AU2012101768A4 - Techniques for detecting removal of a connector - Google Patents

Abstract

A system that detects electrical disconnection of one connector from another connector includes a detection circuitry and a protection circuitry. The detection circuitry detects that a plug connector has been electrically disconnected from a corresponding receptacle connector. In response to the detection, the detection circuitry sends a signal to the protection circuitry. In response to the signal, the protection circuitry lowers or terminates power being supplied to a host device via one of the contacts of the plug connector. This helps to prevent shocks/shorts that may be caused by accidental disconnection of the plug connector.

Description

P/00/01 1 Regulation 3.2 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION INNOVATION PATENT Invention Title: Techniques for detecting removal of a connector The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: 2005148443 TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING REMOVAL OF A CONNECTOR CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/638,402 5 filed April 25, 2012 and U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 13/607,404 filed September 7, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein for all purposes. BACKGROUND [0002] Connectors are ubiquitous and are used in variety of applications for coupling two 10 devices. Most connectors usually have some sort of contacts that facilitate transmission of signals between the devices connected using a connector. Conventionally, each contact in a connector has a specific pre-assigned function. In other words, each contact in a connector is designated to carry a certain type of signal, e.g., power, data, etc. [00031 Some connectors may be designed to operate as pairs. For example, a first 15 connector may be a plug (or "male") connector that can be mated with its corresponding receptacle (or "female") connector. In this instance, once mated the contacts in the plug connector are in physical and electrical contact with contacts in the receptacle connector. [0004] Contacts of a plug connector may carry various types of signals including data, timing, power, etc. In some instances when a plug connector provides power to another 20 device, unless proper protection is provided, an accidental physical disconnection of the plug connector may pose an arcing or shorting threat due to power present on its contacts. SUMMARY [0005] Embodiments of the present invention relate to techniques for determining when a 25 connector is electrically disconnected from another connector. Some embodiments of the present invention also provide methods for reducing or terminating power on a contact of the disconnected connector. [00061 In an embodiment, a connector associated with an accessory is in electrical connection with another connector associated with a host device. In this instance the 30 accessory may be a charging unit that provides power to the host device utilizing a low resistance path within the accessory. The accessory may also include a high resistance path 2 2005148443 that may be used to lower the amount of power provided to the host device via the connector of the accessory. When the connecter is disconnected from the other connector, a detection unit within the accessory detects a change in state of a communication line between the host device and the accessory. The detection unit waits for a predetermined amount of time to 5 verify that the change in state is not merely transitional. Upon expiration of the predetermined amount of time, if the communication line is still in the changed state, the detection unit determined that the connector is electrically disconnected from the other connector. [0007] Based on the determination that the connector is electrically disconnected from the 10 other connector, the detection unit sends a signal to the protection unit. In response to the signal, the protection unit enables the high resistance/low current path for an incoming power line. This results in reduction or elimination of power/voltage that is present on a power contact of the connector. Thus, even if the connector is accidentally disconnected during normal operation the techniques described herein greatly reduce/eliminate the possibility of 15 the power contact shorting/arching by coming into contact with a grounded object. [0008] In other embodiments, power may be cutoff for every instance when the communication line transitions from a logic "high" state to a logic "low" state. In some embodiments, the communication line may transition from a logic "high" state to a logic "low" state during normal communication. In such an instance, the system may determine 20 the cause of the communication line changing states. If it is determined that the host device caused the change in state, then it is concluded that this is part of the normal communication. However, if it is determined that some change on the accessory side caused the communication line to transition states power is reduced on the power contact of the accessory connector. 25 [0009] In one embodiment, an accessory includes a first connector configured to connect to a second connector of a host device, the first connector coupling at least one data bus and one power line between the host device and the accessory. The accessory also includes detection circuitry configured to: detect detachment of the first connector from the second connector; and generate a signal in response to the detection; and protection circuitry. The protection 30 circuitry is configured to: receive the signal from the detection circuitry; and in response to the signal, reduce power on the power line. 3 2005148443 [0010] In one embodiment, an accessory includes a first connector comprising a plurality of contacts and configured to mate with a second connector of a host device, wherein the first connector couples a data bus and a power line between the accessory and the host device using a data contact and a power contact, respectively and wherein the accessory is 5 configured to provide power to the host device. The accessory also includes circuitry configured to: monitor the data bus to determine whether the data bus is in a logic "high" state or a logic "low" state; if the data bus is in the logic "low" state, determine a time duration for which the data bus is in the logic "low" state, the time duration being calculated starting from a time when the data bus transitioned to the logic "low" state from an 10 immediately preceding logic "high" state; if the time duration exceeds a predetermined threshold value, divert the power to a high resistance path thereby reducing voltage on the power contact. [0011] In one embodiment, an accessory includes a connector means for connecting to a host device, the connector means coupling at least one data bus and one power line between the 15 host device and the accessory. The accessory also includes detection means configured to: monitor the at least one data bus to determine whether the data bus is in a first state or a second state; if the data bus is in the second state, determine a time period for which the data bus is in the second state; and if the time period exceeds a threshold time value, determine that the first connector is detached from the second connector; and generate a signal based on 20 the determination. The accessory includes protection means configured to receive the signal from the detection means and in response to the signal, reduce power on the power line. [0012] The following detailed description, together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention. 25 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] Figs. 1A and 1B illustrate a plug connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0014] Fig. 1 C is a cross-sectional view of a plug connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 30 [0015] Fig. 1D illustrates a pin-out configuration for a plug connector according one particular embodiment of the present invention. 4 2005148443 [0016] Fig. 1E is a pin-out of a plug connector according to another embodiment of the present invention. 10017] Fig. 2A illustrates a receptacle connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 5 [0018] Figs. 2B and 2C are diagrams illustrating a pin-out arrangement of a receptacle connector according to two different embodiments of the invention configured to mate with plug connectors 100 and 101, respectively, as shown in Figs. 1D and 1E. [0019] Fig. 3 is a schematic illustrating relative positions of the plug connector and the receptacle connector during an instance in the un-mating sequence according to an 10 embodiment of the present invention. [0020] Fig. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a system for detecting removal of a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0021] Fig. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system for detecting removal of a connector and terminating power on the connector according to an embodiment of the present 15 invention. [00221 Fig. 6 is a graph illustrating timing information associated with detection of a disconnection event according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0023] Fig. 7 illustrates some exemplary signals that may be communicated over the communication line between the host device and the accessory according to an embodiment 20 of the present invention. [0024] Fig. 8 is a flow diagram of a process for detecting disconnection of a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 100251 Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of a process for detecting disconnection of a connector according to another embodiment of the present invention. 25 [0026] Fig. 10 is graph illustrating operational information for detecting disconnection of a connector according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. [0027] Fig. 11 is a schematic illustrating a system for detecting disconnection of a connector according to still another embodiment of the present invention. 5 2005148443 [0028] Fig. 12 is a schematic illustrating a system for detecting disconnection of a connector and for protecting an accessory according to another embodiment of the present invention. [0029] Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a plug connector according to a particular 5 embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0030] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to connectors. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide techniques for determining detachment 10 of a plug connector from a corresponding receptacle connector. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for terminating power in a plug connector based on the determination that the plug connector was electrically decoupled from a receptacle connector. [00311 Fig. 1 A illustrates a plug connector 100 (or accessory-side connector 100) according 15 to an embodiment of the present invention. Plug connector 100 is exemplary and is used herein to explain the various embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will realize that many other forms and types of connectors other than plug connector 100 can be used and that techniques described herein will apply to any plug connector that has the characteristics of plug connector 100. In some embodiments, plug connector 100 may be 20 associated with an accessory that can be coupled to a host device. [0032] Plug connector 100 includes a body 102 and a tab portion 104. A cable 106 is attached to body 102 and tab portion 104 and extends longitudinally away from body 102 in a direction parallel to the length of the connector 100. Tab 104 is sized to be inserted into a corresponding receptacle connector during a mating event and includes a first contact region 25 108a formed on a first major surface 104a and a second contact region 108b (not shown in Fig. 1A) formed at a second major surface 104b (also not shown in Fig. 1A) opposite surface 104a. Surfaces 104a, 104b extend from a distal tip of the tab to a spine 109 that, when tab 104 is inserted into a corresponding receptacle connector, abuts a housing of the receptacle connector or portable electronic device the receptacle connector is incorporated in. Tab 104 30 also includes first and second opposing side surfaces 104c, 104d (not shown) that extend between the first and second major surfaces 104a, 104b. In one particular embodiment, tab 104 is about 6.6 mm wide, about 1.5 mm thick and has an insertion depth (the distance from the tip of tab 104 to spine 109) of about 7.9 mm. 6 2005148443 [0033] A plurality of contacts 112 can be formed in each of contact regions 108a and 108b such that, when tab 104 is inserted into a corresponding receptacle connector, contacts 112 in regions 108a or 108b are electrically coupled to corresponding contacts in the receptacle connector. In some embodiments, contacts 112 are self-cleaning wiping contacts that, after 5 initially coming into contact with a receptacle connector contact during a mating event, slide further past the receptacle connector contact with a wiping motion before reaching a final, desired contact position. [0034] As an example, in one embodiment an ID module is embodied within an IC operatively coupled to the contacts of connector 100. The ID module can be programmed 10 with identification and configuration information about the connector and/or its associated accessory/adapter that can be communicated to a host device during a mating event. As another example, an authentication module programmed to perform an authentication routine, for example a public key encryption routine, with circuitry on the host device can be embodied within an IC operatively coupled to connector 100. The ID module and 15 authentication module can be embodied within the same IC or within different ICs. As still another example, a current regulator can be embodied within one of IC's 113a or 1 13b. The current regulator can be operatively coupled to contacts that are able to deliver power to charge a battery in the portable electronic device and regulate current delivered over those contacts to ensure a constant current regardless of input voltage and even when the input 20 voltage varies in a transitory manner. The function of the IC's is further described below in reference to Fig. 4. [0035] Bonding pads 115 can also be formed within body 102 near the end of PCB 107. Each bonding pad can be connected to a contact or contact pair within regions 108a and 108b. Wires (not shown) can then be soldered to the bonding pads to provide an electrical 25 connection from the contacts to circuitry within an accessory associated with connector 100. In some embodiments, however, bonding pads are not necessary and instead all electrical connections between the contacts and components of connector 100 and other circuitry within an accessory are made through traces on a PCB that the circuitry is coupled to and/or by interconnects between multiple PCBs within the accessory. 30 [0036] The structure and shape of tab 104 is defined by a ground ring 105 that can be made from stainless steel or another hard conductive material. Connector 100 includes retention features 114a, 114b (not shown) formed as curved pockets in the sides of ground ring 105 that double as ground contacts. Body 102 is shown in Fig. 1A in transparent form (via dotted 7 2005148443 lines) so that certain components inside the body are visible. As shown, within body 102 is a printed circuit board (PCB) 107 that extends into ground ring 105 between contact regions 108a and 108b towards the distal tip of connector 100. One or more integrated circuits (ICs), such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chips 113a and 113b, can be 5 operatively coupled to PCB 107 to provide information regarding connector 100 and/or to perform specific functions, such as authentication, identification, contact configuration and current or power regulation. [0037] Fig. 1B illustrates a front view of plug connector 100. The front view illustrates a cap 120. Cap 120 can be made from a metal or other conductive material and can extend 10 from the distal tip of connector 100 along the side of the connector towards body 102 either fully or partially surrounding contacts 112 formed in contact regions 108a and 108b in the X and Y directions. In some embodiments, cap 120 can be grounded in order to minimize interference that may otherwise occur on contacts 112 of connector 100 and can thus be referred to as a "ground ring", e.g., ground ring 105 illustrated in Fig. 1A. Contacts 112(1) 15 11 2(N) can be positioned within contact region 108a and additional contacts 114(1) - 114(N) can be positioned within region 108b on the opposing surface of tab 104. In some embodiments, N can be between 2 and 8. Contacts 112(1)..112(N) and 1 14(1)..114(N) can be used to carry a wide variety of signals including digital signals and analog signals as well as power and ground. 20 [0038] Fig. 1C illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view of contacts 112, 114 and positioning of the contacts within connector 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Contacts 112, 114 can be mounted on either side of a PCB 150 as illustrated. In some embodiments, opposing contacts, e.g., 112(1) and 114(1) may be shorted or electrically connected to each other through PCB 150, e.g., using a via, to create an in-line connector 25 design. In other embodiments, all contacts may be independent with no connections between any of the contacts or the contacts may have other connections schemes between them. In the instance where each contacts is independent and not connected to any other contact, a different receptacle connector, e.g., connector 200 of Fig. 2, may be used. Contacts 112, 114 can be made from a copper, nickel, brass, a metal alloy or any other appropriate conductive 30 material. Spacing is consistent between each of the contacts on the front and back sides and between the contacts and the edges of the connector providing 180 degree symmetry so that plug connector 100 can be inserted into a corresponding receptacle connector in either of two orientations. 8 2005148443 [0039] Although a specific type of plug connector 100 is described above, it is to be understood that the plug connector 100 is exemplary and merely used herein to explain the various embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will realize that techniques described herein are equally applicable to any other type of connector that has one 5 or more contacts, has contacts only one side, etc. As long as a connector has contacts/pins that can be electrically coupled to contacts of another connector, the techniques described herein can be successfully used to detect removal of such a connector and to terminate power on the connector. 10040] When connector 100 is properly engaged with a receptacle connector each of 10 contacts 112(1)-112N) or 114()-114N)is in electrical contact with a corresponding contact in the receptacle connector. In some embodiments, to establish the electrical contact, the contacts of connector 100 may also be in physical connection with the contacts in the receptacle connector, however this is not required. [0041] Fig. 1D illustrates a pin-out configuration for a connector 100 according one 15 particular embodiment of the present invention. [0042] The pin-out shown in Fig. 1D includes four contacts 112(4), 112(5), 114(4), and 114(5) that are electrically coupled together to function as a single contact dedicated to carrying power to a connected host device. Connector 100 may also include accessory ID contacts 112(8) and 114(8); accessory power contacts 112(1) and 114(1); and eight data 20 contacts arranged in four pairs. The four pairs of data contacts may be (a) 112(2) and 112(3), (b) 112(6) and 112(7), (c) 114(2) and 114(3), and (d) 114(6) and 114(7). Host power contacts 112(4), 112(5), 114(4), and 114(5) carry power from an accessory associated with connector 100 to a portable electronic device that is coupled to the accessory via connector 100. The host power contacts can be sized to handle any reasonable power requirement for an 25 electronic device or host device, and for example, can be designed to carry between 3-20 Volts from an accessory to charge the portable electronic device connected to connector 100. In this embodiment, host power contacts 112(4), 112(5), 114(4), and 114(5) are positioned in the center of contact regions 108a, 108b to improve signal integrity by keeping power as far away as possible from the sides of ground ring 105. 30 [0043] Accessory power contacts 112(1) and 114(1) can be used for an accessory power signal that provides power from the electronic device (i.e. the host device) to an accessory. The accessory power signal is typically a lower voltage signal than the host power in signal 9 2005148443 received over host power contacts 112(4) and 112(5), for example, 3.3 volts as compared to 5 volts or higher. The accessory ID contacts provide a communication channel that enables the host device to authenticate the accessory and enable the accessory to communicate information to the host device about the accessory's capabilities as described in more detail 5 below. [00441 The four pairs of data contacts (a) 112(2) and 112(3), (b) 112(6) and 112(7), (c) 114(2) and 114(3), and (d) 114(6) and 114(7) may be used to enable communication between the host and accessory using one or more of several different communication protocols. For example, data contacts 112(2) and 112(3) are positioned adjacent to and on one side of the 10 power contacts, while data contacts 112(6) and 112(7) are positioned adjacent to but on the other side of the power contacts. A similar arrangement of contacts can be seen for contacts 114 on the other surface of the PCB. The accessory power and accessory ID contacts are positioned at each end of the connector. The data contacts can be high speed data contacts that operate at rate that is two or three orders of magnitude faster than any signals sent over 15 the accessory ID contact which makes the accessory ID signal look essentially like a DC signal to the high speed data lines. Thus, positioning the data contacts between the power contacts and the ID contact improves signal integrity by sandwiching the data contacts between contacts designated for DC signals or essentially DC signals. [00451 Fig. lE illustrates a pin-out configuration for a plug connector 101 according 20 another particular embodiment of the present invention. [0046] Connector 101 is a also a reversible connector just like connector 100. In other words, based on the orientation in which connector 101 is mated with a corresponding connector of a host device, either the contacts on the surface 108a or 108b are in physical and electrical contact with the contacts in the corresponding connector of the host device. As 25 illustrated in Fig. 1E, connector 101 may have eight contacts arranged on an upper surface of a PCB 150 and eight contacts arranged on a lower surface of PCB 150. [00471 Connector 101 includes two contacts 112(1) and 114(4) that can function as accessory ID contacts to carry the identification signals between the accessory and the portable electronic device. Contacts 112(1) and 114(4) are electrically connected to each 30 other as illustrated in Fig. 1E. Connector 101 can have four pairs of data contacts, (a) 112(2) and 112(3), (b) 112(6) and 112(7), (c) 114(2) and 114(3), and (d) 114(6) and 114(7). In this particular embodiment, opposing data contacts, e.g., 112(2) and 114(2), are electrically connected to each other via PCB 150 as illustrated in Fig. 1 E. Connector 101 may further 10 2005148443 include host power contacts 112(4) or 114(5) that may be electrically connected to each other. Host power contacts 112(4) or 114(5) can carry power to the host device that is mated with connector 101. For example, plug connector 101 may be part of a power supply system designed to provide power to the host device. In this instance, either contact 112(4) or 114(5) 5 may carry power from the power supply to the host device, e.g., to charge a battery in the host device. [0048] Connector 101 may further include accessory power contacts 112(5) and 114(8) that may be electrically connected to each other, e.g., via PCB 150. Accessory power contacts carry power from the host device to a connected accessory. For example, in some instances, 10 an accessory connected to the host device may not be self-powered and may derive its power from the host device. In this instance, the host device can supply power to the accessory over either of the accessory contacts, depending on the orientation of connector 101 with respect to a corresponding connector of the host device. Connector 101 may further include two ground contacts 112(8) and 114(1) electrically connected to each other. The ground contacts 15 provide a ground path for connector 101. [0049] Fig. 2A illustrates a receptacle connector 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention. [00501 Receptacle connector 200 includes a housing 202 that defines a cavity 204 that houses contacts 206(1)-206) within the cavity. In operation, a connector plug, such as plug 20 connector 100 can be inserted into cavity 204 to electrically couple the contacts 112(M)112( or 1140 114( to respective contacts 206(1)-206(N. Each of the receptacle contacts 206 M~ 206( electrically connects its respective plug contact to circuitry associated with the electrical device in which receptacle connector 200 is housed. For example, receptacle connector 200 can be part of a portable media device and electronic circuitry associated with 25 the media device is electrically connected to receptacle 200 by soldering tips of contacts 206(1)-206) that extend outside housing 202 to a multilayer board such as a printed circuit board (PCB) within the portable media device. In some embodiments, N can be any integer between 2 and 9. [0051] Figs. 2B and 2C illustrate pin-out configuration for a receptacle connector 200 30 according to two different embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, receptacle connector 200 has a pin-out as shown in Fig. 2B that matches pin-out of connector 100 in Fig. ID and in another embodiment, receptacle connector 200 has a pin-out as shown 11 2005148443 in Fig. 2C that matches pin-out of connector 101 of Fig. 1E. In each of Figs. 2B and 2C, the ACC 1 and ACC2 pins are configured to mate with either the accessory power (ACCPWR) or accessory ID (ACCID) pins of the plug connector depending on the insertion orientation of plug connector, the pair of Data A contacts is configured to mate with either the pair of 5 Data 1 contacts or the pair of Data 2 contacts of the plug connector, and the P_IN (power in) pin or pins are configured to mate with the Host Power contact or contacts of the plug connector. Additionally, in the pin-out of Fig. 2C, the GND contact is configured to mate with the GND contact in the plug connector. [0052] In order to mate connector 100 and connector 200, connector 100 can be physically 10 inserted into cavity 204 of connector 200. Once inserted, contacts of connector 100 can be electrically coupled to contacts of connector 200. As described above, in some embodiments, in order to establish electrical connection, the contacts in connector 100 and 200 may also have to be physically connected. However, techniques described in the present application may only need an electrical connection between the contacts in order to be applicable. 15 [0053] As described above, techniques described herein provide a method for detecting electrical disconnection of a connector from another connector and in response to the electrical disconnection, terminating or reducing power being provided by the connector. One reason for terminating the power is to protect the connector and other devices from arcing, short circuit, or a shock hazard. In order to understand why there is a need to 20 terminate power present on the connector, it is useful to understand the potential shock/hazard points in the mating and/or un-mating process of these connectors. Fig. 3 is a schematic that illustrates relative position of a plug connector 302 and a receptacle connector 304 during an un-mating sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is to be noted that only the relative positions that are applicable to the various embodiments 25 described herein are shown. It should be noted that during a mating/un-mating sequence, plug connector 302 and receptacle connector 304 can have several other possible relative positions with respect to each other as plug connector 302 is inserted and/or removed from receptacle connector. However, not all of these relative positions are essential for the description of the embodiments herein and hence are omitted here for clarity. 30 [0054] As illustrated in Fig. 3, plug connector 302, e.g., of an accessory, includes one or more contacts 308. Contact 308 can be electrically (and in some instances physically) connected with contact 310 of connector 304. Connector 304 includes a housing 306 that may be grounded. When connector 302 is fully inserted into connector 304, contact 308 is in 12 2005148443 electrical connection with contact 310. Consider that contact 308 carries power for charging the host device associated with connector 304. In normal operation, the accessory charges the host device by transferring power from contact 308 to the internal circuitry of the host device via contact 310. 5 [0055] Consider that connector 302 is pulled out of connector 304 when the charging operation is still in progress. In this instance, contact 308 still has power (e.g., voltage) present on it. When connector 302 is being pulled away from connector 304, contact 308 on connector 302 may come in contact with housing 306 of connector 304 at point 314, effectively grounding the power on contact 308. This can result in arcing and may also 10 possibly damage connector 302 and/or connector 304 and the host device to which connector 304 is coupled to. It would be desirable to terminate power on contact 308 as soon as possible after the electrical connection between contact 308 and contact 310 is severed so even if contact 308 touches housing 306, there would be no danger to connector 302 and/or connector 304 or the host device. The following detailed description provides some 15 techniques to terminate power on a contact of a connector if the connector is disconnected from a host device. [0056] In some embodiments, a plug connector may be used with an accessory that provides power to a host device. For example, the accessory may be a battery charger that may be connected to host device, e.g., a PC, a mobile phone, a media player, etc. In this 20 instance, one or more contacts of the plug connector coupled to the accessory may have a voltage, e.g., 5V to 25+ V, on it. Fig. 4 is a functional block diagram of a system 400 for detecting electrical decoupling of a connector and terminating power being provided via the connector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [00571 System 400 may include a host device 402 that receives power from an accessory 25 404. Host device 402 may be any electronic device such as a PC, a media player, a computing device, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or the like. Accessory 404 can be a power adapter, battery charger, a cable, a docking station, or any other device that is capable of providing and/or carrying power to host device 402. In some embodiments, accessory 404 can be a cable that carries power from an power adapter to host device 402. Power source 30 406 may be part of accessory 404 or separate from accessory 404. In some embodiments, power source 406 may be a battery, a AC wall outlet, etc. Accessory 404 may include a transformer in some instances. 13 2005148443 [0058] Accessory 404 may include a connector 408, e.g., connector 100 (or 101) of Fig. 1, that can be coupled to a corresponding connector 410, e.g., connector 200 of Fig. 2, associated with host device 402. Connector 408 may include one or more contacts that can be electrically coupled with contacts in connector 410 to create an electrical and 5 communication link between host device 402 and accessory 404. In some embodiments, connectors 408 and 410 may have one or more contacts that carry power and additional contacts that carry data. As illustrated in Fig. 4, in one embodiment, contacts 408(3) and 410(3) may be the power contacts of connectors 408 and 410, respectively and contacts 408(1) and 410(1) may be the data contacts of connectors 408 and 410, respectively. 10 Accessory 404 includes detection circuitry 416 that can detect a disconnection event between connector 408 and 410 and protection circuitry 418 that can regulate power being provided over the power contacts, based on input from detection circuitry 416. In some embodiments, detection circuitry 416 and protection circuitry 418 may be housed within the body of connector 408, e.g., housing 102 of connector 100 of Fig. 1. In other embodiments, either 15 one of detection circuitry 416 or protection circuitry 418 may be included in connector 408. [0059] During normal operation, accessory 404 may supply power to host 402 over power line 414 via a contact 408(3) of connector 408 that is in electrical connection with a corresponding contact 410(3) in connector 410. Now, if the electrical connection between contacts 408(3) and 410(3) is broken, e.g., by physically detaching connector 408 from 20 connector 410 or by some other means, detection circuitry 416 of the accessory can detect the break in electrical coupling by monitoring communication/data line 420 (which may be coupled to host device 420, e.g., via contacts 408(1) and 410(1)) and send a signal to protection circuitry 418 indicating that the electrical connection has been severed. The details on how detection circuitry detects the break in the electrical coupling are described 25 below. In response to this input from detection circuitry 416, protection circuitry 418 can terminate the power on contact 408(3) thus eliminating the possibility of arcing or damage to connector 408, connector 410, or any other device in system 400. [0060] It is desirable that the power on contact 408(3) of connector 408 be terminated before that contact touches any grounded part of connector 410. Thus, the timing for 30 terminating the power on the contact should be such that the power is cut off before the contact of connector 408 can present a hazard but after an electrical disconnection is confirmed. This means that the system needs to able to distinguish between transient loss of electrical connection and a more sustained loss of electrical connection. A transient loss of 14 2005148443 electrical connection may occur in instances where the electrical connection appears to be broken for a few microseconds but is quickly restored such as when connector 408 is moved/shaken when inside receptacle connector 410. A more sustained loss in electrical connection can occur when connector 408 is removed/separated from connector 410. 5 [00611 Communication/data line 420 between the host device and the accessory may have some parasitic capacitance that may build up as result of charging of the communication line during normal operation. In some embodiments, this parasitic capacitance may be between 300 pF and 900 pF. Thus, even if the communication line is electrically disconnected from the host device, the accessory may not record this disconnection until this parasitic 10 capacitance is dissipated. For example, during normal operation, the communication/data line may be in a logic "high" state. In some embodiments, this may correspond to a logic "1" or be equivalent to the bus voltage, e.g., 3 volts. When the accessory is disconnected from the host, the communication/data line goes into a logic "low" or "0" state, e.g., 0 volts. However, even after the communication/data line goes into the "low" state, the accessory 15 may not register the "low" state until the parasitic capacitance is completely dissipated, which could take several hundred microseconds in some instances. During the time the parasitic capacitance is dissipating, the accessory may continue to output power on contact 408(3) since it has not yet detected that connector 408 is no longer in electrical contact with connector 410. Thus, during this time if contact 408(3) touches any grounded object, it could 20 result in arching and potential damage to connector 408 and or host device 402 and accessory 404. [00621 Thus, the long dissipation time for the parasitic capacitance in the communication line may prolong the detection of an actual electrical disconnection event. Therefore, is it desirable to shorten the dissipation time so that a disconnection event can be quickly 25 determined. In some embodiments, the communication/data line may go into the "low" state, e.g., for 1-5 microseconds, as part of normal data communication process. The detection circuit should also be able to distinguish between such "transient" lows and a more sustained "low", e.g., communication line being in the "low" state for 50 microseconds or greater, which might indicate a disconnection event. 30 [00631 Fig. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating various components of system 500 for detecting an electrical disconnection event and terminating power to the connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 15 2005148443 [0064] System 500 includes a host device 502, which is similar to host device 402 of Fig. 4. Host device 502 includes a microcontroller 504. Microcontroller 504 includes a current source 506 that provides a constant current when microcontroller 504 is active. Current source 504 is coupled to a detection unit 508 via contacts in connectors 528 and 514 and a 5 communication line 510. Microcontroller 504 is also coupled to a protection unit 512 via a power line 522. Protection unit 512 may be connected to a voltage/current source 530 that provides the power for host device 502. In some embodiments, protection unit 512 and detection unit 508 may be part of accessory 520. In other embodiments, protection unit 512 and detection unit 508 may be separate from accessory 520. In some embodiments, where 10 the accessory is a cable, protection unit 512 and detection unit 508 may be part of the cable assembly. [0065] Detection unit 508, which can be implemented as a single integrated circuit or multiple integrated circuits, includes circuitry for detecting whether connector 514 has been electrically disconnected from connector 528 of host device 502. Detection unit 508 includes 15 a current sink 516 coupled to a switch 518. Current sink 516 helps with dissipating the parasitic capacitance of communication line 510. In some embodiments, current sink 516 is activated when switch 518 is activated thereby coupling communication line 510 to ground via current sink 516. In some embodiments, current sink 516 provides between 50 pA and 100 pA of current sink capability. 20 [0066] Protection unit 512, which can be implemented as a single integrated circuit or multiple integrated or discrete circuits, includes circuitry for regulating current/voltage on power line 522. In some embodiments, protection unit 512 includes a regulated current source 524, e.g., a Low Drop-Out (LDO) regulator, connected in parallel with a transistor 526, e.g., a FET. Regulated current source 524 outputs a constant current regardless of input 25 voltage received from source 530. In some embodiments, regulated current source 524 is configured to deliver a low current on power line 522, e.g., 15 mA or less, regardless of an input voltage provided by source 530. Thus, in effect, current regulated current source 524 presents a high-resistance path for current flow within protection unit 512. Transistor 526 acts as a switch and presents a low resistance path for the current within protection unit 512. 30 Thus, during normal operation, e.g., when accessory 520 is used for charging host device 502, initially transistor 526 is turned off and regulated current source 524 outputs a low current on power line 522. Once the communication between accessory 520 and host device 502 establishes that accessory 520 is authorized for use with host device 502, transistor 526 is 16 2005148443 turned on thus enabling the low-resistance path thereby coupling the incoming voltage to host device 502 via the power line 522. [0067] As described above, if connector 514 is unmated from connector 528 in middle of a charging operation, the contact in connector 514 associated with power line 522 may still 5 have the full voltage provided by source 530. In order to prevent any damage due to this voltage on the contact, system 500 acts to terminate power on that contact in the event of a disconnection between the accessory and the host device. [0068] Fig. 6 is a graph illustrating the various stages of operation of system 500 during a disconnection event according to an embodiment of the present invention. During regular 10 communication between the host device and the accessory, communication line 510 is in a logic "high" state. If communication line 510 transitions from the logic "high" state to a logic "low" state, detection unit 508 detects this change in state of communication line 510 and closes switch 518. As a result, the parasitic capacitance built into communication line 510 rapidly dissipates by time ti. In some embodiments, the amount of time taken to 15 dissipate the parasitic capacitance may be between 1 ps and 2 pts. Detection unit 508 then starts a counter at time ti to determine the time duration for which communication line 510 is in the low state. When the counter reaches a predetermined time t 2 , and the communication line is still in the logic "low" state, detection unit 508 concludes that connector 514 has been electrically disconnected from connector 528 and generates a signal for protection unit 512 at 20 time t 2 . In some embodiments, time duration t 2 may be between 20 pts and 25 ps. In some embodiments, it may take up to 50 pts for detection unit 508 to register the disconnection event. In other words, t 2 may be up to 50 pts. [0069] Upon receiving the signal from detection unit 508, protection unit 512 turns transistor 526 off and enables the high-resistance current path via regulated current source 25 524. This results in power line 522 now having the low regulated current, e.g., about 15 mA as described above. Thus even if the power-bearing contact of the connector 514 touches a grounded surface, no harm is likely to result since the contact has very low current on it. In some embodiments, the low regulated current may be about 0 A. In some embodiments, protection unit 512 may take between 10 ps and 50 ps to actually switch the current path. 30 Thus, in some embodiments, the total time to terminate power on the power contact of connector 514 can be between 50 ps and 100 ps from the time connector 514 is electrically disconnected from connector 528. 17 2005148443 [0070] As described above, communication line 510 carries data back and forth between the accessory and the host device. In some embodiments, the data is transmitted in form of data pulses. Each data pulse has a certain pulse width that corresponds to a length of time for which the data is transmitted. The accessory, and more particularly the detection unit, is 5 configured to distinguish between these different data pulses and a signal generated when there is a disconnection event. This is done to eliminate the possibility of the accessory detecting "false" disconnection events. Fig. 7 illustrates several exemplary data pulses Dl D4 that carry specific information between the accessory and the host device. Each data pulse is characterized by associated pulse widths that correspond to the times T 1

-T

4 of the 10 data pulses. Also, each data pulse has a first "high" state and a second "low" state. Thus, every time data is transmitted (or received) over the communication line, the status of the communication line may transition from "high" to "low" and when data transmission is finished, the communication line may return to the "high" state. [0071] For example, data pulse DI may be used to transmit a logic "1" to the accessory and 15 may have a pulse width/duration of T 1 . Data pulse D2 may be used to transmit a logic "0" and may have an associated duration of T 2 . Data pulse D3 may be used signal the start and/or end of a transmission and may have an associated duration T 3 , and data pulse D4 may be used to transmit a wake pulse for e.g., waking up the accessory from a sleep mode, and may have an associated duration T 4 . As illustrated in Fig. 7, T 4

>T

3

>T

2 >T1; however this is just one 20 example and one skilled in the art will realize that various other data pulses with varying pulse duration can be used based on the specific design of the host device and the accessory. In our example above, T 4 is the longest duration as illustrated in Fig. 7. [0072] As described above, the detection unit monitors the communication line and determines that a disconnection event has occurred when the communication line transitions 25 from a "high" state to a "low" state. It is beneficial to distinguish between a disconnection event and transmission of one of the above-mentioned data pulses. Otherwise the detection unit may register a disconnection event even when one of the data pluses mentioned above is sent by the host device. Thus, in order for the accessory to conclude that a disconnection event has occurred, a time duration for which the communication line remains in the "low" 30 state (e.g., threshold time Th) has to at least exceed T 4 . This will likely ensure that the detection unit does not mistakenly detect disconnection when any of the data pulses are sent. Thus, in the example illustrated in Fig. 7, Th = T 4 and the time for which the communication line remains low must be more than T 4 in order for the detection circuitry to consider the 18 2005148443 possibility that a disconnection event may have occurred. In some embodiments, the threshold time Th may be greater than the longest duration pulse used by the accessory during data transmission in order to account for errors. For example, in one embodiment, the threshold time may be 2-10 microseconds (ps) longer than the longest duration for a data 5 pulse communicated between the accessory and the host device. Thus, continuing the above example, in this particular instance Th = T 4 + 2-10 microseconds. In another embodiment, the threshold time Th may be set at 5-20 microseconds more than the longest duration pulse. 10073] Continuing the example from above, the detection unit will start a counter once the state of the communication line changes to logic "low" and increment the counter at least 10 beyond time T 4 , before the detection unit sends a signal to the protection unit. In some embodiments, time T 4 can be up to 25 ps. It is to be noted that the data pulses in Fig. 7 are for illustration purposes only. One skilled in the art will realize that several other types of data pulses/signals may be communicated over the communication line. As long as the accessory waits for the duration of the "low" state of the communication line to exceed the 15 longest data pulse duration that can occur during normal communication between the accessory and the host device before it sends a signal to the protection unit, all such implementations will come under the purview of the techniques described herein. [0074] Fig. 8 is a flow diagram of a process 800 for terminating/reducing power available on a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. Process 800 may be 20 performed by, e.g., accessory 404 of Fig. 4. Process 800 assumes that the accessory provides power to the host device via a power line between the accessory and the host device and that a connector associated with the accessory has at least one contact that carries the power from the accessory to the host device. [0075] Process 800 can begin after the connector of the accessory is mated to a connector 25 of a host device resulting in an electrical connection being established between them. At step 802, the accessory can monitor a communication line between the accessory and a host device. At step 804, the accessory can detect whether a state of the communication line has changed from a first state, e.g., logic "1" to a second state, e.g., logic "0". If the state of the communication line has not changed, process 800 can return to step 802. If it is determined 30 that the state of the communication line has changed from the first state to the second state, the accessory can start counting a time duration for which the communication line is in the second state (step 806). At step 808, the accessory can check whether the time duration for which the communication line is in the second state has exceeded a threshold time, e.g., time 19 2005148443 for longest data pulse that can occur during normal communication between the accessory and the host device. [0076] If the time duration has not exceeded the threshold time, the accessory can check whether the state of the communication line has changed back to the first state at step 812. If 5 the communication line is still in the second state, process 800 can return to step 806 and the accessory can continue to monitor the communication line. If at step 812 it is determined that the communication line has changed state, e.g., the communication line is now in the first state, the counter can be reset at step 814 and the process 800 can return to step 802. This can occur in case of transient loss in electrical connectivity or sending of a data pulse, as 10 described above. If the time duration exceeds the threshold time as determined at step 808, the accessory can conclude that the accessory has been electrically disconnected from the host device and generate a signal for the protection circuit at step 810. The signal informs the protection circuit that the connector is disconnected and in response to the signal, the protection circuit terminates or reduces power on the power contact of the accessory 15 connector thereby termination or reducing power to the host device. [0077] It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 8 provide a particular method of detecting disconnection of a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. Other sequences of steps may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention 20 may perform the steps outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual steps illustrated in FIG. 8 may include multiple sub-steps that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual step. Furthermore, additional steps may be added or removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 25 [0078] In some embodiments, instead of regulated current source 524, protection unit 512 may include a fixed resistor in parallel to transistor 526. The value of the fixed resistor may be chosen such that when the current path through the resistor is enabled, it provides a low current through the power line/contact of the plug connector of the accessory. In some embodiments, the value of the resistor can be between 100 Q and 2 KQ. In other 30 embodiments, protection unit 512 may include a switch in series with a resistor. In this embodiment, if the input voltage to the protection unit exceeds a certain value, e.g., 25 volts, the switch is opened to prevent any power from being transferred to the contact of the plug connector thus protecting the plug connector and the host device. 20 2005148443 [0079] Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of a process 900 for terminating power to a connector according to another embodiment of the present invention. Process 900 can be performed, e.g., by detection unit 506 of Fig. 5. [0080] Initially the plug connector of the accessory may be connected to corresponding 5 receptacle connector of the host device. In this instance, the accessory can supply power to the host device, e.g., the accessory is charging a battery of the host device, via power line between the accessory and the host device. As described above, during normal operation, data is exchanged between the host device and the accessory via at least one communication line. As part of the normal operation, the communication line may change its state from 10 "high" to "low" depending on whether data is transmitted over the communication line. In some embodiments, the communication line is in the "high" state or is in a "charged" state whenever data is not being transmitted. When some instruction/data is to be communicated between the host device and the accessory, a data pulse is transmitted over the communication line that may result in the communication line temporarily changing to the 15 "low" state for the duration of the pulse. Thereafter, the communication line may again revert back to the "high" state. In the event of a disconnection of the plug connector, this communication link is severed and the accessory sees the communication line as being in the "low" state for the duration of the disconnection. 10081] The detection unit/circuitry can continuously monitor the communication line to 20 determine whether it is in a "high" state or a "low" state. In this embodiment, the first state corresponds to logic "high" and the second state corresponds to logic "low." The detection unit can then detect that the communication line has transitioned from a "high" state to a "low" state (block 902). Based on the detection, the detection unit can enable a current sink within the accessory to dissipate the built up parasitic capacitance in the communication line 25 (block 904). Once the capacitance is dissipated, the detection unit can start a counter to determine a time period for which the communication line is the "low" state (block 906). Next, the detection unit can determine, based on the counter, a time period for which the communication line is the "low" state (block 908). [0082] As described above, there are several instances when as part of normal data 30 communication between the accessory and the host device, the communication line may go into the "low" state. The counter is useful in preventing a false detection of disconnection. When the counter exceeds a certain predetermined threshold time value Th, e.g., 25 us, the detection unit can conclude that the reason that the communication line is in the low state is 21 2005148443 because the accessory connector is disconnected from the host device. Based on this conclusion, the detection unit may generate a signal that instructs a protection unit to terminate or reduce the power being supplied to the host device (block 910). [00831 It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 9 provide a 5 particular method of terminating power on a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. Other sequences of steps may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the steps outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual steps illustrated in FIG. 9 may include multiple sub-steps that may be performed in various sequences as 10 appropriate to the individual step. Furthermore, additional steps may be added or removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives. For instance, In some embodiments, the counter may be started immediately upon detecting that the communication line is in the "low" state without waiting for the parasitic capacitance to be discharged. 15 [0084] In an alternative embodiment, the accessory may be programmed to cut off power to the host device every time the communication line transitions to a "low" state regardless of whether a threshold time has been exceeded. This will ensure fast power cutoff without the needed for dissipating the parasitic capacitance and/or using a counter. However, in this embodiment, power may frequently cycle 'on' and 'off since the communication line may 20 frequently transition from the "high" to the "low" state as part of normal operation of the accessory. [0085] In another embodiment, a separate logic level may be defined for a disconnection event, which may be different from the "high" state and the "low" state described above. Fig. 10 illustrates this concept. As shown in Fig. 10, consider that the max amplitude of any data 25 pulse does not exceed about 3 V. In this instance, 3 V can be designated as being equivalent to a logic "1" or "high" state. However, instead of designating 0 V as the logic "0" or "low" state, a different voltage, e.g., 1 V, may be designated as the logic "0" for the data pulse. A third voltage, e.g., 0.5 V, may be designated as the "disconnect" state. Of course, the logic circuitry within the host device and the accessory will need to be designed to generate and 30 recognize these three levels for the communication line. In this embodiment, the detection circuit can monitor the communication line as described above. However, the detection circuit will only conclude that a disconnection event has occurred if it determines that the communication line is in the special "disconnect" state and not merely in the "low" state. 22 2005148443 This may eliminate the need for the counter, the need for defining a threshold time, etc. thus simplifying the detection process. In this instance, whenever the communication line transitions to the "disconnect" state, the accessory can immediately terminate the power on the power line without any further checks or verification. 5 [0086] In another embodiment, an incoming power pin on the host device connector can be monitored to detect whether the accessory connector is still connected. As long as a voltage or current is present on the incoming power pin of the host device connector, it can be assumed that the accessory connector is still connected to the host. If no current or voltage is present on the incoming power pin, then it can be concluded that the accessory connector has 10 be disconnected. [0087] In yet another embodiment, a contact or contacts on the accessory connector, e.g., connector 100 of Fig. 1 A, can be designed to provide a disconnect signal. For example, one contact in the accessory connector can be set back or recessed from all other contacts. This contact can be designed such that it makes physical (and/or electrical) connection with a 15 corresponding contact in the host device connector at the very end of the connector mating sequence, e.g., as the accessory connector is being mated with the host device connector. Also this contact can be designed such that it physically (and/or electrically) disconnects from the corresponding host device contact before any other contacts of the accessory connector physically and/or electrically disconnect from the host device connector contacts. 20 Thus, this contact can be a "last to connect" but "first to disconnect" type contact. Each time this contact connects to the host device connector, a signal can be sent to the accessory via one of the other contacts to inform to the accessory that all contacts of the accessory connector are in physical contact with their corresponding contacts in the host device connector. This signal can be used by the accessory to turn on power to the host device. This 25 will ensure that power is turned on when the accessory connector is securely connected to the host device. [0088] During un-mating of the connectors, this designated contact will disconnect first from the host device connector. Once disconnection of this contact is detected, the host device can send a signal to the accessory over one of the other contacts that is still electrically 30 coupled to the host device, e.g., the communication line described above, to cut off power to the accessory connector. Thus, as soon as the physical (and/or electrical) connection between the designated contact and the host device is severed, the power supplied via the accessory connector can be terminated while the rest of contacts of the accessory connector are still 23 2005148443 mated to the contacts of the host device connector. This will prevent any possibility of shock/arcing by the accessory connector even if the accessory connector is subsequently completely separated from the host connector. [00891 As described above, the communication line can transition into the "low" state as 5 part of the normal operation of the accessory. When the communication line transitions to the "low" state during normal operation, in most instances it is the host device that causes this transition since the host device is sending information to the accessory over the communication line. Thus, it may be beneficial to determine the cause of the communication line transitioning to the "low" state,. This may be helpful in determining whether the 10 transition of the state of the communication line is part of normal data communication operation or as a result of a disconnection event. 100901 Fig. 11 illustrates a schematic that can be used to determine the cause for the communication line to transition to the "low" state according to an embodiment of the present invention. On the host device side, there may be a current source 1102 that may supply a 15 contact current, e.g., 4 mA, via the communication line. On the accessory side, the communication line may be connected to a resistor R, which in turn is connected to supply voltage Vdd. The communication line is also connected to a current sink 1104 that may have a switch S in series. Voltage can be measured at two points T 1 and T 2 . These voltages can be inputs to a comparator 1106. The parasitic capacitance in the communication line is 20 designated as 'C'. 10091] In normal operation when the accessory connector is plugged into the host device connector, the communication line is in a high state and there is a known voltage that can be measured at point T 2 . When the communication line is in the "high" state, the voltage at point T 2 can be given by the equation 25 VT 2 = Vdd-(I*R) (1) Where Vdd is the supply voltage and I*R is the voltage drop across the resistor R. [00921 When the host device causes the communication line to transition to the "low" state (i.e. host device transmits a data pulse on the communication line), the total current flowing in the resistor R will be the sum of currents provided by current source 1102 and current sink 30 1104. For example, consider that current source 1102 can provide 4 mA of current and current sink 1104 can provide 100 ptA of sink capacity. Thus, in this instance, VT2 can be given by the equation 24 2005148443

VT

2 = (100 ptA+4 mA) * R (2) Now if the accessory connector is disconnected from the host device, it effectively eliminates the input from current source 1102. In this instance VT2 can be expressed as

VT

2 = 100 pA * R (3) 5 [00931 Thus voltage measurements at point T 2 will be different depending on whether the host device causes the communication line to transition to the "low' state or whether disconnection causes the communication line to transition to the "low' state. Thus by measuring VT2 a determination can be made whether the accessory connector has been disconnected from the host device. For example, Table 1 below provides the three 10 possibilities. The voltages at the two points VT 1 and VT 2 can be provided as inputs to comparator 1006 that can output a corresponding current value based on the comparison. Communication line VT 2 Conclusion State High Vdd-(I*R) Accessory connector plugged in to the host device Low (100 pA+4 mA) * R Host device pulled the communication line "low." Not a disconnection event. Low 100 ptA * R Disconnect event Table 1 15 [0094] Fig. 12 is a schematic for a system 1200 for detecting disconnection of an accessory connector from a host connector and terminating power on the accessory connector according to another embodiment of the present invention. [0095] In operation, when a accessory (plug) connector is electrically connected to a host device connector, the incoming power over the "power in" line is provided to the host device 20 via pFET F4. In other words, when the plug connector is connected to the host device, pFET F4 is turned on when detection unit 1202 pulls the gate of pFET F4 to a voltage (VG) that is 25 2005148443 higher than a threshold voltage (VTH). In this instance, pFET F4 acts as a switch and provides a low resistance path for the incoming power over the "power in" line. 10096] When detection unit 1202 detects disconnection of the plug connector from the host device, e.g., using any of the techniques described above, it sends a signal to FET F3 such 5 that F3 clamps the source and gate of F4 together. This turns off F4. As a result, the incoming power is now routed through the high resistance path via Rbi.. The value of the resistor Rbi. is selected so as to provide a low current, e.g., 15 mA, on the 'power in' line when the high resistance path is enabled. Thus, the plug connector can be protected in the instance if it is disconnected when the incoming power still active. 10 [0097] In some embodiments, the accessory may be a cable that carries power from a power adapter to the host device. The cable may have a maximum voltage/current rating that it can handle. In some embodiments, during normal operation when the cable is carrying power from the power adapter to the host device, the voltage outputted by the adapter may suddenly exceed the maximum rating of the cable, e.g. if the adapter malfunctions. In this 15 instance, there is a danger that the cable may burn or otherwise get damaged due to the excessive power. The scheme illustrated in Fig. 12 protects the cable from getting damaged in case of sudden and unexpected increase in the incoming voltage. [00981 In this instance, the Zener diode 'Z' can be rated based on the maximum current that can be allowed to be carried by the cable. This maximum current can be based on the 20 characteristics of the cable, the design of the host device, tolerance values acceptable for the accessory and the host device, etc. For instance, Zener Z can be rated for 6 V. In this example, as long as the incoming voltage is less than 5V, the zener diode Z is in an off or non-conducting state. This turns FET F5 on and enables power to pass via the high resistance path. 25 [0099] Now, if the voltage input or the incoming voltage exceeds 6 V, Zener Z starts conducting thereby biasing the gate of transistor Q. This results in the transistor Q turning on and consequently biasing the gate of transistor F 1 and turning on F . When transistor F1 turns on, it clamps the gate and source of transistor F5 thus turning off transistor F5 and disabling the high resistance path through Rbi,. Since FET F4 is normally in an "off' state 30 by default, the turning off of transistor F5 shuts down the entire power path and thus no current can flow through the cable. This serves to protect the cable from overheating or getting damaged due to high current that may result due to the higher than expected incoming voltage. 26 2005148443 [0100] It is to be noted that the value for the zener diode Z mentioned above is for illustration purposes only. One skilled in the art will realize that the zener diode Z can be chosen based on the requirement for the system and can be any suitable value. In some embodiments, the value of the zener diode Z may depend on the accessory's or host devices' 5 tolerance level for incoming power. [0101] Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional diagram of a plug connector 1300 according to a particular embodiment of the present invention. Plug connector 1300 is similar to plug connector 100 of Fig. ID. Plug connector 1300 has eight contacts 1312(1)-1312(8) mounted on a top surface of a PCB 1350 and eight contacts 1314(1)-1314(8) mounted on a bottom 10 surface of PCB 1350. Each contact on the top side is electrically connected or "shorted" with an opposing contact on the bottom side by an electrical path 1302. For example, contact 1312(1) is electrically connected with contact 1314(1) as illustrated in Fig. 13. In some embodiments, electrical path 1302 can be a via. Thus, by shorting two opposing contacts, connector 1300 has the ability to be mated with a corresponding receptacle connector in 15 either a first orientation or a second orientation. [0102] In the particular embodiment illustrated in Fig. 13, either of contacts 1312(1) or 1312(8) can be coupled to the communication line or the power input line in one orientation. In other words, contact 1312(1) can either be coupled to the communication line described above or coupled to the power output line of the host device and serves to receive power from 20 the host device and provide the power to the accessory device in instances where the accessory does not have its own power source, e.g., un-powered accessory. Similarly, contact 1312(8) can be coupled either to the communication line or to the power output line. For example, if contact 1312(1) is coupled to the communication line then contact 1312(8) will be coupled to the power output line and vice versa. 25 [0103] In a different orientation, contacts 1314(1) and 1314(8) may provide similar functionality as that of contacts 1312(1) or 1312(8), respectively. [0104] In the particular embodiment illustrated in Fig. 13, contacts 1312(2), 1312(3), 1312(6), and 1312(7) can all carry data signals when plug connector 1300 is inserted in a first orientation. Similarly, contacts 1314(2), 1314(3), 1314(6), and 1314(7) can all carry data 30 signals when plug connector 1300 is inserted in a second orientation that is 180 degrees rotated from the first orientation. In some embodiments, the data signals are differential data pairs. In other embodiments, the data signals may include UART data, USB data, digital audio data, digital video data, and the like. Contacts 1312(4) and 1312(5) carry power (i.e. 27 2005148443 power input) to the host device in the first orientation and contacts 1314(4) and 1314(5) carry power to the host device in the second orientation. Thus, if connector 1300 is electrically disconnected from the host device, the accessory can terminate/reduce power on contacts 1312(4) and 1312(5) or 1314(4) and 1314(5), depending on the orientation of connector 5 1300, using any of techniques described above. [0105] It is to be understood that Fig. 13 only illustrated a particular layout for the plug connector. One skilled in the art will readily realize that other layouts for the plug connector are possible based on the application for which the plug connector is to be used. For example, instead of the contacts on the top and bottom being shorted as illustrated in Fig. 13, 10 all contacts can be electrically isolated from each other. [0106] Circuits, logic modules, processors, and/or other components can be described herein as being "configured" to perform various operations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that, depending on implementation, such configuration can be accomplished through design, setup, interconnection, and/or programming of the particular components and 15 that, again depending on implementation, a configured component might or might not be reconfigurable for a different operation. For example, a programmable processor can be configured by providing suitable executable code; a dedicated logic circuit can be configured by suitably connecting logic gates and other circuit elements; and so on. [0107] While the embodiments described above can make reference to specific hardware 20 and software components, those skilled in the art will appreciate that different combinations of hardware and/or software components can also be used and that particular operations described as being implemented in hardware might also be implemented in software or vice versa. [01081 Computer programs incorporating various features of the present invention can be 25 encoded on various non-transitory computer readable storage media; suitable media include magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media, such as compact disk (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disk), flash memory, and the like. Computer readable storage media encoded with the program code can be packaged with a compatible device or provided separately from other devices. In addition program code can be encoded and transmitted via wired optical, 30 and/or wireless networks conforming to a variety of protocols, including the Internet, thereby allowing distribution, e.g., via Internet download. 28 2005148443 [0109] Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims. 29