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AU2015201306A1 - Small molecule inhibitors of the pleckstrin homology domain and methods for using same - Google Patents

Small molecule inhibitors of the pleckstrin homology domain and methods for using same Download PDF

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Publication number
AU2015201306A1
AU2015201306A1 AU2015201306A AU2015201306A AU2015201306A1 AU 2015201306 A1 AU2015201306 A1 AU 2015201306A1 AU 2015201306 A AU2015201306 A AU 2015201306A AU 2015201306 A AU2015201306 A AU 2015201306A AU 2015201306 A1 AU2015201306 A1 AU 2015201306A1
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
alkyl
compound
mmol
halogen
akt
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AU2015201306A
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AU2015201306B2 (en
Inventor
Vijay M. Gokhale
Daruka Mahadevan
Eugene A. Mash
Emmanuelle J. Meuillet
Garth Powis
Shuxing Zhang
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University of Texas System
University of Arizona
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University of Texas System
University of Arizona
Arizona State University ASU
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Priority claimed from AU2009236256A external-priority patent/AU2009236256B9/en
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Priority to AU2015201306A priority Critical patent/AU2015201306B2/en
Publication of AU2015201306A1 publication Critical patent/AU2015201306A1/en
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Abstract

Pleckstrin homology domain binding compounds, pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds, and methods for their use are described herein.

Description

SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAIN AND METHODS FOR USING SAME [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/124,053 filed April 14, 2008 entitled "Novel Inhibitors of AKT" and U.S. Provisional 5 Application No. 61/199,497 filed November 17, 2008 entitled "Active Inhibitors for AKT," and is a divisional of AU 2009236256, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0002] This invention was made with government support under grant No. R01 CA061015-1 1, awarded by NIH/NCI. The government has certain rights in the present 0 invention. The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that such art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia. BACKGROUND [0003] Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains contain 100-120 amino acids and are 5 found in over 250 human proteins. About 40 PH domains are known to bind phosphorylated phosphatidylinositide (Ptdlns) lipids held in cell membranes. PtdIns phosphorylation and the subsequent binding of PH domain-containing proteins are vital components of signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and survival. For example, phosphorylation of Ptdlns(4,5)P 2 to produce Ptdlns(3,4,5)P 3 by PtdIns 3-K signals the recruitment and binding .0 of AKT to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane via recognition of the PH domain. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PtdIns-3-kinase) /Akt pathway is a survival signaling pathway that is activated in many types of human cancer. Cancer cells are resistant to the mechanisms that cause programmed cell death (apoptosis) in normal cells because they contain these activated survival signaling pathways. The PH domains of proteins, and specifically in this 25 case in Akt, provide novel molecular targets for new types of drugs to prevent and treat cancer. [0004] The PtdIns 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-K)/AKT pathway is of critically importance for cell proliferation and survival. Phosphorylation of Ptdlns(4,5)P2 to produce Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3 by PtdIns 3-K signals the recruitment and docking of AKT to the inner leaflet 30 of the plasma membrane via its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. AKT is then phosphorylated at Thr308 by the plasma membrane bound PtdIns dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and on Ser473 by either intergrin linked kinase (ILK), by the kinase activity of AKT itself or 1 by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-rictor (TORC2). Once fully phosphorylated, AKT translocates back to the cytosol and nucleus, where it phosphorylates a variety of downstream targets including pro-apoptotic promoters such as forkhead transcription factors FKHR and AFX, as well as the Bcl-2 family member Bad, which is directly inhibited by 5 phosphorylation via AKT. AKT promotes cell survival by activating CREB, and promotes proliferation by activating p70S6kinase and GSK-3 which contributes to cyclin D accumulation of cell cycle entry. AKT also acts as a mediator for VEGF production and angiogenesis by phosphorylation of mTOR, and defects in the Ptdlns 3-K/AKT pathway are found in a variety of cancers, with most abnormalities occurring with mutation events in 0 PTEN. Given the importance of AKT in proliferation and survival signaling, it has the potential to be an important target for cancer drug discovery. [0005] Three genes encode AKT within the mammalian species to produce AKT 1/a, AKT-2/, and AKT-3/y isoforms of AKT of which AKT-1 and AKT-2 are expressed throughout the organism while AKT-3 is predominantly expressed in the brain, heart, and 5 kidney. The three isoforms share a high degree of sequence homology within their PH domains but diverge within other regions. However, despite these differences they appear to have similar effects on cellular growth and apoptosis, and these similarities in biological and physiological properties between isoforms coupled with the similarities between their PH domains offers a fortuitous advantage in designing drugs that inhibit all AKT activity. .0 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] An aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula II: R 2L L 2 _& R1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L and L 2 are each, independently, -S-, S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -N(R 3 )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-; each R 3 is, 25 independently, -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C 6
H
5 ; ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring-forming heteroatoms, and wherein ring A is optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R 1 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )mCH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
R
4 , -OH, OCH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
CH
2 C(O)OH, -C(O)R 4 , -C(O)OR 4 , 30 CH 2
C(O)OR
4 , -CH 2
CH
2
C(O)OR
4 , -NH 2 , CH 2
NH
2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 , -S(O) 2
R
4 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
R
4 , 2
C
6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
4 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -S(0 2
)C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, morpholino, or halogen; R 4 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -OCH 3 , C(O)OH, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
5 , halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or piperazinyl; R 5 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, or halogen; R2 is 6 6 6a 61 6 5 -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , C1-C 2 0 alkyl, -OH, -NH 2 , -OR, -NHC(O)R , -NR R , -NHS(O) 2 R, S(O) 2 OH, -CH(O), -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR6, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -S(0 2
)NH
2 , 6_666 6
CH
2
(CH
2 )pR 6 -, CH 2
(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
O(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pSO 2 R , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pNHR, C 6
H
5 , or -C 6
H
4 R6, and wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl of R2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and R 8
R
8 - Rs 8 L R 8
L
3 / L 3 0 NR 6 aR 6 b; or R 2 is R, R 8
R
8 _~ _ R8 R8R8R8 N R8 PR L33 Pf L L3 \/ L S 3\ L3 \/ NR L/NS3R N N--N , N R8 N Rio
R
9 N--O R1 R1 10 L---/N L LN N L3 R 8 , R10 R1 o
R
8 RR 8 0
L
3 - 0 0
L
3 R N R N N R8, 0 0 L3
R
8 0 N L0R N N L3--R
R
8
R
8 ,
R
8 L3, Rio 0
L
3
/N__R
8 R8'N
L
3 \ 15 Ni 3 NH R L 3 / L\3 N N ON
L
3 - R8 R 8
R
8 R \-~~ 3 N N ,L 3 R N R1 RRio N
L
3 , 3 ,or R 10 , wherein R 2 is attached to the phenyl ring of Formula II through L ; R' is -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6 Hs, C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of 5 the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C 1
.
6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7 nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; L 3 is a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )q-, CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -OP(O)(OH)-, 0 NHS(O) 2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, -S(O) 2 0-, or -C(O)NH-; R7 and R8 are each independently H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H,
NO
2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; R 10 is -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , 0
C
6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
9 , or ; R 9 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and m, p and q are each independently 15 an integer selected from 1 to 20; with the provisos that: R is not -S(O) 2
NH
2 when R2 is NH 2 ; -- A R1
L
3 is not -NHC(O)- or -NH- when the moiety of is + / ;L 3 is not N N N -~ A R
-NHS(O)
2 - when the moiety of is R1 ; R 1 is not -C(O)OR 4 or -OR 4 4 R1 when the moiety of is /) ; L 3 is not -NHC(O)- when the moiety N \ R 1 - A R1R1 of s or N; L 3 is not -S(O) 2 NH- when the N - A R 20 moiety of is ; or R2 is not H 3 C when the moiety of is N 5 [0007] In certain embodiments, L' is -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. L 2 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R3) 2 -. Li may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-. L 2 may be -S , -S(O)2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, Ll is -S(O) 2 - and L 2 is -NH-. A may be a 5-membered heteroaryl ring. - AR1 [0008] In certain embodiments, the moiety of: is selected 10 from: R N R N R R1 HN-N 0 0 R1 0 N. HN-N -- R1 ,,,,.NHR -- R1 N , , N ,and .Ring A may be optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in 5 R1 addition to R 1 . In certain embodiments, the moiety of is N Ring A may be a phenyl ring or a 6-membered heteroaryl ring. - AR1 [0009] The moiety of may be selected from: R1 R1 R1 R N-N , N , N \R1 5 and N . Ring A may be optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R . In certain embodiments, the moiety of NR1 - A R1 is N . R 2 may be positioned and arranged in the para or meta position. In certain embodiments, the compound is not compound 316, compound 331, compound 332, compound 333, compound 360, or compound 335. 0 [0010] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula III:
R
2 /L2 N Li SN
R
1 III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L' and L 2 are each, independently, -S-, S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -N(R 3 )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-; each R 3 is, independently, -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C 6
H
5 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , 15 C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 , -CH 2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH 3 , S(O) 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
C
6
H
5 , or S(O) 2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; R2 is -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , NR 6aR b, -NHS(O) 2 R6, -OH, -OR6, C(O)OH, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1. 6 6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR 6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C 1
.
6 alkyl, 5 C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R6a is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7 nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0011] In certain embodiments, L' may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In 0 other embodiments, L 2 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -. L may be -NH-, -NR 3 , CH2-, or -C(R 3)2-. L2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, Ll is -S(O) 2 - and L2 is -NH-. R2 may be positioned and arranged in the para or meta position. [0012] In certain embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula Ill-a: R 2 H N N S 5 R 1 Ill-a wherein: R1 is -H or -CH 3 ; R2 is -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R6, -NHS(O) 2 R6, or C1-C 2 0 alkyl, wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1
.
6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R6, and -NR 6aR 6; R is -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 20 alkyl, and wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R7, and halogen; R 6a is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and R7 is -H, CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , 25 -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0013] In certain embodiments, R1 is H; and R2 is C1-C 20 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR 6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , 7
-CH
2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol 5 4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 ,
S(O)
2 OH, -P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0014] In certain embodiments, R2 is -NH 2 or -NHS(O) 2 R 6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6 H4R 7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 2 0 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or 0 more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 ,
C
1
.
6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0015] In certain embodiments, R2 is -NHS(O) 2 R 6; R is aryl or heteroaryl, each 5 optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. R2 may be positioned and arranged in the para position. In certain embodiments, R1 is H; and R2 is .0 NH 2 . In certain embodiments, R is H; and R2 is Ci-20 alkyl. [0016] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula IV: N H R IV [0017] or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: R is an amine, methyl, 25 alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aminoalkyl, alkyl carbamate, alkyl acetamide, alkyl sulfonyl, alkyl sulfonic acid ester, or alkyl sulfonamide. R may be a linear or branched C 2
-C
20 alkyl, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 alkene, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 alkyne, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 aminoalkyl, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 alkyl carbamate branched C 2
-C
20 alkyl acetamide, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 sulfonyl, linear or branched C 2
-C
20 sulfonic acid ester, or linear or 8 branched C 2
-C
20 sulfonamide. R may be a linear C 2
-C
20 alkyl. R may be an alkyl acetamide of formula -NHC(O)CH 1
CH
3 wherein n is 0 to 20. R may be selected from -CH 11
CH
3 and NHC(O)CH 1 1
CH
3 . [0018] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula:
(CH
2
)
1
CH
3 H N N, / N' 'f' S' 5 ' OS . [0019] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: 0'/ 0 0S' S NH H3C-< 'H N-N [0020] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: O- N HNo 01 N ' H 0 0 [0021] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: O H \ N s _N O H [0022] Another aspect of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical composition comprising, a compound of formula II:
R
2
LL
2 R1 15 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L' and L 2 are each, independently, -S-, S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -N(R 3 )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-; each R 3 is, independently, -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C 6
H
5 ; ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring-forming heteroatoms, and wherein ring A is optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in 9 addition to R 1 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )mCH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
R
4 , -OH, OCH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
CH
2 C(O)OH, -C(O)R 4 , -C(O)OR 4 , CH 2
C(O)OR
4 , -CH 2
CH
2
C(O)OR
4 , -NH 2 , CH 2
NH
2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 , -S(O) 2
R
4 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
R
4 ,
C
6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
4 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -S(O 2
)C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, 5 morpholino, or halogen; R 4 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -OCH 3 , C(O)OH, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6 H4R 5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
5 , halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or piperazinyl; R 5 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, or halogen; R2 is 6 6 6a 61 6 -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , C1-C 2 0 alkyl, -OH, -NH 2 , -OR , -NHC(O)R , -NR R , -NHS(O) 2 R, S(O) 2 OH, -CH(O), -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR6, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -S(0 2
)NH
2 , 0 CH 2
(CH
2 )pR 6 -, CH 2
(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
O(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pSO 2
R
6 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pNHR, C6Hs, or -C 6
H
4 R6, and wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl of R2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R6, and R 8
R
8 L3_0R 8 L3(\ / 0
R
8 NR6aR 6b or R 2 is LR R 8
R
8 R R8 ~R8 R 8LR Pf NR L 3\ L3\/ / N ,N-N R8N, N
R
9 N-- O RR1 - - N R R1 L - / N L 3
L
3 N NN
L
3 / 15 R8, R1 R1o
R
8 RR 8 0
L
3 - 0 0
L
3 R N R N N R8, 0 0 L3
R
8 0 N L R N N L3-R
R
8
R
8 ,
R
8 L3, Rio 10 0
L
3
R
8 3 - R /NH R1 O L 3 / N 0-- N _ N
L
3 -- RR R 8 R NN RioR L 3 Ri N Rio -~ N
L
3 , ,or R 10 , wherein R 2 is attached to the phenyl ring of Formula II through L ; R' is -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6 Hs, 5 C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C 1
.
6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7 nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; L 3 is a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )q-, 0 CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -OP(O)(OH)-, NHS(O) 2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, -S(O) 2 0-, or -C(O)NH-; R7 and R8 are each independently H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H,
NO
2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; R 10 is -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , 0
C
6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
9 , or ; R 9 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, 15 NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and m, p and q are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 20; with the provisos that: 11
R
1 is not -S(O) 2
NH
2 when R 2 is NH 2 ; L 3 is not -NHC(O)- or -NH- when the moiety of R1 is + C /) ; L 3 is not -NHS(O) 2 - when the moiety of N S- A is R 1 ; R 1 is not -C(O)OR 4 or -OR 4 when the moiety of is R1- R1 ; L 3 is not -NHC(O)- when the moiety of is N \
R
1
-
R1 0 - A 5 or N ; L 3 is not -S(O) 2 NH- when the moiety of N L 3 R1 0 ... O-~ A R 1 is ; or R 2 is not H 3 C when the moiety of is NR1 N ; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. [0023] In certain embodiments, ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring. Ring A R1 S KN may be N . Ring A may be optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, 10 sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R . Ring A may be a phenyl ring or a 6 N=\ R1 membered heteroaryl ring. Ring A may be N . Ring A may be optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R . R2 may be positioned and arranged in the para position. In certain embodiments, the 12 compound is not compound 316, compound 331, compound 332, compound 333, compound 360, or compound 335. [0024] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3 H N N composition comprising, a compound selected from: S N H S O~ N.~,
H
3 C-($ ~ H -O N 5 N-N H O , and NN N C O - H ; and apamcuial cetbecriro L2 N />-C/ N N
R
1 V 10 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Lc and L 2 are each, independently, -S-, S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -N(R 3 )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-; each R 3 is, independently, -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C 6 Hs; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 , -CH 2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH 3 , S(O) 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
C
6 Hs, or S(O) 2
CH
2
C
6 Hs; R2 is -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , 15 NR aR , -NHS(O) 2 R6, -OH, -ORE, C(O)OH, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1. 6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR aR ; Ra is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6 Hs, C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6 Hs, -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents 13 independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7 nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , 5 C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0026] In certain embodiments, L' may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. L2 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-. L 1 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -. L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, Ll is -S(O) 2 -; L2 is -NH -; and R 1 is S(O) 2
NH
2 . 0 [0027] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula IX: W-X z
L
2 A R IX 1 2 & R1I wherein: L' is -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-; L2 is -NH- or -CH 2 -; ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring-forming heteroatoms or substituted or 5 unsubstituted phenyl, wherein ring A is optionally substituted with a methyl or methoxy group in addition to R 1 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 , -CH 2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH3, S(O) 2
NH
2 ,
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , or S(O) 2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; and W, X, Y, and Z are each independently N or CH, provided that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is N. 20 [0028] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: N 0 H NH 2 \ , N S 0 | 0 N-N 0 [0029] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula VI: 14 R2- L 2 N N R 1 NJ R1A vi [0030] or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L' and L 2 are each, independently, -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -N(R 3 )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3)2 ; each R 3 is, independently, -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C 6
H
5 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , 5 or -OCH 3 ; RA is -H, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 ; R2 is -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , -NR 6aR , -NHS(O) 2 R 6, -OH, -OR , C(O)OH, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein the C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or 6 more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1.6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR 6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 0 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, and halogen; R6a is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol 4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 ,
S(O)
2 OH, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or ~R8R8R8R
L
3 R/ R L3N L 3 R 5 halogen; or R2 is N- NN Rio R9 N----O R10 Ri 1 -I N R R10
L
3 - N N L N NN L3\
R
8 , ,R1, R1 R8 R8 R8 O0
L
3 -0 0
L
3 0 N N N
R
8 , 15 0 0
L
3 0
R
8 O N N L3 -R8 -- N
R
8
R
8 ,
R
8 L R10 0
L
3 -- _ R 8 LR R10N R10 OL 3 / 3 NN N N L 3 - R8 R 8 -- N N 10 RR 10 , or ,wherein R2 is attached to the benzene ring of Formula V through L ; L 3 is a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )s-, -CH(OH)-, 5 C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -NHP(O)(OH)-, -NHS(O) 2 -, SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, or -NHC(O)-; R8 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , 0 R9 C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; R 10 is -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -C 6
H
5 , , or 0
R
9 I' R 9 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CHA) -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -1-O
C(O)NH
2 , or halogen; and s is 1 to 20. L' may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. L2 10 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3 )2-. L 1 may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -. L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. [0031] In certain embodiments, L' is -S(O) 2 -; L2 is -NH-; R2 is -NHS(O) 2 R 6; R6 is aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, 15 -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, 16
P(O)
2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; or R 2 is 0 0
R
8 N 1 1 N L 3 L--
R
8 -- N -- ~~N
R
8 , R or R, wherein R2 is attached to the benzene ring of Formula V through L ; and L 3 is -NHS(O) 2 - or -N=N-. In 0 0 N L3 -- R 8 2N certain embodiments, R2 is , wherein R2 is attached to the 5 benzene ring of Formula V through L 3 ; and L 3 is -N=N-. [0032] In certain embodiments, R2 is -NHS(O) 2 R ; R is aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C 1
.
6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, 0 P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [0033] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: 0 CI1 o S H N CI [0034] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula VII: Rhren 2 LVRa 15 VII wherein: L' is -S(O) 2 - or -C(O)-; L2 is -CH 2 -, -0-, or -S-; n is 1 or 2; Ri is halogen, R 3a Ho ~ C(O)OH, or R 3a is halogen, -H, -NH 2 , C(CH 3
)
3 , or C(F) 3 ; R2a is -NH 2 , 17 -L3a ®
NO
2 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, or ; L 3 a is a bond, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)-, -NH-, or -0-; and ring B is a aryl or heteroaryl having one or two ring-forming N heteroatoms, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from CH 3 , -OH, NH 2 , -NO 2 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -S(O) 2 OH, As(O) 3 H, NHC(O)CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , 5 OCH 2
CH
3 , and halogen. In certain embodiments, Ll is -S(O) 2 -; L 2 is -S-; and n is 2. In - P L3a ® certain embodiments, Ri is halogen; R2a is -NH 2 , or ; L3a is -NHC(O)- or NH-; and ring B is a aryl or heteroaryl having one or two ring-forming N heteroatoms, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from CH 3 , -OH, NH 2 , -NO 2 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -S(O) 2 0H, As(O) 3 H, NHC(O)CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , 0 OCH 2
CH
3 , and halogen. [0035] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula: [0036] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula VIII:
R
2 L1 C Rib 15 VIII [0037] wherein: L' is -S(O) 2 - or -C(O)-; ring C is aryl, piperazine, or imidazole; R l is an aryl group substituted with one or more C(O)OH, CH 2 C(O)OH, or imidazole; R2b is + L3bO D ; L is a bond, -0-, or -S(O) 2 -; and ring D is a 5- to 9-membered, substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic of bicyclic ring having 0-3 ring-forming heteroatoms 20 selected from N and 0, wherein ring D is optionally substituted with one or more 18 substituents independently selected from -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -NH 2 , -NO 2 , and halogen. Ring C may be a piperazine ring. [0038] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula VIII: W-X z
L
2 A R1 5 VIII wherein: L' is -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-; L2 is -NH- or -CH 2 -; ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring-forming heteroatoms or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein ring A is optionally substituted with a methyl or methoxy group in addition to R 1 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, 0 CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 , -CH 2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH3, S(O) 2
NH
2 ,
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , or S(O) 2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; and W, X, Y, and Z are each independently N or CH, provided that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is N. [0039] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating a proliferative disorder comprising: administering a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a 5 compound of formula I:
R
2 B L R [0040] or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L is -S-, -S(O) 2 -, C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(R )-, -CH 2 -, -C(R 3
)
2 -, -L 1
-L
2 -, or -L 1
-(CH
2 )n 1
-L
2 -; or L -(CH 2
)
OC(O)-(CH
2
)
2
-CH(C(O)OH)-NHC(O)O-(CH
2 )- or -(CH 2
)-OC(O)-(CH
2
)-CH(C(O)OH)
20 NHC(O)O-(CH 2 )-; L' and L2 are each, independently, -0-, -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, -C(R 3 )2-, or piperazinyl; n is 1 or 2; each R 3 is independently -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -NH 2 , -C 6
H
5 heteroarylalkyl, or C(O)R 3a; R3a is C1.6 alkyl or aryl, each substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from halogen and CN; ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring-forming 25 heteroatoms or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein ring A is optionally substituted with a methyl or methoxy group in addition to R 1 ; R 1 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , 19
CH
2
(CH
2 )mCH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
R
4 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, CH 2
CH
2 C(O)OH, -C(O)R 4 , -C(O)OR 4 , -CH 2
C(O)OR
4 , -CH 2
CH
2
C(O)OR
4 , -NH 2 , CH 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
R
4 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
R
4 , C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
4 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -S(0 2
)C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, morpholino, or halogen; R 4 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , 5 CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
5 , halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or piperazinyl; R 5 is -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, or halogen; ring B is a substituted or unsubstituted, 5-14 membered aromatic or polyaromatic ring having 1 to 2 ring-forming heteromatoms or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; R2 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl, -OH, -NH 2 , -OR , -NHC(O)R6, 0 -NR 6aR b, -NHS(O) 2 R 6, -S(O) 2 OH, -CH(O), -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR6, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, 6_ 6 6 6
S(O)
2
NH
2 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pR -, CH 2
(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
O(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pSO 2 R, CH 2
(CH
2 )pNHR , -C 6
H
5 , or -C 6
H
4 R 6; wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl of R 2 is optionally substituted 6 with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R ,
R
8
R
8 - RR L 2 3R
L
3
|
and -NR 6 aR 6 ; or R 2 iS R 8 , R 8
R
8 RR 8 R 8 LP \ 1 N R 8 L3 L 3 5 N N-N , N , R , N R1o
R
9 N--O R 10 __ / N R
L
3 NN L 3
L
3 R N N L3 C R, R10 R1o
R
8
RR
8 0 R' R/ N
L
3 0 0
L
3 0 N N R 8 , O 0 L3
R
8 0 L L0R N L3R
R
8
R
8 ,
R
8 L3, Rio 20 0
L
3
R
8 3 - R /NH R1 O L 3 / N 0-- N _ N
L
3 -- R R 8
R
8 R NN RioR L 3 Ri N Rio -~ N I I ring3
L
3 , ,or R 10 , wherein R2 is attached to ring B through L 3 ; R 6 is -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , 5 -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R7, and halogen; R is H or methyl; R is methyl, 7 nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; L 3 is a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )q-, 0 CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -OP(O)(OH)-,
NHS(O)
2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, -S(O) 2 0-, or -C(O)NH-; R7 and R8 are each independently H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 ,
-OCH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; R 1 0 is -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
9 , - -0 or ; R 9 is -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , 15 C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and m, p and q are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 20; to a patient in need thereof. [0041] The method may further comprise administering a second active agent. The second active agent or secondary agent may be selected from doxorubicin, paclitaxel, methotrexate, tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, streptozotocin and 5 21 fluorouracil. The patient may exhibit symptoms of a proliferative disease selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, abdominal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioma, liver cancer, tongue cancer, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, 5 prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, blood cancer, skin cancer and melanoma.*** [0042] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising: a pharmaceutically effective amount of a small molecule that binds to the Pleckstrin Homology domain (PH) of AKT protein kinases 0 and inhibits AKT protein kinase activity; and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable lipophilic bases, cosolvents, cosurfactants, or combinations thereof. [0043] In certain embodiments, the small molecule is a compound of formula I: N, R1 -/ O, O S N 2 HR or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 5 wherein
R
1 is H;
R
2 is a C 6
-C
20 alkyl, wherein the C 6
-C
20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1
-C
6 alkyl, -OH,
-NH
2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; .0 R 6 is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 and halogen; 25 R 6 a is H or methyl; R6 is methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 ,
-S(O)
2 OH, -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 OH, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH,
-C(O)NH
2 , or halogen. 30 [0044] In certain embodiments, 22
R
2 is a C 6
-C
20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or 5 -C1-C 20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C6H4R 7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; 0 and R7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 ,
-S(O)
2 OH, -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 OH, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH,
-C(O)NH
2 , or halogen. [0045] In certain embodiments, 5 R 2 is a C 6
-C
2 0 alkyl. [0046] In certain embodiments, R 2 is a straight C-C20 alkyl. [0047] In certain embodiments, R2 is a Cs-C20 alkyl. [0048] In certain embodiments, R 2 is a Cio-Cis alkyl. [0049] In certain embodiments, R2 is a C12-C 0 alkyl. 0 [0050] In certain embodiments, R2 is -(CH2)i3CH3. [0051] In certain embodiments, the small molecule is N- , K\ i S N H
(CH
2
)
1 1
CH
3 [0052] In certain embodiments, the lipophilic base is selected from the group consisting of, White Ointment USP, Yellow Ointment NF, Oleic Acid USP, Olive Oil USP, 25 Paraffin USP, Petrolatum NF, White Petrolatum USP, Spermaceti Wax USP, Synthetic Spermaceti NF, Starch Glycerite NF, White Wax USP, Yellow Wax USP, Cetearyl Alcohol, Behentrimonium Methylsulfate, Propylene Glycol, Dimethicone, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Stearalkonium Chloride, Fragrance, Methylparaben, Amodimethicone, Panthenol, Alcohol Denatured, Propylparaben, Hexylcinnamal, Linalool, Cetrimonium Chloride, Butyrospermum 30 Parkii (Shea Butter), Cyclotetrasiloxane, Trideceth 12, and combinations thereof. 23 [0053] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises water, arnica montana flower extract, calendula officinalis flower extract, chamomilla recutita (matricaria) flower extract, prunus serotina (wild cherry) bark extract, lavandula angustifolia (lavender) flower extract, cymbopogon schoenanthus extract, rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) flower extract, 5 passiflora incarnata extract, passiflora incarnata fruit extract (passion flower), cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetrimonium chloride, glycerin, lupin amino acids, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydrolyzed wheat protein, hydrolyzed wheat starch, tocopherol acetate, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, algin, citric acid, limonene, methylparaben, propylparaben, and diazolidinyl urea. [0054] In certain embodiments, the cosolvent is selected from the group consisting 0 of benzyl alcohol, Gelucire 44/14, ACCONON MC-8, EP/NF PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP, caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides polyglyceryl-6-distearate, and combinations thereof. [0055] In certain embodiments, the cosurfactant is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, ACCONON MC-8, labrasol, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides 5 EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides NF, capryol 90, lauroglycol 90, and combinations thereof. [0056] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition further comprises a penetration enhancer. [0057] In certain embodiments, the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol 2-propanol, alkyl methyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl .0 sulfoxide, decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide, pyrrolidones, acetone, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and tetrahyrdofurfuryl alcohol, niacin, niacinamide, and combinations thereof. [0058] In certain embodiments, the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone, 25 laurocapram, and combinations thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0059] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of an in vitro screen. [0060] FIGs. 2A-2B show the biological activity of compound 100 in Panc-1 cells. 30 [0061] FIGs. 3A-3D show the modeling of interactions between compound 100 and compound 103b to AKT (Fig. 3A); between compound 100 and 103b to AKT (Fig. 3B); between compound 100, 101, 104 and 137 to AKT (Fig. 3C); and between 104 and 137 to AKT (Fig. 3D). 24 [0062] FIGs. 4A-4C show the biological properties of compounds 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104. [0063] FIGs. 5A-5C show inhibition of AKT and downstream proteins by compound 104. 5 [0064] FIGs. 6A-6C show anti-tumor activity and inhibition of AKT by compound 104. [0065] FIG. 7 shows the relative binding of compounds 104, 155, 154, 153, 156, 157 and 158 to the expressed PH domain of AKT. [0066] FIG. 8 shows the effects of R 1 alkyl chain length on calculated logP and 0 CaCo-2 permeability of compound 104 like compounds. [0067] FIG. 9 shows the antitumor activity of compounds 104, 155, 154 and 153. [0068] FIG. 10 shows tumor growth inhibition of compound 104 in different carcinogenic cell lines. [0069] FIG. 11 shows anti-tumor activity of compound 104 alone or incombination 5 with paclitaxel in MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts. [0070] FIGs. 12A- 12C show the induction of apoptosis in HaCaT cells. [0071] FIGs. 13A-13B show the localization of compound 137 in HaCaT cells and a comparison of inhibition of AKT phosphorylation for compound 104 and compound 137. [0072] FIGs. 14A-14C show inhibition UVB-induced AKT phosphorylation in .0 HaCaT cells by compound 104. [0073] FIGs. 15A-15C show the effects of compound 104 on total AKT in scid mouse skin. [0074] FIGs. 16A-16D show the interactions of compound 316 with the human AKT1 and PDK1 PH domain. 25 [0075] FIGs. 17A-17B show the binding of the compounds 316 and 331 to the PH domain of AKT1 and IRS 1. [0076] FIGs. 18A-18B show a graphical representation of ELISA competitive binding assays for compounds 316 and 331. [0077] FIGs. 19A-19D show inhibition of AKT in cancer cells for compounds 316, 30 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335. [0078] FIGs. 20A-20C show graphical representations of the in vivo activity of compound 316. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 25 [0079] Before the compositions and methods of the invention are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular processes, compositions, or methodologies described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments 5 only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. [0080] It must be noted that, as used herein, and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Throughout this specification and the claims, unless the context requires 0 otherwise, the word "comprise" and its variations, such as "comprises" and "comprising," will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods similar or 5 equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the preferred methods are now described. All publications and references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. .0 [0081] As used herein, the term "about" means plus or minus 10% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 50% means in the range of 45%-55%. [0082] The term "alkyl" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to both straight and branched chain radicals of up to 25 carbons, unless the chain length 25 is otherwise limited, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, or decyl. [0083] The term "alkenyl" is used herein to mean a straight or branched chain radical of 2-10 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is otherwise limited, wherein there is at least 30 one double bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain, including, but not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like. Preferably, the alkenyl chain is 2 to 20 carbon atoms in length, most preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in length. 26 [0084] The term "alkynyl" is used herein to mean a straight or branched chain radical of 2-10 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is otherwise limited, wherein there is at least one triple bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain, including, but not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, and the like. Preferably, the alkynyl chain is 2 to 20 carbon 5 atoms in length, most preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in length. [0085] In all instances herein where there is an alkenyl or alkynyl moiety as a substituent group, the unsaturated linkage, i.e., the vinyl or ethenyl linkage, is preferably not directly attached to a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur moiety. [0086] The term "alkoxy" or "alkyloxy" refers to any of the above alkyl groups linked 0 to an oxygen atom. Typical examples are methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, sec- butyloxy, and t-butyloxy. [0087] The term "aryl" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic groups containing from 6 to 12 carbons in the ring portion, preferably 6-10 carbons in the ring portion. Typical examples include phenyl, 5 biphenyl, naphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl. [0088] The term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to C1.6 alkyl groups as discussed above having an aryl substituent, such as benzyl, phenylethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl. [0089] The term "heterocycle" may refer to a "heteroaryl." "Heteroaryl" as employed .0 herein refers to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms; 6, 10 or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array; and containing carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms (where examples of heteroaryl groups are: thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, 25 pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4caH carbazolyl, carbazolyl, P-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, and tetrazolyl groups). 30 [0090] The term "heterocycle" may also refer to a "heterocycloalkyl." "Heterocycloalkyls" as used herein may refer to any saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycle. By itself or as part of another group, "heterocycle" may refer to a saturated or partially unsaturated ring system having 5 to 14 ring atoms selected from carbon atoms and 1, 27 2, 3, or 4 oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur heteroatoms. Typical saturated examples include pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, morpholinyl, and dioxacyclohexyl. Typical partially unsaturated examples include pyrrolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolinyl, dihydropyridinyl, 5 tetrahydropyridinyl, and dihydropyranyl. Either of these systems can be fused to a benzene ring. When a substituent is oxo (i.e., =0), then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. When aromatic moieties are substituted by an oxo group, the aromatic ring is replaced by the corresponding partially unsaturated ring. For example, a pyridyl group substituted by oxo results in a pyridone. 0 [0091] The terms "heteroarylalkyl" or "heteroaralkyl" as employed herein both refer to a heteroaryl group attached to an alkyl group. Typical examples include 2-(3 pyridyl)ethyl, 3-(2-furyl)-n-propyl, 3-(3-thienyl)-n-propyl, and 4-(1-isoquinolinyl)-n-butyl. [0092] The term "cycloalkyl" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to cycloalkyl groups containing 3 to 9 carbon atoms. Typical examples are 5 cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and cyclononyl. [0093] The term "cycloalkylalkyl" or "cycloalkyl(alkyl)" as employed herein, by itself or as part of another group, refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to an alkyl group. Typical examples are 2-cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, 3 cyclohexyl-n-propyl, and 5-cyclobutyl-n-pentyl. .0 [0094] The term "cycloalkenyl" as employed herein, by itself or as part of another group, refers to cycloalkenyl groups containing 3 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 carbon-carbon double bonds. Typical examples include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, cyclooctatrienyl, cyclononenyl, and cyclononadienyl. 25 [0095] The term "halogen" or "halo" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine. [0096] The term "monoalkylamine" or "monoalkylamino" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to the group NH 2 wherein one hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group, as defined above. 30 [0097] The term "dialkylamine" or "dialkylamino" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to the group NH 2 wherein both hydrogens have been replaced by alkyl groups, as defined above. 28 [0098] The term "hydroxyalkyl" as employed herein refers to any of the above alkyl groups wherein one or more hydrogens thereof are substituted by one or more hydroxyl moieties. [0099] The term "haloalkyl" as employed herein refers to any of the above alkyl 5 groups wherein one or more hydrogens thereof are substituted by one or more halo moieties. Typical examples include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloroethyl, trifluoroethyl, fluoropropyl, and bromobutyl. [00100] The term "carboxyalkyl" as employed herein refers to any of the above alkyl groups wherein one or more hydrogens thereof are substituted by one or more carboxylic acid 0 moieties. [00101] The term "heteroatom" is used herein to mean an oxygen atom ("0"), a sulfur atom ("S") or a nitrogen atom ("N"). It will be recognized that when the heteroatom is nitrogen, it may form an NRaRb moiety, wherein Ra and R are, independently from one another, hydrogen or C1 to C 8 alkyl, or together with the nitrogen to which they are bound 5 form a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. [00102] The terms "hydroxy" and "hydroxyl" are used interchangeably to refer to the radical -OH. The terms "pyridyl" and "pyridinyl" are used interchangeably to refer to a monovalent radical of pyridine. The terms "carbamoyl" and "aminocarbonyl" are used interchangeably to refer to the radical NH 2 -C(O)-. The terms "ureido" and .0 "aminocarbonylamino" are used interchangeably to refer to the radical NH 2 -C(O)-NH-. [00103] "Optional" or "optionally" may be taken to mean that the subsequently described structure, event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. [00104] The phrase "optionally substituted" when not explicitly defined refers to a 25 group or groups being optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, halogen, C1.6 alkyl, C1.6 haloalkyl, C1.6 alkoxy, C1.6 alkylenedioxy, C1.6 aminoalkyl, C1.6 hydroxyalkyl, C 2
-
4 alkenyl,
C
2
-
4 alkynyl, C6 10 aryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C1.6 aminoalkoxy, amino, mono(C 14)alkylamino, di(C1.4)alkylamino, C 2
-
6 alkylcarbonylamino, C 2
-
6 30 alkoxycarbonylamino, C 2
-
6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2
-
6 alkoxycarbonylalkyl, carboxy, C 2
-
6 hydroxyalkoxy, (C1.
6 )alkoxy(C 2
-
6 )alkoxy, mono(C 14)alkylamino(C 2
-
6 )alkoxy, di(C1.4)alkylamino(C 2
-
6 )alkoxy C 2
-
10 mono(carboxyalkyl)amino, bis(C 2
-
1 0 carboxyalkyl)amino, C 2
-
6 carboxyalkoxy, C 2
-
6 carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkylamino, guanidinoalkyl, hydroxyguanidinoalkyl, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, perfluoroethoxy, 29 aminocarbonylamino, mono(C 1.4)alkylaminocarbonylamino, di(C1.4)alkylaminocarbonylamino, N-(C 14)alkyl-N-aminocarbonyl-amino, N-(C1.4)alkyl N-mono(C 1.4)alkylaminocarbonyl-amino or N-(C1.4)alkyl-N-di(C1.4)alkylaminocarbonyl amino. 5 [00105] "Administering" when used in conjunction with a therapeutic means to administer a therapeutic directly into or onto a target tissue or to administer a therapeutic to a patient whereby the therapeutic positively impacts the tissue to which it is targeted. "Administering" a composition may be accomplished by oral administration, injection, infusion, absorption or by any method in combination with other known techniques. Such 0 combination techniques include heating, radiation and ultrasound. [00106] The term "target", as used herein, refers to the material for which either deactivation, rupture, disruption or destruction or preservation, maintenance, restoration or improvement of function or state is desired. For example, diseased cells, pathogens, or infectious material may be considered undesirable material in a diseased subject and may be a 5 target for therapy. [00107] Generally speaking, the term "tissue" refers to any aggregation of similarly specialized cells, which are united in the performance of a particular function. [00108] The term "improves" is used to convey that the present invention changes the appearance, form, characteristics and/or physical attributes of the tissue to which it is being .0 provided, applied or administered. "Improves" may also refer to the overall physical state of an individual to whom an active agent has been administered. For example, the overall physical state of an individual may "improve" if one or more symptoms of a neurodegenerative disorder are alleviated by administration of an active agent. [00109] As used herein, the term "therapeutic" means an agent utilized to treat, 25 combat, ameliorate or prevent an unwanted condition or disease of a patient. [00110] The terms "therapeutically effective amount" or "therapeutic dose" as used herein are interchangeable and may refer to the amount of an active agent or pharmaceutical compound or composition that elicits a biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor 30 or other clinician. A biological or medicinal response may include, for example, one or more of the following: (1) preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display pathology or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder, (2) inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or 30 symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder or arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder, and (3) ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or exhibiting the pathology or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder or reversing the pathology and/or 5 symptoms experienced or exhibited by the individual. [00111] The term "treating" may be taken to mean prophylaxis of a specific disorder, disease or condition, alleviation of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder, disease or condition and/or prevention of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to slowing the progression of the disorder, 0 disease or condition or alleviating the symptoms associated with the specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to slowing the progression of the disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to alleviating the symptoms associated with the specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to restoring function, which was impaired or lost due to a specific disorder, 5 disease or condition. [00112] The term "patient" generally refers to any living organism to which to compounds described herein are administered and may include, but is not limited to, any non human mammal, primate or human. Such "patients" may or may not be exhibiting the signs, symptoms or pathology of the particular diseased state. .0 [00113] The term "pharmaceutical composition" shall mean a composition including at least one active ingredient, whereby the composition is amenable to investigation for a specified, efficacious outcome in a mammal (for example, without limitation, a human). Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate the techniques appropriate for determining whether an active ingredient has a desired efficacious outcome based upon 25 the needs of the artisan. A pharmaceutical composition may, for example, contain an ATK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ATK inhibitor as the active ingredient. [00114] For the purposes of this disclosure, a "salt" is any acid addition salt, preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, including but not limited to, halogenic acid salts such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and hydroiodic acid 30 salt; an inorganic acid salt such as, for example, nitric, perchloric, sulfuric and phosphoric acid salt; an organic acid salt such as, for example, sulfonic acid salts (methanesulfonic, trifluoromethan sulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic or p-toluenesulfonic), acetic, malic, fumaric, succinic, citric, benzoic, gluconic, lactic, mandelic, mucic, pamoic, pantothenic, oxalic and maleic acid salts; and an amino acid salt such as aspartic or glutamic acid salt. 31 The acid addition salt may be a mono- or di-acid addition salt, such as a di-hydrohalogenic, di-sulfuric, di-phosphoric or di-organic acid salt. In all cases, the acid addition salt is used as an achiral reagent which is not selected on the basis of any expected or known preference for interaction with or precipitation of a specific optical isomer of the products of this disclosure. 5 [00115] "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" is meant to indicate those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a patient without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sciences, Vol 6. 1-19, which is 0 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail. [00116] As used herein, the term "daily dose amount" refers to the amount of pramipexole per day that is administered or prescribed to a patient. This amount can be administered in multiple unit doses or in a single unit dose, in a single time during the day or 5 at multiple times during the day. [00117] A "dose amount" as used herein, is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient, which may be administered per day. For example, a non-effective dose amount of 10 mg/day to 10,000 mg/day of an ATK inhibitor. [00118] The term "unit dose" as used herein may be taken to indicate a discrete .0 amount of the therapeutic composition that contains a predetermined amount of the active compound. The amount of the active compound is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient, which may be administered on or more times per day. For example, the unit dose may be a fraction of the desired daily dose which may be given in fractional increments, such as, for example, one-half or one-third the dosage. 25 [00119] Various embodiments of the invention presented herein are directed to small molecules that bind to the Pleckstrin Homology domain (PH) of ATK protein kinases and inhibit their activity, pharmaceutical compositions including such small molecules, and methods for using such small molecules to treat proliferative diseases such as, for example, cancer. In particular, certain embodiments of the invention are directed to molecules that 30 include two or more susbstituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6 membered rings having 0-3 ring forming heteroatoms connected by flexible linkers. For example, various embodiments of the invention may include compounds of general formula I: 32
R
2 B L R or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein: L may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, -N(R)-, -CH 2 -, -C(R) 2 -, -L -L 2 _ L -(CH 2 )n 1
-L
2 -, -(CH 2
)-OC(O)-(CH
2
)
2
-CH(C(O)OH)-NHC(O)O-(CH
2 )-, or -(CH 2
)-OC(O)
5 (CH 2
)-CH(C(O)OH)-NHC(O)O-(CH
2 )-; Li and L 2 may each, independently, be -0-, -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, NR 3 , -CH 2 -, -C(R 3 )2-, or piperazinyl; n may be 1 or 2; each R 3 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -NH 2 , -C 6
H
5 0 heteroarylalkyl, or C(O)R3a R3a may be C1. alkyl or aryl, each substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from halogen and CN; ring A may be a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring forming heteroatoms or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and in some embodiments, ring 5 A may be be substituted with one or more methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, sulfonic acid ester group in addition to Ri; Ri may be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )mCH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -CH 2
CH
2 R4, -OH, OCH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
CH
2 C(O)OH, -C(O)R 4 , -C(O)OR 4 , CH 2
C(O)OR
4 , -CH 2
CH
2
C(O)OR
4 , -NH 2 , CH 2
NH
2 , -S(O) 2
R
4 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
R
4 , C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
4 , 20 CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -S(O 2
)C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, morpholino, or halogen; R4may be -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C 6
H
5 , C 6
H
4
R
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
5 , halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or piperazinyl; R may be -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, or halogen; ring B may be a substituted or unsubstituted, 5-14 membered aromatic or 25 polyaromatic ring having 1 to 2 ring-forming heteroatoms, and in particular embodiments, ring B may be a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; 26 6 R may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , C1-C 20 alkyl, -OH, -NH 2 , -OR , -NHC(O)R , NR 6aR b, -NHS(O) 2 R , -S(O) 2 OH, -CH(O), -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, S(O) 2
NH
2 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pR -, CH 2
(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
O(CH
2 )pOR , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pSO 2
R
6 , 30 CH 2
(CH
2 )pNHR , -C 6
H
5 , or -C 6 H4R 6, wherein when R2 is C1-C 2 0 alkyl it may be optionally 33 substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)R', and -NR aR"b;
R
8
R
8 R8_ R 8
P
3 \0/ R 8 or R 2 may be L3- / 3, R 8 , R 8
R
8 _ _ _ R8 __(->, 8R L /N -N~ R 8 L3 \/- L3 3 /N N__\ / N' ,N-N R8N, N
R
9 N 0 i Ro1 I_ NR
P
3 N I/N P 3 / \ / ~N / R 8 , R Rio \I \8 0/0' N ,N R 8 , 0 08
-R
8 'I -N
R
8
R
8 , R 8 L i 0 N3 R8 \~ R 8 NH NN
L
3 - N R8 R 8 'R8
R
8
-
" R - N , 3 34 NR10 N R N 3L3 through L 3 ; R may be -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, 5 heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C 1
.
6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; 0 L3 may be a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )q-, -CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -OP(O)(OH)-,-NHS(O) 2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, -S(O) 2 0-, or C(O)NH-; each R7 and R8 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 ,
NHC(O)CH
3 , S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, 5 C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; R 10 R may be -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
9 , , or 0
R
9
R
9 may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and 20 m, p and q may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 20. [00120] In particular embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be of general formula II: 35 R2 L 2 R1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: L and L 2 may each, independently, be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, N(CH 3 )-, -N(R )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3)2-; 5 each R 3 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C6Hs; ring A may be a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring forming heteroatoms and, in some embodiments, ring A may optionally be substituted with a methyl, methoxy, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R1; R may be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )mCH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -CH 2
CH
2 R4, -OH, 0 OCH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
CH
2 C(O)OH, -C(O)R 4 , -C(O)OR 4 , CH 2
C(O)OR
4 , -CH 2
CH
2
C(O)OR
4 , -NH 2 , CH 2
NH
2 , -S(O) 2
R
4 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
R
4 , C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
4 , CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -S(O 2
)C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
S(O)
2
C
6
H
5 , heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, morpholino, or halogen; R4 may be -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C 6
H
5 , C 6
H
4
R
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
5 , halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or piperazinyl; 5 R may be -H, -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, or halogen; 26 _6 R may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , C1-C 2 0 alkyl, -OH, -NH 2 , -OR , -NHC(O)R , NR 6aR b, -NHS(O) 2 R 6, -S(O) 2 OH, -CH(O), -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, S(0 2
)NH
2 , -CH 2
(CH
2 )pR -, CH 2
(CH
2 )pOR, -CH 2
O(CH
2 )pOR, -CH 2
(CH
2 )pSO 2
R
6 , CH 2
(CH
2 )pNHR , -C 6
H
5 , or -C 6 H4R 6, wherein when R2 is C1-C 20 alkyl, it may be optionally 20 substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)R6, and -NR 6aR 6b;
R
8
R
8 L3R 8
R
8 L/
R
8 or R 2 maybe R 8 , R 8
R
8 R8 D R 8 --- R - R8 L3 N -- N R 8 L3 \/ 3 L3 / N L/ N_ N , N-N , N R 8 , N 36 R1o
R
9 N--O /R1 R1 R10
I
3 I R/ / L3---N N L3 L3 N L3 \/ 1N
R
8 R R1o
R
8 O
L
3 - -- OR
L
3 Ro, \R/ , N RR8 0 0
L
3 ' N R \ L 3 N---R 3 N N R8, L R, R 8 R 0 LL 3 - R 8
L
3 / N N NN oo 5 R - - R R0 LL N3S RR N R1N 0N
LL
3 or R 0 , wherein R is attached to the phenyl ring of Formula II through L 3 ; Ramay be -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6 Hs, -C 6
H
4
R
7 , CH 2
C
6 Hs, -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, 10 heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents 37 independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; 5 L3 may be a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )q-, -CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -OP(O)(OH)-, -NHS(O) 2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, -S(O) 2 0-, or C(O)NH-; each R7 and R8 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 ,
NHC(O)CH
3 , S(O) 2 OH, -P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, 0 C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; RO R may be -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
9 , or 0
R
9
R
9 may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and 5 m, p and q are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 20. [00121] In some embodiments in the compound of general formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, L 1 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or P(O)(OH)-, and in other embodiments, L2 may be -NH-, -NR3, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3) 2 -. In still other embodiments, L' may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -, and in yet other 20 embodiments, L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, L may be -S(O) 2 - and L2 is -NH-. [00122] In various embodiments, ring A of the compounds of general formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, may be a 5-membered heteroaryl ring. -~ A R For example, in certain embodiments, the moiety of may be selected from: 38 R1R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 -- R1 N N HN N N - N , , N --R1 ,,,.NHR R-,,,,, - R1 HH N , , N ,and ,and in some embodiments ring A may be optionally substituted with one or more methyl, methoxy, 5 sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R , and in particular embodiments, the R1 -i R moiety of may be N . In still other embodiments, ring A may be a phenyl ring or a 6-membered heteroaryl ring. For example, in some embodiments, the -~ A R moiety of may be selected from:
RR
1 R R1 R1 R1 R1 10 and N , and in certain embodiments, ring A may be optionally substituted with one or more methyl, methoxy group, sulfonyl or sulfonic acid ester group in addition to R . -~ A R In particular embodiments, the moiety of in compounds of general formula II may be NJ . [00123] In some embodiments, in the compounds of general formula II or 15 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, R 1 may not be -S(O) 2
NH
2 when R 2 is 39 -~ A R
NH
2 ; L 3 may not be -NHC(O)- or -NH- when the moiety of is R1 ; L may not be -NHS(O) 2 - when the moiety of is N N N R-w is
R
1 ; R 1 may not be -C(O)0R 4 or -OR 4 when the moiety of is R1 L may not be -NHC(O)- when the moiety of is N =\ R1 5 or N ; L may not be -S(O) 2 NH- when the moiety of N L 3 R1 0 - A R 1 OR is ; or R2 may not be H 3 C when the moiety of N== R1 -~ A R is N ,or any combination thereof. [00124] Particular embodiments of the invention include compounds of general formula III:
R
2 R 2
L
2 N Li S N 10 R 1 III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: 40 L and L 2 may each, independently, be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, N(CH 3 )-, -N(R )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3)2-; each R 3 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C6Hs; R may be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 , 5 -CH 2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH 3 , S(O) 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
C
6
H
5 , or
S(O)
2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; 26 6a 6b 6 6 R may be -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , -NRaR , -NHS(O) 2 R , -OH, -OR , C(O)OH, or C1
C
20 alkyl, wherein each C 1
-C
20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1.6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and 0 R6a R6b 0 NRR; each R 6 may, independently, be -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6 H4R 7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , 5 CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 OH, P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. .0 [00125] In some embodiments in the compound of general formula III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, L 1 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or P(O)(OH)-, and in other embodiments, L2 may be -NH-, -NR3, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3) 2 -. In still other embodiments, L' may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -, and in yet other embodiments, L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, Li 25 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-, and L2 may be -NH-, or -CH 2 -, and in some embodiments, L may be -S(0) 2 - and L2 is -NH-. [00126] In particular embodiments, the compounds of general formula III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ill-a: 41 R2H N N R1 Ill-a wherein: R may be -H or -CH3; R2 may be -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , -NHS(O) 2 R 6, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein the C 1
-C
20 alkyl 5 may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1.6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R 7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4 R 7, aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 2 0 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , 0 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, 5 P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [00127] In some embodiments of the compound of general formula Ill-a or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof: R may be H; R2 may be C 1
-C
20 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents 20 independently selected from halogen, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR 6 b; R may be -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-NH
2 , -C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; 25 R6a may be H or methyl; R 6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and 42
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [00128] In other embodiments of the compounds of general formula Ill-a or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof: 5 R2 may be -NH 2 or -NHS(O) 2 R6; R may be -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and 0 halogen; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [00129] In still other embodiments of the compounds of general formula Ill-a or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof: 5 R2 may be -NHS(O) 2 R6; R may be aryl or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 ,
C
1
.
6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, .0 P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [00130] In certain embodiments, R1 may be H and R2 may be -NH 2 in the compounds of general formula Ill-a. [00131] In any of the embodiments of formulae III and Ill-a above, R2 may be substituted on any carbon atom of the phenyl ring. For example, in some embodiments, R2 25 may be positioned and arranged in the para configuration, and in other embodiments, R 2 may be positioned and arranged in the meta or ortho configuration. [00132] Particular embodiments are directed to compounds of general formula IV: N H R IV 43 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R may be an amine, methyl, alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aminoalkyl, alkyl carbamate, alkyl acetamide, alkyl sulfonyl, alkyl sulfonic acid ester, or alkyl sulfonamide such as, for example, a linear or branched C 2 to C 20 alkyl, linear or branched C 2 to C 20 alkene, linear or branched C 2 to C 20 alkyne, linear or 5 branched C 2 to C 20 aminoalkyl, linear or branched C 2 to C 20 alkyl carbamate branched C 2 to
C
20 alkyl acetamide, linear or branched C 2 to C 20 sulfonyl, linear or branched C 2 to C 20 sulfonic acid ester, or linear or branched C 2 to C 20 sulfonamide. In some embodiments, R may be a linear C 2
-C
20 alkyl, and in other embodiments, R may be an alkyl acetamide of formula -NHC(O)CH 1
CH
3 wherein n is 0 to 20. In particular embodiments, R may be 0 CH 11
CH
3 or -NHC(O)CH 11
CH
3 , and in one exemplary embodiment, a compound of the invention may be: fN (N S Sj N ' H
(CH
2
)
1 1CH 3 [00133] In still other embodiments, compounds encompassed by the invention may be of general formula IV: R2 L2 N /N g 15 R 1 V or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: L and L 2 may each, independently, be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, N(CH 3 )-, -N(R )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3)2-; each R 3 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C6Hs; 20 R may be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 ,
-CH
2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH 3 , S(O) 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
C
6
H
5 , or
S(O)
2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; 44 26 6a 6b 6 6 R may be -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , -NR R , -NHS(O) 2 R , -OH, -OR , C(O)OH, or C1
C
20 alkyl, and wherein each C 1
-C
20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1.6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and NR6aR 6b; 5 R6 may be -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-NH
2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; 0 R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 OH, P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. [00134] In some embodiments in the compound of general formula V or 5 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, L 1 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or P(O)(OH)-, and in other embodiments, L2 may be -NH-, -NR3, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3) 2 -. In still other embodiments, L' may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -, and in yet other embodiments, L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, Li may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-, and L2 may be -NH-, or -CH 2 -, and in some embodiments, L .0 may be -S(O) 2 - and L2 is -NH-. [00135] In other embodiments of compounds of general formula V or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof: L may be -S(O) 2 -; L2 may be -NH-; and 25 R 1 may be S(O) 2
NH
2 . [00136] Yet other embodiments of the invention are directed to compounds of general formula V: R2 L 2 N Li N R R1A v 45 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: L and L 2 may each, independently, be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -P(O)(OH)-, -NH-, N(CH 3 )-, -N(R )-, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3)2-; each R 3 may, independently, be -H, -CH 3 , CH 2
CH
3 , CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , NH 2 , or -C6Hs; 5 R may be -H, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 ; R1A may be -H, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 ; 26 6a 6b 6 6 R may be -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , -NRaR , -NHS(O) 2 R , -OH, -OR , C(O)OH, or C1
C
20 alkyl, and each C 1
-C
20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C1.6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR 6 b; 0 R 6 may be -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH,
-NH
2 , -C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; 5 R may be methyl, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ;
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 OH, P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen;
~R
8 R 2 LR L 3 or R may be N-NN Rio
R
9 N---O R -- N R8 /N - -N L3- -N N0 L3
RR
LP R10 N R1o030 R8 3 R8 20 Rio N N 0 0
R
8 O L3 0 R 8 O N N N L3 -- R8 N L3 R 8 , R 8
R
8 , R 8 L3, Rio 46 0 L-
L
3
--
N
R
8 Ri NH R13OL 3 33 N N RN / 2 R10 R 10 , or ,wherein R is attached to the phenyl ring of Formula V through L 3 ; L3 may be a bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2
(CH
2 )s-, -CH(OH)-, -C(O)-, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CH 2
CH
2 -, 5 -CH=CH-, -N=N-, -OCH 2 -, -NHP(O)(OH)-, -NHS(O) 2 -, -SCH 2 -, -S(O) 2
CH
2 -, or -NHC(O)-; R8 may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; 0 R9
R
10 may be -H, -CH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -C 6
H
5 , , or 0
R
9
-
-o 10 R 9 may be -H, -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ), -OH, -NH 2 , NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen; and s may bel to 20. [00137] In some embodiments in the compound of general formula VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, L 1 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or 15 P(O)(OH)-, and in other embodiments, L2 may be -NH-, -NR3, -CH 2 -, or -C(R3) 2 -. In still other embodiments, L' may be -NH-, -NR 3 , -CH 2 -, or -C(R 3
)
2 -, and in yet other embodiments, L 2 may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, or -P(O)(OH)-. In certain embodiments, L may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-, and L 2 may be -NH-, or -CH 2 -, and in some embodiments, L may be -S(O) 2 - and L2 is -NH-. 47 [00138] In other embodiments of compounds of formula VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof: L may be -S(O) 2 -;
L
2 may be -NH-; 5 R2 may be -NHS(O) 2 R ; R may be aryl, heteroaryl, or C 1
-C
20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C 20 alkyl, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , C1.6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; 0 R 7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 OH, P(O) 2 OH, As(O) 2 OH, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen.
R
8 O N [00139] In some embodiments of formula VI, R2 may be L R 8 , 0 0
L
3 3 - R 8 --- 'N -- ~ ~N R or R, wherein R2 is attached to the benzene ring of formula VI through L 3 , and L 3 may be -NHS(O) 2 - or -N=N-. In othere 0 0 N L3 -
R
8 -- N 15 embodiments, R 2 may be R, wherein R 2 is attached to the benzene ring of formula VI through L 3 and L 3 may be -N=N-. In yet other embodiments of formula VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof: R2 may be -NHS(O) 2 R6; R may be aryl or heteroaryl, each of which may optionally be substituted with one or 20 more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 ,
C
1
.
6 alkyl, -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , and halogen; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , NHC(O)CH 3 , S(O) 2 0H, P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 2 0H, NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen. 48 [00140] Still other embodiments of the invention are directed to compounds of general formula VII: R2a n aL 2 VII wherein: 5 L 1 and L 2 may be -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -CH 2 -, -0-, or -S-; n may be 1 or 2; R 3a R la may be halogen, -C(O)OH, or R3a may be halogen, -H, -NH 2 , C(CH 3
)
3 , or C(F)3; R2a may be -NH 2 , -NO 2 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, or L3a-@ 0 L3a may be a bond, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)-, -NH-, or -0-; and ring B may be an aryl or heteroaryl having one or two ring-forming N heteroatoms, each of which may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from CH 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NO 2 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 3 H,
NHC(O)CH
3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , and halogen. 5 [00141] In some embodiments of formula VII or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, L' may be -S(0)2-; L2 may be -S-; and n may be 2, and in other embodiments: Ria may be halogen; R2a may be -NH 2 , or L3a-@ 20 L3a may be -NHC(O)- or -NH-; and ring B may be an aryl or heteroaryl having one or two ring-forming N heteroatoms, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from CH 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NO 2 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -S(O) 2 0H, -P(O) 2 0H, As(O) 3 H,
NHC(O)CH
3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , and halogen. 25 [00142] Further embodiments of the invention are directed to compounds of general formula VIII: 49
R
2 \ L1 C Rib VIII or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof wherein: L may be -S(0)2- or -C(O)-; ring C may be aryl, piperazine, or imidazole; 5 R may be an aryl group substituted with one or more C(O)OH, CH 2 C(O)OH, or imidazole; 2b - -L3b () R 2 may be ; L 3 may be a bond, -0-, or -S(0)2-; and ring D may be a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 9-membered cyclic of bicyclic ring 0 having 0-3 ring-forming heteroatoms selected from N and 0, wherein ring D may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , NH 2 , -NO 2 , and halogen. [00143] In particular embodiments of formula VII or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, ring C may be a piperazine ring. 5 [00144] Still further embodiments of the invention include compound of formula VIII: W-X z
L
2 A R1 IX or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof wherein:
L
1 and L 2 may be -S-, -S(0) 2 -, -C(O)-, -NH- or -CH 2 -; 20 ring A may be a substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered ring having 1-3 ring forming heteroatoms or ring A may be a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein ring A may be optionally substituted with a methyl, methoxy group, sulfonyl, or sulfonic acid ester in addition to R1; 50 R may be -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -C(CH 3
)
3 , -C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2
C(O)OCH
3 ,
-CH
2
C(O)OCH
2
CH
3 , -OH, CH 2 OH, -NH 2 , -CH 2
NH
2 , -OCH3, S(O) 2
NH
2 , S(O) 2
C
6
H
5 , or
S(O)
2
CH
2
C
6
H
5 ; and W, X, Y, and Z may each independently be N or CH. 5 [00145] In some embodiments, L' may be -S-, -S(O) 2 -, or -C(O)-, and L 2 may be NH- or -CH 2 -. In other embodiments, the bicylcic ring of formula VIII may be naphthalene, and in still other embodiment, at least one of W, X, Y, and Z of the bicyclic ring of formula VIII may be N. [00146] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical 0 composition for topical administration comprising: a pharmaceutically effective amount of a small molecule that binds to the Pleckstrin Homology domain (PH) of AKT protein kinases and inhibits AKT protein kinase activity; and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable lipophilic bases, cosolvents, cosurfactants, or combinations thereof. [00147] In certain embodiments, the small molecule is a compound of formula I: S N 2 HR 5 I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
R
1 is H; R2 is a C 6
-C
20 alkyl, wherein the C 6
-C
20 alkyl may optionally be substituted .0 with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1
-C
6 alkyl, -OH,
-NH
2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C 1
-C
2 0 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents 25 independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 and halogen; R6a is H or methyl; R6 is methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 , 30 -S(O) 2 OH, -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 OH, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH,
-C(O)NH
2 , or halogen. 51 [00148] In certain embodiments,
R
2 is a C 6
-C
20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3 , -CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 , -C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4 R7, -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , 5 CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2
CH
3
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, C 6
H
5 , -C 6
H
4
R
7 , -CH 2
C
6
H
5 , -CH 2
C
6
H
4
R
7 and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; 0 R 6 b may be methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6
H
5 ; and
R
7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3
)
3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 ,
-S(O)
2 OH, -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 OH, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2
CH
3 , -C(O)OH,
-C(O)NH
2 , or halogen. 5 [00149] In certain embodiments, R2 is a C 6
-C
2 0 alkyl. [00150] In certain embodiments, R 2 is a straight C-C20 alkyl. [00151] In certain embodiments, R2 is a Cs-C20 alkyl. [00152] In certain embodiments, R 2 is a Cio-Cis alkyl. 0 [00153] In certain embodiments, R2 is a C12-Ci 0 alkyl. [00154] In certain embodiments, R2 is -(CH2) 1 3CH3. [00155] In certain embodiments, the small molecule is K\ S S N H
(CH
2
)
1 1
CH
3 25 [00156] In certain embodiments, the lipophilic base is selected from the group consisting of, White Ointment USP, Yellow Ointment NF, Oleic Acid USP, Olive Oil USP, Paraffin USP, Petrolatum NF, White Petrolatum USP, Spermaceti Wax USP, Synthetic Spermaceti NF, Starch Glycerite NF, White Wax USP, Yellow Wax USP, Cetearyl Alcohol, Behentrimonium Methylsulfate, Propylene Glycol, Dimethicone, Hydroxyethylcellulose, 30 Stearalkonium Chloride, Fragrance, Methylparaben, Amodimethicone, Panthenol, Alcohol 52 Denatured, Propylparaben, Hexylcinnamal, Linalool, Cetrimonium Chloride, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Cyclotetrasiloxane, Trideceth 12, and combinations thereof. [00157] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises water, arnica montana flower extract, calendula officinalis flower extract, chamomilla recutita (matricaria) flower 5 extract, prunus serotina (wild cherry) bark extract, lavandula angustifolia (lavender) flower extract, cymbopogon schoenanthus extract, rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) flower extract, passiflora incarnata extract, passiflora incarnata fruit extract (passion flower), cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetrimonium chloride, glycerin, lupin amino acids, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydrolyzed wheat protein, hydrolyzed wheat starch, tocopherol acetate, aloe barbadensis leaf 0 juice, algin, citric acid, limonene, methylparaben, propylparaben, and diazolidinyl urea. [00158] In certain embodiments, the cosolvent is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, Gelucire 44/14, ACCONON MC-8, EP/NF PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP, caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides polyglyceryl-6-distearate, and combinations thereof. 5 [00159] In certain embodiments, the cosurfactant is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, ACCONON MC-8, labrasol, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides NF, capryol 90, lauroglycol 90, and combinations thereof. [00160] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition further comprises a penetration enhancer. .0 [00161] In certain embodiments, the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol 2-propanol, alkyl methyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide, pyrrolidones, acetone, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and tetrahyrdofurfuryl alcohol, niacin, niacinamide, and combinations thereof. 25 [00162] In certain embodiments, the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone, laurocapram, and combinations thereof. [00163] Various embodiments of the invention are directed to specific compounds encompassed in general formulae I-VIII. For example, individual compounds of the 30 invention include, but are not limited to: 53
NH
2 O HN4 H (CH 2
)
8
CH
3 N NN
-
O 100 N A 101 O O HN- HN10 / ~ CH 3
CH
2
O(CH
2
CH
2 0) 2
CH
3 H H N N O N N Y *-S-N N ' s 6' N' -z 10 102 1
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3 O NH H N I
H
3 C-<\ (H N N, N-N N' S OO 103b 104 N-N 0 \ 1 N~~~ NQ< ,S N N, S N' % (CH 2
)
1 1
CH
3 N' O( (CH 2
)
11
CH
3 H 0 \-SO 104m 1040
NH
2 H N /\ CH3 N N H _ N .:r~ I N 0 N N
H
3 C S 105
H
3 C 106 o
(CH
2
)
1 1
CH
3 HN4
(CH
2
)
8
CH
3 H H I H N N, N NN 90 N 'r ,O 0 S 0
H
3 C
H
3 C 108 107
NH
2 O H CH 3 N N N S O N N
H
3
CH
2 C S O 109
H
3
CH
2 C 110 54 0
(OH
2
)
1 1
OH
3 HN-K (0H 2
)
8 0H 3 H H I N N, N N' '7' / H 3
CH
2 C
H
3 0H 2 0 1 112
NH
2 HN 0
OH
3 N H N' 'r, - N N
(H
3 0) 3 0 113
(H
3
O)
3 O 114 O
(OH
2
)
1 1
OH
3 HN-4
(CH
2
)
8
CH
3 H H N No N N N' 'r , C\
(H
3
O)
3 O
(H
3
C)
3 C 116 115
NH
2 NH 2 H H I - I N N, N N N' 6 N' XYro H0 2
CH
2 C EtO 2
CH
2 C 117 1 17E HN- 'N4
OH
3 OH 3 HH N N ,Nj N ;~ 0 H0 2
CH
2 C EtO 2
CH
2 C 118 118E 0H 0
(OH
2
)
8
OCH
3 C28H N N N N N' N' ' ' I' \-s 0 O
HO
2
OH
2 O EtO 2
CH
2 C 119, 1 19E 55
(CH
2
)
1 1
CH
3 (CH 2
)
1 1
CH
3 H H N O N N S 0SO
HO
2
CH
2 C EtO 2
CH
2 C 120 120E
NH
2 0
HN
H CH3 NN N H I N N, 0 ~~ HN SN O N H02C S O 121 H02C 122 H O H N- HN4
CH
3 (CH 2
)
8
CH
3 H H I - I N N N N N O N' -S S EtO 2 C H02C 122E 123 H O
(CH
2
)
1 1
CH
3 N 4
(CH
2
)
8
CH
3 H H N N 1 - N- S NN S O
HO
2 C EtO 2 C 124 123E
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3 NH 2 HH N N N N N O r N Se N S N S O EtO 2 C HOH 2 C 124E 125 HN HN CH3 (CH 2
)
8
CH
3 I I N N N N N' N ' NS O'0 S O
HOH
2 C
HOH
2 C 126 127 56
(OH
2
)
1 1
OH
3 HO0 N N~ / /I -I N Y ills 12 1288 HO 2 NK2NH 12818 N 0 H 0H 6 130 129 132 131 133 136 135 57 N-N OsO H 3 C N H3'NNH (CH2)11CH3N> ~ HO H N HN (0H 2
)
11 0H 3 ' N S 0 N 0 H13 0 N
NO
2 137 H H
H
3
C(H
2
C)
8 N N NH 2
H
3
C(H
2 C)ll N 0 N NH 2 1DN \> O =0 13N 2 0 _S NNoo~ 0 N 0 0 O H O H 139 140 142 141 NN 143 144 NN 1414 454 H H 147 148 58 149 150 152 151
(CH
2
)
7
CH
3 (CH 2
)
5
CH
3 N ' N N - N N S N H H 0 153 154 N-N 0
(CH
2
)
3
CH
3 0 N.
(CH
2
)
13
CH
3 S N S N H 0 H 0 155 156 N--N 0
(CH
2
)
15
CH
3 N.
(CH
2
)
17
CH
3 S N S N'
H
0 H 157 158
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3 0 ,S N-N 0 N NN H O 159 S N 161 N-N HO N-N O
H
3
CH
2 C-' N S N S N
H
0 H 0 162 163 H H
H
3
C(H
2 0) 5 N H 3
C(H
2 0) 5 N 1 0N\\>-CH O Na )1 CH2CH3 0, / 0 N C2OH 4SN S *N S O H O H 164 165 59
H
3
(H
2
)
5 %NN NN NH 2 N-N S "N S 0 (CH 2
)
12 Br 16 16616 N-N sN-N '
(CH
2
)
12
NHCH
3 C21NH 169 N 0
NO
2 170 017 '. k \\ 180 181 182 '-N NN N CkC ' -N 0 NN
OH
3 -- HN N 0 0 NZ 317 316 60 0 0 /\ N~ Nz N - 0 0jo 0 0 318 319 o 0 H t-B O H2NO -CH NH, 0 o320 N CH3 HN N H 3 H N 331 O 0 0 0 N -N0 N -N 0 CH3H H N NCH 3 HN N N = N OH332 C2H 333 CH3 HN N CH3 H N N 334 335 OH 00HH H3CN N N 0
C
3 HN OH 3 HN N N /Z 33 N N Oo O 334 337 OH
OH
2
H
3 C 3 N ~S=O 0-aN.~
H
3 CH3 HN N N N 338 H339 61H 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 \N 1161 HO H NH 2 Ho P~ N N 0 N-N 0 HN> 341 H 0 0 N .s 0 NH 0 S NH OS S N2 OS -N2 N N-N 0 N N-N 0 NN OHN N'N 346 349 N N 348 349 o 0 0 0 i N0N 0 N -N 0 I -* N N-N N NN O 350 351 0 s -2 0 ON 4~ O 0O N-N 0 N-N 352 357 353 S S 356 357 060 0%0
OH
3 C 358 357________________________ 620 O 0 0 O ~- N -N 0 NQ - N 0 CH - I IH a HO 'N O CIO
OH
3 HN N CH3 HN N N N 360 361 O O 0 I N N 0 N N =O NS=O
OH
3 HNH N CH3 N N N N 362 363 O 0 0 0 OH C I N_ -N 0 -NN 0 C SO CI NO
CH
3 HN N CH 3 HN N N N 364 365 O 0 0 0 01 001,0 C I OCI
CH
3 HN N CH 3 HN N N N 366 369 I O C 0
OH
3 HN N OH 3 H NHN< O 0 70 063 0- N= 0- i ~ N
OH
3 HN N OH 3 H HNZJ 370 371 0 0 063 o 0 0 0 C N O
CH
3 HN NH 3 HN C N CI 373
CH
3 372 o 0 0 0 NjOe NN N CI N=O CI N O
CH
3 HN>,rkOCH3
CH
3 HNrN OH 3 N N 0 374
CH
3 375 o 0 0 0 CI N N 0 N N O N- N=- CS/ IS0% CI H 3 H HN N -a . NIH OCH3
CH
3 HN N - 00H 3 O NN 376 377 o 0 0 0 C N 0 I N c I - N N CH3 HN
CH
3 HN q N/ 378 379 o 0 0 0 CI . N CN H0 N N I =O %%NI Ns- 01I
OH
3 HN N CH 3 S- 382
OH
3 380 o 6 0 0 Ce N -N 0 -N N - N "N S=O N- N OH a .HN, NOCH OH 3 HN N~ O0H 3 00H 3 384 383 64 o 0 0 0 NNI-N C O H N OH 3 H N CH 3 TJ N 385
CH
3 388 0 NH ' - N H N NH 0
H
2 N 0. 0 ~ &I )~ / 0~ N' 398 H 0 415 0 NN N N 0.o ) HI NN S N AoHOOC 0 0 42 422 4136 N %N N %%~ N N. 0 0 S43 00 423 424 <\O~~~ COOH<\ ol N N COOH H N N C H I 00 6 425 ~ ->426 0o 0 Ia 0 0 427 436 NH N J N' H 0 N 437 o COOH 438 HN- HN COOH HN HN COOH - 0 - 0 65 439 440
H
3 00 HOOC HN O O H 3 CO HN HN COOH - 0 441 442
OCH
3 H H3C 44 N CH3, HOOC HNCHNH 3 H3C H3O N 0 H 0 0 0CH 3 4 4 3 H N OCH 4
H
3 0H N N3 N H 0 ' H OH 3 0
OH
3 446 N OH 3
H
3 C N 0 'i~ 14OH H 3 0 OH 3 c 448 447
H
3 0:p OOH 3 0 HA NN -1 N 0 OH 3 ri 0OOH 3 He0 NN'% H 0 H 0 450 449
%H
3
OH
3
H
3 O 0 NO 3 % NQ.N OH3 N ~ 00y~ O O H 3 H 3 ilN N' 451 HH0 N 0~ 452
OOH
3 N
-
H
3 CO0 0 N1 0 0HN-S N H IN H QS-NH 0QN
OH
3 0 -N -x J/ 454 453 66 0 H H 2 R,0H H. "2,, NN S N . N SN'S SN) N0 N /P N S' />OH 3 N N Na 455 H ~0H OH
OH
3 N 0, H 462 's 1!0 0 0H 457 N OH 3 4638 H 0 ,N O K NI N N 0 ,
OH
3 N.N -H H 3 le465 cl 0I 459 466 0 0 H 0 67 0 H00 ~ YN N NH0 N N S N%
N
H
2 N H 2 N 467 468 O 0 H 0'.N N OH'~N N N N H 2 N 3%S.>9H 2 N ~ 0H 469o 470 3C 0N N 0HN N 0 N SID NNS HO 472 H 2 N 471 0 H 0 c H %% N N ON N 300 N , HO(J'N CH N N N47 HO 473 A0 3 'y. N 'N N N 0: H3CO N N -.
00 0 475 - N HO 476 0 .N 0:rJ H3C-N sH 3 C-N 68 O' N N O CN N
H
3 C OCH 3 S H 3 C H 479 48 480 N N HO O43NH 48 HO JHO 4882 NN N N % HO 487 HOo 488 N N N N HO ~4891O 9 HO HO 483 484 O H o 4 0N N 0D0 0 N-.N OO 48 485 8 %% N N %%N N HO )THO N CN N0 N N0 0 486~ HO HO 0' N 0f 0 HO N N/N Ie SNONQ N N 48 492 0 H 491 IN N I69 91 N NOH 3 H \..-NN 493 494
CH
3
CH
3 ON NI O NNN O 00 N N 495 499
CH
3
CH
3 N N ON N O 0 O 0 N N 495 499
CH
3
CH
3 0 1I N N N o~~~~ !}0~&~0 N N 500 501
CH
3
CH
3 N N N CH3 NJ, 0H N N 502 503
OH
3
OH
3 0 1I %% N o% ' ' N.,. 0 Njf~ 0OH 3 N N 504 505 700
CH
3 CH 3 0 10 1 O N N O %N N H3
NH
3 N N 506 507
OH
3 OH 3 0 '00 0 N~
NH
3 N 51 511 N N 508 509
CH
3 CH 3 0 1I_%N) HOH, NHN OH NN F~c O--CH3 510 511
OH
3 OH 3 0 N;N 0 00 0 N N OCH 3 H NN 512
OF
3 513
OH
3 OH 3 0 HN0H N 0I~ H % H F 0-H 3 514 515 71
CH
3 CH 3 HNN N N CH 3 O H H
NH
3 5 'o 517
H
3 C 516
OH
3 OH 3 0 2 211 o HO J'. %% 0 H 3H 3 N N
OH
3 1/ H 3 518 519
OH
3 0H 0 1 N 0 1 _ HO %%N -\) 0 000 N 0 00 N N 0
H
3 N
OH
3 N N
OH
3
OH
3 520 521
OH
3 01 N NN 0 HO 0 N CI I4 CI 7 7H 3 522
HO
2 C ..
HOO
3 S :o NH NH 0 0 0 72 73 .. NH 2 .. NO 2 74 75 72 HOO NaOO 389 390 OH 0 ~O 90LO O NCOO H 9 NNHO 392 000 0 NH 393 F~ OOH NH 0 ONH 0 0 COOH 4400 0;10 0 0 ~NH O 0 0 NOOO NH 0 0 0 0 0 H 403 404 73 0 O N N 0 N NH 0 0 405 406 O N' 0 N COOH 0 0 0 N " ( , , O , F 0 407 408 N 0 COOH COOH I II ~ O O0 I NH 409 l 413 HN-Q O 0 9 0 NHCOOH 0O0NH COOH 01 0--d417 414 HN 0 0 N O 0 NN N COOH COOH 420 427 0 IN 435 540 74 N N, 541 542 OH- F N A-4 5-4N 544 0" H00 K:> N 54 548 NW 549 4 55 N Nr 550 75 K B HOHOS NN NHN c~410 53 'NN 411 410 000 'NN 411 412 0 0 s ~0 COOH COOH 419 41 0 0 396I39 -76 N 523 524 \~ N cc 526 525 S' 52' 530 J52 NN NN 529 530 C7 555 340 386 381 537 387 00 NN NC O 430: 34 538 428 0 S 0 430 342 343 344 / N 0 0 0 O N 354 [00164] Embodiments of the invention encompass stereoisomers and optical isomers of the compounds described above including, e.g., mixtures of enantiomers, individual enantiomers and diastereomers, which can arise as a consequence of structural asymmetry of 78 atoms in the compounds of the invention. Such embodiments further include the purified enantiomers, which may or may not contain trace amounts of a non-selected enantiomer or diastereomer. [00165] Some embodiments of the invention include salts of the compounds 5 described above. In general, the term salt can refer to an acid and/or base addition salt of a compound. For example, an acid addition salt can be formed by adding an appropriate acid to a free base form of any of the compounds embodied above. Similarly, a base addition salts can be formed by adding an appropriate base to a free base form of any of the compounds described above. Examples of suitable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium, 0 potassium, carbonate, methylamine, [00166] hydrochloride, hydrobromide, acetate, furmate, maleate, oxalate, and succinate salts. Methods for preparing free base forms of compounds such as those described herein and acid addition or base addition salts of such compounds are well known in the art, and any such method may be used to prepare the acid or base addition salts of embodiments 5 of the invention. [00167] Other embodiments of the invention include solvates or hydrates of the compounds of the invention. In some cases, hydration of a compound may occur during manufacture of the compounds or compositions including the compounds as a consequence of the method for preparing the compound or as a result of a specific step used to create a .0 hydrate or solvate of the compound. In other cases, hydration may occur over time due to the hygroscopic nature of the compounds. Such hydrated compounds whether intentionally prepared or naturally produced are encompassed by the invention. [00168] Embodiments of the invention also include derivatives of the compounds of the invention which may be referred to as "prodrugs." The term "prodrug" as used herein 25 denotes a derivative of a known drug that may have enhanced delivery characteristics, enhanced therapeutic value as compared to the active form of the drug, sustained release characteristics, reduced side-effects, or combinations thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a prodrug form of a compound of the invention may be administered in an inactive form or a form having reduced activity that is transformed into an active or more 30 active form of the drug by an enzymatic or chemical process. For instance, in some embodiments, a prodrug form of a compound such as those described above may include one or more metabolically cleavable groups that are removed by solvolysis, hydrolysis or physiological metabolisms to release the pharmaceutically active form of the compound. In other embodiments, prodrugs may include acid derivatives of the compounds of the 79 invention. Acid derivatives are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, esters or double esters such as, for example, (acyloxy) alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkyl esters prepared by reaction of an acid on the parent molecule with a suitable alcohol. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the compounds of the 5 invention may have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms. However, the acid derivative form may exhibit enhanced solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in the mammalian organism (see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). In still other embodiments, prodrugs that include an amide may be prepared by reacting a parent compound containing an acid with an amine, and in yet other 0 embodiments, simple aliphatic or aromatic esters derived from acidic groups pendent on a compound of this invention may be prepared as prodrugs. [00169] Embodiments of the invention also include pharmaceutical compositions or formulations including at least one compound embodied hereinabove, an acid or base addition salt, hydrate, solvate or prodrug of the at least one compound and one or more 5 pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Pharmaceutical formulations and pharmaceutical compositions are well known in the art, and can be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., USA, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any formulations described therein or otherwise known in the art are embraced by embodiments of the invention. .0 [00170] Pharmaceutical excipients are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, saccharides such as, for example, lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations, calcium phosphates such as tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders, such as, starch paste such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, 25 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or combinations thereof. [00171] In particular embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations may include the active compound described and embodied above, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and any number of additional or auxiliary components known in the pharmaceutical 30 arts such as, for example, binders, fillers, disintegrating agents, sweeteners, wetting agents, colorants, sustained release agents, and the like, and in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include one or more secondary active agents. Disintegrating agents, such as starches as described above, carboxymethyl-starch, cross linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate and 80 combinations thereof. Auxiliary agents may include, for example, flow-regulating agents and lubricants, such as silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, polyethylene glycol and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, dragee cores may be prepared with suitable coatings that are resistant to gastric juices, such 5 as concentrated saccharide solutions, which may contain, for example, gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures and combinations thereof. In order to produce coatings resistant to gastric juices, solutions of suitable cellulose preparations, such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate may also be used. In still other 0 embodiments, dye stuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example, for identification or in order to characterize combinations of active compound doses. [00172] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered to any animal, and in particular, any mammal, that may experience a beneficial effect as a result of 5 being administered a compound of the invention including, but not limited to, humans, canines, felines, livestock, horses, cattle, sheep, and the like. The dosage or amount of at least one compound according to the invention provided pharmaceutical compositions of embodiments may vary and may depend, for example, on the use of the pharmaceutical composition, the mode of administration or delivery of the pharmaceutical composition, the .0 disease indication being treated, the age, health, weight, etc. of the recipient, concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired and so on. Various embodiments of the invention include pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more compounds of the invention in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent diseases such as, for example, cancer. An effective amount of the one or more compounds may vary and 25 may be, for example, from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg or, in other embodiments, from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg. [00173] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered by any means that achieve their intended purpose. For example, routes of administration encompassed by the invention include, but are not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous, 30 intramuscular, intraperitoneal, buccal, or ocular routes, rectally, parenterally, intrasystemically, intravaginally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch), oral or nasal spray are contemplated in combination with the above described compositions. 81 [00174] Embodiments of the invention also include methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions as described above by, for example, conventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, dissolving, lyophilizing processes and the like. For example, pharmaceutical compositions for oral use can be obtained by combining the one or more 5 active compounds with one or more solid excipients and, optionally, grinding the mixture. Suitable auxiliaries may then be added and the mixture may be processed to form granules which may be used to form tablets or dragee cores. Other pharmaceutical solid preparations include push-fit capsules containing granules of one or more compound of the invention that can, in some embodiments, be mixed, for example, with fillers, binders, lubricants, stearate, 0 stabilizers or combinations thereof. Push-fit capsules are well known and may be made of gelatin alone or gelatin in combination with one or more plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol to form a soft capsule. In embodiments in which soft capsules are utilized, compounds of the invention may be dissolved or suspended in one or more suitable liquids, such as, fatty oils or liquid paraffin and, in some cases, one or more stabilizers. 5 [00175] Liquid dosage formulations suitable for oral administration are also encompassed by embodiments of the invention. Such embodiments, may include one or more compounds of the invention in pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs that may contain, for example, one or more inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, but not limited to, water or other solvents, solubilizing .0 agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (for example, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, fatty acid derivatives of glycerol (for example, labrasol), tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Suspensions may 25 further contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. [00176] Formulations for parenteral administration may include one or more compounds of the invention in water-soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts, alkaline 30 solutions, and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in a physiologically acceptable diluent which may be administered by injection. Physiologically acceptable diluent of such embodiments, may include, for example, sterile liquids such as water, saline, aqueous dextrose, other pharmaceutically acceptable sugar solutions; alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol or hexadecyl alcohol; glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol; glycerol ketals 82 such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol; ethers such as poly(ethyleneglycol)400; pharmaceutically acceptable oils such as fatty acid, fatty acid ester or glyceride, or an acetylated fatty acid glyceride. In some embodiments, formulations suitable for parenteral administration may additionally include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, 5 such as a soap or detergent; suspending agent such as pectin, carbomers, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose; an emulsifying agent; pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants or combinations thereof. Additional pharmaceutically acceptable oils which may be useful in such formulations include those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin including, but not limited to, peanut oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, 0 cottonseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, petrolatum, and mineral oil; fatty acids such as oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid; and fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Additional suitable detergents include, for example, fatty acid alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts; cationic detergents such as dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, alkyl pyridinium halides, and alkylamine acetates; and anionic 5 detergents, such as alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates. In some embodiments, non-ionic detergents including, but not limited to, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides and polyoxyethylenepolypropylene copolymers or amphoteric detergents such as alkyl-p-aminopropionates and 2 alkylimidazoline quaternary salts, and mixtures thereof may be useful in parenteral .0 formulations of the invention. [00177] In particular embodiments, alkaline salts such as ammonium salts of compounds of the invention may be prepared by the addition of, for example, Tris, choline hydroxide, Bis-Tris propane, N-methylglucamine, or arginine to a free base form of the compound. Such alkaline salts may be particularly well suited for use as parenterally 25 administered forms of the compounds of the invention. Buffers, preservatives, surfactants and so on may also be added to formulations suitable for parenteral administration. For example, suitable surfactants may include polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate, and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. 30 [00178] Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration may contain from about 0.5 to about 25% by weight of one or more of the compounds of the invention and from about 0.05% to about 5% suspending agent in an isotonic medium. In various embodiments, the injectable solution should be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that it can be easily 83 loaded into a syringe. In addition, injectable pharmaceutical compositions may be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and may be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. [00179] Topical administration includes administration to the skin or mucosa, 5 including surfaces of the lung and eye. Compositions for topical administration, may be prepared as a dry powder which may be pressurized or non-pressurized. In non-pressurized powder compositions, the active ingredients in admixture are prepared as a finely divided powder. In such embodiments, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the admixture may have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers. In some embodiments, 0 the finely divided admixture powder may be additionally mixed with an inert carrier such as a sugar having a larger particle size, for example, of up to 100 micrometers in diameter. Alternatively, the composition may be pressurized using a compressed gas, such as nitrogen or a liquefied gas propellant. In embodiments, in which a liquefied propellant medium is used, the propellant may be chosen such that the compound and/or an admixture including 5 the compound do not dissolve in the propellant to any substantial extent. In some embodiments, a pressurized form of the composition may also contain a surface-active agent. The surface-active agent may be a liquid or solid non-ionic surface-active agent or may be a solid anionic surface-active agent, which in certain embodiments, may be in the form of a sodium salt. .0 [00180] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be prepared by mixing the compounds or compositions of the invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax. Such carriers may be solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the drugs. 25 [00181] In still other embodiments, the compounds or compositions of the invention can be administered in the form of liposomes. Liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances that form mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals when dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used, and in particular 30 embodiments, the lipids utilized may be natural and/or synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins). Methods to form liposomes are known in the art (see, for example, Prescott, Ed., Meth. Cell Biol. 14:33 (1976), which is hereby incorprated by reference in its entirety). Compositions including one or more compounds of the invention in liposome form can contain, for example, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like. 84 [00182] In yet other embodiments, one or more compounds of the invention may be formulated for in vitro use in, for example, an assay for inhibition of AKT or an assay that requires inhibition of AKT. In such embodiments, the composition of the invention may include one or more compounds presented herein above in a carrier that is suitable for an 5 assay. Such carriers may be in solid, liquid or gel form and may or may not be sterile. Examples of suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, dicloromethane, methanol and the like. [00183] Embodiments of the invention are further directed to methods for using the compounds and compositions described herein above. For example, in some embodiments, 0 the compounds or compositions of the invention may be used in the treatment or prevention of an AKT-mediated condition. Methods of such embodiments may generally include the step of administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound or a composition selected from one or more of the embodiments described above to treat, prevent or ameliorate a AKT-mediated condition, and in particular embodiments, the 5 condition or disease may be a proliferative disorder such as, for example, cancer. In other embodiments, methods of the invention may include the step of administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound or composition selected from one or more of the embodiments described above to treat, prevent or ameliorate cancer or a cell proliferation related disease. Cancers that may be treated using compositions of the invention .0 include but not limited to skin cancers, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer. In still other embodiments, the compound or composition of the invention may be used to treat cancer by blocking tumorigenesis, inhibiting metastasis or inducing apoptosis. [00184] The type of proliferative disorder or cancer that can be treated using 25 compounds of the invention is not limited in embodiments of the invention. For example, cancers that may be treated using compounds of any or formulae I-VIII described above include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, abdominal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioma, liver cancer, tongue cancer, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic 30 cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, multiple myeloma, skin cancer, lymphoma and blood cancer, and various forms of skin cancer and melanoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer treated using the methods of embodiments of the invention may be prostate, lung, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, skin cancer, and melanoma, and in particular embodiments, the cancer treated may be skin cancer or melanoma. 85 [00185] Other embodiments of the invention include methods in which one or more of the compounds or compositions described herein may be administered to a subject to inhibit or prevent a healthy subject from developing a AKT-mediated condition. As such, the compounds and compositions of the invention may be used as a prophylactic that prevents or 5 inhibits the development of a AKT-mediated condition or disease. In such embodiments, the compound or composition may be administered to a subject who does not have an AKT mediated condition or is not exhibiting the symptoms of an AKT-mediated condition but may be at risk of developing one to prevent or inhibit the onset of such a disorder. For example, the individual may be genetically predisposed to an AKT-mediated condition or has increased 0 likelihood of developing such a disorder as a result of, for instance, an injury, surgery or other medical condition. [00186] In general, methods of embodiments of the invention may include the step of administering or providing an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound or composition of the invention to an individual. In such embodiments, an 5 effective amount of the compounds of the invention may be any amount that produces the desired effect. As described above, this amount may vary depending on, for example, the circumstances under which the compound or composition is administered (e.g., to incite treatment or prophylactically), the type of individual, the size, health, etc. of the individual and so on. The dosage may further vary based on the severity of the condition. For example, .0 a higher dose may be administered to treat an individual with a well-developed inflammatory condition, compared to the amount used to prevent a subject from developing the inflammatory condition. Those skilled in the art can discern the proper dosage based on such factors. For example, in some embodiments, the dosage may be within the range of about 0.01 mg/kg body weight to about 300 mg/kg body weight or between about 0.1 mg/kg body 25 weight and about 100 mg/kg body weight, and in particular embodiments, the dosage may be from about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight. [00187] The administration schedule may also vary. For example, in some embodiments, the compounds or compositions of the invention may be administered in a single dose once per day or once per week. In other embodiments, the compounds or 30 compositions of the invention may be administered in two, three, four or more doses per day or per week. For example, in one embodiment, an effective amount for a single day may be divided into separate dosages that may contain the same or a different amount of the compound or composition and may be administered several times throughout a single day. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the dosage per administration and frequency of 86 administration may depend, for example, on the specific compound or composition used, the condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, and the age, weight, and general physical condition of the individual to which the compound or composition is administered and other medications which the individual may be taking. In another 5 exemplary embodiment, treatment may be initiated with smaller dosages that are less than the optimum dose of the compound, and the dosage may be increased incrementally until a more optimum dosage is achieved. [00188] In each of the embodiments above, the compound administered can be provided as a pharmaceutical composition including compound as described above and a 0 pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, or a pure form of the compound may be administered. [00189] In additional embodiments, the compound or composition of the invention may be used alone or in combination with one or more additional agents. For example, in some embodiments, a compound or composition of invention may be formulated with one or more additional anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cancer agents or combinations thereof such 5 that the pharmaceutical composition obtained including the compound or composition of the invention and the one or more additional agents can be delivered to an individual in a single dose. In other embodiments, the compound or composition of the invention may be formulated as a separate pharmaceutical composition that is delivered in a separate dose from pharmaceutical compositions including the one or more additional agents. In such .0 embodiments, two or more pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to deliver effective amounts of a compound or composition of the invention and the one or more additional agents. For example, in some embodiments, one or more compound of formula I VIII may be administered in combination with or co-administered with doxorubicin, paclitaxel, methotrexate, tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, streptozotocin 25 and 5-fluorouracil, and in particular embodiments, one or more of the compounds of the invention may be administered with paclitaxel. [00190] Method of certain embodiments of the invention may include the step of selectively inhibiting AKT by, for example, contacting AKT with a compound or composition according to the invention. In such embodiments, the AKT may be contained 30 within a living organism, living tissue or one or more living cells to provide in vivo inhibition, or the AKT may be isolated to provide in vitro inhibition. For example, compounds or compositions described herein may be useful in in vitro drug discovery assays in which the efficacy and/or potency of other AKT inhibitors. The amount of the compound or composition of the invention used to inhibit AKT not necessarily the same when used in 87 vivo compared to in vitro. For example, factors such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a particular compound may require that a larger or smaller amount of the compound be used for in vivo applications. In another embodiment, a compound or composition according to the invention may be used to form a co-crystallized complex with 5 AKT protein. [00191] By "selectively" is meant that the compounds and compositions described herein inhibit the activity of AKT without interfering with the activity of the other proteins. For example, compounds or compositions of the invention can be administered to a cell that contains AKT, phosphorylated AKT or AKT that is otherwise activated or not activated as 0 well as other proteins such as, for example, TORC2, PDK1, FKHR, AFX, GSK-3 , c-RAF, Flt3, JNK2ax2, JNK3, Lck, Lyn, Tie2, TrkB, IGF-R, ERK1, ERK2, MEK1, PRAK, Yeo and/or ZAP-70. For instance, in some embodiments, the method of the invention can inhibit greater than about 80% of the activity of AKT while inhibiting less than about 5%, about 10%, about 20% or about 30% of the activity of other proteins such as those listed above. 5 [00192] One skilled in the art can evaluate the ability of a compound to inhibit or modulate the activity of a AKT and/or prevent, treat, or inhibit an conditions associated with AKT by one or more assays known in the art. EXAMPLES .0 EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis [00193] The compounds of the invention can be synthesized by any method known in the art, and embodiments of the invention further include methods for preparing or the compounds described above. All commercial reagents were used without further 25 purification. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on pre-coated Silica Gel F254 plates. TLC plates were visualized with UV light (254nm). 1 H NMR spectra were recorded at 250, 300, or 500 MHz and 1C NMR at 62.5, 75, or 125 MHz. Chemical shifts (6) are expressed in ppm and are internally referenced (7.26 ppm for 1H NMR and 77.00 ppm for 1C NMR in CDCl 3 , 2.50 ppm for 1H NMR and 39.50 ppm for 1C NMR in 30 DMSO-dQ). Mass spectra and high resolution mass spectra were obtained in the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Arizona. Various properties of the synthesized compounds are provided in table I below. Melting points are uncorrected. 88 O CH 3 O N-N N'N H \ CH 3 aq HCI ii - N H NH [>- N -S02 ,)NH S NH 2 +N pyridine S -S2 oQS' 102 0 -N H RC(=O)CI N-N H - ~R 7-SO2 -NH 2 -N-SO 2 NH S pynidinle 100 101 R = (CH 2
)
8
CH
3 103 A = CH 2
(OCH
2
CH
2
)
2 0CH 3 Scheme 1. Synthesis of compounds 101-103. [00194] N-(4-(N-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (102). 2-Amino 1,3,4-thiadiazole (500 mg, 4.95 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (1.26 mL). p 5 Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.2 g, 5.15 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 95 'C for 1 h. The mixture was dissolved in 10% aqueous HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water and dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 . Evaporation of the solvent yielded the crude product (1.4 g, 4.7 mmol, 95%). Recrystallization from CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH gave pure product, mp 216-217 'C (lit' mp 214-215 0 0 C); 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 2.07 (3, s), 7.73 (4, s), 8.74 (1, s), 10.35 (1, s), 14.35 (1, br s); 1C NMR (62.5 MHz, DMSO) 8 24.2, 118.7, 127.0, 135.6, 143.0, 144.9, 167.2, 169. [00195] 4-Amino-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (100). Compound 102 (1.0 g, 3.6 mmol) was suspended in 3N HCl (10 mL) and heated to reflux for 30 min. The acidic mixture was neutralized with Na 2
CO
3 solution. The precipitated product was 15 collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried to give the product (450 mg, 1.8 mmol, 49%), mp 226 oC (lit 2 mp 221-222 0 C); 1 H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 5.95 (2, s), 6.57 (2, d, J= 6.5 Hz), 7.41 (2, d, J= 6.5 Hz), 8.68 (1, s), 14.03 (1, br s). [00196] N-(4-(N-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide (101). Compound 100 (50 mg, 0.20 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.3 mL). Decanoyl chloride 20 (39.1 mg, 0.21 mmol) was added gradually over 15 min. The reaction mixture was heated to 95 0 C and stirred at this temperature for 1 h, then poured into 10% aqueous HCl solution and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 0.5 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 5 mL), brine (3 x 5 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 . Evaporation of the solvent yielded the product (80 mg, 0.20 mmol, 95%). It was recrystallized from hexanes/ethyl 89 acetate to yield an analytical sample, mp 151-152 'C; 1H NMR (250 MHz, CD 3 0D) 6 0.88 (3, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 1.24-1.45 (12, m), 1.68 (2, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.37 (2, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.72 (2, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.79 (2, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.49 (1, S); 1C NMR (125 MHz, CD 3 0D) 8 14.4, 23.7, 26.7, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 30.6, 33.0, 38.1, 102.4, 128.3, 137.5, 144.0, 145.0, 170.0, 174.9; MS 5 (ESI*) 411.1 (M + H)*; HRMS (IonSpec. HiRES ESI*) calcd. for C 1 8
H
2 7
N
4 0 3
S
2 (M+H)* 411.1525, obsd. 411.1524. - (CH 2
)
11
CH
3
H
2
SO
4 . (CH 2
)
1
CH
3 heat KO3S N-N NH (CH 2 )n 1
CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3 S N-N o | S N C102" pyridine HO 104 Scheme 2. Synthesis of compound 104. [00197] 4-Dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (104). 2-Amino 0 1,3,4-thiadiazole (439 mg, 4.3 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (1.5 mL). p Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.0 mg, 2.9 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 10% HCl (15 mL) and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 15 50 mL), brine (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated to yield a solid mass. Chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with 2% MeOH in
CH
2 Cl 2 gave the product (600 mg, 1.5 mmlo, 51%). Recrystallization from hexanes:ethyl acetate (3:7) gave an analytical sample, mp 126-127 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (3, t, J= 6.5 Hz), 1.20-1.36 (18, m), 1.54-1.63 (2, m), 2.62 (2, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (2, d, J 20 8.0 Hz), 7.83 (2, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.28 (1, s), 12.81 (1, br s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.0, 22.6, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.0, 31.8, 35.8, 126.4, 128.9, 138.0, 142.8, 148.5, 167.5; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 20
H
3 2
N
3 0 2
S
2 410.1936, found 410.10 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd C 2 0
H
3 2
N
3 0 2
S
2 410.1936, found 410.1932 (M + H)*. [00198] p-Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. A mixture of 1-phenyldodecane (7.5 g, 25 30.5 mmol) and concentrated H 2
SO
4 (8.4 mL) was stirred vigorously at 90 'C for 1 h, cooled 90 to room temperature, and then gradually poured with stirring into 10% aqueous KOH solution (175 mL). The resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with cold water (40 mL) and dried to give potassium 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonate (10.6 g, 29.1 mmol, 84%). This salt (10.0 g, 27.5 mmol) and POCl 3 (4.2 g, 27.4 mmol) were stirred at room temperature 5 and gradually heated to 170 'C. The hot reaction mixture was poured into cold water and extracted with CHCl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , and filtered. Evaporation of the volatiles yielded p-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride as a pale yellow liquid (9.2 g, 97%) which eventually became crystalline, mp 33 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 6.5), 1.20-1.38 (m,18H), 1.60-1.68 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H, 0 J = 7.5 Hz), 7.40 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.79 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.6, 29.1, 29.3, 29.3, 29.5, 29.6, 30.9, 31.9, 36.0, 127.0, 129.6, 141.7, 151.6. [00199] 4-Dodecyl-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (108). 2 Amino-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (150 mg, 1.3 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). p-Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 0.87 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The 5 reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 10% HCl (5 mL) and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated to yield a solid mass. Chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with 2% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 gave the .0 product (310 mg, 0.73 mmol, 84%). Recrystallization from hexanes:ethyl acetate (3:7) gave an analytical sample, mp 149-150 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 0.88 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 1.20-1.36 (18, m), 1.54-1.63 (2, m), 2.51 (3, s), 2.63 (2, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (2, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.83 (2, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 12.36 (1, br s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 16.5, 22.7, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 126.4, 128.8, 138.3, 148.3, 154.1, 168.6; MS (ESI*, 25 m/z) Calcd for C 2 1
H
34
N
3 0 2
S
2 424.2092 found 424.20 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for
C
2 1
H
3 4
N
3 0 2
S
2 424.2092, found 424.2085 (M + H)*. [00200] 4-Dodecyl-N-(5 -ethyl- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (112). 2 Amino-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (169 mg, 1.3 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). p Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 0.87 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The 30 reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 10% HCl (5 mL) and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated to yield a solid mass. 91 Chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with 2% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 gave the product (225 mg, 0.51 mmol, 59%). Recrystallization from hexanes:ethyl acetate (3:7) gave an analytical sample, mp 93-94 'C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 0.88 (3, t, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.20-1.36 (18, m), 1.33 (3, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 1.54-1.63 (2, m), 2.63 (2, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 2.84 (2, q, J 5 = 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (2, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.83 (2, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 12.30 (1, br s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 12.6, 14.1, 22.7, 24.4, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 126.5, 128.8, 138.4, 148.2, 160.1 168.2; MS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 2
H
36
N
3 0 2
S
2 438.2249, found 438.30 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 2
H
36
N
3 0 2
S
2 438.2249, found 438.2247 (M + H)*. [00201] N-(5-tert-Butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonamide (116). 0 2-Amino-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (204 mg, 1.3 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). p-Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 0.87 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 10% HCl (5 mL) and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water, 5 brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated to yield a solid mass. Chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with 2% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 gave the product (350 mg, 0.75 mmol, 87%). Recrystallization from hexanes:ethyl acetate (3:7) gave an analytical sample, mp 117-118 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (3, t, J= 6.5 Hz), 1.20-1.36 (18, m), 1.38 (9, s), 1.56-1.64 (2, m), 2.63 (2, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (2, d, J = 8.0 Hz), .0 7.86 (2, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 12.24 (1, br s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.7, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 31.1, 31.8, 35.8, 36.5, 126.5, 128.7, 138.5, 148.1, 167.8, 168.0; MS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 4
H
4
ON
3 0 2
S
2 466.3, found 466.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 4
H
4
ON
3 0 2
S
2 466.2562, found 466.2562 (M + H)*. [00202] 2-(5 -(4-Dodecylphenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetic Acid (120). 25 Distilled water (3.0 mL) and 10% aqueous NaOH (0.65 mL) were added to compound 37 (200 mg, 0.40 mmol) and the mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. The pH of the solution was then adjusted to 4.0 by addition of 1.0 M HCl, the resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried to give 161 mg (0.34 mmol, 86%) of the product as a solid, mp 194-195 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.85 (t, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.23 30 (m, 18H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 2.57 (t, 2H, J 7.5 Hz), 7.24 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 14.0, 22.1, 28.8, 28.9, 29.1, 30.7, 31.3, 34.9, 37.4, 125.8,128.4, 141.2, 146.0, 153.3, 168.9, 170.8; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 2
H
34
N
3 0 4
S
2 92 468.2, found 468.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Caled for C 2 2
H
3 4
N
3 0 4
S
2 468.1991, found 468.1977 (M+H)*. [00203] Ethyl 2-(5-(4-Dodecylphenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (120E). To a solution of p-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.01 g, 2.94 mmol) in pyridine 5 (10 mL) was added ethyl 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (500 mg, 2.67 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (20 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) 0 eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 108-109 'C, in 43% yield (570 mg, 1.15 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 7.2Hz), 1.24-1.34 (m, 21H), 1.55-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.88 (s, 2H), 4.25 (q, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.81 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.0, 14.1, 22.7, 29.3, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 31.2, 31.9, 35.9, 38.1, 61.9, 126.7, 128.4, 138.8, 147.2, 152.1, 5 168.3, 170.3; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 4
H
3 8
N
3 0 4
S
2 496.2, found 496.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 4
H
3 8
N
3 0 4
S
2 496.2304, found 496.2295 (M+H)*. [00204] Ethyl 2-(5 -Amino- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate. Thiosemicarbazide (1.0 g, 11.0 mmol) and ethyl 3-ethoxy-3-iminopropionate hydrochloride (2.0 g, 10.0 mmol) were mixed in glacial acid (2 mL) for 10 min at 55 'C and then boiled for 1.5 h. The reaction .0 mixture was evaporated, diluted with cold water, carefully neutralized with NaHCO 3 , and cooled to 5 'C. The precipitate was collected and crystallized from water to yield 0.88 g (4.70 mmol, 47%) of the product, mp 149-150 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 1.19 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.96 (s, 2H), 4.10 (q, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.11 (s, 2H); 1C NMR (75MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 14.0, 35.4, 60.9, 150.4, 168.9, 169.6. 25 [00205] Ethyl 5-(4-dodecylphenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (124E). To a solution of p-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (260 mg, 0.75 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added ethyl 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 40 mL). The organic 30 extracts were washed with water (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 49:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 96-97 0 C, in 34% yield (95 mg, 0.20 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.85 (t, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.20-1.35 (m, 93 21H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.43 (q, 2H, J 7.2 Hz), 7.26 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.77 (d, 2H, J = 7.7 Hz); 1C NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.7, 29.3, 29.4, 29.6, 29.6, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 63.4, 126.6, 128.9, 136.9, 145.8, 159.9, 163.7, 167.9; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Called for C 2 3
H
3 6
N
3 0 4
S
2 482.2, found 482.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Caled for 5 C 2 3
H
3 6
N
3 0 4
S
2 482.2140, found 482.2134 (M+H)*. [00206] 4-Dodecyl-N-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (128). To a solution of p-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (200 mg, 0.58 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added 2-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (70 mg, 0.53 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (8 mL) was added 0 to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 138-139 'C, in 65% yield (151 mg, 0.34 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.84 (t, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.22 5 (m, 18H), 1.54-1.57 (m, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 4.57 (s, 2H), 6.05 (br, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.67 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d) 6 13.9, 22.1, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 29.0, 30.6, 31.3, 34.9, 58.4, 125.8, 128.9, 139.2, 147.5, 161.1, 167.5; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 1
H
34
N
3 0 3
S
2 440.2, found 440.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for
C
2 1
H
3 4
N
3 0 3
S
2 440.2042, found 440.2029 (M+H)*. .0 [00207] 2-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Thiosemicarbazide (3.0 g, 32.9 mmol) and glyconitrile (55% in water, 3.10 g, 29.9 mmol) were added to trifluoroacetic acid (24 mL). The mixture was heated to 63 'C for 2 h and then kept at room temperature for 72 h, after which time the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in distilled water (10 mL) and neutralized with 1M NaOH, then stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The 25 precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallized from water to yield 2.5 g (19.1 mmol, 64%) of the product, mp 185-186 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 4.54 (d, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz), 5.75 (t, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.08 (s, 2H); 1C NMR (75MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 58.5, 160.9, 169.2. [00208] N-(4-(N-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadizol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (106). 30 2-Amino-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (250 mg, 2.19 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride (410 mg, 1.75 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 3N HCl and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic 94 extracts were washed with water (3 x 20 mL), brine (3 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (491 mg, 1.6 mmol, 97%) as a solid, mp 239-240 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 8 2.07 (3, s), 2.44 (3, s), 7.74 (4, s), 10.82 (1, s), 13.85 (1, s); 13 C NMR (125 MHz, 5 DMSO) 8 16.1, 24.1, 118.6, 126.9, 135.7, 142.8, 154.3, 167.7, 168.9; MS (ESI*, m/z) Calculated for C 1 1
H
1 3
N
4 0 3
S
2 313.0, found 313.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB', m/z) Calculated for
C
11
H
13
N
4 0 3
S
2 313.0429, found 313.0428 (M+H)*. [00209] 4-Amino-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (105). Compound 106 (250 mg, 0.8 mmol) was suspended in 3 N HCl (4 mL) and the suspension 0 heated to reflux for 30 min. Following neutralization with saturated aqueous Na 2
CO
3 solution, the precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 20 mL), and dried under vacuum. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (155 mg, 0.58 mmol, 72%) as a solid, mp 207-208 0 C (lit mp 208)1; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 2.47 (3, s), 5.89 (2, s), 6.58 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.40 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 10.48 (1, s); 1C NMR 5 (125 MHz, DMSO) 6 16.0, 112.5, 127.2, 127.6, 152.4, 153.6, 166.8. [00210] N-(4-(N-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide (107). Compound 105 (250 mg, 0.93 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). Decanoyl chloride (141 mg, 0.74 mmol) was added slowly at 0 0 C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 0 C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 3 N .0 HCl solution (5 mL) and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 20 mL), brine (3 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent left a residue which was crystallized from hexanes and ethyl acetate (1:2) to give the product (297 mg, 0.70 mmol, 95%) as a solid, mp 141-142 0 C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 0.82 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 1.10-1.30 (12, m), 1.54 25 1.63 (2, m), 2.32 (2, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.45 (3, s), 8.25 (2, d, J= 8.0 Hz), 8.28 (2, d, J= 8.0 Hz), 10.25 (1, s), 13.87 (1, s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) 6 13.9, 16.0, 22.1, 24.9, 28.5, 28.6, 28.8, 28.9, 31.2, 36.4, 118.5, 126.8, 135.5, 142.7, 154.1, 167.6, 171.7; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 1 9
H
2 9
N
4 0 3
S
2 425.2, found 425.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB+, m/z) Calculated for
C
19
H
29
N
4 0 3
S
2 425.1681, found 425.1678 (M+H)*. 30 [00211] N-(4-(N-(5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadizol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (110). 2 Amino-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (250 mg, 1.93 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (0.5 mL). N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride (361 mg, 1.54 mmol) was added slowly at 0 0 C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 0 C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then 95 added to aqueous 3N HCl and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 20 mL), brine (3 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (350 mg, 1.07 mmol, 70%) as a solid, mp 197-198 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 5 8 1.28 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.07 (3, s), 2.82 (2, q, J= 7.0 Hz), 7.72 (4, s), 10.32 (1, s), 13.91 (1, s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) 8 12.2, 23.7, 24.1, 48.6, 118.5, 126.9, 135.6, 142.7, 159.8, 167.3, 168.9; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 12
H
15
N
4 0 3
S
2 327.1, found 327.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB', m/z) Calculated for C 1 2
H
15
N
4 0 3
S
2 327.0586, found 327.0585 (M+H)*. [00212] 4-Amino-N-(5 -ethyl- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (109). 0 Compound 110 (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) was suspended in 3 N HCl (3 mL) and the suspension heated to reflux for 30 min. Following neutralization with saturated aqueous Na 2
CO
3 solution, the precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 15 mL), and dried under vacuum. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (120 mg, 0.42 mmol, 69%) as a solid, mp 190-191 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 1.20 (3, t, J 5 = 7.5 Hz), 2.79 (2, q, J= 7.5 Hz), 5.91 (2, S), 6.57 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.41 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 13.65 (1, s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) 6 12.3, 23.6, 112.5, 127.1, 127.6, 152.5, 159.1, 166.8; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for CioH 13
N
4 0 2
S
2 285.0, found 285.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB+, m/z) Calculated for CioH 13
N
4 0 2
S
2 285.0480, found 285.0478 (M+H)*. [00213] N-(4-(N-(5 -Ethyl- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) sulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide (111). .O Compound 109 (250 mg, 0.88 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (1.3 mL). Decanoyl chloride (134 mg, 0.70 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 3 N HCl solution (4.5 mL) and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 20 mL), brine (3 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous 25 Na 2
SO
4 , and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent left a residue which was crystallized from hexanes and ethyl acetate (1:2) to give the product (372 mg, 0.85 mmol, 97%) as a solid, mp 121-122 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 0.82 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 1.17-1.30 (14, m), 1.57 (2, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.32 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.80 (2, q, J= 7.0 Hz), 7.72 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.76 (2, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 10.21 (1, s), 13.89 (1, s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMS0) 6 12.2, 13.9, 22.1, 30 23.6, 24.9, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9, 31.2, 36.5, 118.5, 126.8, 135.5, 142.7, 159.7, 167.2, 171.8; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 20
H
3 1
N
4 0 3
S
2 439.2, found 439.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB+, m/z) Calculated for C 20
H
3 1
N
4 0 3
S
2 439.1838, found 439.1843 (M+H)*. 96 [00214] N-(4-(N-(5-tert-Butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (114). 2-Amino-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1.0 g, 6.36 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (1.6 mL). N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride (1.9 g, 5.1 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was 5 then added to aqueous 3N HCl and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 65 mL), brine (3 x 65 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and volatiles evaporated. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (1.59 mg, 4.3 mmol, 84%) as a solid, mp 137-138 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 1.28 (9, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.08 (3, s), 7.73 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.78 (2, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 0 10.48 (1, s), 14.00 (1, brs); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) 8 24.1, 29.3, 36.1, 118.6, 126.8, 135.6, 142.8, 166.9, 167.2, 169.0; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 14
H
19
N
4 0 3
S
2 355.1, found 355.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB', m/z) Calculated for C 14
H
19
N
4 0 3
S
2 355.0899, found 355.0900 (M+H)*. [00215] 4-Amino-N-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (113). 5 Compound 114 (1.0 g, 2.82 mmol) was suspended in 3 N HCl (15 mL) and the suspension heated to reflux for 30 min. Following neutralization with saturated aqueous Na 2
CO
3 solution, the precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed with water (70 mL), and dried under vacuum. The residue was crystallized from MeOH to give the product (655 mg, 2.1 mmol, 74%) as a solid, mp 220-221 'C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 6 1.28 (9, s), 5.91 .0 (2, br s), 6.60 (2, d, J= 7.0 Hz), 7.45 (2, d, J= 7.0 Hz), 13.95 (1, br s); 1C NMR (125 MHZ, DMSO) 6 29.3, 36.0, 112.6, 127.3, 127.7, 152.5, 166.1, 166.6; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 1 2
H
1 7
N
4 0 2
S
2 313.1, found 313.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB+, m/z) Calculated for
C
12
H
17
N
4 0 2
S
2 313.0793, found 313.0793 (M+H)*. [00216] N-(4-(N-(5-tert-Butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide 25 (115). Compound 113 (250 mg, 0.80 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (1.5 mL). Decanoyl chloride (122 mg, 0.64 mmol) was added slowly at 0 'C. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95 'C and was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then added to aqueous 3 N HCl solution (4 mL) and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (3 x 20 mL), brine (3 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous 30 Na 2
SO
4 , and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent left a residue which was crystallized from hexanes and ethyl acetate (1:2) to give the product (294 mg, 0.63 mmol, 98%) as a solid, mp 156-157 'C; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 8 0.80 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 1.15-1.33 (21, m), 1.56 (2, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 2.32 (3, t, J= 7.0 Hz), 7.74 (2, d, J= 8.0 Hz), 7.77 (2, d, J= 8.0 Hz), 10.21 (1, 97 s), 13.90 (1, s); 1C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO): 8 13.9, 22.1, 25.0, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9, 29.3, 31.1, 36.0, 36.5, 118.6, 126.9, 135.7, 142.9, 167.0, 167.2, 171.9; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calculated for C 2 2
H
3 5
N
4 0 3
S
2 467.2, found 467.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (FAB+, m/z) Calculated for
C
2 2
H
3 5
N
4 0 3
S
2 467.2151, found 467.2131 (M+H)*. 5 [00217] Ethyl 2-(5-(4-Acetamidophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (118E). To a solution of p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (275 mg, 1.18 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added ethyl 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (200 mg, 1.07 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (10 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 0 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 156 157 'C, in 76% yield (312 mg, 0.81 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz), 2.07 (s, 3H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 4.15 (q, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.72 (m, 4H), 10.29 (s, 1H); C13 5 NMR (75MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 14.0, 24.1, 35.7, 61.3, 118.6, 127.0, 135.5, 142.9, 151.6, 167.8, 168.1, 169.0; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 14
H
17
N
4 0 5
S
2 385.1, found 385.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 1 4
H
1 7
N
4 0 5
S
2 385.0640, found 385.0638 (M+H)*. [00218] 2-(5-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetic Acid (117). Distilled water (3.0 mL) and 10% aqueous NaOH (1.5 mL) were added to compound 118E .0 (300 mg, 0.78 mmol) and the mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. The pH of the solution was then adjusted to 4.0 by addition of 1.0 M HCl, the resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried to give 201 mg (0.64 mmol, 82%) of the product as a solid, mp 209-210 0 C; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 3.59 (s, 2H), 6.52 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.9 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 36.6, 113.3, 127.8, 128.4, 25 152.4, 153.3, 167.7, 170.4; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 1 oH 1 1
N
4 0 4
S
2 315.0, found 315.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 1 oH 1 1
N
4 0 4
S
2 315.0222, found 315.0220 (M+H)*. [00219] 2-(5 -(4-Acetamidophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetic Acid (118). To a solution of compound 118E (128 mg, 0.33 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added 0.1 M aqueous LiOH (3.75 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 h, the 30 resultant solution was acidified to pH 4 and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL) and concentrated to give the crude product, which was further purified by chromatography on 70-230 mesh silica gel eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol:water 40:10:1 to afford 104 mg (0.29 mmol, 88%) of 98 the product as a solid, mp 206-207 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 2.05 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 7.65 (m, 4H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 24.8, 37.3, 119.0, 127.5, 137.9, 142.6, 153.3, 169.4, 169.5, 170.9; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Caled for C 12
H
13
N
4 0 5
S
2 357.0, found 357.0 (M+H) *; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Caled for C 1 2
H
1 3
N
4 0 5
S
2 357.0327, found 357.0326 5 (M+H)*. [00220] Ethyl 2-(5 -(4-Decanamidophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (199E). To a solution of the 4-decanamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (608 mg, 1.76 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added ethyl 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetate (300 mg, 1.60 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, than 2 M HCl was 0 added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 40 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 89-90 'C, in 63% yield (500 mg, 1.01 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25-1.34 (m, 5 15H), 1.65-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.5Hz), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.24 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.58 (d, 2H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.74 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz); 1C NMR (75MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 14.0, 14.0, 22.0, 25.5, 29.0, 29.0, 29.2, 31.3, 36.4, 37.9, 60.1, 118.9, 127.0, 139.4, 142.3, 154.0, 168.9, 169.9, 172.3; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 2
H
3 3
N
4 0 5
S
2 497.2, found 497.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 2
H
3 3
N
4 0 5
S
2 497.1875, found 497.1873 (M+H)*. .0 [00221] 4-Decanamidobenzenesulfonyl Chloride. Aniline (2.03 g, 25.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL). To the solution were added pyridine (2.22 mL, 27.5 mmol) and decanoyl chloride (5.25 g, 27.5 mmol) in an ice bath. After stirring for 3 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into 1M HCl (30 mL) and the mixture extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 x 100 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 25 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated to give 5.62 g (22.8 mmol, 91%) of N phenyldecanamide as a white solid, mp 65-66 C (lit 5 mp 65-66 C); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.26 (m, 12H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.10 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.31 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz) 7.50 (t, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 13.9, 22.5, 25.7, 29.2, 29.2, 29.3, 29.3, 31.7, 37.5, 120.1, 124.0, 128.7, 138.1, 30 172.3. [00222] 2-(5 -(4-Decanamidophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetic Acid (119). To a solution of compound 119E (160 mg, 0.32 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added 0.1 M aqueous LiOH (3.2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 h, the 99 resultant solution was acidified to pH 4 and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4 x 40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL) and concentrated to give the crude product, which was further purified by chromatography on 70-230 mesh silica gel eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol:water 40:10:1 to afford 125 mg (0.27 mmol, 83%) of 5 the product as a solid, mp 190-191 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.84 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.24 (m, 12H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 2.29 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 3.63 (s, 2H), 7.59-7.61 (m, 4H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 14.0, 22.1, 25.0, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9, 31.3, 36.4, 37.6, 118.2, 126.8, 138.4, 141.4, 153.2, 169.0, 169.1, 171.7; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 20
H
2 9
N
4 0 5
S
2 469.2, found 469.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 20
H
2 9
N
4 0 5
S
2 469.1579, found 0 469.1570 (M+H)*. [00223] N-(4-(N-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2 yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (126). To a solution of p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (510 mg, 2.18 mmol) in pyridine (6 mL) was added 2-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3,4 thiadiazole (260 mg, 1.98 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (20 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4 x 50 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (40 mL), brine (40 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 9:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 101-102 'C, in 82% yield (533 mg, 1.62 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, .0 DMSO-d 6 ) 6 2.07 (s, 3H), 4.56 (d, 2H, J = 5.1 Hz), 6.09 (t, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz), 7.73 (m, 4H); C13 NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 24.8, 59.1, 119.3, 127.7, 136.2, 143.5, 161.7, 168.1, 169.6; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 1 1
H
13
N
4 0 4
S
2 329.0, found 329.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 1 1
H
13
N
4 0 4
S
2 329.0378, found 329.0376 (M+H)*. [00224] 4-Amino-N-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide 25 (125). Distilled water (3.0 mL) and 10% NaOH (1.5 mL) were added to compound 126 (328 mg, 0.94 mmol) and the mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. The pH of the solution was then adjusted to 4.0 by addition of 1.0 M HCl and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL) and concentrated to give a crude product which was purified by chromatography on silica gel 30 eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 4:1 to afford 182 mg (0.64 mmol, 68%) of the product as a solid, mp 89-90 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 4.54 (s, 2H), 5.91 ( br, 1H), 6.55 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.39 (d, 2H, J = 9.0 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 59.1, 113.2, 128.0, 128.4, 153.2, 161.0, 167.5; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 9
H
11
N
4 0 3
S
2 287.0, found 100 287.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Caled for C 9
H
1 1
N
4 0 3
S
2 287.0273, found 287.0269 (M+H)*. [00225] N-(4-(N-(5-Sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (138). 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazolo-2-sulfonamide (540 mg, 3.0 mmol) was dissolved in 5 aqueous NaOH (2.5 M, 1.6 mL) and the solution was cooled to 10 'C. 4 Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (140 mg, 0.6 mmol) and aqueous NaOH (5M, 0.3 mL) were added to this solution and the mixture was stirred at 10 'C until all the sulfonyl chloride had reacted. This procedure was repeated four times (a total of 3.0 mmol of the sulfonyl chloride and 1.5 mL of 5M NaOH). The solution was stirred for 5 h at room temperature, 0 then brought to pH 2 with aqueous 5% HCl. The precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed with cold water, and air-dried. Recrystallization from 95% aqueous ethanol afforded the product (710 mg, 1.88 mmol, 63%), mp 280-281 C (lit16 mp 285-290 C); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 2.06 (s, 3H), 7.74 (s, 4H), 8.45 (s, 2H), 10.32 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 24.2, 118.7, 127.2, 134.7, 143.3, 157.9, 167.2, 169.1; 5 LRMS (LCQ, ESI ) calcd for C 1 oH 1 oN 5 0 5
S
3 376.0, found 376.0 (M-H); HRMS (ESI, m/z) calcd for C 1 oH 1 oN 5 0 5
S
3 375.9850, found 375.9850 (M-H). [00226] 5-Amino- 1,3,4-thiadiazolo-2- sulfonamide. A solution of acetazolamide (15 g, 67.5 mmol, from Aldrich) in a mixture of ethanol (100 mL) and concentrated hydrochloride acid (30 mL) was heated at reflux for 4.5 h, during which time a solid slowly .0 deposited. Upon cooling the solution, the solvents were removed in vacuo and the solid residue was redissolved in H 2 0 (75 mL). The solution was basified to pH 7 with 5 M sodium hydroxide, the precipitated product was collected by filtration, and then recrystallized from water to give the product (10.6 g, 58.9 mmol, 87%), mp 228-229 C (lit 1 5 mp 230-232 0 C); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 8.06 (s, 2H), 7.81 (s, 2H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 25 171.9, 158.1. [00227] 5-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (131). Compoud 138 (1.0 g, 2.6 mmol) was heated at reflux with aqueous HCl (6 M, 10 mL) for 50 min. The homogeneous solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue was taken up in distilled water (10 mL). The pH was adjusted to 9 with 25% aqueous ammonia, the resulting 30 solution was filtered to remove insoluble matter, and the solution acidified to pH 4 with glacial acetic acid. Cooling the solution overnight gave a solid, which was collected by filtration, washed with cold water, and air-dried. Recrystallization from 20% ethanol/H 2 0 gave the pure product (500 mg, 1.5 mmol, 57%), mp 241-242 oC (lit 17 mp 247-248 0 C); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 6.58 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.43 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 8.43(s, 2H); 101 "C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d) 6 112.8, 125.9, 128.0, 153.1, 157.6, 166.0; LRMS (LCQ, ESI*) called for C 8 HioN 5 0 4
S
3 336.0, found 335.8 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) called for
C
s HioN 5 0 4
S
3 335.9889, found 335.9883 (M+H)*. [00228] Ethyl 5-(4-Acetamidophenylsulfonamido)- 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate 5 (122E). To a solution of p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.98 g, 8.47 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added ethyl 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (1.2 g, 7.06 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, than 2 M HCl (50 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 60 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL), dried over 0 Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 201-202 'C, in 73% yield (1.91 g, 5.15 mmol); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.08 (s, 3H), 4.37 (q, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.74 (m, 4H), 10.32 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 13.9, 14.0, 24.1, 62.9, 118.6, 127.1, 134.9, 143.2, 147.2, 157.5, 167.6, 169.0; 5 MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 13
H
15
N
4 0 5
S
2 371.0, found 371.0 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 13
H
15
N
4 0 5
S
2 371.0484, found 371.0472 (M+H)*. [00229] Ethyl 5-(4-Decanamidophenylsulfonamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (123E). To a solution of 4-decanamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (220 mg, 0.64 mmol) in pyridine (4 mL) was added ethyl 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.58 .0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (10 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 9:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 101-102 25 'C, in 65% yield (183 mg, 0.38 mmol); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.83 (t, 3H, J= 6.6 Hz), 1.22-1.32 (m, 15H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 2.31(t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz), 4.33 (q, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.71 (m, 4H), 10.19 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 14.6, 14.6, 22.8, 25.6, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.3, 31.9, 37.1, 62.8, 119.1, 127.6, 136.8, 143.2, 147.7, 159.2, 170.3, 172.5; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 1
H
3 1
N
4 0 5
S
2 483.2, found 483.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd 30 for C 2 1
H
3 1
N
4 0 5
S
2 483.1736, found 483.1728 (M+H)*. [00230] N-(4-(N-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2 yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide (127). To a solution of 4-decanamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (435 mg, 1.26 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added 2-amino-5-hydroxymethyl 102 1,3,4-thiadiazole (150 mg, 1.15 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h, then 2 M HCl (15 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL). The organic extracts were washed with water (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified 5 by chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 9:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 69-70 'C, in 73% yield (370 mg, 0.84 mmol); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.84 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.23 (m, 12H), 1.54-1.57 (m, 2H), 2.29 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 4.57 (d, 2H, J = 4.8 Hz), 6.08 (t, 1H, J = 5.0 Hz), 7.73 (m, 4H), 10.22 (s, 1H), 14.01 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 8 14.6, 22.8, 25.6, 30.0, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.9, 37.1, 0 59.1, 119.3, 127.6, 136.1, 143.5, 161.7, 168.1, 172.6; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for
C
19
H
2 9
N
4 0 4
S
2 441.2, found 441.1 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 1 9
H
2 9
N
4 0 4
S
2 441.1630, found 441.1624 (M+H)*. [00231] N-(4-(N-(5-Sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)decanamide (139). 5-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (7, 50 mg, 0.15 5 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous acetonitrile (5 mL). Triethylamine (17.1 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added with stirring at 0 'C. A solution of decanoyl chloride (32.4 mg, 0.17 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (1 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 'C for 2 h and overnight at room temperature. Volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with water (5 mL). The residue was subjected to .0 chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 9:1, giving the pure product as a solid (42 mg, 0.09 mmol, 60% yield), mp 242-243 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.84 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.24 (m,12H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 2.32 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.66 (s, 4H), 7.91 (s, 2H), 10.13 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 14.1, 22.3, 25.2, 28.8, 29.0, 31.5, 36.6, 118.6, 127.0, 137.4, 142.2, 157.8, 170.8, 172.1; LRMS (LCQ, ESI ) 25 calcd for C 1 8
H
26
N
5 0 5
S
3 488.1, found 488.1 (M-H); HRMS (ESI, m/z) calcd for CisH 26
N
5 0 5
S
3 488.1102, found 487.1101 (M-H) . [00232] 5-(4-Dodecylphenylsulfonamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (140). 5 Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazolo-2-sulfonamide (200 mg, 1.1 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous acetonitrile (5 mL). Triethylamine (123 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added with stirring at 0 'C 30 followed by a solution of 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (383 mg, 1.1 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Volatiles were then removed in vacuo and the residue was washed with water (5 mL) in order to eliminate the ammonium salt. The crude solid was subjected to 103 chromatography on silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 19:1 to give the product in 39% yield. Recrystallization from absolute ethanol and a second round of chromatography gave an analytic sample, mp 249-250 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) 6 0.85 (t, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.23 (m, 18H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 2.58 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.23 (d, 2H, J 5 = 7.8 Hz), 7.34 (s, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d) 6 13.9, 22.1, 28.7, 28.9, 29.0, 29.1, 30.8, 31.3, 34.9, 126.2, 127.8, 143.3, 145.1, 161.2, 170.9; LRMS (LCQ, ESI ) calcd for C 20
H
3 1
N
4 0 4
S
3 487.2, found 487.1 (M-H) ; HRMS (ESI , m/z) calcd for
C
20
H
31
N
4 0 4
S
3 487.1513, found 487.1514 (M-H). [00233] 4-Butyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (155). To a stirred 0 solution of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2.0 g, 19.7 mmol) in pyridine (30 mL) under argon at 20 'C was added p-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (4.89 g, 21 mmol) over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Water (300 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 and the organic extracts washed with 2N HCl (2 x 150 mL), brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. 5 The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with methanol:DCM 1:33 to give the product (3.46 g, 11.6 mmol, 59% yield) as a solid, mp 120-121 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.91 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.29-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.61 (m, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H, J = 7 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 8.25 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 13.9, 22.3, 33.2, 33.6, 126.5, 129.1, 138.1, 142.7, 148.6, 167.4; MS (Q-TOF) .0 Calcd for C 12
H
16
N
3 0 2
S
2 298.0684, found 298.0695 (M+H)*; Calcd for C 12 Hi 5
N
3 NaO 2
S
2 320.0503, found 320.0361 (M+Na)*. [00234] p-Butylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of butylbenzene (4.13 g, 30.8 mmol) in CHCl 3 (50 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (17 mL, 29.8 g, 256 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 20 h. The mixture was poured on ice (200 mL) and extracted 25 with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The yellow oily residue (ca 88% yield) was used without further purification in the next reaction; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.94 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.34-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.67 (m, 2H), 2.73 (t, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.41 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.94 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz). 30 [00235] 4-Octyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (153). To a stirred solution of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2.0 g, 19.7 mmol) in pyridine (30 mL) under argon at 20 'C was added p-octylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (6.06 g, 21 mmol) over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Water (300 mL) was added to 104 quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 and the organic extracts washed with 2N HCl (2 x 150 mL), brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with methanol:DCM 1:33 to give the product (3.83 g, 10.8 mmol, 55% yield) as a solid, mp 123-124 'C; 1 H NMR 5 (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.36 (m, 10H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.82 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 8.23 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.6, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 31.1, 31.8, 35.9, 126.5, 129.0, 138.1, 142.6, 148.7, 167.3; MS (Q TOF) Calcd for C 16
H
2 4
N
3 0 2
S
2 354.1310, found 354.1211 (M+H)*; Calcd for
C
16
H
2 3
N
3 NaO 2
S
2 376.1129, found 376.1154 (M+Na)*. 0 [00236] p-Octylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of 1-phenyloctane (5.86 g, 30.8 mmol) in CHCl 3 (50 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (17 mL, 29.8 g, 256 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 20 h. The mixture was poured on ice (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The yellow oily residue (ca 5 80% yield) was used without further purification in the next reaction; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.27-1.32 (m, 10H), 1.64-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz). [00237] 4-Hexyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (154). To a stirred solution of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2.0 g, 19.7 mmol) in pyridine (30 mL) under argon at .0 20 'C was added p-hexylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (5.48 g, 21 mmol) over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Water (300 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 and the organic extracts washed with 2N HCl (2 x 150 mL), brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with methanol:DCM 25 1:33 to give the product (3.72 g, 11.4 mmol, 58% yield) as a solid, mp 125-126 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.28 (m, 6H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.83 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 8.24 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.6, 28.9, 31.1, 31.6, 35.9, 126.5, 129.0, 138.1, 142.6, 148.6, 167.4; MS (Q-TOF) Calcd for C 14
H
20
N
3 0 2
S
2 326.0997, found 326.0931 (M+H)*; Calcd for C 14
H
19
N
3 NaO 2
S
2 30 348.0816, found 348.0816 (M+Na)*. [00238] p-Hexylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of 1-hexylbenzene (5.00 g, 30.8 mmol) in CHCl 3 (50 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (17 mL, 29.8 g, 256 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 20 h. The mixture was poured on ice (200 mL) and extracted 105 with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The yellow oily residue (ca 81% yield) was used without further purification in the next reaction; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz), 1.30-1.35 (m, 6H), 1.55-1.63 (m, 2H), 2.59 (t, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 5 7.38 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 7.89 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz). [00239] 4-Tetradecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (156). To a solution of p-tetradecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (440 mg, 1.18 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (179 mg, 1.77 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, then 2 M HCl (40 mL) was added to quench the reaction. 0 The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL), the organic layer was washed with water (40 mL) and brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with methanol:DCM 1:19 to give the product as a solid (240 mg, 0.55 mmol, 47% yield), mp 116 117 'C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25 (m, 22H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 5 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J = 8.4Hz), 8.23 (s, 1H); 13c NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.6, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 126.5, 128.9, 138.1, 142.6, 148.6, 167.4; MS (LCQ, ESI+) Calcd for C 2 2
H
36
N
3 0 2
S
2 438.2, found 438.3 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI+, m/z) Calcd for C 2 2
H
36
N
3 0 2
S
2 438.2243, found 438.2243 (M+H)*. .0 [00240] p-Tetradecylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of 1-phenyloctadecane (0.69 g, 2.5 mmol) in CHCl 3 (5 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (0.5 mL, 7.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 22 h. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with
CH
2 Cl 2 . The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel 25 (70-230 mesh) with hexane/ethyl acetate (49:1) to give the product as a white solid (0.63 g, 1.7 mmol, 68%), mp 32-33 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.25 (m, 22H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.6, 29.1, 29.3, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 30.9, 31.9, 36.0, 126.9, 129.5, 141.7, 151.6. 30 [00241] 4-Hexadecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (157). To a solution of p-hexadecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (600 mg, 1.50 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (228 mg, 2.25 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, then 2 M HCl (40 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The 106 mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL), the organic layer was washed with water (40 mL) and brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with methanol:DCM 1:19 to give the product as a solid (320 mg, 0.69 mmol, 46% yield), mp 118-119 'C; 1 H NMR (300 5 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25 (m, 26H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 8.23 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.7, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.6, 29.7, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 126.5, 128.9, 138.1, 142.5, 148.7, 167.5; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 4
H
4
ON
3 0 2
S
2 466.3, found 466.3 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 4
H
4
ON
3 0 2
S
2 466.2556, found 466.2558 (M+H)*. 0 [00242] p-Hexadecylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of 1-phenyloctadecane (0.76 g, 2.5 mmol) in CHCl 3 (5 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (0.5 mL, 7.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 22 h. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with
CH
2 Cl 2 . The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel 5 (70-230 mesh) with hexane/ethyl acetate (49:1) to give the product as a white solid (0.71 g, 1.8 mmol, 72%), mp 35-36 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.88 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.25 (m, 26H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.95 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.4, 22.9, 29.4, 29.64, 29.8, 29.9, 31.2, 32.2, 36.3, 127.3, 129.8, 142.0, 151.9. .0 [00243] 4-Octadecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (158). To a solution of p-octadecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (500 mg, 1.17 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (177 mg, 1.75 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, then 2 M HCl (40 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL), the organic layer was washed with water 25 (40 mL) and brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2
SO
4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (70-230 mesh) eluted with methanol:DCM 1:19 to give the product as a solid (296 mg, 0.60 mmol, 51 % yield), mp 116-117 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.86 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25 (m, 30H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.82 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 8.21 (s, 1H); 1C NMR (75 MHz, 30 CDCl 3 ) 14.0, 22.7, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 126.5, 128.9, 138.1, 142.6, 148.6, 167.4; MS (LCQ, ESI*) Calcd for C 2 6
H
4 4
N
3 0 2
S
2 494.3, found 494.2 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) Calcd for C 2 6
H
4 4
N
3 0 2
S
2 494.2869, found 494.2869 (M+H)*. [00244] p-Octadecylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride. To a solution of 1-phenyloctadecane (0.84 g, 2.5 mmol) in CHCl 3 (5 mL) was added chlorosulfonic acid (0.5 mL, 7.5 mmol) and 107 the mixture was stirred at rt for 22 h. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with
CH
2 Cl 2 . The combined extracts were washed with water, a solution of NaHCO 3 , and water, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (70-230 mesh) with hexane/ethyl acetate (49:1) to give the product as a white solid (0.60 g, 5 1.4 mmol, 56%), mp 43-44 0 C; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.86 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25 (m, 30H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 14.1, 22.7, 29.2, 29.4, 29.5, 29.7, 30.9, 31.9, 36.0, 127.1, 129.6, 141.8, 151.7. S Ci
H
2 NHN NH 2
NH
2 (CH2) 1
CH
3 OH Br H 2 S0 4 Br pyridine N-N 00
CH
3 NH, N-N 0" ',0 /-NH ZNH Br(CI) (CH 2
)
1 CH H NH (CH2) 11 CHa N-N 0'' S NH
H
3 C, (CH 2 ) CH 3 NBD-CI N N 137
NO
2 10 Scheme 3. Synthesis of compound 137. [00245] 4-Dodecyl-N-(5-(5-(methyl(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,51oxadiazol-4 yl)amino)pentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (137). 4-Chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3 benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) (18 mg, 0.085 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (1 mL). After the addition of 4-dodecyl-N-(5-(5-(methylamino)pentyl)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2 15 yl)benzenesulfonamide (43 mg, 0.085 mmol) and NaHCO 3 (7 mg, 0.085 mmol) in methanol (2 mL), the solution was stirred for 2 h at 40 0 C. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel 60 (70 230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH 49:1. Product 137 was obtained in 53% yield (30 mg, 108 0.045 mmol), mp 102-104 0 C. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.25 (m, 18), 1.51-1.57 (m, 4), 1.79-1.85 (m, 4), 2.63 (t, 2, J = 6.6 Hz), 2.84 (t, 2, J = 7.5 Hz), 3.45 (s, 3), 4.14 (s, 2), 6.11 (d, 1, J = 9.3 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.79 (d, 2, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.44 (d, 1, J = 9.0 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.6, 25.7, 27.7, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 5 29.6, 30.4, 31.1, 31.9, 35.9, 55.6, 101.2, 126.5, 128.9, 135.4, 138.3, 145.3, 148.5, 154.7, 158.3, 163.8, 167.9; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) calculated for C 3 2
H
46
N
7 0 5
S
2 672.3002, observed 672.2996 (M+H)*. [00246] 5-(5-Bromopentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine. 6-Bromohexanoic acid (5.35 g, 27.4 mmol), concentrated sulphuric acid (15 mL), and thiosemicarbazide (3.0 g, 32.9 0 mmol) were slowly heated to 80-90 0 C for 12 h. After cooling, the content was poured onto crushed ice. The mixture was neutralized with 10% aqueous ammonia and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 xlOO mL). The organic extracts were washed with 10% Na 2
CO
3 (2 x 50 mL), water (100 mL), and brine (100 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh) eluted with 5 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH 19:1 to give the product as a solid, mp 128-130 0 C, in 59% yield (4.03 g, 16.2 mmol). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 1.51-1.60 (m, 2), 1.71-1.79 (m, 2), 1.81-1.92 (m, 2), 2.92 (t, 2, J = 7.5 Hz), 3.40 (t, 2, J = 6.9 Hz), 5.33 (s, 2); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 26.9, 28.1, 29.3, 31.8, 35.0, 158.1, 168.2; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) calculated for C 7
H
13 BrN 3 S 250.0014, observed 250.0005 (M+H) *. .0 [00247] N-(5-(5-Bromopentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonamide. To a solution of 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.53 g, 4.42 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) was added 5-(5-bromopentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine. (1.00 g, 4.02 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, then 2 mol/L HCl (25 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The organic 25 extracts were washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH 49:1 to give 1.39 g of product as a solid contaminated with N-(5 (5-chloropentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-dodecyl benzenesulfonamide in about 60% yield. H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25-1.30 (m, 18), 1.55-1.58 (m, 4), 30 1.73-1.88 (m, 4), 2.64 (t, 2, J = 7.8 Hz), 2.83 (t, 2, J = 7.8 Hz), 3.42 (t, 1, J = 6.6), 3.55 (t, 1, J = 6.3 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2, J = 8.1 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.6, 26.0, 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 30.5, 31.1, 31.8, 31.9, 32.0, 33.2, 35.8, 44.5, 126.5, 128.9, 138.3, 148.3, 158.5, 168.2; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) calculated for 109
C
2 5
H
4 1 BrN 3 0 2
S
2 558.1824, observed 558.1819 (M+H)*; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) calculated for
C
2 5
H
4 1 ClN 3 0 2
S
2 514.2329, observed 514.2330 (M+H) *. [00248] 4-Dodecyl-N-(5-(5-(methylamino)pentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2 yl)benzenesulfonamide. A mixture of N-(5-(5-bromopentyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4 5 dodecylbenzenesulfonamide (100 mg, 0.18 mmol), CH 3
NH
2 (0.42 mL, 40% solution in water, 5.4 mmol), K 2 C0 3 (25 mg, 0.18 mmol), and KI (30 mg, 0.18 mmol) was heated at reflux for 2 d. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether (50 mL), washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2
SO
4 , filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by chromatography over silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh) eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol 2:3 to give 0 the product as a solid, mp 158-160'C, in 61% yield (56 mg, 0.11 mmol). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 0.87 (t, 3, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.25-1.36 (m, 18), 1.53-1.67 (m, 8), 2.57-2.61 (m, 5), 2.68 (t, 2, J = 7.2 Hz), 2.96 (t, 2, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.20 (d, 2, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.75 (d, 2, J = 8.1 Hz); 1C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 14.1, 22.7, 25.5, 28.3, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.7, 30.5, 31.2, 31.9, 33.1, 35.8, 60.0, 126.1, 128.5, 140.7, 146.7, 163.7, 170.7; HRMS (ESI*, m/z) calculated for 5 C 2 6
H
4 5
N
4 0 2
S
2 509.2984, observed 509.2972 (M+H) *. NaNO ethyl EtO
H
2 NN aq HCI acetoacetate 0 HN -5 C NaOAc H 3 C N S, N N o HN N O 0 0 316 R = CI N 331 R=H Re NH 2 R 332 R = t-Bu RN *_ _O 333 R = NH2 RlNw 360 R =O H HOAc CH 3 HN$\ 100 0C N Scheme 4: Synthesis of compounds 316, 331-333, and 360 20 [00249] (E)-4-((1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4 yl)diazenyl)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (316). Sulfadiazine is diazotizated with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions, followed by treatment of the diazonium salt with ethyl acetoacetate and sodium acetate to give p-ketoester in 95% yield. Condensation of p ketoester with different benzoylhydrazides (4-chlorobenzohydrazide) in glacial acetic acid at 25 100 'C produced compound 316 and other similar compounds in yields ranging from about 19%-71%. Compound 335 was prepared by treatment of compound 1 with sodium hydride and methyl iodide in THF. 110 Table 1: Compound Mp Yield Number (OC) (%) 100 226 49 101 151-152 95 102 216-217 95 104 126-127 51 105 207-208 72 106 239-240 97 107 141-142 95 108 149-150 84 109 190-191 69 110 197-198 70 111 121-122 97 112 93-94 59 113 220-221 74 114 137-138 84 115 156-157 98 116 117-118 87 117 209-210 82 118 206-207 88 118E 156-157 76 119 190-191 83 119E 89-90 63 120 194-195 86 120E 108-109 43 122E 201-202 73 123E 101-102 65 124E 96-97 34 125 89-90 68 126 101-102 82 127 69-70 73 128 138-139 65 131 138 139 140 153 154 155 156 157 158 111 EXAMPLE 2 In silico Screening [00250] Computational docking was employed to study the interactions between the AKT1 PH domain and its inhibitors. One of the high resolution (0.98A) complex AKT PH 5 domain crystal structures (1UNQ) was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) for docking simulations. Based on structural analysis and literature (28-30), residues Lys 14, Glu , Arg2 and Arg86 around the inositol-(1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 ) ligand were found to be essential for the protein-ligand interactions because they are involved in hydrogen bonds and responsible for the protein conformational change induced by the ligand binding. 0 The binding pocket was, therefore, defined to include all residues within 6.5A around these four residues. Before docking, the ligand and crystal waters were removed from the complex structure, and then hydrogen atoms were added to the protein. The PDB 2PQR (30) was utilized to prepare the protein structures such as placing missing hydrogens, calculating the pKa values of protein residues, and so on. Default parameters were applied unless stated 5 otherwise. [00251] Commercially available docking packages, FlexX (FlexX [1.20.1], BioSolveIT GmbH: Sankt Augustin, Germany, 2007), GOLD (GOLD [3.2], CCDC: Cambridge, UK, 2007) and Glide (Glide [4.5], Schrodinger: Portland, OR, 2007), were used to dock the original ligand Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 into the binding pocket to evaluate the applicability .0 of each docking package to this target. FlexX produced 100 different docking poses for each ligand within the active site. No early determination was allowed in GOLD to terminate docking on a given ligand. The flexibility of ligand was taken into account by GOLD via flipping the ring corners and hydrogen atoms of the protonated carboxylic acids. Internal hydrogen bonds were included to restrict the flexibility. Glide was set to permit the 25 conformational modification of amide bonds in order to consider the docking flexibility while the protein was treated as a rigid body. The best poses (poses with best scores) from these docking algorithms were re-evaluated using X-score to calculate their potential binding affinities. Because all showed reasonable predictions (small RMSD) of the binding mode compared with the crystal structure, all three programs were employed for all docking studies 30 using default parameters unless otherwise noted. Among them GOLD could reproduce the crystal structure with the best predictions, and thus its docking results were used if there were any inconsistencies from the three packages. [00252] GOLD, FlexX and Glide algorithms were employed to dock the compounds into the binding pocket of the AKT PH domain, see e.g. Table 3. The GOLD algorithm 112 showed consistently better predictability for compound 100 and related compounds than either the FlexX or the Glide algorithms and thus was used to calculate the predicted binding affinities (KD values) by X-score. Docking programs and their related scoring functions cannot successfully rank putative ligands by binding affinity. Instead, these same functions 5 were used to classify active and inactive ligands for the analog series in this system. The docking values were directly compared to the measured binding affinities obtained using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, see e.g., Table 2 and Fig. 6A. SPR was carried out by injecting the compounds over the surface of expressed and isolated AKT at the indicated concentrations and measuring binding of the compounds to the protein target. 0 [00253] A 3D pharmacophore search was carried out as described above based on the hydrogen-bonding pattern between the inositol(1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate ligand and the PH domain of AKT (1H10) using UNITY (Tripos, L.P.). A virtual library of approximately 300,000 compounds generated from databases (the NCI Chemical and Natural Products Library, the Maybridge Available Chemicals Directory, and the LeadQuest Chemical 5 Library) was searched. Twenty compounds from each database were selected, the compounds were pooled and duplicates removed. This process lead to the identification of the initial four compounds shown in Table 2, each of these compounds was examined in the active site using hand modeling and structure-based design. The four compounds identified using a pharmacophore screen (7% hit rate) each contain a series of ring structures connected .0 by short flexible linker regions. The IC 5 0 of these compounds ranged from 1pmol/L to 50 pmol/L in a cellular AKT inhibition assay. Although compound 316 contains the undesirable alkyl, aryl-azo moiety, and compound 389 has a fairly high calculated LogP (4.4). Each of these compounds is a weak acid and will be an anion in typical intracellular compartments, which may allow binding to the strongly basic binding site of the PH domain. 25 113 Table 2. Structures, predicted in silico properties, ADME properties and biological activities of four novel hits Cell AKT survi CompouFlexX Gold Glide Caco-2 Pe* KDT inhibition* valP nd Flx od Gie LogP (lems ~mIL I 5 , (C 0 Number score fitness score (10-6cm/s) (pmol/L) (Cso, (ICso, pmoI/L) pmol /L) 316 -34.84 60.94 -2.75 3.7 163.9 0.39 24.0 25.0 0.04 345 -43.63 63.78 -3.80 0.7 0.1 1. 26 50.0 >100 389 -35.44 54.25 -3.80 2.6 124.2 4.58 ± 5.0 >100 1.72 415 -27.02 64.36 -3.62 1.4 0.8 6.27± 1.0 3.1 1.16 *Caco-2 permeability (Pe) is calculated for pH = 7.4 and rpm= 500. tThe KD was obtained using SPR spectroscopy. *Inhibition of AKT was measured by Western blots using specific antibodies against phospho Ser 4 7 -AKT in HT-29 lung cancer cells. Cell survival was measured using an MTT assay in HT-29 lung cancer cells. [00254] To obtain additional SAR data and develop reliable binding models in the 5 AKT system, a database of approximately 2.3 million unique compounds was assembled from vendor databases. After an initial collection of several hundred compounds was identified, a subset of 46 compounds was selected manually based on the following criteria: conservative analogs of the known hits, explore a range of new SAR data, challenge the need for an anion in the hits, and avoid non-medicinal, toxic, reactive and unstable functional 10 groups. [00255] An in silico screen of the subset of 46 compounds was conducted to identify small molecules that would be expected to bind to the PH domain of AKT, and twenty-two of these compounds were identified and tested for their ability to inhibit phospho-Ser 473 -AKT in Panc-1 (Fig. 1, black bars) and MiaPaCa-2 (Fig. 1, grey bars) pancreatic cancer cells. Human 15 MiaPaca-2, BxPC-3 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells were maintained and drug treated as described in Mahadevan D, Powis G, Mash EA, et al. Discovery of a novel class of AKT pleckstrin homology domain inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 7:2621 (2008) which is hereby incoroporated by reference in its 114 entirety. Two compounds, 100 and 455 (9% hit rate), were found to be active against AKT in MiaPaCa-2 cells with IC 5 0 values of 20 pmoIIL and 25 pmoIIL, respectively. Furthermore they did not exhibit cytotoxicity in either cell line tested as indicated from Table 2. [00256] To further improve the potency of these two compounds, several 5 computational approaches were employed to study their binding to the PH domain of AKT as well as their ADMET properties. According to the docking studies using the GOLD algorithm, the sulfonyl moiety of compound 100 acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor interacting with residues Arg , Arg 2 s and Lys 14 while hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between the nitrogen atoms in the thiadiazolyl group and residue Glu as shown in FIG. 3A. 0 The hydrogen bonding interactions between compound 100 and the protein are similar to those in the original 1UNQ complex as shown in FIG. 3B. In particular, the sulfonyl group interacts with the protein by mimicking the 3-position phosphate of the Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 ligand. In contrast to compound 100, compound 455 possesses two sulfonyl fragments, which may mimic the 1- and 3-position phosphate groups on the inositol ring and interact with Arg, 5 Arg 25 and Lys 1 4 . The positively charged guanidinium cation of Arg 23 interacts with one of the benzyl rings of compound 100 via charge-charge interaction. Stacking interactions were observed between the thiadiazole ring of compound 455 and the phenyl ring of Tyr 8 . Table 3. Compound structures, modeling properties and biological activities Compound FlexX G-score X-score* pAKT inhibitions Cell viability* Number score (pKd) (IC 50 , [tmolIL) (IC 50 , [tmolIL) 436 -29.2 -136 5.86 N/I N/I 100 -27.4 -61.5 4.59 20 N/I 437 -23.5 -71.4 5.16 N/I N/I 438 -26.5 -65.3 5.79 N/I N/I 439 -36.0 -73.6 6.42 50 N/I 440 -35.8 -32.0 4.99 N/I N/I 441 -33.7 -47.2 5.77 25 N/I 442 -37.8 -83.4 6.18 N/I N/I 443 -31.5 -31.7 5.79 N/I N/I 444 -24.8 -40.8 5.1 50 N/I 445 -33.1 -116.0 5.7 50 N/I 446 -26.0 -89.7 5.29 N/I N/I 447 -26.5 -116.0 5.58 N/I N/I 448 -29.1 -166.0 5.76 N/I 80 115 449 -30.0 -113.0 5.64 N/I 190 450 -25.3 -75.0 4.92 50 N/I 451 -25.4 -96.0 5.38 N/I N/I 452 -29.9 -133.0 5.81 N/I N/I 453 -30.0 -119.0 5.58 N/I N/I 454 -28.6 -122.0 5.53 N/I N/I 455 -33.4 -91.5 5.76 25 N/I 456 -39.7 -94.4 5.44 50 N/I Calculated pKd was obtained from the X-score. tInhibition of AKT was measured by Western blotting using specific antibodies against phospho-Ser 4 7 1-AKT in MiaPaCa-2 cells; N/I, for no inhibition at the highest concentration tested. *Inhibition of cell proliferation was estimated by viability assay as described in the Materials and Methods; N/I, for no inhibition at the highest concentration tested. EXAMPLE 3 Optimization [00257] Experimental cellular AKT inhibition analysis demonstrated that compounds 5 100, 441 and 455 had approximately the same affinity, yet compound 100 had significantly better ligand efficiency (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Table 2). The smaller size of compound 100 may afford greater freedom for structural modification and optimization and therefore was selected for hit-to-lead optimization. Analysis of docking poses showed that the phenyl ring of compound 100 points away from the binding site, and so modifications of the para-amino 0 group were not predicted to affect the binding (Fig. 3C). Our docking results indicated that compound 455 might be stronger binder than compound 100. Therefore, the Caco-2 cell permeability of the molecule based on the Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and toxicological (ADMET) modeling predictions may be enhanced by modificating by, for example, attaching a flexible hydrophobic group. The ADMET properties, such as Caco-2 15 permeability and LogP values, were calculated using ADMET predictors and ADME Boxes (ADME Boxes [4.0], Pharma Algorithms: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2007). [00258] Three compounds have a hydrophobic group attached to the phenyl of compound 100 were derived, compounds 101-104 and computationally docked into the PH domain of AKT, synthesized, and experimentally tested for AKT binding and inhibitory 20 activity. The docking results and calculated ADMET properties for compounds 101-104 are summarized in Table 4. The docking studies suggested that compound 101 might be a better inhibitor than compound 100 with a higher LogP and Caco-2 permeability. 116 Table 4. Predicted in silico properties and ADMET properties Compound FlexX Glide Gold X-score KDt Caco-2 * permeability t LogP number* score score fitness (pKD) (PmOIIL) e6rm i L 100 -26.43 -2.97 50.97 4.82 15.13 0.3 0.13 101 -21.38 -2.52 57.37 4.99 10.23 10.1 4.93 102 -27.12 -3.79 49.16 4.99 10.23 0.8 0.34 103 -30.36 -3.31 57.30 4.69 20.41 1.0 0.59 104 -14.05 -1.55 60.70 4.87 13.49 0.1 7.54 tThe KD was obtained from the X-Score (pKD) in moIIL. *Caco-2 permeability is calculated for pH = 7.4 and rpm= 500. [00259] Examining Table 4, if compounds 100, 101, and 104 considered active, then Glide and FlexX categorize the five compounds incorrectly. While GOLD and X-score correctly place compound 102 as the least active, Glide and FlexX place compound 103 as 5 either among the most active. Likewise, the 95% confidence interval of the mean FlexX, G score or X-score for the inactive and active ligands, compounds 100, 439, 441, 444, 445, 450, 455, and 456 using pAKT IC 50 , may have significant overlap. Therefore, docking scores may not successfully differentiate active from inactive ligands among the series represented. Despite this negative affinity categorization, the binding modes predicted by the docking 0 experiments were helpful in the design of the most potent compounds. [00260] The predicted in silico were verified in cellular assays of AKT inhibition (Table 5). The KD measured using SPR spectroscopy binding assays for compound 100 and compound 101 was 0.45 pmolIL and 19.6. pmolIL, respectively. SPR interaction analyses were performed with a Biacore 2000, using Biacore 2000 Control Software v3.2 and 15 BlAevaluation v4.1 analysis software (Biacore) as described in Mol Cancer Ther 7:2621 (2008). For the competitive binding assays and the Ki determination, Ptdlns(3,4,5)phosphate biotin labeled liposomes (Echelon Biosciences) and SA chips were used with increasing concentrations of the compound tested. Data generated using these techniques indicate that compound 101 appears to inhibit AKT at lower concentration than compound 100. By 20 comparison, Ptdlns(3,4,5)P 3 , a native substrate of AKT, appear to bind the PH domain of AKT with a KD of 3.08 ± 0.49 pmoIIL. Compound 101 was further predicted to have better Caco-2 permeability than compound 100, which could explain its low IC 50 exhibited in the cellular AKT inhibition assay. Interestingly, calculation of a Ki using liposome displacement 117 and SPR spectroscopy indicate that compound 101 can displace Ptdlns-3,4,5-phosphates liposomes at lower concentrations than compound 100 (Fig. 4B and Table 5). [00261] In order to determine whether or not compound 101 is a prodrug of compound 100, a non-amide analog, compound 104, was synthesized and experimentally 5 evaluated. As shown in Fig. 3C, docking studies indicate that the modification did not change the binding mode, and compound 104 showed a higher GOLD fitness of the binding to the PH domain. A lower IC 50 of 6.3 ± 0.9 pmol/L for AKT inhibition was observed for this compound in Panc-1 cells (Table 5). However, low Caco-2 cell permeability was predicted for compound 104 with a high LogP value compared to compound 101. Consistent 0 with the prediction, the Ki for compound 104 was significantly lower than those of compounds 100 and 104. For comparison, the displacement of diC8-Ptdlns(3,4,5)P 3 exhibited a Ki around 0.3 pmolIL. Table 5. Biochemical and biological activities * Compound KD* and Ki pAKT Apoptosisil Cell survival** number (pmolIL) inL) at 20 pmo L IC 50 , pmoIIL) 100 KD = 0.45 ±0.1 20 /25 24.3 3.2/ NI / NI Ki > 50.0 25.7 2.6 101 KD 19.6 4.9 10/15 28.7 0.3/ 127/90 Ki 21.8 1.8 20.0 1.5 102 D NB > 50 / > 50 6.8 ± 0.9/ NI / NI K, >50 10.3±2.1 103 KD = NB > 50 / > 50 11.4 0.5/ NI / NI K, > 50 18.7 3.1 104 KD = 40.8 ± 2.5 6.3 0.9 / 10 40.0 2.9/ 65/30 Ki = 2.4 ±0.6 31.3 1.6 *All biological tests were made in Panc- 1 (numbers on the left) and MiaPaca-2 (number on the right) pancreatic cell lines. tNI, for not inhibitory and NB for not binding. *KD and Ki ([M) were determined using purified AKT PH domain and SPR spectroscopy (Biacore 2000). The Ki for Ptdlns(3,4,5)trisphosphate was 0.26 p mollL. §Inhibition of AKT was measured by Western blots using specific antibodies a ainst phospho-Ser 47 3 -AKT. Percentage of apoptosis was obtained by a morphological assay at 20 pmoIIL. Cell survival was measured using an MTT assay. 118 [00262] Further compounds were prepared as described in Example 1 and characterized using the protocols described above. Such compounds are provided in Table 6 and Table 7 below. Compound 104 data are provided in each table for reference. Table 6: Predicted in Silico Properties and ADME properties Compound FlexX Glide Gold X-score KD 2 CaCO-2 1 Permeabity LogP Number score score fitness (pKD) ([tM) (ab6Ciy Lg 104 -14.05 -1.55 60.70 4.87 13.49 0.1 7.54 108 -14.22 -2.35 58.50 5.08 8.32 0.0 8.01 112 -12.95 -1.39 63.62 5.12 7.59 0.0 8.35 116 -15.41 -1.19 64.73 5.39 4.07 0.0 8.94 120 -37.34 -4.93 68.93 4.6 3.95 120E -16.78 -1.79 73.72 0.0 7.97 124E -21.97 -1.85 59.31 0.0 7.91 128 -27.89 -1.64 59.60 0.2 6.73 140 -28.51 -1.96 51.27 0.0 6.50 106 -27.13 -3.35 50.38 1.4 0.75 110 -25.56 -3.30 52.40 5.22 6.03 2.1 1.09 114 -26.11 -3.34 53.56 6.2 1.91 118 -38.16 -5.64 61.94 0.1 0.01 118E -24.76 -2.79 61.28 1.6 1.08 122E -31.83 -2.53 49.47 1.0 0.72 126 -27.34 -2.45 50.97 0.1 -0.28 138 -38.27 -3.08 51.03 0.0 0.33 105 -26.684 -2.25 51.85 0.5 0.56 109 -22.14 -2.67 53.30 5.11 7.76 0.8 0.90 113 -22.71 -2.76 54.57 2.3 1.73 117 -34.77 -6.28 70.27 0.0 -0.15 125 -27.89 -2.66 52.34 0.1 -0.46 131 -37.12 -3.40 53.50 0.0 -0.05 107 -18.95 -2.37 60.19 3.2 5.49 111 -19.420 -1.58 59.61 5.28 5.25 1.5 5.83 115 -21.01 -1.87 59.62 0.2 6.69 119 -31.10 -4.93 68.93 4.6 3.95 119E -20.18 -2.16 72.43 3.0 5.41 119 123E -24.46 -2.66 55.90 3.9 5.28 127 -21.22 -2.73 60.30 9.0 4.28 129 -26.61 -3.50 50.95 0.2 0.23 155 -38.45 -2.88 61.08 0.7 6.91 154 -33.99 -2.10 53.78 77.3 3.91 153 -33.00 -2.06 55.99 13.8 5.30 156 157 158 tThe KD was obtained from the X-Score (pKD) in mol/L. *Caco-2 permeability is calculated for pH = 7.4 and rpm 500. Table 7: Biochemical and biological activities 1
,
2
KD
3 and Ki 3 % pAKT Apoptosis 5 Cell Survival6, Compounds ( M) Inhibition 4 , at 20 [tM IC (M) At 10 M (%) 104 KD= 40.8 ± 2.5 6.3 ±0.9 /10 40.0 2.9/ 65/30 Ki = 2.4 ±0.6 64 31.3 1.6 108 KD=48.7/36.3 64 BxPC3 61 112 KD=73.0/7.9 88 32 116 KD=587 36 45 120 KD=110/ 114 67 >100 120E KD=20.7 62 70 124E KD=736/616 72 36 128 KD=429 68 37 140 KD=4.6 29 85 106 NB NI 110 NB 45 114 NB 20 118 NB 19 118E NB 55 122E NB NI 126 NB NI 138 NB NI 105 NB 11 109 16 120 113 NB 13 117 NB 23 125 NB 10 131 NB 18 107 KD= 46.7 11 111 KD=178.0 22 115 KD=284.0 16 119 KD=281.0 42 119E KD=105.0 NI 123E KD=109-0 10 127 KD=24.5 11 129 155 KD=23.7 NI Ki >50.0 154 KD= 19-1 NI Ki >50 153 KD=25.8 10 Ki =8.4 156 KD=58.9 70 K =6.7 157 KD=987.0 50 K =6.9 158 NB NI Ki=1 1.4 'All biological tests were made in BxPC-3 pancreatic cell lines. 2 NI, for not inhibitory and NB for not binding. 3 KD and Ki ([tM) were determined using purified AKT PH domain and SPR spectroscopy (Biacore 2000). The Ki for Ptdlns(3,4,5)trisphosphate was 0.26 riM. 4Inhibition of AKT was measured by Western blots using specific antibodies against phospho-Ser 4 7 3 -AKT in BxPC-3. 5Percentage of apoptosis was obtained by a morphological assay at 20 [tM. 6 Cell survival was measured using an MTT assay. EXAMPLE 4 Biological activity [00263] AKT inhibition leads to cellular apoptosis. Therefore, the ability of 5 compounds 100 and 101 to 104 to induce cellular apoptosis was measured and correlated with the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation measured by Western blot analysis of phospho 121 Ser 473 -AKT, see FIGs 4 and 2. Inhibition of the phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream targets was measured by Western blotting using rabbit polyclonal antibodies to phospho Ser 473 -AKT, phospho-Thr 3 08 -AKT, total-AKT, phospho-Ser 9 -GSK3 ,.phospho-Ser 21 -GSK3, phospho-Ser 241 -PDK1. and phospho-Thr 389 p70S6-kinase (New England Biolabs/Cell 5 Signaling Technology Inc.) using P-Actin as a loading control as described in Mol Cancer Ther 7:2621 (2008). Bands corresponding to phospho-Ser 73 -AKT and total AKT were quantified using Eagle Eye software (BioRad) and Kodak X-Omat T M Blue XB (NEN T M , Life Science Products). Cell growth inhibition was determined using a microcytotoxicity assay and apoptosis was measured as described in Mol Cancer Ther 7:2621 (2008). These 0 protocols were performed with compounds 100 and 455 as shown in Fig. 2. Apoptosis was directly correlated with the inhibition of AKT observed at 20 pmoIIL by Western blot for both initial hits, compounds 100 and 455, see FIG. 2. Compounds 100 and 101 to 104 were also tested for their ability to inhibit cellular AKT activity as shown in FIG. 4C and to induce apoptosis as indicated in Table 5. These compounds induced apoptosis and inhibited AKT 5 phosphorylation. [00264] Additionally, in vitro binding assays using SPR spectroscopy were performed to directly determine the affinities of the lead compounds for the target PH domain. FIG. 5A shows representative sensorgrams obtained for the direct binding of compounds 101 and 104 and KD was calculated (Table 5). Compounds 102 and 103 did not .0 appear to bind directly to the PH domain of AKT. These results correlate with a very weak inhibition of cellular AKT and weak induction of apoptosis. On the contrary, compound 104 exhibited all the characteristics of an AKT inhibitor with an IC 5 0 of 6.3 ± 0.9 pmoIIL in Panc 1 cells, a strong induction of apoptosis at 20 pmolIL and some cellular cytotoxity. These data correlate with a low KD for the compound to the PH domain as measured by SPR 25 spectroscopy. Interestingly again, the measurement of the Ki appears to be the most reliable and predictive assay for compound cellular efficacy. [00265] Moreover, for selectivity purposes, the binding of compound 104 to the PH domain of PDK1 was tested and a KD of 90.1 pmol/L, a Ki of 5.5 pmolIL was obtained. These values correlated well with the Gold score obtained for the compound to the PH 30 domain of PDK (53.5) as compared to 60.7 for the PH domain of AKT. These data suggest that compound 104 may represent an AKT selective compound with some activity on PDK1 at higher concentrations. 122 [00266] The biochemical properties of compound 104 on AKT function in BxPC-3 cells is summarizes in Table 5 (IC 50 = 8.6 ± 0.8 pmol/L), and its effects on downstream targets are shown in FIGs 4A and B and. In brief, compound 104 was able to reduce the phosphorylation of AKT on Ser 73 and less strongly on Thr 308 without affecting AKT 5 expression. Furthermore, GSK33 and p70S6K phosphorylation were inhibited in a dose dependent manner by compound 104. Phosphorylation of PDK1 Ser 24 1 was only slightly affected by compound 104 and was only affected at high concentrations of compound 104. These data appear to be in agreement with the SPR results and confirm the selectivity of compound 104 for AKT at low concentrations. 0 [00267] To further describe the action of compound 104, the fluorescent analog compound 137 was used (Scheme 3 and synthesis above). The addition of the fluorescent NBD moiety does not appear to alter the binding of compound 137 to the protein as indicated in FIG. 3D and compound 137 inhibited AKT phosphorylation in a fashion similar to 104 based on AKT inhibition in BxPC-3 cells as shown in FIG. 5C. Finally, confocal microscopy 5 was used to determing the intracellular location of compound 137, which was found to be mainly located in the cytosol and/or lipid vesicles. BxPC-3 cells were grown on coverslips in DMEM plus 10% FBS media. Following 4 h of incubation with 10 pmol/L of compound 137 or with a DMSO control, cells were washed twice in PBS and fixed using 4% par formaldehyde. Coverslips were washed four times in PBS and mounted using mounting .0 media containing DAPI obtained from Molecular Probes Invitrogen. Slides were then visualized using a Nikon PCM2000 confocal microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc.). Without wishing to be bound by theory, the accumulation of compound 137 in the cytosol suggests that AKT may trapped in the cytosol as a result of compound 104 administration as indicated in FIG. 5C. 25 [00268] The anti-tumor activity of compound 104 measured against BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer xenografts in scid mice a dose of 125 mg/kg of compound 104 was administered i.p., twice a day for 5 d is shown in FIG. 6A. For these experiments, approximately 1x10 7 BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells in log cell growth suspended in 0.1 mL PBS were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into the flanks of female severe combined 30 immunodeficient (scid) mice. When the tumors reached volumes of approximately 150 mm 3 , the mice were stratified into groups of eight animals having approximately equal mean tumor volumes. Compound 104 was suspended in 0.2 mL of an aqueous solution containing 2.5% ethanol and 20% Trappsol * (Cyclodextrin Technologies Development Inc.) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at a dose of 125 mg/kg twice a day for 5 d. The animals were 123 weighed weekly. Tumor diameters, measured twice weekly at right angles (dshort and diong) using electronic calipers, were converted to volume by the formula, volume = (dshort) 2 X (diong)/ 2 (32). Significant anti-tumor activity with cessation of tumor growth and even regression during the course of treatment can be observed by such treatment. Notably, tumor 5 growth appears to have resumed at its original rate when the drug was removed (Fig. 6A). [00269] This observation was tested using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. Pancreatic cancer cells (1x10 7 BxPC-3) were injected s.c. into the flanks of female scid mice and allowed to grow to approximately 300 mm 3 . Mice received a single i.p. dose of compound 104 of 125 mg/kg suspended in 0.2 mL of 0.25% ethanol / 20% Trappsol@ in 0 water. Mice were killed after 1, 4, 6, 12 or 24 h, blood was collected into heparinized tubes, and plasma was stored frozen. The frozen tumors were removed and immediately frozen in liquid N 2 . The tumors were then homogenized in 50 mmol/L HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet® P40 and 0.25 % sodium deoxycholate. Western blotting was performed as described above. Plasma levels of compound 104 were measured by reverse phase high 5 pressure liquid chromatography as described in Mol Cancer Ther 7:2621 (2008). Preliminary studies indicate that compound 104 is not toxic in single doses up to 250 mg/kg, which may be the maximum dose administered. As shown in FIG. 6B, a single 125 mg/kg i.p dose of compound 104 resulted in up to 70% inhibition at 6 hours, which is reduced to 50% inhibition after 12 hours and has returned to about untreated levels after 24 hours as measured .0 by phospho-Ser 473 -AKT concentration. These results correlate well with the plasma concentrations of compound 104 following the single dose as shown in FIG. 4C. Indeed, between 1 and 6 h, a peak corresponding to compound 104 was detected in the plasma. EXAMPLE 5 25 AKT Binding alkylene R 1 [00270] Analogs of compound 104 having different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized and tested to determine whether reducing the lipophilicity through a reduction in the carbon chain length and increasing the CaCO-2 permeability could improve antitumor activity. A series of compounds having an R 1 of a C4 (compound 155), C6 (compound 154), 30 C8 (compound 153), C14 (compound 156), C16 (compound 157), and C18 (compound 158) alkyl chains 1 was synthesized, characterized and compared to compound 104 (C12). Initially, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) was used to measure the binding affinity (Ki) of compound 104, and 153 to 158 to the PH domain of AKT by competitive binding of each compound with the natural ligand, PI(3,4,5)-triphosphate. FIG. 7 shows 124 binding curves for each compound. These data suggest that the binding affinity of compound 104 was at a maximum when the alkyl chain length was 12 (compound 104). The calculated CaCo-2 permeability of compounds 104 and 153 to 158 was is provided in FIG. 8 and appear to indicate optimal absorption occurs with compounds having a alkyl chain of 5 or 6 carbons. 5 Therefore, the efficacy of compound 155 (C4), compound 154 (C6), and compound 153 (C8) were tested by administering 200 mg/kg of each of compounds 104, and 153 to 154 twice a day for 10 days to treat subcutaneous xenografts of BXPC3 pancreatic tumor cells, MCF-7 breast tumor cells, and A549 nscl lung cancer cells and determining the tumor growth rate. The results are provide in FIG. 9 and suggest that compound (C 12) had the best antitumor 0 activity in each of the tumors tested, followed by compound 153 (C8) and compound 154 (C6). Compound 155 (C4) appears to be inactive. Thus, carbon chain length may be a determinant of antitumor activity. EXAMPLE 6 Antitumor Activity of compound 104 5 [00271] Female scid Mice were administered 0.1 ml of compound 104 or its analogs formulated at a concentration up to 50 mg/ml in a 8:2 mixture of Labrafil@ (oleoyl macrogolglycerides): Labrasol@ (caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides) which was administered orally by gavage twice a day for 5 or 10 days as follows: PC3 prostate cancer 125 mg/kg twice a day (BID) x 5 days; A549 nse lung cancer 200 mg/kg BID x 10 days; .0 MCF-7 breast cancer 200 mg/kg BID x 10 days; SKOV-3 ovarian cancer 250 mg/kg BID x 10 days; BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer 250 mg/kg BID x 5 days.. Table 6 shows the antitumor activity of compound 104 at doses of 125 to 250 mg/kg in xenografts of different tumor types. Results are expressed as the growth rate of the compound 104 in treated tumors relative to the control tumors, and are illustrated graphically in FIG. 10. These data suggest 25 that compound 104 provided up to about 80% inhibition of tumor growth in the most sensitive tumors. The pattern of inhibition in different tumors is similar to that of PI-3-kinase inhibitor suggesting that compound 104 may inhibit the PI-3-Kinase/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway. 125 Table 8: Antitumor activity of compound 104 Tumor volume Dose Schedule Growth rate T/C p value 3 at start mg/kg mm 3 /10 days % mma BxPC-3 156 control BID x 5D 228 ±46 125 BID x 5D 67 ±35 29.4 0.030 250 BID x 5D 46 ±53 20.1 0.027 97 control BID x 10D 279± 37 100 BID x 10D 181± 52 64.8 NS 4 200 BID x 10D 77 ±44 27.6 0.004 PC3 229 control BID x 5D 780 ±161 125 BID x 5D 470 ±121 60.3 SKOV-3 192 control BID x 10D 432 ±59 250 BID x 10D 122 ±16 28.3 A549 157 control BID x 10D 413± 37 200 BID x 10D 182 ±47 44.1 0.016 MCF-7 142 control BID x 10D 410± 101 100 BID x 10D 383 ±139 93.4 NS4 200 BID x 10D 156 ±30 38.0 0.042 8 mice per group; 2 control received vehicle only (; 3 compared to vehicle control; 4 not significantly different p > 0.05 [00272] To determine the efficacy of compound 104 as a sensitizer for tumor cells, compound 104 was administered alone or in combination with paclitaxel to scid mice with 5 subcutaneous MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts. Female scid mice with a s.c. implanted 60 day estradiol release pellets were injected s.c. with 107 MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. When the tumors reached about 10 mm the mice were statified into groups of 8 mice and dosing was satrted on day 13 as indicated by the arrow ( ) in FIG. 11. Vehicle control mice ( - ) were administered 0.1 ml of 2:8 Labraso(l:Labrafil@ orally twice per day 10 for 10 days; compound 104 only mice ( , ) were administered 200 mg/kg of compound 104 formulated as described above orally twice per day for 10 days; paclitaxel only mice ( f ) were administed 10 mg/kg of paclitaxel i.p. injection every other day for 5 doses; and combination mice ( r ) were administed 200 mg/kg of compound 104 orally twice a day for 10 days and 10 mg/kg of paclitaxel by i.p. injection every other day for 5 doses. As indicated 15 in FIG. 11, compound 104 appears to have inhibited tumor growth, and the combination of compound 104 and paclitaxel showed improved antitumor activity over either compound 104 or paclitaxel alone. 126 EXAMPLE 7 Compound 104 in HaCaT cells [00273] Human HaCaT, an immortalized cell line derived from adult human skin keratinocytes, and HaCat-II,4, HaCaT cells that were transfected with H-ras, were maintained 5 in bulk culture in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Cells were passaged using 0.25% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA and confirmed to be mycoplasma free by testing them with an ELISA kit. Normal morphogenesis and differentiation features of skin keratinocytes are retained in the HaCaT cultures. 0 Compound 104 was prepared in DMSO at a stock concentration of 10 mM and then added at different concentrations directly into the culture media of the cells. HaCaT cells and ras transformed HaCaT cells were incubated with DMSO vehicle control or 10 [iM compound 104 for 3 hours. [00274] FIG. 12 summarizes the effects of compound 104 in HaCaT and ras 5 transformed HaCaT and HaCat-II,4 cells. Apoptosis of treated HaCaT cells was measured by PARP cleavage observed through Western blotting. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of compound 104 for three days and cell proliferation was evaluated using a MTT assay. FIG. 12A shows representative results from Western blot experiments. Both PARP and cleaved PARP are observed as independent species on the blot, and P-actin was .0 used as an internal control. Statistically significant increases in apoptosis were noted in both cell lines in presence of 5 or 10 [tM of compound 104 (p<0.001). As indicated in FIG. 12B, compound 104 induces PARP cleavage at 10 [tM and induced 80% of apoptosis in HaCaT cells and 60% in HaCat-II,4 cells, while it did not affect cell survival at this concentration as shown in FIG. 12C. Survival was not affected until much higher concentrations were used as 25 these data indicate that compound 104 exhibits an IC 50 of about 40 iM for HaCaT and 60 iM for HaCat-II,4, 4 and 6 times that of concentrations required for PARP cleavage. [00275] To better characterize the mechanism of action for compound 104, a compound 104 analog having a fluorescent marker, 7-nitroben-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, was prepared, compound 137, and HaCaT cells were treated for 3 hours with compound 137, the 30 cells were fixed, and then visualized them under a fluorescent microscope using FITC filters. DAPI nuclear stain was used as an internal control. As illustrated in FIG. 13A, HaCaT or HaCaT-II,4 cells contacted with compound 137 and visualization under a fluorescent 127 microscope show that the compound 137, and thus, compound 104, may enter the cells and locate both the plasma membrane and the cytosol. [00276] To ensure that compound 137 effects AKT phosphorylation similar to compound 104, either compound 104 or compound 137 was administered to HaCaT at 5 various concentrations as indicated in FIG. 13B for 3 hours, the cells were then stimulated with lOOng/ml EGF for 20 minutes and then lysed. Cells lysates were probed for phospho Ser 473 AKT and phosphor-Ser 9 GSK3-P by Western blot analysis using rabbit polyclonal antibodies to phospho-Ser 4 73 -AKT, phospho-Ser9-GSK3-P or phospho-Thr 0 2 /Tyr 2 0 4 -ERK1/2 and anti-p-actin used as a loading control. These data suggest that although compound 137 0 possesses a fluorescent tag, it effects on Akt activity in cells HaCaT cells in the same way as compound 104. [00277] UV-B light is a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer and induces PI3K/AKT activity in cultured human keratinocytes. Thus, the ability of compound 104 to mitigate or prevent UVB-induced AKT activation was tested. FIG. 14 A shows the effect of 5 increasing concentrations of compound 104 on HaCaT cells (top) and HaCaT-II,4 cells (bottom) that were irradiated with a single acute dose of UV-B light (250J/m2). Western blot analysis, as described above, was used to determine the extent of AKT phosphorylation in irradiated and control cells. As indicated, UV-B irradiation induced AKT phosphorylation in both cell lines. However, administration of 10 iM and 20 iM compound 104 appear to have .0 reduced UVB-induced AKT phosphorylation as well as one downstream target, GSK3-P in both cell lines. Total AKT and pERK1/2 also appear to be down regulated in both cell lines. Notably, administration of 1 iM and 5 riM, or did not appear to affect UV-B indicuced AKT phosphorylation. [00278] Data suggests that AKT activation may occur about one hour after UV-B 25 exposure. Therefore, compound 104 activity overtime in UV-B stimulated cells was tested. Briefly, 10 iM compound 104 or DMSO vehicle control was administered to HaCaT cells and HaCaT-II,4, and a portion of the treated cells were with UV-B irradiation, and lysed, as described above, at the indicated time. Western blots prepared as described above with representative data provided in FIG. 14B suggest that UV-B irradiation induces rapid 30 induction of AKT phosphorylation that appears to peak after about one hour, and pretreatment of irradiated cells with compound 104 may reduce phosphoylation of AKT in both cell lines. These data are represented graphically in FIG. 14C 128 [00279] In vivo activity of compound 104 was tested by administering 20 mg/ml in 0.1 ml acetone topically to scid mice. Skin biopsies were taken and immunohistochemistry for AKT was performed on the sections. Total Akt staining was observed at the beginning of the experiment and decreased significantly overtime as indicated in FIG. 15A by the 5 disappearance of the brown staining (AKT) between 1 and 4 hours. Notably, AKT staining reappears after 24 hours indicating that the effect of compound 104 may have dissipated. FIG. 15B shows a graphical representation quantifying AKT staining in the sections provided in FIG. 15A. Staining was measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry with correction for non-specific background staining (p < 0.05). Phospho-Ser 7 3 -AKT was not detectable in 0 dermal layer. FIG. 15C summarizes the effects of compound over a 24 hour period as determined by Western blot analysis performed as described above. HaCaT cells (top) and HaCaT-II,4 (bottom) were incubated after administration of 10 [tM compound 104 for the indicated period of time and then lysed. These data show a decrease in total AKT was after 4hours in HaCaT cells and after 8 hours in HaCaT-II,4 cells and are in agreement with the 5 immunohistochemistry data above. EXAMPLE 8 In silico Screening [00280] AKT1 PH domain small molecule inhibitors were identified using the crystal structure of the AKT1 PH domain bound by Ptdlns(1,3,4,5)P4 as descried in .0 Thomas CC, Deak M, Alessi DR, van Aalten DM, High-resolution structure of the pleckstrin homology domain of protein kinase b/AKT bound to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate, Curr Biol 12:1256 (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, using a pharmacophore query search of the National Cancer Institute database. The high resolution crystal structure of the isolated PH domain of human AKT1 in complex 25 Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 was utilized to define a pharmacophore pocket for screening using Unity in Sybyl (version 7.2; Tripos Inc., St Louis, MO). The pharmacophore pocket included all the residues of the AKT1 crystal structure within 5A of the Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 binding site, i.e., Lysl4, Arg15, Glyl6, Gtul7, Tyrl8, I1e19, Lys20, Thr2l, Arg23, Pro24, Arg25, Lys39, Pro51, Leu52, Asn53, Asn54, Phe55, Gln79, ile84, Glu85, Arg86 and Phe88, and attributes to various atoms on the ligand 30 and/or protein binding site were assigned. The defined pharmacophore pocket was then used to search virtual chemical databases and candidate compounds were identified. Various docking orientations were analyzed on the basis of FlexX scores, G-score, and X-score. Generally, the resulting scores are similar to interaction energy, and better/ improved interactions 129 are indicated by more negative values. The predicted KD is calculated by pKD =10 exp(-Xscore). Using the FlexX docking algorithm in Sybyl for simulated docking of these compounds into the AKT1 PH domain active site resulted in 30 different docking orientations (poses) of the ligand within the active site. In order to investigate the possibility of specific binding of the identified 5 small molecules at the AKT1 PH domain using in silico methods, known crystal structures of the IRSI PH domain (IRS 1, PDB:1QQG) and of the PDK1 PH domain (PDK1, PDB.iWID, 1W1G) were also used for docking studies similar to those described above. [00281] A 2,000 molecule database (National Cancer Institute) was screened using Unity in Sybyl as described above. These compounds were docked and then ranked based on 0 their docking scores. One of these molecules compound 316 exhibited good FlexX score and G-score values as summarized in Table 7 and was selected as a lead for future studies. The predicted binding affinity (KD) of compound 316 to the AKT1 PH domain was 1.2 riM, which was three times better than the lipid-based compound, DPIEL with a predicted KD of 4.0 FM. 5 Table 9: Calculated docking scores Compound AKT1 PDK1 RS1 FlexX G cKD FlexX G cKD FlexX G cKD Score Score ([tM) Score Score ([tM) Score Score ([tM) DPIEL NS NS 4.0 NS NS NS NS NS NS 316 -31.0 -96.9 1.2 -17.4 -109.0 1.74 -16.0 -128.0 1.99 331 -29.6 -31.9 2.4 -17.0 -40.0 2.60 -17.1 -96.2 2.40 332 -28.2 -99.5 1.2 -17.1 -103.4 1.70 -14.8 -79.7 10.70 333 -29.1 -71.9 3.0 -17.5 -88.6 2.20 -17.9 -145.5 1.80 360 -33.0 -120.6 1.3 -20.1 -137.1 2.40 -14.6 -90.1 10.70 335 -24.3 -132.0 0.85 -21.0 -109.1 1.45 -14.5 -140.6 0.52 NS = not shown [00282] FIG. 16A shows the predicted binding of compound 316 to amino acid residues (Arg86, Asn53, Arg23 and Ile19) of the PH domain binding pocket of AKT1. Hydrogen bonding interactions are displayed as dotted lines. FIG. 16B represents 20 hydrogen bonding interactions that occur between compound 316 and the amino acid side chains, as well as the backbone of the AKT1 PH domain binding pocket. The AKT1 PH domain is colored red and residues Arg23, Arg25 and Arg86 colored by atom type, and compound 316 is represented as capped stick and colored by atom type. The 130 sulfonamide group appears to interact with Arg 86 through a hydrogen bond while a similar hydrogen bonding interaction is involved with the diazopyrazotyl group with Arg 23. These two arginine residues are involved in the strong interaction with the phosphate head groups of the substrate Ptdlns(1,3,4,5)P 4 . Other hydrogen bonds are also established 5 between the backbones of Ile 19 and Asn 53 with the sulfonamide function of the compound. FIG. 16C and FIG. 16D represent binding of compound 316 in the binding pocket of the PH domain of PDK1 and the interations with amino acids in the binding pocket. Notably, compound 316 is predicted to exhibit the reverse binding pose in the PH domain of PDK as compared to the PH domain of AKT1. 0 [00283] Based on the data for compound 316, five structurally similar compounds, 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 with varying side chains were synthesized as described above. The structures and docking scores for these compounds are summarized in Table 7. Analyses of the docking poses of these compounds in the PH domain of AKT1 revealed different docking orientations between compounds 316, 332 and 360 as compared to 5 compounds 331, 333 and 335. However, these differences in docking orientations may be due to limitations of the FlexX docking simulation since there are only small changes in the structures of these compounds. Therefore, compounds 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 are expected exhibit similar binding to the AKT1 PH domain despite their FlexX score. [00284] Binding affinities (KD) were also calculated for compounds 331, 332, 333, 360 .0 and 335 to the PH domain of PDK1 and were found to be very similar to those for AKT1 as shown in Table 6. FIG. 16C and FIG. 16D represent binding of compound 316 in the binding pocket of the PH domain of PDK1. There appears to be greater variability between 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 based on calculated KDS for the PH domain of IRS1 with compound 335 having the greatest affinity and compounds 332 and 360 having lower affinity. 25 EXAMPLE 9 Measured Binding Affinity [00285] Binding assays using SPR and an ELISA competitive binding assay were used to measure the binding affinity (KD) of the compounds to all three PH domains. SPR 30 was carried out as described above. For ELISA competitive binding assays, a 96-well Maxisorb plate was coated with lpG/100ul L-a-phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P 3 . Purified GST-PH domains were incubated with increasing concentrations of the compounds under anylsis for about 4 hours in 0.2 M carbonate buffer pH 9.4 and were added to the 96-well plate and incubated overnight at 40 C. Following incubation, the plate was washed 4 times with 131 phosphate buffered 0.9% NaCI (PBS), blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS and 0.01% Tween for 1 hour, washed again 4 times with PBS and mouse monoclonal anti glutathione-S-transferase antibody in 3% BSA (1:2000) was added for 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. The plate was washed 4 times with PBS and an anti-mouse IgG 5 horseradish peroxidase coupled antibody (dilution 1:2000 in 3 % BSA) was added for 1 hr. After 4 washes with PBS, 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] -diammonium salt (ABST) was added and the reaction was allowed to develop for 30 min. A stop solution of 1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate was then added and the plate was read at 405 nm in a plate reader. [00286] Table 8 summarizes the results obtained from the SPR measurements, and 0 representative saturation curves as well dose response curves are shown in FIG. 17 for compounds 316 and 331 to the PH domain of AKT1 (FIG. 17A) and to the PH domain of IRS-1 (FIG. 17B). These results show an overlay plot of typical sensorgrams obtained wfth increasing concentrations of compound 316 or 331 as indicated by the arrows. These data correlated well with the predicted KD values for the compounds for each PH domain. 5 Interestingly, modeling suggest that compounds 316 and 331 bind in a reverse binding pose in the PH domain binding pockets of the three different PH domains, which may explain differences in the SPR binding curves. ELISA competitive binding assay conducted using the PH domains of AKT1 and 1RS1 with compounds 316 (FIG. 18A) and 331 as shown in FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B, respectively, and resulted in an IC 50 for compounds 316 and 331 .0 with AKT1 of 0.08 riM, and an IC50 with IRS1 for compound 316 of 1.0 iM and compound 331 of > 100 riM. These data also compare well with the SPR data. Table 10: Selectivity for PH Domains Compounds AKT1 PH iRS1 PH PDK1 PH mKD ([tM) mKD (riM) mKD (riM) Ptdlns(3,4,5)P 3 3.08+0.49 ND ND DPIIEL 5.04+0.48 31.56±8.49 NB 316 0.37+0.04 0.39+0.01 31.28+9.54 331 3.66+0.03 NB 0.17+0.10 332 1.37+0.25 NB 3.5710.96 333 0.51+0.06 0.14+0.02 NB 360 1.35+0.02 1.74+0.41 0.42+0.17 335 1.62±0.02 NB 0.9810.48 NB = no measurable binding ND = not determined. 132 [00287] Consistent with these docking studies, compounds 316, 333 and 360 exhibited low KD for the PH domain of IRSI while compounds 331, 332 and 335 do not show any binding to IRS 1 PH as measured by SPR. However, compounds 333 and 335 did not bind the PH domain of PDK1 with a predicted KD of 2.2 and 1.4, respectively. Taken together, these data 5 suggest that the structural modifications in compounds 331, 332, 333, 360, and 335 as compared to compound 316 may have altered the binding positions of the compounds in the AKT1 PH domain as well as their specificity against IRS 1 or PDK1 PH domains. EXAMPLE 10 Biological activity 0 [00288] Table 9 shows inhibition of phospho-Ser 473 AKT by compounds 316, 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 as measured in either mouse NIH3T3 or human HT-29 colon cancer cells. All of these compounds except compound 332, the most apparently lipophilic of the compounds, inhibited phospho-Ser 47 3 AKT with as IC 50 from about 2 to about 10 fold higher than the IC 5 0 for AKT1 PH domain (see above). FIG. 19A shows typical Western blots obtained 5 for the compounds in HT-29 colon cancer cells in which HT-29 colon cancer cells were treated with compounds 1-6, at 20 iM for 2 hr and stimulated with 50 ng/nl EGF for 30 min. AKT activity was measured by Western blotting using anti-phosphoSer437 AKT antibody. Downstream targets of AKT were detected also by Western blotting using specific anti phospho antibodies and anti- actin was used as a loading control. Compounds 331 and 335 .0 appear to inhibit both AKT phosphorylation and GSK3 phosphorylation downstream. [00289] FIG. 19B shows percentage of the HT-29 that undergo apoptosis as a result of administration of 20 iM of each of compounds 316, 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335. Apotposis was measured as described previously in reference Powell AA, LaRue JM, Batta AK, and Martinez JD, Bile acid hydrophobicity is correlatedwith induction of apoptosis and/or 25 growth arrest in HCT116 cells, Biochem J 356:481-486 (2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Briefly, HT-29 cells were grown to 70-75% confluency in 6-well tissue culture plates, and these cells were treated with the compounds for 24 hours. To measure apoptosis, 10 [I of cells were mixed with ethidium bromide and acridine orange solution (100 [[ g/ml each in DMEM) and visualized by immunofluorescence 30 for morphological changes. A minimum of 200 cells was counted and the percentage of apoptotic cells was determined. Both compound 331 and 335 induce significant apoptosis at 20 [tM as compared to controls. These data suggest that compounds 331 and 335 induced apoptosis in about 50% to about 60% of cells contacted with this amount of the 133 compounds and and suggest that these compounds inhibited AKT as well as downstream targets such as GSK3 phosphorylation (FIG. 19A). Table 11: Biological Properties of compounds 316, 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 Compound AKT inhibition Cytotoxicity LogP Metabolic Solubility Permeability ) (o M) half life (nm/sec) NIH3T3 HT-29 (min) Caco2 MDCK 316 4 13 24 2.1 62 17.9 90 91 331 11 20 14 1.9 62 28.3 83 34 332 >20 >20 25 3.2 91 28.6 95 39 333 ND >20 NI 1.2 >480 12.9 23 8 360 5 >20 NI 1.5 138 13.1 185 200 335 3 5 ND 1.9 ND <0.1 14 5 NI = not inhibitory (IC 50 >100 nM); ND = not determined Metabolic stability measured by incubating with HT-29 cells at maximum DMEM concentration at 37 0 C. Apparent permeability (nm/sec obtained using the QikProp software (Schrodinger Inc., San Diego, CA). <25 nm/sec = poor permeability >500 nm/sec = excellent permeability 5 [00290] FIG. 19 also shows response of HT-29 cells to various concentrations of compound 316 (FIG. 19C) and compound 331 (FIG. 19D). Compound 316 (FIG. 19C) and compound 331 (FIG. 19D) were tested at the concentrations shown for 2 hr, and in HT-29 cells stimulated with 50 ng/nl EGF for 30 min. AKT activity was measured by Western blotting using anti-phospho-Ser473 AKT antibody, PDK activity by anti-phospho-Ser241 10 PDK antibody as well as downstream target PKC using pan-phospho PKC antibodies. Anti actin was used as a loading control. AKT phosphorylation appears to decrease in a concentration dependent manner as the concentrations of compounds 316 and 331 increase (FIG. 19C and FIG. 19D, respectively). Compound 316 may also inhibit phosphorylation of PDK and a downstream target of PDK, PKC (FIG. 19C). IRS 1 phosphorylation could not be 15 detected in these cells. Compound 331 appears to have inhibited AKT phosphorylation and appears to have had no effect on the phosphorylation of either PDK or PKC. [00291] Table 8 also provides cytotoxicity was measured in HT-29 cells and appears to indicate that a cytotoxic concentration of compounds 316, 331, and 332 in about the same range as that required for inhibition of cell phospho-Ser 47 3 AKT while coumpounds 134 333 and 360 appear to exhibit no cytotoxicity. Additionally, Table 9 shows the stabilities of compounds 316, 331, 332, 333, 360 and 335 under cell culture conditions. These data suggest that compounds 316, 331, 332 and 360 may breakdown relatively rapid with half lives of about 1 hour to about 2 hours. However, compound 4 was much more stable and did not appear to 5 breakdown over the time period studied. Compound 6 was too insoluble to obtain data. EXAMPLE 11 In vivo effects of the AKT1 PH domain inhibitors [00292] In vivo evaluation of compound 316 was carried out in female scid mice who were administered compound 316 at a dose 250 mg/kg either intraperitonealy (i.p.) or orally 0 (p.o) by oral gavage and plasma concentrations measured. Because compound 316 is insoluble, a slurry in 25% DMSO 20% Trappsol@ was prepared and administered. Preliminary studies indicate no toxicity of a single dose of up to 250 mg/kg, which was the maximum dose that could practically be administered i.p. FIG. 20A shows pharmacokinetic studies of a single dose of compound 316 of 250 mg/kg showed a peak concentration of 1.4 5 pM for i.p. administration ( - ) and 0.6 pM for oral administration ( o ) with a relative area under the plasma concentration time curve for oral compared to i.p. administration of about 53 %. Plasma concentration values are the mean of 3 mice and bars are standard error (S.E.). Five daily doses of 250 mg/kg of compound 316 by i.p. gave moderate neutropenia but no other sign of toxicity, no change in body weight, blood lymphocyte, red blood cell and .0 platelet count, or reduction of aspartate amino transferase (AST) or amino alanine transferase (ALT). However, despite the very large doses administered, high plasma concentrations could not be achieved, and the compound was eliminated relatively rapidly over about a 24 hr period suggesting rapid metabolism or elimination. Thus, concentrations of compound 316 required to inhibit AKT based on the cell culture studies described above, about 4 PM to 25 about 13 pM, could not be achieved. [00293] FIG. 20B shows the antitumor activity in female scid mice with HT-29 coion cancer xenografts treated orally daily for 5 days (arrows) with vehicle alone ( - ) or a 250 mg/kg daily dose of compound 316 ( f ). Tumor volume values are the mean of 10 mice and bars are S.E. These anti-tumor studies indicate that compound 316 may exhibit no activity 30 against HT-29 colon cancer when administered orally for 5 days with a daily dose of 250 mg/kg. However, as indicated in FIG. 16C, inhibition of tumor phospho-Ser-AKT was observed when the HT-29 xenograft tumors were removed and blotted for phospo-Ser-AKT 4 hours after a single 250 mg/kg dose of compound 316(open bar) as compared to vehicle alone (filled bars), but this inhibition appears to lost after at 24 hours. AKT and phospo-Ser-AKT 135 values are the mean of 4 mice and bars are S.E., *p< 0.05,** p< 0.01. Additionally, 24 hours after administration there was an unexpected significant decrease in the apparent total AKT concentration compared to an actin loading control. Taken together, the results suggest that the limited solubility of compound 316 and metabolism or elimination of compound 316 may 5 limit the plasma concentrations that can be achieved, and this may prevent effective inhibition of AKT activity. However, compound 316 may inhibit AKT phosphorylation and may be useful to sensitize tumor cells making them more susceptible to chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment. 136

Claims (17)

1. A pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising: a pharmaceutically effective amount of a small molecule that binds to the Pleckstrin 5 Homology domain (PH) of AKT protein kinases and inhibits AKT protein kinase activity; and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable lipophilic bases, cosolvents, cosurfactants, or combinations thereof.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the small molecule is a compound of formula I: R1 -/ O, O S J N \S/- 0 H - I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is H; R 2 is a C 6 -C 20 alkyl, wherein the C 6 -C 20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with 5 one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R 6 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -C 6 H 5 , -C 6 H 4 R 7 , -CH 2 C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 C 6 H 4 R 7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or -C 1 C 2 0 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents 20 independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, -C 6 H 5 , -C 6 H 4 R 7 , -CH 2 C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 C 6 H 4 R 7 and halogen; R6a is H or methyl; R6 is methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6 H 5 ; and R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 , -S(O) 2 0H, 25 -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 0H, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein 137 R 2 is a C 6 -C 20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)R , and -NR 6aR6; R is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -C 6 H 5 , -C 6 H 4 R7, -CH 2 C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 C 6 H 4 R 7 , aryl, heteroaryl, or -C1-C 20 alkyl, wherein each of the aryl, heteroaryl, or -C 1 -C 2 0 alkyl 5 may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from -NH 2 , -OH, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -C1-C 6 alkyl, -C 6 H 5 , C 6 H 4 R 7 , -CH 2 C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 C 6 H 4 R 7 and halogen; R6a may be H or methyl; R6 may be methyl 7-nitrobenzene [c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-yl, or -C(O)C 6 H 5 ; and 0 R 7 may be -H, -CH 3 , heteroaryl, -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -NHC(O)CH 3 , -S(O) 2 OH, -P(O) 2 )H, -As(O) 2 OH, -NO 2 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , or halogen.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R 2 is a C6-C20 alkyl.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R2 is a straight C-C20 alkyl. 5
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R 2 is a CS-C20 alkyl.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R2 is a Ci-Cis alkyl.
8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R 2 is a C12-Cis alkyl.
9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein R2 is -(CH2)i3CH3.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the small molecule is S N H 20 (CH 2 ) 1 1 CH 3 .
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the lipophilic base is selected from the group consisting of, White Ointment USP, Yellow Ointment NF, Oleic Acid USP, Olive Oil USP, Paraffin USP, Petrolatum NF, White Petrolatum USP, Spermaceti Wax USP, Synthetic Spermaceti NF, Starch Glycerite NF, White Wax 25 USP, Yellow Wax USP, Cetearyl Alcohol, Behentrimonium Methylsulfate, Propylene Glycol, Dimethicone, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Stearalkonium Chloride, Fragrance, 138 Methylparaben, Amodimethicone, Panthenol, Alcohol Denatured, Propylparaben, Hexylcinnamal, Linalool, Cetrimonium Chloride, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Cyclotetrasiloxane, Trideceth 12, and combinations thereof.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 5 water, arnica montana flower extract, calendula officinalis flower extract, chamomilla recutita (matricaria) flower extract, prunus serotina (wild cherry) bark extract, lavandula angustifolia (lavender) flower extract, cymbopogon schoenanthus extract, rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) flower extract, passiflora incarnata extract, passiflora incarnata fruit extract (passion flower), cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, 0 cetrimonium chloride, glycerin, lupin amino acids, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydrolyzed wheat protein, hydrolyzed wheat starch, tocopherol acetate, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, algin, citric acid, limonene, methylparaben, propylparaben, and diazolidinyl urea.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the cosolvent is selected from 5 the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, Gelucire 44/14, ACCONON MC-8, EP/NF PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP, caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides polyglyceryl-6 distearate, and combinations thereof.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the cosurfactant is selected from .0 the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, ACCONON MC-8, labrasol, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides NF, capryol 90, lauroglycol 90, and combinations thereof.
15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a penetration enhancer. 25
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol 2-propanol, alkyl methyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide, pyrrolidones, acetone, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and tetrahyrdofurfuryl alcohol, niacin, niacinamide, and combinations thereof. 139
17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2 hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone, laurocapram, and combinations thereof. 140
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112920181A (en) * 2021-01-29 2021-06-08 中国医科大学 N- (5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzamide compound

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