AU2019216971A1

AU2019216971A1 - Systems, devices, and methods for treating vestibular conditions

Info

Publication number: AU2019216971A1
Application number: AU2019216971A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Jon AKERS; Samuel OWEN; Robert True
Original assignee: Otolith Sound Inc
Current assignee: Otolith Sound Inc
Priority date: 2018-02-12
Filing date: 2019-02-11
Publication date: 2020-07-30
Also published as: EP3752120A1; WO2019157443A1; CN111712223A; JP2024045228A; JP2021513381A; CA3088682A1

Abstract

Apparatus and methods are described herein that provide a vibratory device that can apply a vibratory signal to a portion of a head of a user such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user and cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal applied to an area overlaying a mastoid bone of the user. The vibratory device can be associated with frequencies less than 200 Hz. The vibratory device can be effective at treating a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system.

Description

SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS FOR TREATING VESTIBULAR

CONDITIONS

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 15/982,867, filed May 17, 2018, entitled“Systems, Devices, And Methods For Treating Vestibular Conditions” (“the’867 application”), which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Patent Application No. 15/481,457, filed April 7, 2017, entitled“Devices and Methods for Reducing the Symptoms of Maladies of the Vestibular System,” which in turn claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/421,708, filed November 14, 2016, entitled“Devices and Methods for Treating Motion Sickness.” The’867 application also claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/629, 197, filed February 12, 2018, entitled“Methods and Devices for Treating the Proprioceptive Vestibular System” (“the Ί97 provisional”) and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/629,213, filed February 12, 2018, entitled“Methods and Devices for Reducing Motion Sickness in Virtual Reality and Travel Applications” (“the’213 provisional”). This application also claims priority to and the benefit of the Ί97 provisional and the’213 provisional. The entire disclosure of each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Field of Invention

[0002] Disclosed embodiments relate to systems, devices, and methods for treating conditions such as, for example, motion sickness, dizziness, vertigo, migraines, and loss of consciousness, associated with a vestibular system of a subject. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to devices capable of generating vibratory signals that can affect a subject’s vestibular system.

Background

[0003] Orientation, balance, position, and movement of a body can be determined by the brain through a combination of signals received from various parts of anatomy, including eyes, ears, and muscles. For example, the vestibular system, in most mammals, is the sensory system that predominantly contributes sensory information related to balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular system of a subject is found in the inner ear of the subject, as shown in FIG. 1 A, in a system of interconnected compartments forming the vestibular labyrinth.

[0004] FIG. 1 A illustrates a portion of the anatomy of a subject 100, showing the vestibular system with respect to an external ear 110, portions of a skull 114, and bony portion of an ear 116, an ear canal 111, an ear drum 112, and the bones of a middle ear 113. The vestibular system includes semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126, and otolith organs 128 and 130, housed within a vestibule 121 in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear, and is continuous with a cochlea 120. FIG. 1B provides a more detailed illustration of the vestibular system shown in FIG. 1 A, depicting the vestibule 121 to include a utricle 128 and a saccule 130.

[0005] The three semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126 are each oriented in a plane along one of three directions in which the head can rotate or move and detect motion in that direction, the directions being nodding up-down, shaking left-right, and tilting left-right. The otolith organs within the vestibule of the inner ear 121 detect gravitational forces and acceleration in the forward and backward directions. The otolith organs include the utricle 128 that detects movements in the horizontal plane and the saccule 130 that detects movements in the vertical plane. The semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126, and the otolith organs 128 and 130 are filled with endolymph, a fluid that moves with the movement of the head or body.

[0006] The movement of endolymph in the vestibular system of the inner ear can be sensed by nerve cells with hair bundles to determine movement and orientation of the head. Portions called ampula in the semicircular canals and macula in the otolith organs include hair cells, which function as the sensory receptors of the vestibular system and include hair bundles or stereocilia that detect and transduce movement of the endolymph into signals of body movement and report the signals to the brain. The otolith organs also include a layer of crystals of calcium carbonate called otoconia or otoliths that shift in response to changes in acceleration (e.g., changes in motion or orientation with respect to gravity) leading to movement in the layers below the otoconia and the movement of hair bundles. Additionally, otoliths sink in the direction of gravity and pull on bundles of hair cells to aid in distinguishing directions, e.g., up from down.

[0007] FIGS. 2 A and 2B provide detailed views of the anatomy of the macula in the otolith organs (e.g., the utricle 128 and the saccule 130 shown in FIG. 1B) and the sensory receptors, in an upright state and in a state of movement, respectively. FIG. 2A shows the macula including an otolithic membrane 132 and a cellular layer including hair cells 134 and supporting cells 136. The hair cells 134 include hair like projections or stereocilia 132 that extend into one or more gelatinous layers. The organization of the macula also includes a layer of otoconia or otoliths 138 that shift in response to movement in the endolymph and/or to acceleration of the body. FIG. 2A shows the hair cells 134 and the otoliths 138 in an upright configuration, and FIG. 2B shows the hair cells 134 and the otoliths 138 in a displaced or angled configuration when a directional force 140 (e.g. gravity) acts on the otoliths 138. Similarly, movement of the endolymph within the semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126, can result in movement of the hair cells within the ampula of the semicircular canals (not shown) perceiving and signaling relative movement of the body and/or head (e.g., angular acceleration of the head).

[0008] In addition to signals from the vestibular system, horizontal and vertical visual patterns received by the eyes can affect perception of orientation, balance, and position; and differential strain on opposing neck muscles can affect perception of head position and orientation. When signals from these sources do not match, an individual can develop motion sickness, experience vertigo, dizziness, vestibular migraines, unconsciousness, or other conditions. Unmatched orientation, balance, position and movement signals can be the result of extreme or unfamiliar movement during, for example, travel in cars, trains, airplanes, and other modes of transportation. Unmatched signals may also result from simulated perceived movement during, for example, three dimensional (3D) movies, 3D video games, and virtual reality devices. Therefore, it can be desirable to have a device for treating various vestibular conditions that may result from unmatched signals being received from a subject’s vestibular system, eyes, or other anatomy.

Summary

[0009] Apparatus and methods described herein can include a vibratory device configured to apply a vibratory signal to a portion of a head of a user such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user and cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal applied to an area overlaying a mastoid bone of the user. The therapeutically effective vibratory signal can (1) have a frequency less than 200 Hz and a force level between 90 and 100 dB re 1 dyne and (2) being therapeutically effective to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system.

[0010] Apparatus and methods are described herein can, in some embodiments, include a vibratory device configured to apply a set of vibratory signals to a portion of a head of a user such that the set of vibratory signals can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system. The vibratory device can be associated with a set of resonant frequencies including a lowest resonant frequency that is less than 200 Hz. The set of vibratory signals can collectively have an amount of power at the lowest resonant frequency that is greater than an amount of power at remaining resonant frequencies from the set of resonant frequencies.

[0011] In some embodiments, apparatus described herein can include a vibrating element configured to apply a vibratory signal to a portion of a head of a user such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system. The vibrating element can be configured to include a housing defining a chamber, a magnet movable within the chamber to produce the vibratory signal, a suspension element configured to suspend the magnet at a position within the chamber, and a coil configured to generate a magnetic field to cause the magnet to move about the position.

[0012] Methods disclosed herein include positioning a vibratory device over an area of a head of a user, and energizing the vibratory device, after the positioning, to apply a vibratory signal to the area such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user. The vibratory signal can be configured to cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a vibratory signal (1) applied to an area overlaying a mastoid bone of the user and having (2) a frequency less than 200 Hz and a force level between 90 and 100 dB re 1 dyne. The methods can further include treating, in response to energizing the vibratory device, a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0013] FIG. 1A illustrates an anatomy of a subject, including a bony labyrinth of an inner ear housing a vestibular system. [0014] FIG. 1B provides a detailed illustration of the vestibular system and the cochlea, within the bony labyrinth of FIG. 1 A.

[0015] FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of a portion of a macula of the otolith organs shown in FIG. 1B, in an upright state and in a state of experiencing a directional force, respectively.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a placement of a vibratory device to apply vibratory signals to the vestibular system, according to an embodiment.

[0017] FIG. 4A is a schematic illustration of an example system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment.

[0018] FIG. 4B is a schematic illustration of an example system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to another embodiment.

[0019] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an example vibratory device of a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a cut-away view of an example vibratory device of a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to another embodiment.

[0021] FIG. 7A is a schematic illustration of a cross-sectional view of a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment.

[0022] FIG. 7B is a schematic illustration of a cross-sectional view of the vibratory device in FIG. 7 A integrated into a physical platform for placement on a subject, according to an embodiment.

[0023] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a cross-sectional view of a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to another embodiment.

[0024] FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a spring as a suspension element of a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment. [0025] FIGS. 9B and 9C are illustrations of a top view and a bottom view, respectively, of the spring in FIG. 9A.

[0026] FIGS. 10-15 are schematic illustrations of example vibratory devices including and/or integrated into different support elements, according to various embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a human skull, indicating example locations for the placement of a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to various embodiments.

[0028] FIGS. 17A and 17B depict two example waveforms that can be used to energize a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to various embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 18 illustrates an example energizing profile that can be used to energize a vibratory device in a system for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment.

[0030] FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example method for using a vibratory device to treat symptoms associated with vestibular conditions.

[0031] FIG. 20A is a flowchart of a procedure of a study that was conducted to test a vibratory device for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions.

[0032] FIG. 20B is a schematic illustration of a static view of an example visual stimulus used in the procedure depicted in FIG. 20A to test the vibratory device.

[0033] FIGS. 21A and 21B depict results from the study procedure depicted in FIG. 20A for testing the vibratory device at different force levels.

[0034] FIGS. 22A and 22B depict results from the study procedure depicted in FIG. 20A for testing a vibratory device at different frequencies.

[0035] FIGS. 23A and 23B depict data associated with a questionnaire completed by subjects of a study conducted to test a vibratory device for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, using a test procedure, in yet another instance. [0036] FIG. 24 depicts results from a study conducted to test a vibratory device for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions, using a test procedure, in yet another instance.

[0037] FIGS. 25A-25C are schematic illustrations of a perspective view, a side view and an exploded view of a vibratory device, respectively, as described herein, according to an embodiment.

[0038] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of a housing of the vibratory device illustrated in FIGS. 25A-25C.

[0039] FIGS. 27A-27C are schematic illustrations of a perspective view, a side view and an exploded view of a vibratory device, respectively, according to an embodiment.

[0040] FIGS. 28A and 28B are schematic illustrations of a perspective view and a cross- sectional view of the vibratory device of FIGS. 27A-27C.

[0041] FIG. 29 is an illustration of magnetic field lines associated with a magnet of a vibratory device, such as the vibratory device of FIG. 38.

[0042] FIG. 30 is a plot of normalized magnetic flux density associated with magnets of vibratory devices, according to several embodiments.

[0043] FIGS. 31A-31C are schematic illustrations of a perspective view, a side view and an exploded view of a vibratory device, respectively, according to an embodiment.

[0044] FIGS. 32A and 32B are schematic illustrations of two different cross-sectional views of the vibratory device of FIGS. 31A-31C.

[0045] FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of a magnet, a coil, and metallic plates in the vibratory device of FIGS. 31A-31C.

[0046] FIG. 34 is an illustration of magnetic field lines associated with the magnet of the vibratory device of FIGS. 31A-31C.

[0047] FIG. 35 is a plot of normalized magnetic flux density associated with magnets of vibratory devices, according to several embodiments.

[0048] FIGS. 36A-36C are schematic illustrations of cross-sectional views of vibratory devices, according to three different embodiments. [0049] FIG. 37 is a schematic illustration of a cross-sectional view of a vibratory device, according to an embodiment.

[0050] FIG. 38 is a schematic illustration of a perspective view of a vibratory device, according to an embodiment.

Detailed Description

[0051] Apparatus and methods are described herein for treating vestibular conditions by- using a vibratory device capable of generating vibratory signals and applying the vibratory- signals via bone conduction to a vestibular system of a subject such that the vibratory signals can disrupt an anatomy of the subject’s vestibular system.

[0052] As described above, sensory signals from a vestibular system of a subject aid in the perception of orientation, balance, position, and movement of a body of the subject. In addition to signals from the vestibular system, other sensory modalities, such as visual signals from the eyes, can affect perceptions of orientation, balance, and position; and differential strain on opposing neck muscles can affect perceptions of head position and orientation. When signals from these various sensory sources such as the vestibular system, the visual system, and the proprioceptive system do not match, an individual can develop conditions like motion sickness, vertigo, dizziness, vestibular migraines, unconsciousness, or other conditions. For example, unmatched orientation, balance, position, and movement signals can result from extreme or unfamiliar movement during, for example, travel in cars, trains, airplanes, and other modes of transportation, or result from experiencing virtual or augmented 3D environments such as 3D movies, 3D video games, virtual reality devices, etc.

[0053] In a natural adaptive response, a brain can ignore sensory information in signals that are chaotic, repetitive or not novel, or unintelligible. For example, it has been shown that vibrations from sound can affect the vestibular organs in the inner ear and decrease response (e.g., an amplitude of electrical signals) in the cerebellum. See H. Sohmer et ah,“Effect of noise on the vestibular system - Vestibular evoked potential studies in rats,” 2 Noise Health 41 (1999). Nonetheless, the same studies have shown that very high intensities are required in order for sound to affect the vestibular system. Thus, traditional headphones, earphones, and speakers, used to produce sound from generating vibratory signals in the air, are limited in their ability to treat symptoms like motion sickness response, vertigo, vestibular migraines, and other physiological responses. Many of these technologies are not designed to deliver high intensity signals. Moreover, such high intensity signals may harm or disrupt human hearing.

[0054] As an alternative to using sound, mechanical vibrations can be used to affect the vestibular system to therapeutically treat various conditions. One technology that can be used to create mechanical vibrations is a surface or bone conduction transducer. Presently available bone conduction transducers, however, have certain drawbacks associated with treating symptoms or conditions of the vestibular system. For example, existing devices often have significant limitations, such as production of a significant amount of heat and/or audible noise, which can prevent their use in direct contact with a person’s skin or in close proximity to a person’s ear. Many existing devices are also large and bulky, which make them impractical for use under circumstances where the therapeutics effects are needed, such as, for example, during travel, while reading, while using a virtual reality device, etc.

[0055] Existing devices, such as a surface or bone conduction transducer, are inefficient at producing low frequency vibrations. Many produce vibratory signals at high frequencies that are audible and therefore distracting. Accordingly, when such devices are used close to a person’s ear, the noise they create can be disruptive and irritating. Many existing devices produce high frequency vibrations in large part due to power being directed to higher, resonant frequencies instead of the lower, fundamental frequency of a vibratory signal being generated by such a transducer. Even when designed to produce low frequency vibrations, existing bone conduction transducers may be inefficient because they produce a large spectrum of frequencies (e.g., frequencies at many harmonics) when the lower frequencies are the ones that are needed. Accordingly, disclosed systems and methods are directed to the treatment of symptoms associated with conditions of the vestibular system that do not produce a high level of heat or audible noise, and have high efficiency in delivering lower frequency vibratory signals, among other features.

[0056] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the placement of a vibratory device 200 near an external ear 110 of a subject. The vibratory device 300 can be configured to apply vibratory signals 202 conducted via bone to treat one or more symptoms or conditions associated with the subject’s vestibular system. A portion 204 of the vibratory signals 202 can be conducted via bone 116 to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear and to the vestibular system. For example, the portion 204 of the vibratory signals travels though the bone to the semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126 and the vestibule 121 housing the otolith organs, the utricle and the saccule. [0057] The vibratory device 200 can be positioned such that vibratory signals can be applied to the vestibule 121 to cause the hair cells in the otolith organs in the vestibule 121 and the semicircular canals 122, 124, and 126 to move in a repetitive, chaotic, or noisy manner to reduce, mitigate, or treat symptoms associated with vestibular conditions. Some example vestibular conditions can include various types of motion sickness (e.g., sea sickness, air sickness, car and train sickness, sickness from exposure to virtual reality or simulators, sickness from experiences such as rides on a roller coaster, and effects of sopite syndrome), vertigo such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, nausea from a variety of causes (e.g., vestibular system testing including caloric electronystagmography (ENG)/videonystagmography (VNG) testing, head impulse testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing such as cervical VEMP and ocular VEMP testing, functional gait assessment, etc., or arising from conditions such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy of a base of the skull, nausea related to pregnancy, nausea from alcohol or poison consumption, etc.), infection, vestibular neuritis, vestibular schwannoma, Meniere’s disease, migraines, Mal de Debarquement syndrome, spatial discordance, sopite syndrome, etc.

[0058] The vibratory device 200 can also be positioned, as described herein, to provide vibratory signals conducted via bone to treat other conditions, including, for example, dizziness, loss of balance, etc. caused by circulatory problems (e.g., orthostatic hypotension (drop in blood pressure), poor blood circulation from cardiomyopathy, heart attack, arrhythmia, transient ischemic attack), neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis), medications (e.g., anti-seizure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, tranquilizers, blood pressure lowering medications), anxiety disorders, anemia due to low iron levels, hypoglycemia (lowered blood sugar), overheating, dehydration, and traumatic brain injury. The vibratory signal can cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal to treat the above described conditions. Moreover, the vibratory device 200 can be used to assist pilots such as, for example, to train pilots to ignore or reject their vestibular system under specific conditions. The vibratory device 200 can also be used as a stroke diagnostic.

[0059] FIG. 4A schematically illustrates an example system 350 for treating vestibular conditions. The system 350 includes a vibratory device 300 and a control unit 360 coupled to the vibratory device 300 for activating and/or controlling the operation of the vibratory device 300. The vibratory device 300 can be an electro-mechanical transducer configured to generate vibratory signals when driven and energized by appropriate electrical signals from a signal source. The control unit 360 can include a memory 362, a processor 364, and an input/output (I/O) device 366 for receiving and/or sending electrical signals to and/or from other components of system 350. The vibratory device 300 can be configured to receive and/or send electrical signals to the control unit 360. Optionally, the system 350 can include a sensor 390 for measuring voltage, current, impedance, movement, acceleration, or other data associated with the vibratory device 300. The sensor 390 can also be configured to measure information associated with a vestibular system VS of a subject and/or other body metrics (e.g., temperature, skin conductivity, etc.). The sensor 390 can receive and send signals to the control unit 360, the vibratory device 300, and/or the vestibular system VS. The system 350 can include a signal generator 370 and/or an amplifier 380. The signal generator 370 can generate one or more signals that drive the vibratory device 300 to vibrate to produce vibratory signals. The amplifier 380 can be operatively coupled to the signal generator 370 and can amplify the signals from the signal generator 370 prior to the signals being used to drive the vibratory device 300. The control unit 360 can control the operation of the signal generator 370 and/or the amplifier 380.

[0060] In some embodiments, the signal generator 370, the amplifier 380, and/or the sensor 390 can be integrated with and/or form part of the control unit 360. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the signal generator 370, the amplifier 380, and/or the sensor 390 can be separate from but operatively coupled to the control unit 360. In some embodiments, the vibratory device 300 can include one or more of the control unit 360, the signal generator 370, the amplifier 380, or the sensor 390.

[0061] In some embodiments, the control unit 360 is operable to store specialized instructions for controlling the vibratory device 300. Such instructions may be stored in memory 362 or in a separate memory. In addition, such instructions can be designed to integrate specialized functions and features into the controller to complete specific functions, methods and processes related to treating vestibular conditions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the control unit 360 may be programmed with the instructions using a software development kit.

[0062] Electrical signals to control the vibratory device 300 may be generated by the control unit 360 based on the stored instructions. These electrical signals may be communicated between the control unit 360 and vibratory device 300 through wired or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth) methods. The electrical signals may include a stored pattern of operation, e.g., the stored instructions accessed by the controller may be used by the controller to generate a series of electrical signals that are sent to the vibratory device 300 to cause the vibratory device 300 to turn“on” or“off’ in a pattern that is advantageous to a specific subject based on usage data that has been collected, accumulated, and stored for that user. One pattern may involve a series of vibratory signals where the number of vibratory signals generated and applied over a time period (e.g., per minute) to a subject may be varied, while a second pattern may include a series of vibratory signals where the force level in a number of vibratory signals may be varied. Other types of control signals, such as those that may be used to control the force level and frequency of vibratory signals generated by the vibrating device 300, may be sent to the vibrating device 300 from the control unit 360 based on data received from sensors (e.g., sensor 390 or other sensors). For example, an acceleration sensor may be included in a portable electronic device (e.g., mobile phone) to sense changes in a user’s physical acceleration. In an embodiment, the control unit 360 may be operable to receive data from the acceleration sensor indicating a type of acceleration that may lead to motion sickness. Accordingly, after receiving such data, the control unit 360 may be operable to generate associated electrical signals and send such signals to the vibrating device 300. The vibrating device 300, in turn, may be operable to receive such electrical signals and generate vibratory signals that can be conducted via bone and applied to the vestibular system to, for example, pre-emptively account for motion sickness. The vibratory signals can cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal. For example, the vibratory signals can cause a portion of the vestibular system (e.g. the hair bundles forming the receptors in the semicircular canals and/or the otolith organs) to move in a random manner simulating a noisy vestibular signal or a noisy vestibular sensation. In some instances, such noisy vestibular sensations can induce a reduction in the effects caused by other vestibular signals or a mismatch in signals perceived by a subject. Alternatively, a stored roadmap that represents a path or course that has previously resulted in a user becoming sick due to motion sickness may be stored in the control unit 360 or in the portable device along with a suitable positioning system such as, for example, Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo, GLONASS, or Beidou. In some embodiments, as the positioning system indicates that the user is moving along the path or course and arrives at a position that may induce motion sickness, the control unit 360 may be operable to generate associated electrical signals and send such signals to the vibrating device 300. The vibrating device 300, in turn, may be operable to receive such electrical signals and generate vibratory signals that can be conducted via bone and applied to the vestibular system to, for example, pre-emptively account for motion sickness before the user reaches the position, for example.

[0063] FIG. 4B schematically illustrates another example system 350’ for treating vestibular conditions, according to an embodiment. The system 350’ can be similar to the system 350, in that it includes a control unit 360 and a vibratory device 300 coupled to and energized and/or controlled by the control unit 360. Additionally, the system 350’ can have a second vibratory device 300’, also coupled to the control unit 360, whose activation can be controlled by the control unit 360. The control unit 360 can be configured to control the vibratory devices 300 and 300’, such that vibratory signals generated by the vibratory devices 300 and 300’ can be delivered simultaneously, altematingly, and/or independently. While not depicted in FIG. 4B, similar to the system 300 depicted in FIG. 4A, system 350’can optionally include a signal generator (e.g., signal generator 370) coupled to the control unit 360, an amplifier (e.g., amplifier 380) coupled to the signal generator, and/or a sensor (e.g., sensor 390). In some embodiments, the two vibratory devices 300, and 300’ can be coupled to a balance 382 that is configured to distribute signals generated by a signal generator and optionally amplified by an amplifier between the vibratory devices 300 and 300’. In some embodiments, the vibratory devices 300 and 300’ can be coupled to each other and configured to send and/or receive signals from each other. While two vibratory devices 300 and 300’ are depicted in FIG. 4B, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that any number of vibratory devices can be used.

[0064] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an example vibratory device 400, according to an embodiment. The vibratory device 400 includes a body (or a housing) 410 that can define one or more chambers. The body 410 houses a vibratory element 423, a suspension element 420, a driving circuit 440, and a delivery interface 430. The vibratory element 423 is configured to be suspended by the suspension element 420 and driven by the driving circuit 440 to move (e.g. oscillate or vibrate) to produce the vibratory signal. The vibratory element 423 can be suspended within the body (e.g. in a chamber) such that the vibratory element 423 can vibrate about an equilibrium position. The movement of the vibratory element 423 can be with respect to the suspension element 420 and/or the body 410 of the vibratory device 400 to produce vibratory signals that can be directed via the delivery interface 430 to treat one or more vestibular conditions as disclosed herein. The vibratory device 400 and/or the body 410 of the vibratory device 400 can be positioned on a head of a subject with the delivery interface 430 on or against a target area TA such that the vibratory signals produced by the movement of the vibratory element 423 can be applied to the target area TA, which can then be conducted via a bone structure BS to a vestibular system VS of the subject.

[0065] Optionally, in some embodiments, the vibratory device 400 can include an onboard power source 414 to provide power to components of the vibratory device 400, and a sensor 416 to sense one or more signals from a portion of the vibratory device 400, the vestibular system VS, or another portion of the body (e.g., a portion of the body against which the generated vibratory signals are applied such as, for example, the target area TA or skin adjacent to and/or associated with the target area TA). In some embodiments, a remotely situated power source (e.g., a power source contained in control unit 360) can be used to power the vibratory device 400. In some embodiments, a remote sensor (e.g., a sensor 390) can be used to sense signals from a portion of the vibratory device 400, the vestibular system VS, or another portion of the body (e.g., a portion of the body against which the generated vibratory signals are applied).

[0066] The sensor 416 can be configured to measure and/or record information associated with the vibratory device 400 and/or the subject (e.g., the vestibular system VS, the target area TA, etc.). For example, the sensor 416 can include one or more suitable transducers to measure and/or record information from the vibratory device 400, including a current, a voltage (e.g., a voltage change associated with the electrical signal across the vibratory element 423), a magnetic field (e.g., a directional magnetic field generated by the electrical signal and applied near the vibratory element 423), or an acceleration of the vibratory element 423 during movement, etc.

[0067] In some embodiments, the sensor 416 can be used to increase an efficiency of the vibratory device 400. For example, the sensor 416 can include an ammeter for monitoring the current of an electrical signal coming from the vibratory element 423 and/or another portion of the vibratory device 400. A frequency of the electrical signal being supplied to the vibratory device 400 can be adjusted until a low current is measured by the ammeter, with the rationale that, at a resonant frequency of the vibratory device, the impedance of the vibratory device 400 is higher than at other frequencies and therefore the current lower than at other frequencies (assuming a constant voltage). Accordingly, the ammeter can be used to tune (e.g., adjust) the frequency of the electrical signal to the resonant frequency, such that the vibratory device 400 operates efficiently. That is, the vibratory device 400, in some embodiments, can include a processor configured to receive the information from the sensor 416 (e.g., information from the ammeter) and adjust the frequency of the electrical signal based on the information. For example, the processor can be configured to adjust the frequency of the electrical signal over time such that the vibratory device continues to operate at a reduce current and at a lowest resonant frequency.

[0068] As another example, the sensor 416 may include a voltage sensor or a voltmeter with a constant current amplifier. Voltage changes in the electrical signal supplied to a portion of the vibratory device 400 including the vibratory element 423 can be measured using the voltmeter. A frequency of the electrical signal being supplied to the vibratory device 400 (e.g. from a suitable signal source) can be adjusted until a high voltage is measured by the voltmeter, with the rationale that, at a resonant frequency of the vibratory device, the impedance of the vibratory device 400 is higher than at other frequencies and therefore the voltage higher than at other frequencies. Accordingly, the monitored voltage may be used to tune (e.g., adjust) the frequency of the electrical signal such that a high voltage is measured to achieve high efficiency.

[0069] As another example, where the vibratory element 423 is driven by a modulated magnetic field, the sensor 416 can include a Hall effect sensor that monitors magnetic field fluctuations. The magnetic field fluctuations can be measured, while a frequency of the electrical signal being used to generate the magnetic field is varied, to tune the frequency of the electrical signal to be at a resonant frequency of the vibratory device 400 As another example, the sensor 416 can include a movement sensor (e.g., an accelerometer) that can measure an acceleration and/or a velocity of the vibratory element 423 to determine when a resonant frequency is achieved.

[0070] The sensor 416 can also be equipped to receive and/or measure information from the subject such as movement associated with vibratory signals that are transferred to the bone structure of the subject, a temperature of the subject, an orientation or body position of the subject, etc.

[0071] The vibratory device 400 can also include a support element 418 to support or position the vibratory device 400 on or against the target area TA of the subject to deliver the vibratory signals, as disclosed herein. The support element 418 can be a device or fastening feature that can maintain contact and positioning of the vibratory device 400 with respect to the subject. For example, the support element 418 can be a head band, eye glasses, or a pillow, and so forth as disclosed in detail further below. In some embodiments, the support element 418 can be an adhesive component, such as, for example, an adhesive pad, a tacky polymer, etc. that can maintain contact and positioning of the vibratory device 400.

[0072] The power source 414, the sensor 416, and/or the support element 418 can be housed within and/or attached to the body 410 of the device 400.

[0073] The target area TA of the subject to which vibratory signals are applied may be, for example, a surface of the head. Optionally, in some embodiments, the vibratory device 423 may be implanted in the subject’s head, and the target area TA can be a region that is proximate to and/or part of bone structure BS. The vibratory device can be configured to be engageable with the target area TA to effectively deliver therapeutic vibratory signals. In an example instance, the target area TA can be an area behind an external ear of a subject that overlays a mastoid process (or mastoid bone or mastoid process of the temporal bone) of a skull of the subject. In such instances, the mastoid bone may form part of the bone structure BS used to deliver vibratory signals to the vestibular system VS, via the bony structures of the inner ear housing the vestibular system VS. In some instances the zygomatic bone or the zygomatic process of the temporal bone can be a portion of the bone structure BS used to deliver vibratory signals to the vestibular system VS. In other instances, the target area TA can be a portion of a back of the head or the forehead, with the underlying regions of the skull acting as the bone structure BS that conducts the vibratory signals received from the vibratory device 400. Based on the target area TA selected and its distance from the vestibular system VS, varying force levels can be used to operate the vibratory device 400. For example, when the device is placed on a target area TA such as the forehead area of a subject or behind the head of a subject, regions that are further away from the vestibular system VS than the mastoid process, a higher force level may be used as compared to when the device is placed overlaying the mastoid process of the subject. As an example, when placed on the forehead or being the head of a subject, the vibratory device 400 can be configured to apply vibratory signals with a force level up to 14 dB greater than the force level of vibratory signals that may be therapeutically effective when delivered elsewhere (e.g., region overlying the mastoid bone). When the target area TA is an area overlaying the mastoid bone and the vibratory device is placed overlaying that area, a therapeutically effective force level can be between 90-100 dB re 1 dyne, and desirably, between 93-98 dB re 1 dyne, for treating a vestibular condition. [0074] The body 410 of the vibratory device 400 can be configured to house various components of the vibratory device 400. In some embodiments, the body 410 can house some of the components while providing an interface for the coupling of one or more components that are not housed within the body 410, such as the power source 414, the sensor 416, and/or the support element 418. In some embodiments, the body 410 of the vibratory device 400 can define one or more chambers or receptacles for housing one or more components of the vibratory device such as the vibratory element 423, the suspension element 420, the driving circuit 440, and/or the delivery interface 430. The body 410 can also be shaped and/or configured for desired positioning of the delivery interface 430 against the target area TA of the subject’s body (e.g., the body 410 can have a curved surface, or a surface that is malleable or flexible). In some embodiments, the body 410 and/or one or more of its chambers may be filled with air or in some instances a liquid such as a lubricant to aid in the generation and delivery of the vibratory signals. In some embodiments, the body 410 and/or one or more of its chambers may also include materials of having properties such as, for example, audible noise dampening agents such as sponges or sound absorbing materials, heat dissipation materials, etc.

[0075] The vibratory element 423 of the device 400 can be configured to oscillate or vibrate to generate the vibratory signal. In some embodiments, the vibratory element 423 can be housed within a chamber of the body 410. The vibratory element 423 can be suspended at an equilibrium position by the suspension element 420, and an electrical signal can be used to cause the vibratory element 423 to vibrate or oscillate about the equilibrium position to generate a vibratory signal. Properties of the vibratory element 423 and/or suspension element 420, such as the material, composition, structure etc., can be chosen to meet specific requirements of the generated vibratory signals (e.g., a low frequency signal).

[0076] For example, the vibratory element 423 can be a spring or an elastic material with a measure of stiffness (e.g., a spring constant) that enables generation of vibratory signals of a low frequency (e.g., a frequency of less than 200 Hz) with high efficiency. In an embodiment, the vibratory element 423 can be a mass that is suspended by a suspension element 420 that is a spring. The natural resonance of such a system can be determined based on Hooke’s Law, as

1 I k

represented by the equation / =— I— , where / is the resonant frequency, k is the spring constant, and m is the mass. The amplitude of movement of the mass is greater at the resonant frequency than at other frequencies, for a given power, since the mass and spring system at the resonant frequency can be associated with a purer tone (e.g., a sinusoidal waveform). Accordingly, operating the vibratory device 400 at its resonant frequency produces a stronger vibratory signal, and properties of the vibratory element 423 and/or suspension element 420 can be selected to achieve a particular resonant frequency.

[0077] Other factors that can affect and/or determine the generated vibratory signal can be, for example, the mechanism of the driving force (e.g., mechanical, magnetic), the ease of movement of the vibratory element (e.g., how frictionless is the movement), the location of the target area TA (e.g., the mastoid bone, the zygomatic bone, the skull near the forehead of a subject, etc.), reduced secondary or tertiary paths of energy dissipation (e.g., off-axis movement, heat, friction, etc.), direction of movement with respect to external forces (e.g., pressure during use, gravitational forces, etc.), requirements for ease of use by the subject under varied conditions (e.g., mobility of the subject, limitations on level of distractions, etc.), and so forth.

[0078] The vibratory element 423 can be configured such that it can be driven to generate vibratory movements along or about an axis of the vibratory device 400 (e.g., a longitudinal axis of the body 410), where the movements produce vibratory signals with suitable properties (e.g. frequency, amplitude, force level, etc.,) for treating vestibular conditions. The vibratory device 400, in some embodiments, can be an electromechanical transducer including, for example, a vibratory element 423 implemented as a magnet that can be driven to move along an axis using a suitable driving force such as a magnetic field. Further details regarding such embodiments are described below with reference to FIGS. 6-9C.

[0079] Another method to produce a low frequency vibratory signal is to modulate an ultrasonic signal. In some embodiments, the vibratory device 400 can be a piezoelectric transducer driven by an electrical signal to generate vibrations in the ultrasonic frequency range. The vibrations of the piezoelectric transducer at this higher frequency can produce acoustic radiation pressure. The driving electrical signal can be clocked on and off at a lower frequency, less than 200 Hz (e.g., 60 Hz), such that the pressure from the piezoelectric transducer applied on and off at the lower frequency generates a corresponding vibratory signal at the lower frequency. The use of a piezoelectric transducer can reduce a size and weight of the vibratory device 400, as piezoelectric transducers are typically smaller and lighter than other types of electro-mechanical transducers. [0080] Depending on where the vibratory device 400 is placed, the dimensional restrictions of the vibratory device 400, and/or the configuration or shape of the vibratory device 400, specific components of the vibratory device 400 can be selected to provide a therapeutically effective level of vibratory signal to treat a vestibular condition. While one vibratory element 423 is illustrated in FIG. 5, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that vibratory device 400 can include one or more additional vibratory elements, which can work together and/or independently to generate vibratory signals to treat a vestibular condition.

[0081] Similar to other vibratory devices or systems, the vibratory device 400 can be associated with a set of resonant frequencies. In some embodiments, the vibratory element 423 may be configured to move in response to a driving force such that the amount of power of the generated vibratory signals at a lowest resonant frequency associated with the vibratory device 400 is greater than the amount of power of the vibratory signals at the remaining resonant frequencies (e.g., higher resonant frequencies) associated with the vibratory device 400. For example, a vibratory device may be configured to have a lowest resonant frequency between 50 and 70 Hz, and the vibratory signals generated at the lowest resonant frequency in this range can be of greater amount of power than vibratory signals that may be generated at other resonant frequencies. In some embodiments, the vibratory element 423, the suspension element 420, and/or other elements of the vibratory device 400 can be selected such that the vibratory device 400 vibrates at a lowest fundamental frequency of less than 200 Hz.

[0082] In some embodiments, the vibratory element 423 can vibrate at a first resonant frequency along a first axis (e.g., an axis in a z-direction) and also vibrate at a second resonant frequency along secondary axes (e.g., an axis in a x-y plane). To reduce the vibrations along the secondary axes, the vibratory element 423, the suspension element 420, and/or other elements of the vibratory device 400 can be selected such that the first resonant frequency is not a harmonic of the second resonant frequency, and vice versa (e.g., the first resonant frequency is a few hertz offset from the second resonant frequency and/or a harmonic of the second resonant frequency), such that vibrations along the secondary axes can be reduced when the vibratory device 400 is stimulated at the first resonant frequency. Vibrations along the secondary axes can, for example, lead to internal collision between components of the vibratory device 400 and/or audible sound.

[0083] The vibratory device 400 can be positioned in different areas on a head of a subject. FIG. 16 depicts a human skull and indicates some example regions of the skull where the vibratory device 400 may be positioned, to apply therapeutic vibratory signals to treat vestibular conditions disclosed herein. For example, as indicated in FIG. 16, the vibratory device 400 can, in some instances, be placed over a mastoid bone 1502 of the subject’s skull. While a left mastoid bone 1502 is identified in FIG. 16, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the vibratory device 400 can be placed over a left or right mastoid bone of a subject. In other instances, the vibratory device 400 can be placed over a portion of the back of the head (e.g. over a left, right, or central portion of an occipital bone 1501) or over a portion of the forehead (e.g. a left, right or central portion of a frontal bone 1504) to deliver vibratory signals to treat vestibular and other conditions disclosed herein. Depending upon the region that the vibratory device 400 is placed (e.g., its proximity to the vestibular system, whether vibrations from the device need to traverse a suture line 1503), a force level of the vibratory signals may be adjusted such that a therapeutically effective level of vibration for treating a condition is delivered to the vestibular system.

[0084] When the vibratory device 400 is positioned overlaying a mastoid bone (e.g. mastoid bone 1502 shown in FIG. 16), the vibratory device 400 can apply a vibratory signal that is therapeutically effective at treating a condition of the vestibular system (i.e., a therapeutically effective vibratory signal) having a resonant frequency of less than 200 Hz and a force level between 90 and 100 dB re 1 dyne. If the vibratory device 400 is positioned overlaying a different area of the subject’s head that is further from the subject’s vestibular system than the mastoid bone, (e.g., a zygomatic bone 1505, or a frontal bone 1504 or an occipital bone 1501, shown in FIG.16), then the vibratory device 400 can generate a vibratory signal that has a greater force level such that the vibratory signal can affect a portion of the vestibular system in a manner equivalent to a therapeutically effective vibratory signal that is applied to an area overlaying the mastoid bone (e.g., 1502 shown in FIG. 16). For example, when the vibratory device 400 is positioned over a frontal bone of a subject (e.g., frontal bone 1504 in FIG. 16), the vibratory device 400 can generate a vibratory signal having a force level that is greater than the force level of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal that is applied to an area overlaying the mastoid bone (e.g., up to 14 dB re 1 dyne greater).

[0085] The suspension element 420 of the vibratory device 400 can include one or more components that are housed in the body 410, and that interact with the vibratory element 423. In some embodiments, the suspension element 420 and/or the vibratory element 423 can be configured with adaptations to accommodate each other. For example, the suspension element 420 can include components that can extend through openings defined in the vibratory element 423.

[0086] In some embodiments, the suspension element 420 can be housed within a chamber of the body 410, and in some instances, can be disposed in a fluid such as a lubricant. The suspension element 420 can be configured to apply a force on the vibratory element 423 to suspend, hold or support the vibratory element 423 in a position of equilibrium until driven to move by the application of a driving signal. For example, the suspension element 420 can be a spring coupled to a vibratory element 423 (e.g. a magnet). Alternatively or additionally, the suspension element 420 can include a pair of magnets in an arrangement with the vibratory element 423 (e.g., another magnet) to each apply a force on the vibratory element 423 in an opposing direction (e.g., opposing or repulsive magnetic forces) to collectively hold the vibratory element 423 in an equilibrium position by virtue of forces acting between them (e.g. the opposing or repulsive magnetic forces). In such embodiments, a driving force (e.g. an applied magnetic field of a specific magnitude and acting along specific directions) can induce the vibratory element 423 (e.g. the magnet in equilibrium position) to move between the pair of magnets. In other embodiments, the suspension element 420 can be an elastic material or fluid. While one suspension element 420 is depicted in FIG. 5, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that a plurality of suspension elements 420 can be used to support and/or suspend the vibratory element 423. The plurality of suspension elements 420 can include one or more different types of suspension elements (e.g., a magnet, a spring, an elastic material, etc.).

[0087] The driving circuit 440 of the vibratory device 400 can include one or more suitable components that can generate an electrical signal. The electrical signal can cause a force to be generated to induce movement of the vibratory element 423 along an axis to produce therapeutic vibratory signals. The driving circuit 440, in some embodiments, can receive the electrical signal from a control unit (such as the control unit 360 in FIGS. 4A and 4B). In some other embodiments, the driving circuit 440 can itself include an onboard unit that can generate the electrical signal.

[0088] The electrical signal generated or received by the driving circuit 440 and used to induce movement of the vibratory element 423 can be of suitable properties to produce a vibratory signal having specific frequency and force levels. For example, the electrical signal can be selected such that it causes the vibratory element 423 to produce vibratory signals that have a particular range of frequencies (e.g., less than 200 Hz) to treat one or more specific vestibular conditions. In some embodiments, a control unit (e.g., control unit 360) can be capable of changing a frequency of the electrical signal until the electrical signal causes the vibratory device 400 to vibrate at a resonant frequency, such as described above with sensor 416.

[0089] In some embodiments, the driving circuit 440 can include an onboard signal generator to generate the electrical signal, an amplifier to amplify the signal, and one or more elements for converting the electrical signal into the appropriate modality that causes the vibratory element 423 to move. For example, the driving circuit 440 can include one or more coils that can generate a magnetic field that moves the vibratory element 423.

[0090] The delivery interface 430 of the vibratory device 400 can be configured to transfer the vibratory signals generated by the vibratory element 423 to the target area TA of the subject, such that the vibratory signals can be conducted via the bone structure BS beneath to the vestibular system VS. The delivery interface 430 can be configured for and/or adaptable to the structure and/or shape of the target area TA of the user such that the delivery interface can engage with and/or maintain contact during the period of use for transfer of the therapeutic vibratory signals. In some embodiments, the delivery interface 430 can be configured with considerations of comfort and ease of use for the user, for example, during use of the vibratory device 400 to mitigate a vestibular conditions. The delivery interface 430 may further be configured to reduce secondary effects that may be undesirable such as the generation and accumulation of heat, generation of audible noise, lack of air circulation, application of pressure against the target area TA, etc. For example, the delivery interface 430 can include a layer of memory foam material that may aid in adapting to the contours of the target area (e.g., a region behind the ear overlying the mastoid process). The memory foam material may also aid in heat dissipation, dampening of audible noise, encourage air circulation, minimize discomfort from pressure applied by a support element such as a head band, etc.

[0091] FIG. 6 is an illustration of an example vibratory device 500 according to one embodiment. The vibratory device 500 includes a body (or housing) 510 that includes a tubing 526 and end caps 525a, 525b. In some embodiments, the body 510 of the vibratory device 500 can define a chamber. The body 510 houses a vibratory element implemented as a magnet 523 and suspension elements implemented as magnets 520a, 520b. As shown in the cut-away view in FIG.6, the suspension elements include magnets 520a, 520b, and the vibratory element 523 includes a magnet 523. The magnets 520, 520b act as suspension elements by exerting opposing forces on the magnet 523 to suspend the magnet 523 at an equilibrium position, as shown in FIG. 6. For example the magnet 520a can be configured to apply a force on the first magnet 523 in a first direction and the magnet 520b can be configured to apply a force (e.g. a force equivalent in magnitude to that exerted by the second magnet 520a on magnet 523) on the first magnet 523 in a second direction (e.g. a second directions 180° removed from the first direction). As such the first magnet 523 can be disposed between the second magnet 520a and the third magnet 520b in the body 510 (e.g. a chamber) such that the second magnet 520a and the third magnet 520b collectively suspend the first magnet 523 at a position (e.g. an equilibrium position) within the body 510.

[0092] The magnet 523 acts as the vibratory element configured to move (e.g., oscillate or vibrate) to produce the vibratory signal. The vibratory element 523 can be collectively suspended by the suspension elements 520 a, 525b within the body 510 (e.g., in a chamber) such that the vibratory element 523 can vibrate about an equilibrium position.

[0093] In some embodiments, the vibratory device 500 can include an elongate member having a longitudinal axis. The elongate member can be configured to extend through an opening in the vibratory element 523 such that the vibratory element 523 can be configured to vibrate along the longitudinal axis of the elongate member. The elongate member can further be configured to reduce oscillations or vibrations of the vibratory element 523 along any axis other than the longitudinal axis. As shown in FIG.6, the vibratory device 500 further includes an elongate member in the form of a pin 521 that can be secured to the end caps 525a, 525b. The pin 521 passes through openings 522a, 522b defined in the end caps 525a, 525b of the vibratory device 500, openings defined in the magnets 520a, 520b, and an opening defined in the magnet 523. The pin 521 provides an axis for movement of the magnet 523 (e.g., along a longitudinal axis of the pin 521). The vibratory device 500 further includes a driving circuit that includes a coil 524 configured to generate a magnetic field capable of driving the vibratory device using an electrical signal. The vibratory device 500 includes a bushing 522c configured to fit in the opening defined in the magnet 523, and configured to interface between the pin 521 and the magnet 523 allowing smooth movement of the magnet 523 over the pin 521.

[0094] In operation, the vibratory device 500 is driven using an electrical signal that comprises a sine wave or another type of signal waveform at a low frequency (e.g., less than 200 Hz). The coil 524 is operable to generate a magnetic field with an induced electrical current. The magnetic field in turn applies a magnetic force on magnet 523. The magnetic force, when applied to the magnet 523, causes the magnet 523 to move along the axis indicated by the arrow“A” in FIG. 6. The magnet 523 is configured to move in either of the directions indicated depending on the direction of the magnetic field vector.

[0095] Magnets 520a and 520b, forming the suspension element, each create a constant magnetic field, each of which is applied to magnet 523 (i.e., a north side of magnet 520a will face a north side of magnet 523 and a south side of magnet 520b will face a south side of magnet 523). Accordingly, the magnets 520a, 520b apply opposing forces on the magnet 523. The opposing forces created by magnets 520a, 520b are operable to suspend the magnet 523 at the equilibrium position such that the magnet 523 oscillates about the equilibrium position and generates the one or more vibratory signal signals. The electrical signal will cause the magnet 523 to oscillate or move along the axis A, which can be the same as or may substantially correspond with a longitudinal axis of the pin 521.

[0096] In some embodiments, to ensure that the magnets 520a, 520b and 523 do not oscillate or move in a direction other than along the axis A, which may affect the efficiency of the system and increase undesirable friction that causes secondary vibratory signals (e.g., a humming sound), the vibratory device 500 can be configured such that the motion of magnet 523 is restricted by the pin 521. In some embodiments, each of the magnets 520a, 520b, can be secured to the end caps 525a, 525b of the vibratory device 500 with a glue, epoxy, or another form of adhesive. The magnet 523 can be fitted around the pin 526 with the bushing 522c interface allowing the magnet 523 to smoothly move over the pin 521 while restricting any motion that is not along the axis A. Glue, epoxy, or any other form of adhesive may also be used to secure the pin 521 to the end caps 525a, 525b through openings or holes 522a, 522b.

[0097] In some embodiments, the tubing 526 may contain and/or include on its inner surface a lubricant (e.g., ferrofluid) or a low friction material (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene), configured to reduce the potential friction between the magnet 523 and the inner surface of the tubing 526. Reduced friction can be configured to ensure a quieter operation of the vibratory device 500 (e.g., with less noise generated by the potential friction from contact). Such lubricants may also be used to reduce the friction between the bushing 522c and the pin 521.

[0098] In some embodiments, the outer surface of the tubing 526 and/or endcaps 525a, 525b can be covered with a sound absorbing material. Further, in some embodiments, one or more of the endcaps 525a, 525b can be covered with a friction reducing material (e.g., a smooth material) or an impact absorbing or padded material, such as, for example, cork, so that when that endcap comes into contact with a person’s skin or body the contact is less abrasive than if the endcaps 525a, 525b where not covered by such material. Further, in some embodiments, one or more of the endcaps 525a, 525b may be attached to a structure that increases a surface area of that endcap, so that when that endcap comes into contact with a person’s skin or body, the contact is spread over a larger area reducing the pressure exerted by that endcap on the skin or body.

[0099] It should be understood that the magnets 520a, 520b are one example of elastic objects that can be used to form the suspension element in the vibratory device 500. In other embodiments, the magnets 520a, 520b may be replaced by other elastic objects (e.g., springs, an elastic polymer).

[0100] FIG. 7A illustrates an embodiment of the vibratory device 600 that includes springs as suspension elements. The vibratory device 600 can be similar to the vibratory device 500 depicted in FIG. 6 described above. For example, the vibratory device 600 can include a housing 610 including a tubing 626 (e.g. a Nylon tubing) and end caps 625a, 625b. The vibratory device 600 can further include a magnet 623 forming the vibratory element, and a driving circuit including a coil 624 to drive movement of the magnet 623 to produce the vibratory signals used to treat vestibular conditions disclosed herein.

[0101] As shown in the cross-sectional schematic in FIG. 7A, the vibratory device 600 can include suspension elements implemented as springs 620a, 620b, instead of the magnets 520a, 520b in the vibratory device 500 shown in FIG. 6. The magnet 623 can be collectively suspended by the springs 620a, 620b, within the housing 610 (e.g. in a chamber) such that the magnet 623 can vibrate about an equilibrium position when energized by an electrical signal.

[0102] As described above with reference to the vibratory device 500, in some embodiments, the vibratory device 600 can include an elongate member having a longitudinal axis. The elongate member can be configured to extend through an opening in the vibratory element magnet 623 such that the magnet 623 can be configured to vibrate along the longitudinal axis of the elongate member. The elongate member can further be configured to reduce oscillations or vibrations of the magnet 623 along any axis other than the longitudinal axis. [0103] The springs 620a, 620b, may be supported by the elongate member, cavities in end caps 625a, 625b and/or other suitable structure(s) extending from the end caps (not shown in FIG. 7 A) such as, for example, a rigid and/or flexible structure (e.g., a pin, foam, rubber, or any another material). The springs 620a, 620b, can be configured to expand and compress along an axis (e.g. a longitudinal axis) and the magnet 623 mounted to the springs 620a, 620b, configured to oscillate or vibrate along the same axis to produce therapeutic vibratory signals. The springs, used as the elastic objects forming the suspension element, can be secured to other parts of the vibratory device 600 (e.g., to the magnet 623, tubing 626, and/or end caps 625a, 625b) using a glue, epoxy, or any form of adhesive. The springs 620a, 620b, can be configured to reduce oscillations of the magnet along any axis other than the axis (e.g. longitudinal axis) of the springs.

[0104] The springs 620a, 620b can be of any suitable material (e.g., stainless steel), and be chosen to have certain stiffness, for spring constant k, such that they allow movement of the magnet 623 along an axis indicated by the labeled arrow“B,” when driven by an electrical signal. The springs 620a, 620b can be configured such that they are attached to the magnet 623 and a portion of the housing 610. For example, each spring (620a and 620b) can have a first end that may be attached to a portion of the housing 610 and a second end attached to the magnet 623. As such, the springs can be configured to apply a force on the magnet to suspend the magnet at the position within the chamber. For example, the springs 620a and 620b can each exert an equivalent force in an opposite direction such that with movement of the magnet 623, as one spring (e.g. 620a) expands the other spring (e.g. 620b) may contract and vice versa, such that the magnet 623 may oscillate or vibrate along an axis (e.g. the longitudinal axis of the springs) the movement of the magnet 623 may be configured to be about the position of suspension (e.g. an equilibrium position). The vibratory device 600 can include one or more glue pockets 632, 634 as points of coupling between the springs 620a, 620b and the magnet 623, respectively.

[0105] In some embodiments, the springs 620a, 620b are operable to prevent contact between the magnet 623 and the inner surface of the tubing 626. As described above with reference to the vibratory device 500, the tubing 626 of the vibratory device 600 can contain and/or include on the inner surface a lubricant (e.g., ferrofluid) or a low friction material (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene), to reduce potential friction from any contact between the magnet 623 and the inner surface of the tubing 626 during movement of the magnet 623. In some embodiments, a rod or pin (not shown in FIG. 7A) and a bushing (not shown in FIG. 7A) may be included to further limit a movement of the magnet 623 in directions other than along axis B.

[0106] FIG. 7B illustrates a cross sectional view of the vibratory device 600 from FIG. 7A, attached to a delivery interface 630 for delivering the therapeutic vibratory signals. As described before the magnet 623 acts as the vibratory element suspended by the springs 620a, 620b. The delivery interface 630 can be a memory foam pad configured to transfer vibratory signals from the vibratory device 600 to the body of the subject. While magnets and springs have been provided as examples of suspension elements, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other types of elastic objects may be used in lieu of and/or in addition to magnets and/or springs.

[0107] The vibratory devices disclosed herein (e.g., vibratory devices 400, 500, 600, 700) can have high Q factors (e.g., be capable or oscillating with greater amplitudes at a narrow range of frequencies). In some embodiments, a vibratory device can be operable at a lowest, fundamental frequency, such as a frequency between 50-70 Hz, with a low amount of power being directed to upper and more audible resonant frequencies.

[0108] FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a vibratory device 700 according to an embodiment. The vibratory device 700 can be similar to the vibratory devices 500, 600. For example, the vibratory device 700 can include a housing 710, a vibratory element implemented as a magnet 723, a suspension element implemented as a spring 720, and a driving circuit including a coil 724 to drive movement of the magnet 723 to produce the vibratory signals used to treat vestibular conditions disclosed here. The magnet 723 can be suspended by the spring 720, within the housing 710 (e.g. in a chamber) such that the magnet 723 can vibrate about an equilibrium position when energized by an electrical signal delivered by the driving circuit.

[0109] In some embodiments, to reduce the spring constant of the spring 720, thereby affecting the resonant frequency of the vibratory device 700, a length of the spring 720 can be increased, which can allow for the generation of lower frequencies. In order to change the length of the spring without altering the size of the vibratory device 700, the spring 720 can be configured to pass through an opening 723a defined by the magnet 723. As shown in FIG. 8, the spring 720 can be attached to a mounting plate 728 and adhered to the far side of the magnet 723 rather than be attached to the near side of the magnet 723. In this way, a length of the vibratory device 700 can remain the same while a length of the spring 720 can increase by a length equal to or substantially equal to the thickness of the magnet 723. In some embodiments, as an alternative to having a mounting plate 728, the magnet 723 can have an opening that extends through a portion of its length (e.g., approximately 95% of its length), and the spring 720 can extend through the opening and attach to the far end of the magnet 723, similar to how the spring 720 would attach to a mounting plate 728.

[0110] Similar to the vibratory device 600 as depicted in FIG. 7B, the vibratory device 700 illustrated in FIG.8 can also be attached to a delivery interface (e.g., a delivery interface 730) to deliver vibratory signals to a subject’s vestibular system. The delivery interface 730 can include a padded material, such as a memory foam pad, to conform to a surface of a target area and act as an interface between the vibratory device 700 and the target area, to effectively deliver the vibratory signals.

[0111] As shown in FIG. 8, some embodiments of the vibratory device can include an integrated circuit 706 that includes circuitry for generating a signal for activating the vibratory device 700. The integrated circuit 706 can include one or more leads or connection points 708 (e.g. wire leads) to connect to other components (e.g. a control unit 360 such as a microcontroller). The integrated circuit 706 can also include and/or be coupled to a sensor 790.

[0112] The vibratory device 700 can have a high Q factor. In operation, a frequency of a signal being used to activate the vibratory device 700 may be selected such that the vibratory device 700 operates at a resonant frequency to increase an amplitude of the oscillations for a given power input. In an embodiment, the sensor 790 can include a Hall effect sensor that is configured to monitor magnetic field fluctuations. When the frequency of the electrical signal supplied to the vibratory device 700 from a signal source that can vary force level and/or frequency (e.g., signal generator 370 and/or amplifier 380) matches a resonant frequency of the vibratory device 700, the magnet 723 can move further (e.g., oscillate or vibrate with greater amplitude) than at other frequencies. Accordingly, magnetic field fluctuations caused by the oscillations of the magnet 723 can increase when the frequency of the electrical signal matches a resonant frequency of the vibrating device 700. This relative fluctuation can be monitored using a Hall effect sensor.

[0113] In more detail, a microcontroller or microprocessor (e.g., a control unit 360) may be operable to receive signals from the Hall effect sensor and adjust a frequency of the electrical signal used to power the vibratory device 700 based on the sensor readings. For example, the microcontroller may be operable to scan through a set range of frequencies (e.g., 50-65 Hz) and select a frequency of the electrical signal that generates the highest level of magnetic field fluctuations. This process may be referred to as“tuning.” Thereafter, the combination of the sensor 790 and microcontroller may continue to tune the frequency of the electrical signal supplied to the vibratory device 700 to maintain that efficiency each time the device is turned on. In addition, after a frequency of the electrical signal has been selected, the frequency may be modified around the selected frequency to determine whether the frequency of the electrical signal associated with peak efficiency changes over time due to temperature, wear, or other variables that may cause the properties of components of the vibratory device 700 (e.g., the spring 720) to change with time.

[0114] In some embodiments, the sensor 790 can include an ammeter, a voltmeter, an accelerometer, or some other type of sensor, similar to the sensor 390, for measuring information (e.g., current, voltage, acceleration, etc.) to be able to select the resonant frequency that provides greatest efficiency.

[0115] Integrated circuit 706 can function as an endcap, which further reduces the size of vibratory device 700. The delivery interface 730 may be, for example, a foam pad operable to function as structure that conforms to the surface of a user’s skin and is capable of transferring vibratory signals from the vibratory device 700 to the body, such that it can be conducted via bone to the vestibular system. The delivery interface 730 may be configured such that a good coupling allows an efficient transfer of vibratory signals to the head.

[0116] In some embodiments, to avoid audible tones (i.e., noise, humming), the vibratory device 700 may be configured to reduce friction and/or contact between internal structures. For example, the magnet 723, coil 724, housing 710, etc. may be positioned with sufficient tolerances between one another to allow natural rocking and swaying of components while reducing contact between the various components.

[0117] Similar to the magnet 623 of the vibratory device 600, the magnet 723 may also wobble in directions not along the axis C, which may cause the magnet 723 to contact an inner surface of the vibratory device 700. This contact can make an audible sound and/or reduce an efficiency of the vibratory device 700. In some such embodiments, noise may be minimized by choosing a spring 720 and magnet 723 whose properties cause the axial resonant frequency to not be the same as the wobbling resonant frequency or any of its harmonics. Then, in operating the vibratory device 700 at a frequency that corresponds to the axial resonant frequency and not the wobbling resonant frequency can reduce wobbling and unintentional contact between the magnet 723 and other components of the vibratory device 700.

[0118] To adjust the output force level of the mechanical vibratory signals output by the vibratory device 700, the voltage of the electrical signal input into the vibratory device 700 may be increased. Alternatively or additionally, to adjust the output force level of vibratory signals, the frequency of the electrical signal may be adjusted to the resonant frequency.

[0119] FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of a spring 820 that can act as a suspension element in a vibratory device (e.g., the spring 720 in the device 700 described above). The orientation of the spring may reduce the amount of wobbling, rocking, or undesirable movement of the magnet (e.g., the magnet 723) in secondary directions. As shown in FIGS. 9B and 9C, which present views of the two ends of the spring 820, the spring 820 may be orientated such that a first end 820a of the spring 820 begins at a 0° position and a second end 820b of the spring 820 ends at a 180° position. In other embodiments, the spring 820 can being and end at other degree intervals, e.g., 90°, 270°, etc. depending on an effect of gravity on the vibratory device (e.g., a orientation of the spring 820 relative to a direction of gravity). In some embodiments, the orientation of spring 820 can be selected based on the placement of a sensor, such as, for example, an accelerometer or a Hall effect sensor.

[0120] FIGS. 10-15 are illustrations of different embodiments of vibratory devices that can be included and/or integrated into various support elements. While one or two vibratory devices may be depicted in these figures, one of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that any number of vibratory devices can be included in the various embodiments. In the case of multiple vibratory devices, a force level of the vibratory signals from each device can be reduced since a combined effect of the vibratory signals can be at a therapeutically effective level for treating a vestibular condition.

[0121] FIG. 10 illustrates a vibratory device 900 with a body 910 integrated into a headband 918 worn on the head HD of a subject. The vibratory device 900 includes a control unit 906, similar to control unit 360, described above. The headband 918 can be made of an elastic, Velcro, metal or plastic, or another material that permits the headband 918 to hold the vibratory device 900 on the head HD of the subject to effectively deliver vibratory signals that can be conducted via bone to the vestibular system. The vibratory device 900 can include an onboard power source (e.g., a battery) to power the control unit 906 and/or other components of the vibratory device 900, or it may be attached via a wire to a power source (e.g., a battery pack) separate from the headband 918. The control unit 906 may include the necessary electrical driving circuitry to generate the vibratory signals to treat vestibular or other conditions disclosed herein. Alternatively, such circuitry and power source may be operatively connected to the vibratory device 900. In some embodiments, the head band 918 may incorporate additional devices such as a headlamp or other suitable head gear to accommodate various needs of a subject.

[0122] FIG. 11 illustrates the use of vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb integrated into a support element in the form of headphones 1002, according to an embodiment. The headphones 1002 can include audio speakers 1003 a, l003b and an elongated portion 1018 (e.g., band) that connects the audio speakers 1003 a, l003b. In some embodiments, the headphones 1002 may be a passive noise reduction device such as earmuffs, and not include components like audio speakers. Vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb can be similar to any other vibratory device (e.g., vibratory devices 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800) described herein. The headphones 1002 may include noise cancellation circuitry that can be used to reduce a level of audible sound caused by vibrations produced by the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb but not cancel other vibration that is conducted to the vestibular system (e.g., via bone as a result of vibratory signals produced by the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb). For example, the system 1002 may include noise cancellation circuitry that generates a signal (or signals) that are out of phase with the audible signals produced by the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb (e.g., at a 180 degrees phase difference). Such an out of phase signal acts to reduce the signal level of such audible signals detected by a subject’s vestibular system so that a subject may not hear the audible sounds.

[0123] When used in conjunction with headphones 1002, the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb may be placed adjacent to the audio speakers 1003 a, l003b, such that when the audio speakers 1003 a, l003b are positioned over the ears, the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb are position overlaying the mastoid bones. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, one or more of the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb may be incorporated into ear cups of headphones 1002 that may be co-located with the speakers 1003 a, l003b so that an ornamental shape or profile of the headphones 1002 is not affected. [0124] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, one or more of the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb (or additional vibratory devices not depicted) may be placed along the headband 1018, or extend from a portion of the headphones 1002. Alternatively or additionally, in some other embodiments, one or more of the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb (or additional vibratory devices not depicted) may be incorporated into an attachment which attaches and detaches to the headphones 1002 so that the user may choose to have the headphones without the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb or have the headphones with the vibratory devices lOOOa, lOOOb.

[0125] FIG. 12 illustrates yet another embodiment of vibratory devices 1 lOOa, 1 lOOb that may be integrated into, or connected to, a pillow 1110 (e.g., a travel pillow, a cushion, etc.). The location of the vibratory devices 1 lOOa, 1 lOOb on the pillow 1110 may be configured such that when a subject rests his or her head on the pillow 1110, the vibratory devices 1 lOOa, 1 lOOb overlay, for example, the mastoid bones of the subject. In other embodiments, the vibratory devices 1100a, 1100b can be positioned such that they would overlay other areas of the subject’s head.

[0126] FIG. 13 illustrates yet another embodiment of a vibratory device 1200 that may be integrated into or connected to a seat 1210 (e.g., a car seat, office chair, etc.). The seat 1210 and the vibratory device 1200 can be configured so that, for example, when a subject’s head rests against the seat head rest 1212, the vibratory device 1200 overlays a portion of the head of the subject and is capable of transferring vibratory signals to the head. In some embodiments, the vibratory device can be removably attached to the seat 1210 using a support element 1218 such that it can be removed when not in use.

[0127] FIG. 14 illustrates another embodiment of vibratory devices 1300a, 1300b that may be integrated into, or connected to, a pair of eyeglasses 1310. While eyeglasses are depicted in FIG. 14, one or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other types of eyewear (e.g., goggles, sunglasses, safety glasses) may also be suitable for having one or more vibratory devices. The vibratory devices l300a, l300b can be positioned on the eyeglasses 1310 on the ear portions 1311 a, 131 lb that may be in proximal contact with a subject’s head during use of the eyeglasses 1310. The vibratory devices l300a, l300b can be positioned such that, when a subject wears the eyeglasses 1310, the vibratory devices l300a, l300b overlay a portion of the head such that vibratory signals can be transferred to the head and onto the vestibular system. [0128] FIG. 15 illustrates another embodiment of vibratory device 1420 mounted or integrated into a virtual reality device 1410 (e.g., a device that can be used to experience virtual reality or augmented reality environments). The vibratory device 1400 can be positioned on the virtual reality device 1410 on a band 1441 of the virtual reality device 1410 that may be used to fasten or support the virtual reality device 1410 on the subject’s head, and may be in proximal contact with the head during use of the virtual reality device 1410. One or more vibratory devices may be mounted in any position along the band 1441 of the virtual reality device 1410. The vibratory device 1400 may be positioned on the virtual reality device 1410 such that when the subject wears the virtual reality device 1410, the vibratory device 1400 overlays a portion of the head of the subject such that vibratory signals can be transferred (e.g., via a delivery interface) to the head and onto the vestibular system.

[0129] FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate example waveforms of electrical signals for powering a vibratory device. FIG. 17A shows a sinusoidal waveform 1600, with a wavelength 1604 and an amplitude 1602, that can, for example, be used to modulate a magnetic field vector to move a vibratory element of a vibratory device. FIG. 17B illustrates a square waveform 1610 that can, for example, be used to modulate a piezoelectric vibratory element in a vibratory device to generate vibratory signals, as described above. The piezoelectric device can vibrate at a high frequency to generate pressure when activated by the square wave, and the square wave can cycle at a lower frequency (e.g., less than 200 Hz) such that the pressure cycles on and off at the lower frequency of modulation (e.g. 60Hz), and functions similarly to a low frequency vibratory signal.

[0130] FIG. 18 is a graph 1700 that depicts ramping up and ramping down of an electrical signal for powering a vibratory device to generate a vibratory signal. The graph 1700 shows how an amplitude of the electrical signal changes over time. As shown in FIG. 18, the amplitude can be ramped up during an onset phase 1702, where the amplitude is increased at a predefined rate. Upon reaching a predefined level, the amplitude is kept constant during a steady state phase 1706, which may last for any suitable amount of time for treating a vestibular condition (as represented by the dashed line). The amplitude can then be ramped down at a predefined rate until the signal is turned off. The onset phase 1702 and the offset phase 1704 of the waveform can have different ramp profiles, as shown in FIG.18. For example, the increase of applied voltage amplitude in the onset phase 1702 can be a ramped increase with a certain rate of increase in amplitude per unit time. And the offset phase 1704 can be a downward ramp or a ramped decrease in amplitude, with a certain rate of reduction of amplitude per unit time that is different from that of the rate of increase. In some embodiments, the rate of increase in amplitude in the onset phase 1702 can be higher than the rate of decrease of amplitude in the offset phase 1704, as indicated by the different slopes. In some instances, the ramped increase in the onset phase 1702 and/or the ramped decrease in the offset phase 1704 can also be accomplished with a changing rate (e.g., a rate that increases and/or decreases over time).

[0131] In some instances, the rate of increase and/or the rate of decrease can be specified based the vestibular condition being treated, a subject’s personal preferences, environmental factors, etc. In some embodiments, the rate of increase and/or the rate of decrease in amplitude can be adjusted by a user. In some embodiments, the rate or increase and/or the rate of decrease in amplitude can be automatically adjusted (e.g., by a control unit 360) based on sensor readings. For example, a sensor integrated into a vibratory device can be configured to measure bodily or physiological conditions and/or reactions (e.g., changes in perspiration, temperature, heart rate, etc.) as the vibratory device is powering on and/or powering off. By monitoring bodily conditions and/or reactions, a ramp up and/or ramp down rate can be adjusted to accommodate different reactions (e.g., by a more sensitive or first-time user vs. a more regular user of the device). Moreover, for subjects that suffer from a chronic condition (e.g., vertigo), the ramp up and/or ramp down can be selected to reduce jarring effects of transitioning between the device turning on and/or off, such as, for example, a sudden return of the vestibular condition and greater on-set of symptoms associated with the vestibular condition.

[0132] FIG. 19 illustrates a method 1800 for using a vibratory device (e.g., vibratory device 300, 400, 500, 600, 700) to treat symptoms associated with vestibular conditions disclosed herein. At 1802, the vibratory device is positioned on the head of the subject or user. The positioning is over a suitable area (e.g. over a suitable bone structure) such that vibratory signals can be effectively transferred to the vestibular system of the subject.

[0133] At 1804, an electrical signal is supplied to the vibratory device to energize the device and cause movement of the vibratory element in the vibratory device. At 1805, the vibratory signals are applied to the subject’s head to treat the vestibular condition. At 1806, information associated with the energized vibratory device is monitored, including, for example, current, voltage, magnetic field fluctuations, etc. At 1808, physiological conditions and/or comfort level of the subject is monitored. For example, the physiological signs like heart rate, perspiration, temperature, breathing, oxygen saturation, etc, of the subject can be monitored. In some instances, any feedback from the subject such as feedback reporting a level of comfort or discomfort perceived by the user, can be monitored using appropriate sensors and actuators integrated with the vibratory device. Such monitoring at 1806 and 1808 can be accomplished using one or more sensor(s) (e.g., sensor 390, sensor 416), and/or a control unit (e.g., control unit 360).

[0134] At 1810, the vibratory device and/or a control unit coupled to the vibratory device determines whether the electrical signal should be adjusted or changed. If the electrical signal does not need to be adjusted (1810: NO), then the vibratory device can continue treating the vestibular condition, at 1805, with continued monitoring of information associated with the vibratory device, at 1806, and continued monitoring of information associated with the subject, at 1808, as described above.

[0135] When the electrical signal does need to be adjusted (1810: YES), at 1812, a frequency or a force level of the electrical signal is changed and the new electrical signal is applied to the vibratory device, at 1804, following the flow chart as described above. The information collected from monitoring the vibratory device and from monitoring the subject can be used to determine whether the force level and/or the frequency need to be changed and by how much and in what form. For example, if measured voltage, current, and/or magnetic field fluctuations indicate that the current frequency is not the resonant frequency, then the frequency may be adjusted to improve an efficiency of the vibratory device. As another example, if a signal is received from a user indicating that the vestibular condition is no longer present (e.g., motion sickness is no longer present), then the vibratory device may adjust the frequency to turn off the device (e.g., via a ramp down). As another example, in response to an indication of discomfort by the subject, the force level may be decreased.

[0136] Experimental studies were conducted to test an experimental vibratory device, similar to example vibratory devices disclosed herein, for treating symptoms associated with vestibular conditions. The experimental vibratory device included a vibratory element implemented as a magnet suspended between two other magnets, similar to the vibratory device 500 depicted in FIG. 6. The vibratory device included an outer coil with an impedance of four ohm, which was energized by a microcontroller, a custom-designed Arduino board. The microcontroller could energize the outer coil to generate a magnetic field, which was used to vibrate the suspended magnet. The three-magnet/voice coil assembly was placed inside a body or housing, and was connected to and powered by a rechargeable battery. The vibratory device could be coupled to a human head, and was capable of generating vibrations that could be conducted via bone to a vestibular system.

[0137] In the studies, subjects wore the experimental vibratory device placed behind an ear against an area overlaying the mastoid bone, such that vibratory signals generated by the device could be conducted via bone to the subjects’ vestibular systems. Subjects were subjected to various condition to induce motion sickness, nausea, and/or other vestibular conditions, and the effects of the vibratory devices were evaluated based on information reported by subjects.

[0138] For the experiments, the force level of the vibrations produced by the vibratory device was measured with a calibrated Briiel & Kjser (B&K) artificial mastoid (No. 4930) coupled with a B&K sound level meter (No. 2234). The vibratory device was inserted in a holder in the B&K, artificial mastoid designed for holding a bone conduction hearing aid. A force of between 3.5 to 8 Newtons was applied on top of the vibrating device, which sat against the B&K artificial mastoid. Bone conduction levels were quantified with the B&K sound level meter and are expressed as dB re 1 dyne (i.e., a force level).

[0139] Further information regarding each of the studies are provided below.

[0140] FIG. 20A depicts a flowchart 1900 of a procedure for a first experimental study. Study participants in this first experimental study did not suffer from a history of vestibular maladies, including dizziness. During the duration of the study, participants were seated in an office chair and asked to wear the Oculus Rift DK2 virtual reality system and a vibratory device, according to the example design described above. The vibratory device was held in place with a head strap.

[0141] The study was conducted according to the test procedure outlined in FIG. 20A. Each participant went through the test procedure multiple times, first with the vibratory device turned off and then with the vibratory device turned on. During the tests with the vibratory device turned on, the frequency and/or the force level of the vibratory device was varied to test whether particular frequencies and/or force levels would be more effective at treating vestibular conditions associated with using a virtual reality device. During the tests, the order of the frequencies and/or force levels was randomized between participants. Participants were also given the opportunity to pause the study at any time to recover from dizziness or other vestibular conditions caused by the use of the virtual reality device.

[0142] At 1902, the participant is presented with the visual stimulus 1950 depicted in FIG. 20B via the display of the virtual reality device. The visual stimulus 1950 includes a disc- shaped region 1956 with a plurality of spheres 1954. Participants were instructed to focus their attention on a central sphere 1952 that was of a different hue than the rest of the spheres 1954 in the disc-shaped region 1956. The disc-shaped region 1956 was designed to represent a three- dimensional space that may be viewed using a virtual reality device, such as the Oculus Rift.

[0143] At 1904, the participant initiates a rotation of the spheres 1954 in the disc-shaped region 1956 about a central point (i.e., the central sphere 1952) by pressing a spacebar on a keyboard. Upon pressing the spacebar, the spheres 1954 would begin to spin, gradually accelerating at a rate of 4 degrees/second/second, at 1906. Participants were instructed to press the spacebar again when they felt discomfort or dizziness, at which point the angular velocity of the spinning spheres 1954 would be recorded and stored as the“maximum angular velocity” for that participant, at 1908 and 1909. If a particular participant did not press the spacebar to indicate discomfort or dizziness, then the angular velocity of the spheres 1954 would increase until it reached a predefined angular velocity of 90 degrees/second.

[0144] At 1910, the angular speed of the image would be reduced to 90% of the speed before the user’s indication (i.e., 90% of the speed recorded as the“maximum angular velocity”) or, when the participant did not press the spacebar, 90% of 90 degrees/second (i.e., 81 degrees/second). The spheres 1954 are rotated at the reduced speed until the participant presses the spacebar again to indicate a return of discomfort or dizziness, at 1911, or until a predefined amount of time (e.g., 120 seconds) has passed, at 1912. Upon either the participant’s indication, at 1911, or the predefined amount of time passing, at 1912, the time that the participant has viewed the disc-shaped region 1956 at the reduced speed is recorded as the “Duration of Viewing Time.”

[0145] For a given participant, the participant was asked to perform the test procedure first with the vibratory device turned off. The participant would undergo the test procedure two times, a first time with the spheres 1954 rotating in a clockwise direction and a second time with the spheres 1954 rotating in a counterclockwise direction. The same would then be repeated with the vibratory device turned on. Study participants were asked to wear the vibratory device behind their ears and level with the ear canal on a flat part of the mastoid bone. Participants were given time to rest between the clockwise and counterclockwise tests (e.g. 10- 60 seconds), as needed, to recover from any discomfort or dizziness.

[0146] Participants while using the vibratory device were asked to test either a set of different force levels or a set of different frequencies. For participants that tested different force levels, the frequency of the vibratory signals was kept constant (i.e., at 50 Hz), while the force level was set to 87, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, and 101 dB re 1 dyne. For participants that tested different frequencies, the power level of the vibratory signals was set to a constant level (i.e., 96.5 dB re 1 dyne) and the frequency was varied between 30 and 75 Hz.

[0147] Eighteen participants participated in the study. Approximately one third of these participants who volunteered for the study did not experience any motion sickness from the experiments. These participants watched the visual stimulus that was presented (FIG. 20B) until the spinning spheres 1954 reached 90 degrees/second, and then continued watching the visual stimulus for 120 seconds at a reduced speed. These motion-sickness-resistant participants were instructed to repeat their exposure to the visual stimulus with the vibratory device turned on to test whether vibrations from the device would induce motion sickness. None of these participants reported that they experienced any negative side effects during and after using the vibratory device with the vibrations produced by the vibratory device being set to 97 dB re 1 dyne or below.

[0148] The experimental data for the remaining eleven participants (i.e., those that indicated that they experienced motion sickness or dizziness at some point during the experimental study) is depicted in FIGS. 21A, 21B, 22A, and 22B. For the data points in the graphs depicted in FIGS. 21A, 21B, 22A, and 22B, the clockwise and counterclockwise “Maximum Angular Velocity” and“Duration of Viewing Time” were averaged for each participant under each test condition, and the“with vibratory device” data was baseline- normalized based on the“without vibratory device” data (i.e., data collected for a participant while using the vibratory device set to a particular frequency and/or force level was normalized based on that participant’s data while not using the vibratory device). After calculating these ratios for each participant, the ratios of the eleven participants were averaged to arrive at the data point depicted in the graphs shown in FIGS. 21 A, 21B, 22A, and 22B. [0149] FIG. 21 A depicts a graph 2000 of the average“Duration of Viewing Time” ratios of the eleven participants across a range of different force levels. Values greater than one indicate an increase in an amount of viewing time before discomfort is experienced while using the vibratory device versus not using the vibratory device. FIG. 21B shows a graph 2002 of the average“Maximum Angular Velocity” ratios of the eleven participants across a range of different force levels. Values greater than one in FIG. 21B indicate an increase in angular velocity that did not cause discomfort while using the vibratory device versus not using the vibratory device. The experimental data showed that for the eleven participants, the vibratory device had a greatest effect when the force level of its vibrations were set to 96 dB re 1 dyne. Based on an interpolated fit of the data, the“Duration of Viewing Time” and“Maximum Angular Velocity” ratios peaked at 96.5 dB re 1 dyne.“Duration of Viewing Time” and “Maximum Angular Velocity” ratios at force levels ranging from 93 dB to 98 dB were statistically significant different from and greater than one, indicating that a vibratory device set to these force levels would be effective at treating a vestibular condition.

[0150] At 87 dB re 1 dyne, the ratios were not statistically different from one, indicating that the device would not be effective at treating a vestibular condition. At levels around or above 100 dB re 1 dyne, many participants reported feeling worse with the vibratory device turned on. While the threshold of discomfort at these higher force levels was slightly different among participants, with some reporting discomfort at levels as low as 99 dB, once that threshold was reached for a particular participant, the participant would report that the vibrations made them feel uncomfortable almost immediately. Participants tested at 102 dB all reported feelings of discomfort, regardless of whether they were using the virtual reality system as the vibrations from the vibratory device alone caused them discomfort.

[0151] FIGS. 22A and 22B depict normalized and averaged“Duration of Viewing Time” and “Maximum Angular Velocity” ratios for the eleven participants across a range of frequencies. As shown, these results indicated that the effectiveness of the experimental vibratory device at mitigating or delaying the onset of virtual reality sickness does not appear to be dependent on the frequency of the vibratory signals. Nonetheless, the graphs 2100 and 2102 show greater ratio values from 45 to 65 Hz.

[0152] Certain factors may have limited the results of this first experimental study. For example, the angular velocity of the spheres 1954 in the disc-shaped region 1956 was limited by the visual display system. Specifically, the refresh rate of the Oculus DK2 screen is 90 Hz. The panels of the device are organic LED (OLED), with a persistence of 2 milliseconds. These factors prevented the rotational speed of the spheres 1954 in the disc-shaped region 1956 from rotating beyond approximately 90 degrees/second. As the rotational speed was increased beyond 90 degrees/second, the virtual reality display would start to flicker. Many test participants reached this upper limit while wearing the vibratory device, which caused a ceiling effect in the measurements.

[0153] Similarly, while viewing the spinning spheres 1954 at the reduced speed, several subjects complained of eyestrain, with no complaints of discomfort or nausea. Thus, participants were also limited in how long they could watch a rotating disk, which was another factor that led to a ceiling effect in the measurement of the effectiveness of the experimental vibratory in delaying the onset of virtual reality sickness.

[0154] Taking these factors into account, this first experimental study showed that the vibratory device was effective at treating virtual reality sickness at statistically significant levels. From the data shown in the graphs in FIGS. 20A and 20B, it was shown that variations in force level would have a statistically significant effect on the effectiveness of the vibratory device. Specifically, it was shown that force levels below 93 dB re 1 dyne were not effective at treating vestibular conditions and that force levels above 100 dB caused discomfort and dizziness that worsened vestibular conditions; therefore, the data indicated that force levels between 93 dB and 98 dB re 1 dyne were more effective at treating vestibular conditions. On the other hand, the data shown in the graphs in FIGS. 21 A and 21B showed that varying vibration frequency had a smaller effect on the effectiveness of the vibratory device at treating vestibular conditions, as the effectiveness of the vibratory device did not have a clear trend or peak between 45 Hz to 65 Hz.

Experimental Study II

[0155] In a second experimental study, using the results obtained from the first experimental study, disclosed above, the effectiveness of the experimental vibratory device at mitigating or preventing motion sickness experienced by users of the virtual reality game “EVE: Valkyrie” was measured.

[0156] “EVE: Valkyrie” is a first-person spaceship shooter game in which a player moves around a field of spaceships and space rocks using an Xbox 360 handheld controller. The game has been known to induce motion sickness in many players. The game involves flying through “gates” placed in a field of asteroids and spaceships. In addition to movement in the three spatial dimensions, most“gates” require the player to rotate around a three-dimensional rotational axis (e.g., a“roll,”“pitch,” or“yaw” axis).

[0157] In this study, subjects played the virtual reality game“EVE: Valkyrie” for up to fifteen minutes, using an Oculus Rift CV1 system. For the study, participants were instructed to play the game in two sessions, on two consecutive days, with and without using the experimental vibratory device described above. On the first day of experiments, participants were asked to play a training mission portion of virtual reality game for up to fifteen minutes without using the experimental vibratory device. Participants were instructed to stop if they began to feel nauseated before the end point of fifteen minutes. Experienced gamers could choose to go directly to the mission, bypassing the training mission and launching directly into a virtual reality space fight. On the second day, the same experimental procedures were followed, but with participants wearing the experimental vibratory device, which was set to a frequency of 60 Hz and a force level of 96.5 dB, which were found to be effective per the results of the first experimental study. The device was applied to the skull, behind the right ear and level with the ear canal and onto the flat part of the mastoid, with an applied force of approximately 3.5 to 8 Newtons. During the study, any participant who felt dizzy or uncomfortable could stop at any time of their choosing.

[0158] Participants were asked to fill out a Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (“MSAQ”), approximately ten minutes after they stopped playing the game. The MSAQ involves sixteen statements or manifestations that help identify and categorize independent descriptors of motion sickness by grouping them into four categories of motion sickness: (1) gastrointestinal, (2) central, (3) peripheral, and (4) sopite. MSAQ scores range from 1 (not at all) to 9 (severe) for the sixteen possible manifestations of motion sickness. Table 1 shows the sixteen statements of the MSAQ used to assess motion sickness experienced by the participants.

Table 1 : Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire, administered ten minutes after the end of the Oculus Rift playing experience described in Experimental Study II.

[0159] When participants were asked to engage in play for fifteen minutes without wearing the experimental vibratory device on the first day, eleven of the seventeen participants were able to play for the full fifteen minutes. The duration of play for the remaining six ranged from 4:05-14:50 minutes. The average playing time was 13 :25 minutes. By contrast, when participants wore the experimental vibratory device while playing, all 17 participants were able to engage in play for the duration of 15 minutes. Data from the MSAQ was collected and is presented in Table 1. The scores in the MSAQ range from 1 (not at all) to 9 (severe).

[0160] The results of the MSAQ are presented in graphical form in FIGS. 23A and 23B. Each graph depicts a ratio of the MSAQ scores obtained while not wearing the device over the MSAQ scored obtained while wearing the device. FIG. 23 A depicts a plot 2200 that shows the mean scores from the MSAQ across all four categories of motion sickness, and FIG. 23B depicts four subplots 2202, 2204, 2206, 2208 that show the scores for the four categories of motion sickness defined by the MSAQ— specifically, (1) gastrointestinal, (2) central, (3) peripheral, and (4) sopite, respectively. The line 2250 through each graph represents when the MSAQ scores with and without using the vibratory device are the same, and therefore is the line that represents when the vibratory device has no effect on motion sickness.

[0161] As depicted in FIGS. 23 A and 23B, the data indicates that the vibratory device was effective at treating motion sickness, as all the data points were situated below the line 2250. The data points indicated a significant reduction in the MSAQ score from 9 (severe) to 1 (not at all). Even when broken into the different categories of motion sickness, as shown in plots 2202, 2204, 2206, 2208 in FIG. 23B, the vibratory device was significantly effective in each category at treating motion sickness.

Experimental Study III

[0162] In a third experimental study, participants were asked to be rear seat passengers in a four-door sedan and were driven on a segment of road based on a fixed 20-minute itinerary. Three road tests were conducted on the same day, on this set route. During each drive, the participants were asked to read an article on their smartphone or other small handheld device. The start time was recorded, and each participant reported the time at which they first felt first symptoms of motion sickness.

[0163] With each participant, a baseline measurement of motion sickness was established by having the participant undergo the drive and read an article on his or her smartphone without wearing any type of assistive device. After the initial drive, each participant was asked to wear (1) the experimental vibratory device as described herein placed overlaying the participant’s right mastoid bone, or (2) a sound generator that faced outwards and was isolated from a participant’s head by a rubber pad and that emitted a low frequency tone that provided an auditory level equivalent to the experimental vibratory device. The order of wearing each device was randomized for each participant.

[0164] The driving route was a fixed circuitous route with only one stop sign at the midway point (i.e., at approximately ten minutes) and no traffic lights. The fixed route took approximately 20 minutes, and the drive-to-drive variability was less than 10%. Subjects were only tested on the first half of the ride, up to the stop sign. Subjects were provided with rests between sessions.

[0165] Based on feedback from the participants, the study showed that the participants did not experience motion sickness continuously but generally did when the vehicle accelerated, decelerated, or made turns. Participants reported motion sickness as a cumulative effect, with the first turn inducing mild discomfort, the second turn adding to the effect of the first turn and so on, until a threshold was reached. While using the experimental vibratory device, participants reported that during the accelerations and turns, they felt discomfort, but this discomfort quickly returned to zero once the car went back to a constant speed, with no effect of accumulated nausea during the successive changes in the car’s acceleration.

[0166] FIG. 24 depicts seconds to the initial onset of motion sickness that was experienced by participants during the third experimental study. Bar 2302 represents the seconds until initial onset of motion sickness with no device, bar 2304 represents the seconds until initial onset of motion sickness with the sound generator, and bar 2306 represents the second until initial onset of motion sickness with the experimental vibratory device. As shown, the use of the experimental vibratory device described herein led to a significant increase in the seconds to onset of motion sickness, at bar 2306. Specifically, the experimental vibratory device was found to be effective in that it more than doubled the time to onset of motion sickness compared to not wearing a device (bar 2302) and wearing a sound generator (bar 2304). The data of this study shows the effectiveness of the experimental vibratory device at preventing motion sickness in a simulated real-world situation of reading while riding as a passenger in the back seat of a car. None of the subjects who used the experimental vibratory device reported any feeling of discomfort once they got out of the car.

Summary of Experimental Studies and Other Indications

[0167] The results from the experimental studies described above show that a vibratory device, such as the example vibratory devices disclosed herein, can be effective at treating symptoms of various vestibular conditions. Such a device can have a small profile and be capable of coupling to a surface of a subject’s head such that vibrations can be conducted via bone (e.g., the skull) to the subject’s vestibular system. The experimental vibratory device used in the three experimental studies has been shown to be effective at mitigating and reducing motion and/or virtual reality induced motion sickness. The described experiments and results demonstrate that the effectiveness of the disclosed vibratory device in reducing motion sickness is substantially instantaneous, with no overt deleterious side-effects.

[0168] Subsequent experiments have shown that the force levels and frequency levels discovered to be effective herein were also effective at reducing vertigo and nausea brought on by caloric testing conducted at medical facilities. For example, for vertigo, individuals who suffered from chronic or frequent vertigo episodes were asked to wear the experimental vibratory device and report the effects of wearing the device. Generally, individuals reported less symptoms associated with vertigo when using the device. As another example, for caloric testing, an ear, nose and throat (“ENT”) physician performed caloric testing on five subjects with and without wearing an experimental vibratory device. When not wearing the device on a first day, all subjects experienced nausea with one subject being unable to complete the test due to severe nausea. When wearing the device on a subsequent day, all five subjects reported significantly less nausea, including no nausea, and the subject unable to complete the test the first day was able to complete it wearing the device the second day. The tests on both days indicated same levels of vestibular function, with and without the vibratory device.

[0169] FIGS. 25A-25C show schematic illustrations of a housing 2410 of a vibratory device 2400. The vibratory device 2400 can be similar in structure and/or in function to any of the vibratory devices described herein. For example, the vibratory device 2400 can be similar to the vibratory devices 500, 600, and/or 700 described above. As shown in FIGS. 25A-25C, the vibratory device 2400 can include a delivery interface 2430, and an inner housing 2426 within an outer housing 2410. In some embodiments, as shown in the exploded view in FIG. 25C, the outer housing 2410 can be formed by coupling two portions 24l0a and 24l0b. FIG. 26 illustrates a cross-section view of the housing 2410 showing the coupling between the two portions 24l0a and 2410b, which can be via mechanical attachments, adhesives, etc. Inner housing 2426 can contain a vibrating element (e.g., magnet), a coil, and/or other structures associated with vibratory devices described herein.

[0170] FIGS. 27A, 27B, and 27C illustrate a perspective view, a side view, and an exploded view of a vibratory device 2500, respectively, according to an embodiment. FIGS. 28A and 28B show a perspective view and a cross-sectional side view of the vibratory device 2500, respectively. The vibratory device 2500 can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to other vibratory devices described herein (e.g., vibratory devices 500, 600, and 700). For example, the vibratory device 2500 can include a housing 2510, a delivery interface 2530, and an end cap 2525. The vibratory device 2500 can include electromagnetic coils 2524a and 2524b that are configured to generate magnetic fields to move a magnet 2523. In some embodiments, the coils 2524a and 2524b can be, for example, wound in opposing directions to generate magnetic fields of opposing polarity. While illustrated to have two coils 2524a and 2524b, in some embodiments, the vibratory device 2500 can include a single coil configured to generate magnetic fields of changing polarity to evoke movement of the magnet. The single coil can be driven, for example, by two separate driving circuits generating driving signals of different polarity. In some other embodiments, a single driving circuit can be used to generate signals of different polarity, for example by using a phase switching circuit. The vibratory device 2500 can include a spring 2520 coupled to the magnet 2523 and configured to act as a suspension element. The vibratory device 2500 can include mounting plates 2528a and 2528b and the magnet 2523 can have an opening that extends through a portion of its length such that the spring 2520 can extend through the opening and attach to the far end of the magnet 2523 via the mounting plate 2528b, similar to how the spring 720 is described to attach to a mounting plate 728 in the vibratory device 700.

[0171] The magnet 2523 of the vibratory device 2500 can include metallic end plates 2529a and 2529b. In an embodiment, end plate 2529b can function as mounting plate 2328b for the spring 2520. The end plates can be configured to reduce stray magnetic flux. For example, a vibratory device with a magnet acting as the vibratory element may have magnetic field lines that stray far from the magnet and cause the vibratory device to be magnetically attracted to metallic objects. This attraction can produce undesirable side effects and make it cumbersome during use. The end plates 2529a and 2529b can reduce such stray magnetic flux such that the vibratory device 2500 can be used close to other metallic objects without being attracted as much to those objects. Furthermore, the end plates 2529a and 2529b can be used to direct the magnetic field lines out from an end of the magnet in a direction perpendicular to (e.g., toward) the coils 2524a and 2524b generating the magnetic fields such that more of the magnetic field lines are directed to enabling movement of the magnet with respect to the vibratory device 2500, while reducing stray dissipation or leakage of magnetic field lines in a direction parallel to the coil (e.g., not toward the coil).

[0172] FIG. 38 illustrates a perspective view of a portion of the vibratory device 2600 according to another embodiment. The vibratory device 2600 can be substantially similar in several aspects of structure and/or function to other vibratory devices described herein (e.g., vibratory devices 500, 600, 700, and 2500). For example, the vibratory device 2600 can include a housing and a delivery interface (not shown in FIG. 38). The vibratory device 2600 can include an end cap 2625 which can be coupled to the electromagnetic coils 2624a and 2624b that are configured to generate magnetic fields to move a magnet 2623. In some embodiments, the end cap 2625 can include a suitable electrical interface 2627 to deliver electrical signals to the electromagnetic coils 2624a and 2624b. In some embodiments, the coils 2624a and 2624b can be wound in opposing direction to generate magnetic field of opposing polarity. In some embodiments, the coils 2624a and 2624b can be spaced at a suitable distance from each other as shown in FIG. 38, while in other embodiments (e.g., such as shown in FIGS. 28A and 28B) the coils can be placed closer together in space.

[0173] The vibratory device 2600 can include a spring 2620 coupled to the magnet 2623 and configured to act as a suspension element. The vibratory device 2600 can include mounting plates (not shown in FIG. 38) and the magnet 2623 can have an opening that extends through a portion of its length such that the spring 2620 can extend through the opening and attach to the far end of the magnet 2623 via a mounting plate, similar to how the spring 2520 is described to attach to a mounting plate 2528b in the vibratory device 2500. The magnet 2623 of the vibratory device 2600 can include metallic end plates 2629a and 2629b (shown in FIG. 29) that are substantially similar in structure and/or function to the metallic end plates 2529a and 2529b of the vibratory device 2500. The end plates 2629a and 2629b can be configured to reduce stray magnetic flux as described with reference to the vibratory device 2500. For example, the end plates 2629a and 2629b can restrict any stray magnetic flux such that the vibratory device 2600 can be used close to other metallic object without being attracted to those objects. The metallic end plates 2629a and 2629b can be used to direct the magnetic field lines out from an end of the magnet in a direction perpendicular to (e.g., toward) the coils 2624a and 2624b generating the magnetic fields) such that more of the magnetic field lines enable movement of the magnet with respect to the vibratory device 2600, while reducing stray dissipation or leakage of magnetic field lines in a direction parallel to the coil (e.g., not toward the coil).

[0174] An example illustration 2700a of magnetic field lines focused by the metallic end plates 2629a and 2629b is shown in FIG. 29. The plot 2700b in FIG. 30 of normalized flux density measured over a distribution of arc lengths compares relative magnetic flux leakage of a vibratory device without end plates (line 2702) to reduced magnetic flux leakage of the vibratory device 2600 with end plates 2629a and 2629b (line 2704). As shown, the use of metallic end plates (e.g., 2629a and 2629b) can result in reduced flux leakage. In some embodiments, the end plates 2629a and 2629b can enable more efficient use of magnetic field energy generated by the coils 2624a and 2624b, such that a lesser driving force can be used to evoke desired movement of the magnet 2623 to generate therapeutically effective vibratory signals. In some embodiments, the metallic end plates 2629a and 2629b can be used to focus the magnetic fields lines of the magnet in such a way (e.g., in a directory toward the coils) that less power is required to drive the movement of the magnet. In such embodiments, a smaller magnet 2623 may be used to generate a given strength of vibratory signals, thereby enabling the size of the vibratory device 2600 to be reduced. The metallic plates 269a and 2629b can be of any suitable material that can focus the magnetic fields lines as described above. In an embodiment, the endplates 2529a and 2529b and/or the endplates 2629a and 2629b can be made of low carbon steel.

[0175] FIGS. 31 A, 31B, and 31C illustrate a perspective view, a side view, and an exploded view of a vibratory device 2800, respectively, according to an embodiment. FIGS. 32A and 32B show two cross-sectional views of the vibratory device 2800 of FIGS. 31A-31C. The vibratory device 2800 can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to other vibratory devices described herein (e.g., vibratory devices 500, 600, 700, 2500 and/or 2600). For example, the vibratory device 2800 can include a housing 2810, a delivery interface 2830, and housing portions 2825a and 2825b. The vibratory device 2800 can include an electromagnetic coil 2824 configured to generate magnetic fields to move a magnet 2823, acting as a vibratory element, along the direction of arrow E shown in FIG. 32B.

[0176] The magnet 2823 can include metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b. The end plates 2829a and 2829b can be substantially similar to the endplates 2529a and 2529b described with reference to the vibratory device 2500. In an embodiment, the metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b can be made of low carbon steel. The metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b can be configured to focus the magnetic field lines of the magnet 2823 in a perpendicular direction with respect to the coil 2824 (e.g., have the magnetic field lines of the magnet 2823 exit an end of the magnet in a direction perpendicular to the coil 2824) while reducing stray dissipation or leakage of magnetic field in the parallel direction. FIG. 33 illustrates the relative positioning of the magnet 2823 with metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b and the coil 2824. FIG. 34 is an example illustration 3000 of magnetic field lines focused by the metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b as shown in FIG. 33. The plot 3100 in FIG. 35 of normalized flux density measured over a distribution of arc lengths compares relative magnetic flux leakage of different vibratory devices. Line 2702 is the magnetic flux density of a vibratory device without end plates, line 2704 is the magnetic flux density with end plates in the configuration shown in FIG. 38, described in reference to FIGS. 29 and 30 above, and line 3102 is the magnetic flux density of the vibratory device 2800 with end plates 2829a and 2829b. As depicted, the use of metallic end plates 2829a and 2829b can result in a reduced flux leakage caused by the driving circuit of the vibratory device 2800 compared to that of other vibratory devices described herein (e.g., vibratory device 2500 or 2600).

[0177] The vibratory device 2800 includes suspension elements 2820a and 2820b (e.g., springs) configured to suspend and support the movement of the magnet 2823, in place of a spring, as described in some of the previously described vibratory devices. The suspension elements 2820a and 2820b can be annular pieces of elastic and/or deformable material, e.g., such as cloth, a spider spring, or a flexible membrane. The annular pieces can be coupled to the magnet 2823 and configured to suspend the magnet 2823 at a point of equilibrium such that magnetic field generated by the coil 2824 can move the magnet about the point of equilibrium in the direction indicated by the arrow E. By having the suspension elements 2820a and 2820b extend laterally from the magnet as opposed to extending longitudinally from the magnet (e.g., such as the spring 2520 of vibratory device 2500), the suspension elements 2820a and 2820b can enable a reduction in the total height of the device 2800, while also reducing off-axis movement or wobbling of the magnet 2823 outside the axis defined by the arrow E. FIGS. 36A, 36B, and 36C illustrate a comparison of height of vibratory devices according to embodiments 700, 2500, and 2800, as described above. In addition, the suspension elements 2820a and 2820b can be configured to expand and compress to provide a restorative force in one or more directions angled relative to an axis of movement of the magnet 2823 such that the suspension elements 2820a and 2820b reduce oscillations of the magnet 2823 in the one or more directions.

[0178] FIG. 37 illustrates a vibratory device 3200 according an embodiment. The vibratory device 3200 can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to other vibratory devices described herein (e.g., vibratory devices 500, 600, 700, 2500, 2600 and/or 2800). For example, the vibratory device 3200 can include a housing 3210, a delivery interface 3230, and housing portions 3225a and 3225b. The vibratory device 3200 can include an electromagnetic coil 3224 configured to generate magnetic fields to move a magnet 3223, acting as a vibratory element, along the direction of arrow F shown in FIG. 37.

[0179] The magnet 3223 can include metallic end plates 3229a and 3229b. The end plates 3229a and 3229b can be substantially similar to the endplates 2829a and 2829b described with reference to the vibratory device 2800. In an embodiment, the metallic end plates 3229a and 3229b can be made of low carbon steel. The metallic end plates 3229a and 3229b can be configured to focus the magnetic field lines in a perpendicular direction with respect to the coil 3224 while reducing stray dissipation or leakage of magnetic field in the parallel direction.

[0180] The vibratory device 3200 can include a suspension element 3220 (e.g., springs) configured to suspend and support the movement of the magnet 3223. The suspension element 3220 can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to the suspension elements 2820a and 2820b described previously with reference to the vibratory device 2800. For example, the suspension element 3220 can be one or more annular pieces of material. The annular pieces can be coupled to the magnet 3223 via the metallic end plate 3229b, as illustrated in FIG. 37. The suspension element 3220 can be coupled to the metallic end plate 3229b in any suitable manner (e.g., glued with an adhesive) and configured to suspend the magnet 3223 at a point of equilibrium such that magnetic field generated by the coil 3224 can move the magnet about the point of equilibrium in the direction indicated by the arrow F. As with the vibratory device 2800, the suspension element 3220 can be configured to reduce a total height of the device 3200 while also reducing off-axis movement or wobbling of the magnet 3223 outside the axis defined by the arrow F. Furthermore, since the suspension element 3220 is disposed between the end plate 3229b and the coil 3224, a lateral dimension of the vibratory device 3200 can also be reduced relative to the vibratory device 2800, depicted in FIGS. 32A and 32B. For example, the suspension element 3220 can be configured to expand and compress to provide a restorative force in one or more directions angled relative to an axis of movement of the magnet 3223 such that the suspension element 3220 reduces oscillations of the magnet 3223 in the one or more directions.

[0181] In some embodiments, to increase stabilization of the magnet 3223, an additional component (e.g., a post or pin, such as pin 521) can be added, and can the magnet 3223 can be configured with openings to receive the component through the magnet 3223, similar to magnet 523 of vibratory device 500.

[0182] The application of vibratory signals to mask signals sent by the vestibular system that induce sickness, also known as vestibular masking, through the application of bone conducted vibratory signals, can be effective at mitigating numerous vestibular conditions. For example, vertigo brought on by a damaged vestibular system can be treated with applied bone- conducted vibratory signals. At times, however, vibratory signals can have adverse reactions if the applied vibratory signals are suddenly removed (e.g., when the vibratory device is turned off). In some embodiments, such as those detailed above, these adverse reactions can be minimized by gradually reducing the power of the applied vibrations over a period (i.e., having a ramp down in power) instead of abruptly turning off the device.

[0183] As another example, vestibular masking can be effective in mitigating motion sickness that occurs when individuals use virtual reality devices, such as those disclosed herein. Because virtual reality devices do not result in motion sickness at all times, in an embodiment, a vibrating device such that those disclosed herein can be operable to generate vibrations for masking the vestibular system when certain conditions and/or situations associated with inducing sickness are displayed and/or presented to a user of the virtual reality device. The vibrating device may be controlled, for example, by a microcontroller that is operable to store specialized instructions for controlling the vibrating element. Such instructions may be stored in onboard memory or in a separate memory. In addition, such instructions are designed to integrate specialized functions and features into the controller to perform certain functions, methods and processes related to treating conditions of the vestibular system. In an embodiment, the microcontroller can be programmed with instructions using a software development kit (“SDK”).

[0184] It should be understood that electrical signals to control and/or drive the generation of vibratory signals may be generated by a microcontroller based on the stored instructions. These electrical signals may be communicated between the microcontroller and a vibratory device via wired or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth) methods. Further, the electrical signals may include a stored pattern of operation. For example, the stored instructions accessed by the microcontroller may be used by the microcontroller to generate a series of electrical signals that are sent to the vibrating element to cause the vibrating element to be turned“on” or“off’ in a pattern that is advantageous to a specific user based on usage data that has been accumulated and stored in a device that includes the microcontroller and vibrating element. One pattern may involve a series of vibrations where the number of vibrations generated and applied over a time period (e.g., per minute) to a subject may be varied, while a second pattern may include a series of vibrations where the force level in a number of vibrations may be varied. Other types of electrical signals, such as those that may be used to control the force level and frequency of vibrations generated by the vibrating element, may be sent to the vibratory device from the microcontroller based on data received from sensors. For example, an acceleration sensor may be included in a portable electronic device (e.g., mobile phone) to sense changes in a user’s physical acceleration. In an embodiment, the microcontroller may be operable to receive data from the acceleration sensor indicating a type of acceleration that may lead to motion sickness. Accordingly, after receiving such data, the microcontroller may be operable to generate associated control signals and send such signals to the vibrating element. The vibrating element, in turn, may be operable to receive such control signals and generate vibrations that can be applied to the proprioceptive vestibular system in real-time to, for example, to pre-emptively minimize motion sickness. Alternatively, a stored roadmap that represents a path or course that may result in a user becoming sick due to motion sickness may be stored in the microcontroller or in the portable device along with GPS circuitry. In an embodiment, as the GPS circuitry indicates that the user is moving along the path or course and arrives at a position that may induce motion sickness, the microcontroller may be operable to generate associated control signals and send such signals to the vibrating element. The vibrating element, in turn, may be operable to receive such control signals and generate vibrations that can be applied to the vestibular system to, for example, to account for the possibility of motion sickness before the user reaches the position, for example.

[0185] It should be noted that several different types of medical tests, including caloric, VNG, and ENG tests are administered by audiologists and otolaryngologists to test the vestibular function of subjects. As a part of a test, a form of vertigo may be induced in the patient which may have the adverse side effect of causing nausea. Vestibular masking can be used to reduce the nausea experienced by such patients while undergoing these tests. Accordingly, the devices described herein may be included in a medical testing system that is used to complete such medical tests, or, alternatively, may be used (e.g., worn) in conjunction with such medical testing systems to relieve or reduce such adverse side effects.

[0186] In some embodiments, the apparatuses and methods described can be used for applications not related to treating of vestibular conditions. For example, some embodiments of the vibratory device can be used as a device to carry out haptic communication using suitable communication channels. In some instances, a method of communication that is silent and based on haptic sensation may be of use, such as in military or surveillance conditions. An embodiment of the vibratory device can be used, with suitable adaptations of reduced detectability such as invisible and inaudible use condition, to allow haptic communication between subjects such as operatives.

[0187] While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto; inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

[0188] Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

Claims

In the Claims:

1. An apparatus, comprising:

a vibratory device configured to apply a vibratory signal to a portion of a head of a user such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user and cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a therapeutically effective vibratory signal applied to an area overlaying a mastoid bone of the user,

the therapeutically effective vibratory signal (1) having a frequency less than 200 Hz and a force level greater than 87 dB re 1 dyne and less than or equal to 100 dB re 1 dyne and (2) being therapeutically effective to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vibratory device is engageable with at least one of: the area overlaying the mastoid bone of the user, an area behind a head of the user, or an area on a forehead of the user.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein, when the vibratory device is engaged with an area of the head other than the area overlaying the mastoid bone, the vibratory device is configured to apply the vibratory signal at a force level that is equal to or less than 14 dB greater than force level of the therapeutically effective vibratory signal.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the physiological condition includes at least one of: vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, virtual reality sickness, spatial discordance, sopite syndrome, nausea, headache, migraine, or tinnitus.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vibratory device is an electro-mechanical transducer including:

a housing defining a chamber;

a magnet disposed within the chamber and configured to oscillate to produce the vibratory signal;

at least one suspension element configured to suspend the magnet within the chamber such that the magnet can vibrate about an equilibrium position.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vibratory device is associated with a resonant frequency, the apparatus further comprising:

a signal source configured to supply an electrical signal to the vibrating device to cause the vibrating device to vibrate; and

a sensor configured to measure information including at least one of: a current of the electrical signal, a voltage change of the electrical signal across the vibratory device, a magnetic field generated near the vibratory device, and an acceleration of the vibratory device.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a processor configured to adjust a frequency of the electrical signal based on the information such that the electrical signal causes the vibratory device to vibrate at the resonant frequency.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the force level of the therapeutically effective vibratory signal is between 93 and 98 dB re 1 dyne.

9. An apparatus, comprising: a vibratory device configured to apply a set of vibratory signals to a portion of a head of a user such that the set of vibratory signals can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system,

the vibratory device associated with a set of resonant frequencies including a lowest resonant frequency that is less than 200 Hz,

the set of vibratory signals collectively having an amount of power at the lowest resonant frequency that is greater than an amount of power at remaining resonant frequencies from the set of resonant frequencies.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:

a signal generator configured to generate an electrical signal; and

an amplifier configured to amplify the electrical signal to produce an amplified electrical signal,

the vibratory device configured to receive the amplified electrical signal and produce, in response to receiving the amplified electrical signal, the set of vibratory signals.

11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the lowest resonant frequency is between 50 and 70 Hz.

12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the physiological condition includes at least one of: vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, virtual reality sickness, spatial discordance, sopite syndrome, or nausea.

13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the vibratory device is an electro-mechanical transducer including: an elongate member having a longitudinal axis; and

a magnet configured to oscillate along the longitudinal axis of the elongate member to produce the set of vibratory signals,

the elongate member extending through an opening of the magnet and configured to reduce oscillations of the magnet along an axis other than the longitudinal axis of the elongate member.

14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the vibratory device is an electro-mechanical transducer including:

a spring configured to expand and compress along an axis; and

a magnet mounted to the spring and configured to oscillate along the axis to produce the set of vibratory signals,

the spring configured to reduce oscillations of the magnet along an axis other than the axis of the spring.

15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the vibratory device is an electro-mechanical transducer including:

a magnet configured to oscillate along an axis to produce the set of vibratory signals; at least one spring mounted to the magnet and extending radially from the magnet, the at least one spring configured to expand and compress to provide a restorative force in one or more directions angled relative to the axis such that the spring reduces oscillations of the magnet in the one or more directions.

16. An apparatus, comprising: a vibrating device configured to apply a vibratory signal to a portion of a head of a user such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user to treat a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system, the vibrating device including:

a housing defining a chamber;

a magnet movable within the chamber to produce the vibratory signal;

a suspension element configured to suspend the magnet at a position within the chamber; and

a coil configured to generate a magnetic field to cause the magnet to move about the position.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the magnet is a first magnet, and the suspension element includes:

a second magnet configured to apply a force to the first magnet in a first direction; and a third magnet configured to apply a force to the first magnet in a second direction opposite to the first direction,

the first magnet disposed between the second magnet and the third magnet in the chamber such that the second magnet and the third magnet collectively suspend the first magnet at the position within the chamber.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the suspension element includes a spring (i) having a first end attached to a portion of the housing and a second end attached to the magnet and (ii) configured to apply a force to the magnet to suspend the magnet at the position within the chamber.

19. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a mounting plate,

the magnet defining an opening that extends from a first end to a second end of the magnet, the second end of the magnet attached to the mounting plate,

the suspension element including a spring having a first end attached to a portion of the housing and a second end extending through the opening of the magnet and attached to a portion of the mounting plate.

20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the suspension element includes a spring coupled to the magnet and configured to apply a force to the magnet to suspend the magnet at the position,

the spring having a spring constant that is associated with a natural frequency for the magnet that is less than 200 Hz.

21. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the suspension element includes a solid elastic material that is coupled to the magnet and is configured to apply a force on the magnet to suspend the magnet at the position within the chamber.

22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the suspension element is configured to reduce movement of the magnet along an axis other than a longitudinal axis of the chamber.

23. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising an elongate member that extends along a longitudinal axis of the chamber,

the elongate member extending through an opening in the magnet and configured to reduce movement of the magnet along an axis other than the longitudinal axis of the chamber.

24. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the suspension element is configured to suspend the magnet to reduce contact between the magnet and the housing.

25. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the physiological condition includes at least one of: vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, virtual reality sickness, spatial discordance, sopite syndrome, nausea, headache, migraine, or tinnitus.

26. A method, comprising:

positioning a vibratory device over an area of a head of a user;

energizing the vibratory device, after the positioning, to apply a vibratory signal to the area such that the vibratory signal can be conducted via bone to a vestibular system of the user, the vibratory signal configured to cause a portion of the vestibular system to move in a manner equivalent to that of a vibratory signal (1) applied to an area overlaying a mastoid bone of the user and having (2) a frequency less than 200 Hz and a force level greater than 87 dB re 1 dyne and less than or equal to 100 dB re 1 dyne; and

treating, in response to energizing the vibratory device, a physiological condition associated with the vestibular system.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the physiological condition includes at least one of: vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, virtual reality sickness, spatial discordance, sopite syndrome, or nausea.

28. The method of claim 26, further comprising securing the vibratory device over the area of the head using a rigid or elastic headband.

29. The method of claim 26, wherein the vibratory device includes a magnet, the energizing includes vibrating the magnet to generate the vibratory signal.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein the energizing includes:

generating an electrical signal;

amplifying the electrical signal to produce an amplified electrical signal; and supplying the amplified electrical signal to the vibratory device to cause the vibratory device to generate the vibratory signal.

31. The method of claim 26, the energizing including supplying an electrical signal to the vibrating element to cause the vibrating element to vibrate, the method further comprising: measuring, using a sensor, information including at least one of: a current of the electrical signal, a voltage change of the electrical signal across the vibratory device, a magnetic field generated near the vibratory device, and an acceleration of the vibratory device; and adjusting a frequency of the electrical signal based on the information such that the electrical signal causes the vibratory device to vibrate at a resonant frequency associated with the vibratory device.