 is a flow chart outlining the successive steps taken by the combustion controller to most efficiently control combustion.

A typical rotary combustor, as represented by Figs. 1, 2 and 3 has as its incineration chamber a generally 'iO cylindrical combustion barrel 11 which is comprised of alternating longitudinally extending cooling pipes 12 and c perforated web structures 13. The web structures 13 are preferably formed of bar steel and have openings 14 therethrough for supplying combustion gas, preferably air, to the combustion barrel 11. Solid material, particularly municipal solid waste material 15, is burned within the C t rotating combustion barrel 11. The barrel 11 rotates about t its central axis of rotation which is inclined slightly from S' the horizontal, an input end 16 being slightly higher than an 0^o output or exit end 17. As seen from the output end 17 along tec cross-sectional line II-II, the combustion barrel 11 rotates (in this example) in a clockwise direction as shown by arrow 18, so as to continually mix the waste material 15. This facilitates the drying of relatively wet waste material by continually exposing it to the surface of the fuel bed, where combustion normally takes place. The input 16 and output ends 17 of the combustion barrel 11 are generally encircled i by support bands 19 which are received on rotating means, preferably rollers, 20. In this manner, the combustion barrel 11 is rotated.

As the waste material is incinerated, the exhaust gases shown by arrows 21 which are thereby generated exit the combustion barrel 11 and are contained within an exhaust area 22 in enclosure 23 (see Fig. Exhaust gases 21 exit the enclosure 23 through a flue 24 located at the output end 17 of the combustor 11 and flow past an oxygen sensor S"ao0 Other, solid combustion products or ash 26, exit the combustion barrel 11 at the output end 17 as well. The ,slight incline of the combustion barrel 11 facilitates the t t discharge of these solid combustion products or ash 26.

The cooling pipes 12 have circulating therethrough a coolant, typically water, which enters the cooling pipes 12 ar"c from a ring header 27 located at the output end 17 of the c I l combustion barrel 11, The coolant flows towards the input end 16 to a return means (not shown) which returns the 4* coolant, which has been heated by the incineration of the waste material, to the header 27. From the header 27, the high energy coolant is discharged to a heat exchanger or boiler 28 via supply pipe 29. The heat exchanger 28 is connected to a steam driven electrical power generating system (not shown) as is well known in the art. From the heat exchanger 28, low energy coolant reenters the cooling pipes 12 through the ring header 27 forming a closed cycle.

4

L

6 Xhe combustion barrel 11 is generally comprised of three combustion zones, A, B, and C serially disposed lengthwise along the combustion barrel 11, as shown in Fig.

1. The primary function of zone A is to dry the waste material, although combustion is initiated here. Most of the burning of the waste material 15 is accomplished in the middle zone, B. Within zone C, combustion of the solid waste has been essentially completed. A temperature sensing device 31, typically a thermocouple, is preferably located in zone A of the barrel 11. The temperature sensor 31 senses the temperature within the combustion barrel 11, for reasons which are fully explained later in this orr, description.

Disposed beneath each of the three combustion S* 15 zones A, B, and C, are ducts or windboxes 34, 37 and oo respectively. Each windbox is comprised of an underfire SQ* -air and overfire air zone, for reasons which will become readily apparent. Combustion gas, or air, is supplied to the combustion barrel 11 through the openings 14 of the perforated web structures 13 via these windboxes 34, 37 and To supply combustion gas or air to the zone B portion of the combustion barrel 11, zone B win box 37, as shown in Fig, 2, comprises an underfire air zone 38 and an overfire air zone 39, separated by seal box edge portions 43, 44 and 45, disposed to extend lengthwise adjacent the combustion barrel and to cooperate with a plurality of dogleg-shaped seal strips 46 to seal off the various segments of the zone B portion of the windbox 37. Beginning at about five o'clock on the barrel 11 and following in a clockwise direction, the overfire air zone 39 is defined by windbox edges 43 and 44; the underfire air zone 38 by edges 44 and As the solid waste material 15 is consumed by fire, generally indicated at 47, exhaust gases 21 exit the combustion barrel 11 and pass through the flue 24.

Combustion gas is supplied to each of the windboxes 34, 37, and 40 by a blower 48 via air duct 49.

Combustion gas is separately supplied to the overfire and

I

7 underfire air zones 35, 36, 38, 39, 41 and 42 by a corresponding conduit 35', 36', 38', 39', 41' and. 42' connected between the air duct 49 and the six zones, each of the conduits having a damper 50 disposed therein. The conduit dampers 50 are the main control means described according to the present invention.

Overfire air is defined as that which flows from the air zones 36, 39, and 42 through the area of openings 14 in the combustion barrel 11 which remains mostly uncovered due to rotational shifting of the waste material It is referred to as overfire air since the combustion gas naturally flows through the uncovered openings over the waste material 15, since that is the path of least resistance. Simultaneously, underfire air is defined as that 15 which flows from the air zones 35, 38, and 41 through the t area of openings 14 in the combustion barrel 11 which remain covered by waste material 15. Since the waste material 15 is typically composed of irregularly-shaped t objects, the underfire air will filter through the waste material 15 to the surface where combustion is taking place. This facilitates drying of wet waste material particularly in Zone A. Since combustion predominantly occurs in zone B, the underfire air/overfire air distinction generally does not apply in zone C. The importance of this fact will readily become apparent.

According to the present invention and with reference to Fig. 2, the dampers 50 and rotating means .0 0 are controlled by a control unit 51. The control unit 51 0" is comprised of a microprocessor 52, windbox damper controller 53 and rotation drive controller 54. Inputs to the control unit 51 are signals from the oxygen sensor disposed within the flue 24 and the temperature sensing device 31, preferably disposed within zone A of the combustion barrel 11. After combustion has been initialized and becomes self-sustaining, the control system will act to maintain a constant rate of combustion.

I~-I L M__ -i UUL As the solid waste material 15 burns, exhaust gases 21 exit through the flue 24 and are sensed by the oxygen, sensor 25. This produces an oxygen gas sensor signal which is inputted to the ,control unit 51. The microprocessor 52 of the control unit 51, which can be programmed by one of ordinary skill in the art, responds to the oxygen sensor signal to generate an output signal based upon the percentage of oxygen present in the exhaust gas 21. Different output signals are generated depending upon whether the level of oxygen is above or below some predetermined value in the range of about 4% to 10% by volume, and preferably between about 5% to The most preferred setting is a function of material being incinerated and is unique for each plant.

There exists a relationship between the amount of oxygen and the amount of carbon monoxide within the exhaust gases 21. This relationship is shown graphically by comparing Figs. 4A and 4B. So long as the oxygen level is maintained at a level between 4% to 10% by volume the amount of carbon monoxide present in the exhaust gases 21 is virtually non-existent. Since this represents the most efficient combustion of solid waste material 15, a method 'E 'to more exactly control the amount of carbon monoxide present in the flue gas is desirable. By monitoring the 25 amount of oxygen present in the flue gas in order to determine how much combustion air is to be supplied to the 0, 0 combustor barrel 11, the most efficient burning of municipal waste 15 can be accomplished regardless of its make-up.

o The first step to be undertaken when the percentage of oxygen gas in the exhaust 21 is not at the predetermined value at about 5% and 8% is to adjust the airflow into zone C windbox 40. If the oxygen content is below the specified range, airflow into zone C is increased; if oxygen content is above airflow is decreased. The air distribution between the underfire and overfire air zones is essentially equal in zone C. Since almost no burning of solids occurs in zone C and only gases burn or further combine with oxygen, the effect of inputting more or less air into either zone 41 or 42 is of little consequence.

Preferably, the control of air into zone C is done by adjustment of the windbox damper 50 openings. Preferably, the damper openings for underfire 41 and overfire 42 air zones of windbox 40 should have a minimum opening of about and a maximum of about 100%. Although in a second embodiment it may also be accomplished by varying the speed of a fan in blower 48 or by adjusting the blower damper opening, this would also vary the amount of combustion gas being supplied to the zone A windbox 34 and zone B windbox 37. This alternate step, then, requires the simultaneous adjustment of the windbox 34 and 37 damper openings to maintain constant airflow to these two zones. If the second embodiment is chosen, the controller should addi- "I tionally be programmed to maintain mass flow into the zone tts «it A windbox 34 and zone B windbox 37 if adjustment of combustion gas into zone C windbox 40 in performed by adjustment of the blower 48 fan speed or damper opening.

The airflow control into zone C should be sufficient to bring the oxygen level in the exhaust gas 21 to the setpoint of between about 4% to 10% by volume in the flue 24. If the burning rate in the combustion barrel 11 is either too high or too low to be able to control the oxygen level by controlling the supply of combustion gas to zone C alone, the windbox controller 53 is commanded by the microprocessor 52 to go on to the next step.

t The following steps described below are designed to reduce the demand for oxygen in the combustion barrel 11 by limiting the combustion gas supply into the area where active combustion is taking place. Usually gas phase combustion is actively taking place in zone B, but sometimes waste material 15 in zone A may be burning. By limiting combustion gas supply in zones A and B, especially as between undorfire 35, 38 and ovorfire 36, 39 air zones, combustion rate decreases very quickly and demand for oxygen falls off immediately thereby increasing its r I percentage level within the exhaust 21. Conversely, when additional combustion gas is supplied to zones A and B, the burning rate of the solid waste material 15 increases and, as a corresponding result, the percentage of oxygen in the exhaust gas 21 decreases.

Using the signal from the oxygen sensor 25, the microprocessor 52 directs the windbox controller 53 to automatically control the supply of combustion gas to the zone B windboxes 38 and 39 as follows: If the oxygen level of the exhaust gas 21 is below about and preferably if it is below about the supply of combustion gas to this zone should be decreased; and if the oxygen level is above about the combustion gas supplied to zone B should be increased. This adjustment is made by varying the damper 50 openings. If the adjustment of air to zone C was made by adjusting the blower 48 fan or damper, then c this is especially true. Preferably, the control of combustion gas supplied to zone B consists of supplying a greater percentage of combustion gas to the underfire air zone 38 than the overfire air zone 39, on the order of to 40%, since the underfire air has more of an influence on the combustion rate. The minimum and maximum damper openings for zone B underfire 38 and overfire 39 air zones should preferably be about 10% and 80%, respectively.

If the two preceding steps do not bring the oxygen level to the setpoint, then the windbox controller ,0 53. is directed by the microprocessor 52 to perform the following step: If the oxygen level, as indicated by the oxygen sensor 25, is above about then the supply of combustion gas to zone A is increased; or if the oxygen level is below about then less combustion gas or air is supplied to zone A. Preferably, the windbox controller 53 4" performs this step by adjusting the supply of combustion gas to the zone A overfire air zone 36, in dependence upon the oxygen sensor signal. The zone A overfire air zone 36 preferably has a maximum damper opening of about 50%, and a minimum limit of about The supply of combustion gas to the zone A underfire air zone 35 is controlled by thp signal received"by the microprocessor 52 from the temperature sensing device 31. The purpose of this step is to input combustion gas into the zone A underfire windbox to facilitate the drying of very wet solid waste material Zone A underfire air zone 35 damper opening should have a minimum and maximum opening and corresponding combustion gas flow rate inversely proportional to the combustion barrel temperature sensing device 31 reading.

Thus, if the temperature sensing device 31 produces a signal above a predetermined setpoint, which setpoint will be unique for each plant, the supply of combustion gas to the underfire air zone 35 is decreased, and it is automatically increased if the signal is below a predetermined temperature setting. Generally the temperature should be maintained at a setpoint in the range of 1100 0 C (2000 0

F);

however it should be understood that the setpoints are dependent upon the device's location within the combustion barrel 11 as well as the size of the combustor itself.

As an additional step, the rate of rotation of the combu.ation barrel 11 can be adjusted as well. This step would be necessary if the above steps do not resul', in the level of oxygen in the exhaust gas 21 being maintained within the predetermined range of between about 5% and 8%, most preferably at about 6.5% by volume. This may occur in the case of very wet waste material 15, wherein the oxygen level would be above or in the case where the rate of rotation, shown b arrow 18, had been previously increased and now drier waste material 15 is being incinerated in the combustion barrel 11 and the oxygen level is below Since combustion takes place at the surface of the continually rotating waste material 15, a faster rotational speed will increase the combustion .rate because new material is continually exposed to the fire 47. In the case of very wet waste material 15, a faster rotational speed will dry the material more quickly when exposed to the fire 47 at the surface, along with the drying action accomplished by the additional air previously inputted through the zone A underfire air zone The control of the rate of rotation of the combustion barrel 11 is based upon the output signal from the temperature sensing device 31. Dry waste material will burn at a higher temperature than wet waste material. If the temperature within the combustion barrel 11 is above the predetermined temperature setting, as determined by the temperature sensing device 31, the rotation controller 54 will be directed by the microprocessor 52 to decrease the rate of rotation of the rotating means 20 and thus the combustion barrel 11. A slower rotational speed will cause less material 15 to be exposed to the surface and thereby slow the combustion rate, so that combustion mainly takes place in Zone B. Conversely, if the temperature within the Oct combustion barrel 11 is too low, indicating the presence of wet waste material, the rotation controller 54 will increase the rate of rotation of the combustion barrel 11 to dry the wet waste material and increase the rate of combustion, since more waste material 15 will be exposed to the surface to thereby dry the wet waste material and increase the combustion rate.

The amount of air to be inputted into each zone, or increase/decrease in rate of rotation, necessary to maintain a more stable combustion rate is dependent upon how great a deviation from the predetermined setpoints of acc the sensors is detected. Since these parameters are a function of combustor size as well, each incineration plant 9 *4 requires the defining of unique parameters. Hoever, by performing these precise steps according to the present invention as represented in the flow chart of Fig. 5, based solely upon the output signals produced by the oxygen sensor 25 and the temperature -sensor 31, the combustion rate of solid municipal waste material 15 can be most efficiently controlled, regardless of its varied composition over time, especially as to moisture content, so as to maintain the level of carbon monoxide and unburned 13 hydrocarbons in the exhaust well below statutory requirements. The improved control method is able to maintain the temperature in the combustor at a level which is high enough to complete the combustion, but at a level below where the clinker starts to form regardless of combustor size. In addition the method minimizes temperature fluctuations, which may initiate the clinker build-up, once combustion in the combustor has become self-sustaining.

Also, a more stable combustion rate will result independent of feed rate, thereby preventing clinker formation. In this manner, the volume of solid waste material can be reduced by over 90% in a clean and efficient method.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and altera- 4 tions to those details would be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrati-ve only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and in any and all equivalents thereof.

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Claims (8)

1. A method of automatically controlling combus- tion in a rotary combustor having a rotating combustion barrel in which solid waste material is burned by air supplied to the barrel through holes disposed throughout its length and periphery, the air is supplied through a plurality of ducts into three portions of the barrel an inlet portion adjacent the end into which solid waste is introduced into the barrel an outlet portion disposed adjacent the end from which exhaust gases and ash exit the barrel and an intermediate portion disposed between the inlet and outlet portions the ducts are further divided to supply both underfired air and overfired air to each portion of the barrel characterized by the steps of individually varying the overfired and underfired air to each portion of the barrel in response to changes in the tempera- ture in the barrel and changes in the percent of oxygen in exhaust gases and varying the speed at which the barrel rotates in response to changes in the temperature in the barrel to provide generally complete combustion of the solid waste at a temperature which prevents clinker formation within the barrel ri a S*

2. The method of claim 1 characterized in that the step of individually varying the air to each portion of the barrel includes varying the underfired air in outlet portion in response to temperature changes in the barrel and varying the rotational speed of the barrel in order to maintain a predetermined temperature in the barrel

3. The method of claim 2 characterized in that the predetermined temperature is generally 1100 0 C.

4. The method of claim 1 characterized in that the step of individually varying the air to each portion of the barrel comprises varying in a predetermined order overfired air to the outlet portion of the barrel underfired air to the intermediate portion of the barrel and air flow to the inlet portion of the barrel in order to bring the oxygen in the exhaust gases within predetermined limits.

The method of claim 4 characterized in that the predetermined limits of oxygen in the exhaust gases is generally between 4 and 10 percent by volume.

6. The method of claim 1 charactarized in that the step of individually varying the air to each portion of the barrel comprises varying the air serially starting with varying the overfired air to the outlet portio- of the barrel then varying the underfired L air to the intermediate portion of the barrel and then varying the air flow to the inlet portion of the barrel in order to bring the oxygen in the exhaust gas!s within predetermined limits.

7. The method of claim 6 characterized in that the predetermined limits of oxygen in the exhaust gases is generally between 4 and 10 percent by volume. i 16

8. A method of autormatically controlling combustion in a rotary combustor as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Dated this 23rd day of January, 1989 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION Patent Attorneys for the Applicant: -HA-jFORD-S--MfkXWELT. I r I; I if L -1